Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Music – Lesotho – Physiological effects'

This study investigated the effects of music choice on the ratings of attentional focus, affective valence, perceived exertion, and enjoyment during and after self-paced treadmill exercise of varied intensities. Thirty-four college-aged, healthy, active males and females volunteered to participate in the study. Participants completed 6 visits to the laboratory: the first visit was a medical screening to ensure safety of the participants. For the second visit, participants completed a maximal treadmill exercise test. On the third visit, participants completed the Brunel Music Rating Inventory-2 to determine their preferred and non-preferred music genres, and to self-select the low, moderate and high intensity exercise speeds that would be used in the experimental trials. During the last three visits, participants completed each of the three (preferred, non-preferred, no music) randomized and counterbalanced experimental trials. The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale and the Feeling Scale were used to measure baseline and post-exercise ratings of enjoyment and affective valence. During exercise, the single-item Attentional Focus Scale, Feeling Scale, Borg 6-20, and Exercise Enjoyment Scale were used to measure attentional focus, affective valence, perceived exertion, and enjoyment, respectively. Results revealed a main effect for condition for affective valence and enjoyment (p < 0.001 for both interactions). A main effect was also found for intensity for attentional focus (p = 0.002) and perceived exertion (p < 0.001). Lastly, there was a main effect for activity revealed for affective valence (p = 0.047) and enjoyment (p = 0.012). Moreover, tests of between and within subjects factors revealed an interaction effect for condition by intensity for affective valence (p = 0.019) and for condition by intensity by activity for perceived exertion (p = 0.005). There was a general trend for thoughts to be more associative as intensity increased in both groups. In addition, there was a general trend for thoughts to be more dissociative during the preferred music condition compared to the non-preferred and no music trial. However, these differences were only found to be significant in the active group. Furthermore, there was a general trend in the active group for affective valence to be more positive regardless of exercise intensity or music condition when compared to the inactive group. Both groups showed the highest ratings of affective valence during the preferred music condition, followed by the non-preferred and no music condition. In-task enjoyment ratings were highest during the preferred music condition when compared to the non-preferred and no music condition regardless of exercise intensity or activity status. The results did not reveal significant differences for ratings of exertion across music conditions, which does not support previous findings. In conclusion, the perceptual responses in this study, which represent affective valence, attentional focus, and enjoyment, were generally more favorable during the preferred music condition and in the active participants. These results support previous findings to suggest exercising while listening to preferred music may lead to an increase in physical activity adherence.

This study examined the effects of music versus silence on measures of state anxiety, perceived relaxation, and physiological responses of chiropractic patients prior to and immediately after chiropractic treatment interventions. Thirty subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. The control group (I) was instructed to relax in silence. Experimental group (II) listened to preferred style of music with relaxation instruction. Experimental group (III) listened to new age music with deep-breathing/visualization relaxation instruction. State anxiety inventory, ten-point Likert tension scale rating, and blood pressure measurements were administered before and after chiropractic procedures for each condition. Additionally, a questionnaire was completed post-treatment. Significant differences (12 < .05) were found from pretest to posttest among the three groups for state anxiety and Likert scale ratings for tension. No significance was rendered for physiological measurements across conditions.

Music Therapy
Ph.D.
This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of Music Therapy (MT), Music Medicine (MM), or Attention Control (AC) on physiological and psychological parameters of stress for adult and older adult patients receiving care in the Intensive Care Unit of a community general hospital. Previous studies have indicated effectiveness of music therapy or music medicine for these medical patients, but few data are available for music therapy interventions. This study was an attempt to add to available information about the effects of music therapy compared to the effects of music medicine or attention control for this patient population. Participants (twenty-eight adults, ranging in age from 37-83 years; not mechanically ventilated at the time of session) were randomly assigned to music therapy, music medicine or the attention control group. Repeated measures of heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and anxiety and pain levels were collected before the session, immediately after the session and at 60 minutes post-session. Anxiety was measured using the Faces Anxiety Scale, and pain was self-reported via a Visual Analog Scale. Post-session length of stay was collected from the participants' medical records. Overall, there were no significant interactions among study groups and outcome measures. There was a statistically significant difference between length of stay for music therapy participants and attention control. Over time from pre-session to post-session, statistically significant decreases in anxiety scores were measured for both music medicine and music therapy groups. Pain scores decreased for both music medicine and music therapy groups, however not significantly. Some medically beneficial effects of music therapy or music medicine were evident in the data.
Temple University--Theses

This study examined the effects of music and metronomic beat on heart rate (HR). ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). and physical endurance in healthy females ages 18 to 30. Volunteers were screened via a health questionnaire and the Astrand Work Test on a Monark bicycle ergometer. yielding a predicted aerobic working capacity (V02) of 28 mililiters or more. The 30 subjects were then randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions (music or metronome group) for a cycling test at 75% capacity. HR and Borg RPE were measured repeatedly, with a posttest measure of physical endurance (kilometers travelled). No significant differences were found between the groups in HR. RPE. or kilometers travelled. A music questionnaire administered to the music group following the posttest examined the subjects' preference for and familiarity with the music, perceived and preferred volume, and experience with music. Trends and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of music training on electroencephalographic (EEG) coherence of preschool children. EEG coherence is a measurement of brain wave activity that reflects anatomical and neurophysiological parameters and functional connectivity between areas of the brain. Participants were 4- to 6-year-old children divided into two groups: one received music training for 20 minutes twice a week for 10 weeks while the other group served as controls. Nineteen channels of EEG data were collected from each child pre- and post-training. Data were collected from three conditions: eyes-open resting, listening to music, and performing the Object Assembly subtest of the Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence - Revised (1989). The hypothesis was that the music training group would show increased EEG coherence as compared to controls. The EEG data was reduced into seven bandwidths and analyzed separately for each condition. Multiple ANCOVAs were used to factor out pre-test variability and to maximize connectivity changes between the two groups. The dependent measures were the post-QEEG electrode pairs and the covariates were the pre-QEEG electrode pairs. Results indicated the eyes-open and listening to music conditions showed more significant changes between the groups than the Object Assembly condition. Overall, each condition showed increased connectivity for the music training group versus controls. The eyes-open condition differentiated children with and without music training during a resting condition, and showed similar patterns as those identified by other researchers comparing musicians versus nonmusicians. The listening to music condition identified connections including a topographical pattern of auditory analysis, increased working memory activation, increased activity between musically sensitive areas, and increased interhemispheric activity. Findings with the Object Assembly condition were not as robust as expected. However, patterns of increased connectivity associated with visuospatial processing were found with the music training group.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of easy listening popular music on the learning of a perceptual motor task by elementary school aged children. Specifically, forty nine grade four children were analyzed on learning five variables of a dribbling task either with or without background music.
The students' social behaviour for the nonmusic and music groups was also observed and analyzed. Finally, the subjects completed a written questionnaire which helped determine their personal preferences with respect to learning with background music.
A Group (2) by Trial (2) by Dribbling Variables (5) ANOVA with repeated measures on Trial was conducted on the dribbling performance scores. Results showed that there was no significant difference between the nonmusic and the music groups on these dribbling performances for four out of the five dribble variables. However, scores of the music group increased more than those of the nonmusic group for three of the five variables. Subjects in the music group demonstrated a more desirable social behaviour than the subjects in the nonmusic group. In addition, the subjects' responses to the questionnaire showed that an overwhelming number of subjects in both groups preferred to have background music played during activity. Therefore, background music may have an important place in the learning environment in terms of behaviour and attitude, which might ultimately enhance learning.

Colonialism in Africa had an impact on the indigenous peoples of Africa and this is shown in some of their games. The purpose of this study is to gain deeper insight into Basotho children's games and to demonstrate that the Western ideas of music and games are not necessarily the same as Basotho folk children's conceptions. The literature on Basotho children's games is reviewed though not much has been contributed by early and present Basotho writers who have generally approached it from the angle of literature without transcribing the songs. The Sesotho word for games (lipapali) embraces entertainment but a further investigation of it shows that aspects of learning of which the children were aware in some cases and in others they were not aware, are present. These are supported by musical examples and texts. The definition of play versus games is treated (with regard to infants and children) and these two concepts are still receiving constant attention and investigation by scholars and researchers as the words are synonymous and can be misleading. Infants' play is unorganised and spontaneous while games are organised structures. Furthermore, play and games are important in child development education. In this study, they are given attention in order to lay the foundation for the understanding and interpretation of games used in both cultures. It is a misconception that African children's games are accompanied with music in the Western sense. Hence, the word `music' in Sesotho children's games takes on a different connotation from those in the West. Music' in Sesotho children's games embraces not only tunes that are sung, but game verses chanted in a rhythmic manner as opposed to spoken verse. Yet, mino (music) exists in Sesotho and is equivalent to the Western idea. These chanted rhythms and games are analysed against the backdrop of specific cultural dimensions for children depending on the function of the game played. The results of this study indicated that though the idea of music in children's games is not the same, games are an educational in character building and learning. Recommendations are made for educationists and music educators.
ART HIST, VIS ARTS & MUSIC
DLITT ET PHIL (MUSICOLOGY)

碩士
國防醫學院
護理研究所
88
Endotracheal suctioning is a very common nursing implementation in the premature care. In spite of eliminating airway secretion and avoiding airway obstruction, it can cause serious negative responses to a premature baby.Today, improving the quality of life and decreasing complications are the major issues in premature care. For the last three decades, music therapy has been widely applied to the care in Europe and America.It has also been confirmed that music therapy is beneficial to premature babies. However, there is limited clinical application and research in Taiwan. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate how premature babies'' physiologically responded to music therapy when they were receiving endotracheal suctioning, and what clinical effects has been brought by music. A repeated measures design in quasi-experiment was adapted to this research. Thirty premature babies from neonatal intensive care unit in two medical centers and one area hospital were selected to participate this study. Since intervening music therapy in the study, all subjects, participating in the experiment, also in the control situation by themselves, were repeatedly measured when receiving endotracheal suctioning. One minute before suctioning, HP monitor was used to monitor the premature babies and collect data of heart rate, respiratory rate and level of oxygen saturation. Music was employed fromthe beginning of implementing suctioning till the end of thirty minutes.During the period of thirty minutes after suctioning, the same physiological parameters were recorded every minute to analyze the clinical effects of music therapy. The collected data were interpreted by the method of descriptive( frequence distrubution, mean, standard deviation, percentile ) and inferential ( t-test, paired t-test, one way ANOVA ) statistics. The major findings as the following : The premature babies who received the music therapy with endotracheal suctioning showed significant changes in heart rate, respiratory rate and level of oxygen saturation less than that did not received (p <.05), and heart rate, level of oxygen saturation returned to the baseline data were faster than that did not received music therapy(p <.05). In analyzing the effects of music therapy, it was found that the influencing factors were baby''s gestational age, birth weight and disease severity. In sum, findings stated that music therapy could alleviate physical fluctuation of premature babies when they were receiving endotracheal suctioning. Accordingly, it is hoped that giving appropriate music therapy as developmental care to premature babies when exercising any nursing implementation may enhance not only the quality of nursing care but also the quality of baby''s life. key word : music therapy, premature, suctioning, physiological para

碩士
國立臺南大學
音樂教育學系碩士班
95
The purpose of this study is to investigate music preference and the effects of physiological response of listening to classical music among the elderly in Tainan Area. The study is divided into two phases. In order to realize the music preference, and the relationships between music preference and demographic variables of the elderly in Tainan, 158 subjects were collected via snowball sampling process in the first phase. “The set of music preference survey” was applied as the tool. It contains the music preference scale, music CD with 24 excerpts and personal information questionnaire. In the 2nd phase, two sets were applied simultaneously. “The set of classical music preference response measuring”, which includes CRDI, 4 excerpts of classical music, notebook and earphone, was applied to collect the values of preference responses. And the physiological values were measured by using “The set of physiological response measuring”, which includes blood pressure monitor and finger temperature monitor. 30 subjects were randomly selected from the group who liked classical music most and the group disliked it most in the first phase, 15 subjects from each group. The results are listed as following: I. Music category preference of the elderly A. The elderly in Tainan like popular music most and the degree of preference is highly identical. B. The elderly in Tainan dislike world music most. II. The relationship between the music preference and demographic variables of the elderly A. Gender of the elderly in Tainan reveals different preference. Males prefer Taiwanese music, and females prefer classical music. B. Social economic status of the elderly in Tainan reveals different preference. The higher social statuses of elderly prefer classical music; the lower social statues of elderly preferred popular and Taiwanese music. A. Music experiences of the elderly in Tainan reveals different preference. The elderly who had music training experience prefer classical music; the elderly who have been participating in music activities actively prefer popular music. II. Music preference response of the elderly when listening to Classical music A. When listening to classical music selections, they prefer instrumental music and have higher preference by repeated listening. B. The elderly prefer louder dynamics, dense texture, intense rhythm, faster tempo, the vital music. III. The physiological responses of the elderly when listening to classical music A. There are no significant differences after listening to the classical music. B. When listening to the instrumental music and listening Mozart and Haydn selections in this study repeatedly, the finger surface temperature would raise. C. When listening to classical music, there is significant correlation between the finger surface temperature and the values of preference response. According to the results of this study, the researcher proposes suggestions for music material choices about curriculum, medical treatment of the elderly: The popular music belonging to the age of the elderly is the first choice. In addition, classical music and Taiwanese music can also be included depending on their social economic statuses or music training background. About the elements of music, the elderly would feel youthful by listening to vital music. When choosing classical music, the instrumental music would be a good introduction; the vocal pieces with slower tempo, soft melody are also the music materials for relaxing. Furthermore, there is still a changeable and positive space for preference of the elderly; therefore, we can try to choose different music, giving them diversified hearing. The researcher also suggests that the scope, number of subject, and age can be extended in future study; qualitative research added; the music variables focused, in order to identify the closer message between music and physiological responses.

碩士
長庚大學
護理學研究所
88
Because of the improvement of medical treatment, there are some new medical skills developed continuously trying to help the cancer patient handling their complications. Pain is the most common symptom for cancer patients. Approximately 40 to 80 percent of patients with cancer received inadequate pain management. If pain is not controlled properly, it will cause physical disability and psychological distress. These symptoms extremely affect patient’s quality of life. A combination of pharmacological and nonpharmacological method of pain control probably yield the most effective pain relief for the cancer patient. The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of music therapy on pain level, physiological responses and psychological perception of cancer patients who received scheduled pain medication. A pre-post test quasi-experimental design was used in the study. Forty-six hospitalized cancer patients were recruited from a medical center in northern Taiwan. These cancer patients were consecutively assigned to experimental group (n=24) and control group (n=22). The experimental group received music therapy 30 minutes while the control group only received researcher’s company 30 minutes. Both experimental group and control group have received general routine care(i.e.,lying down quietly for 30 minutes, and suggestion of relaxation). Pain Assessment Form, Somatic Symptoms Scale, and Psychological Perception Scale were used to collect information from cancer patients. The results showed as follows: (1)Experimental group had significantly lower scores on pain level than control group. (2)There were no significant difference between two groups on the physical responses. (3)Experimental group had significantly lower scores on negative psychological perception than control group. The results of this study suggested that music therapy can be an effective nursing intervention. Nurses should encourage patients to use music as adjuvants to medication for cancer pain. Key Words: Music Therapy, Cancer Patient, Pain Level, Phsiological Response, Psychological Perception

Thesis (M.M.) Florida State University, 2005.
Advisor: Jayne M. Standley, Florida State University, College of Music. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed 6-25-07). Document formatted into pages; contains 49 pages. Includes biographical sketch. Includes bibliographical references.

Yim-chi Ho.
"Running head: Effects of music training on memory of children."
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-65).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
ABSTRACT (English Version) --- p.ii
ABSTRACT (Chinese Version) --- p.iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v
LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi
LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vii
Chapter CHAPTER I - --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter CHAPTER II - --- METHOD --- p.13
Chapter CHAPTER III - --- RESULTS --- p.19
Chapter CHAPTER IV - --- DISCUSSION --- p.42
REFERENCES --- p.51

碩士
義守大學
管理碩博士班
103
This is an experimental study. The subjects were recruited from a department of hematology and oncology of a medical center in southern Taiwan from October 2013 to August 2014. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of music therapy in reducing anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance and changes of physiological paramenters of head and neck cancer patients rceiving concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy (CCRT). Sixty subjects were recruited. Subjects were randomly assigned to either music group (n=30) or control group (n=30). In the control group, subjects accepted only routine care. The music roup received 4 sections of music therapy during CCRT. Music therapy was carried out for 60-min per session, one day a week for four consecutive weeks. Instruments included Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI) and the music preferences questionnaire. Physiological parameters included finger temperature, pulse, breathing, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistical analysis were used. Results showed that anxiety, sleep disturbance, finger temperature, pulse, breathing, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in the music group were improved after music therapy, but were not reached the statistical significance. Depression in the music group was significantly improved. This study suggests that music therapy may be a promising intervention for the improvement of depressive symptoms. However, further research is needed for the investigation of the effects of music therapy.