Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Musical topic'

This dissertation explores the use of topics for dramatic purposes in Mozart's Così fan tutte. The five analytical chapters are organized around a central question: how do pastoral and fanfare topics shape the plot of Così fan tutte? Chapter 2 highlights the role topics and tropes play in emplacing and nuancing emergent meaning in the Così fan tutte motto. Chapter 3 examines transformative topical tropes in "Ah guarda, sorella." Chapter 4 shows how the horn fifths and fanfare topics in "Per pietà, ben mio" frame Fiordiligi's choice: the Albanian or Guglielmo. Chapter 5 illustrates the relationship between fanfare topics and galant recitative schemas to articulate formal boundaries between accompanied recitatives and arias. The expectations of closure emplaced by the examples from Così fan tutte nuance a reading of "Hai già vinta la causa!" from Le nozze di Figaro. Chapter 6 discusses the role of recitative intrusions and their articulation of the Count's unrest in "Vedrò mentre io sospiro." Detailed analyses and close readings of the topics and tropes in this dissertation drawn from throughout Così fan tutte showcase Mozart's rich deployment of topics in varied musical and dramatic roles.

<p> This thesis examines the utilization of improvisational music techniques as a form of communication to address bullying in the Pitt County Community Schools and Recreation after -school program at Wintergreen Intermediate School in Greenville, NC. The study is based on a three week performance workshop conducted by the researcher with 17 students. The goal of the workshop was to teach children ages seven through eleven strategies to prevent, resolve and cope with bullying using improvisational music. Chapter 1 discusses previous literature on bullying, and improvisational music and performance. It lays the theoretical groundwork and provides the research methodology, while discussing the project's assumptions and limitations. Chapter 2 chronologically discusses the events of the workshop by week, highlighting and analyzing key moments. Chapter 3 discusses the follow up interviews, findings of the study, and recommendations for future projects.</p>

Com a mudança no cenário musicológico internacional no final do século XX, o desenvolvimento da teoria das tópicas musicais encontrou terreno fértil nas análises sobre expressividade e significação do discurso musical. Apesar de seu principal objeto de estudo se pautar nas obras de compositores dos séculos XVIII e XIX, as tópicas musicais têm sido utilizadas como ferramentas de análise em obras de diversos períodos da música brasileira. Entretanto, pouco se tem pesquisado sobre a sua influência nas obras luso-brasileiras do período colonial. Nesta mesma senda, sabe-se que a obra religiosa de Marcos Portugal, importante compositor da Casa Real Portuguesa durante o reinado do príncipe regente D. João VI, também carece de atenção no âmbito das investigações musicológicas. Assim, diante destas duas carências, este trabalho pretende, como objetivo geral, observar as recorrências tópicas na Missa de Réquiem em Mi bemol maior de Marcos Portugal. O contexto fúnebre em que as Missas de Réquiem são compostas possibilita a ocorrência de jogos semânticos e simbólicos entre a música, a religião e a morte. Dessa forma, observamos como as tópicas de marcha fúnebre, ombra e tempesta são apresentadas no Réquiem de Marcos Portugal e como contribuem para a construção da expressividade e sentimentos comuns diante da morte: o temor pela condenação eterna e a esperança de salvação.<br>The transition of the international musicology context in the late twentieth-century has made it possible for the development of Topic Theory to find a breeding ground for the analysis about musical discourse expressivity and signification. While its main object of research is based on works from eighteenth and nineteenth-century composers, musical topics have been used as analysis tools in musical works from several Brazilian music periods. Nevertheless, very little has been researched about its influences in Luso-Brazilian colonial musical works. Similarly, it is known that the religious works of Marcos Portugal, a relevant composer of the Royal House during the reign of the Regent Prince D. João VI, also requires further attention as far as musicological investigations are concerned. Thus, given these two shortcomings, the aim of this study is to look for topical recurrences in Marcos Portugal Requiem Mass in E flat major. The funeral context in which Requiem Masses are composed makes the occurrence of semantic and symbolic games between music, religion and death, possible. In this way, we have noticed how funeral march, ombra and tempesta topics are employed in Marcos Portugal Requiem and how these topics contribute to the construction of expressivity and common feelings before death: awe of the eternal damnation and hope of salvation.

Gustav Mahler's Seventh Symphony seems to belie traditional notions of symphonic unity in that it progresses from E minor in the first movement to C major in the Finale. The repertoire of eighteenth and nineteenth century composers such as Haydn, Beethoven, and Brahms indicates that tonal holism is a significant factor for the symphonic genre. In order to reconcile Mahler's adventurous key scheme, this dissertation explores a multidimensional harmonic model that expands upon other concepts like Robert Bailey's double-tonic complex and transformation theory. A multidimensional musical object is a nexus of several interconnected chords that occupy the same functional space (tonic, dominant, or subdominant) and can be integrated into a Schenkerian reading. Mahler's Seventh is governed by a three-dimensional tonic object that encompasses the major and minor versions of C, E, and A-flat and the augmented triad that is formed between them. The nature of this multidimensional harmony allows unusual formal procedures to unfold, most notably in the first movement's sonata form. To navigate this particular sonata design, I have incorporated my own analytical terminology, the identity narrative, to track the background harmonic events. The location of these events (identity schism, identity crisis, and identity reclamation) is critical to the entire structure of the Seventh.

La Grande Messe des morts d’Hector Berlioz se remarque entre autres choses par la variété de styles et le changement rapide de climats expressifs. Son écriture novatrice éveille l’émotion du public en cultivant de nombreux effets d’inattendus que la presse de l’époque a soulignés lors de la création. Comment caractériser les différents styles musicaux sur lesquels le Requiem s’articule ? Comment le compositeur captive et éveille-t-il l’émotion de l’auditeur ? Comment l’auditeur perçoit-il la stratégie déployée par le compositeur ? La présente thèse a pour but d’éclaircir le fonctionnement des matériaux musicaux variés chez Berlioz, le mécanisme de la communication compositeur-auditeur et sa conception de la musique « sacrée ». L’étude de la rhétoricité du Requiem est fondée sur quatre enquêtes successives fondées sur la théorie de la communication musicale de Jean Molino et Jean-Jacques Nattiez et l’analyse de la rhétoricité selon Jean-Pierre Bartoli : 1. étude du processus génétique de la composition (analyse de la poïétique externe) ; 2. étude de la critique de la presse musicale (analyse de l’esthésique externe) ; 3. étude des principes du développement et forme narrative (analyse de la poïétique inductive) ; 4. étude des jeux sur l’attente ménagés par le compositeur (analyse de l’esthésique inductive). De cette recherche, on conclut que Berlioz réussit à concilier l’intensité dramatique et la religiosité à travers un certain art du discours, qui maintient l’unité de l’œuvre dans la variété de ses climats, des topiques exploités et des styles d’écriture<br>Hector Berlioz’s Grande Messe des morts has been particularly recognized by its variety of styles and the rapid change of expressive atmospheres. His innovative style arouses public’s emotion by cultivating a great number of unexpected effects that the music press in time of its first performance emphasized. How can be characterized various musical styles which connect with one another in this Requiem? How does the composer behave to attract the audience and to arouse their emotion? How did the audience feel composer’s strategy which was deployed in this work? This thesis aims to make clear the function of various musical materials in his composition, a communication mechanism established between composer and audience, and his conception of the “sacred” music. A study of rhetoric in his Requiem is founded on four successive analyses, inspired by Jean Molino and Jean-Jacques Nattiez’s musical communication theory and Jean-Pierre Bartoli’s rhetoric analysis: 1. study of the creative process of the composition (analysis of the external poïétique); 2. study of the music criticism of press articles (analysis of the external esthésique); 3. study of the principal of the music’s development and its formal narrativity (analysis of the inductive poïétique); 4. study of the tactics on audience’s expectation handled by the composer (analysis of the inductive poïétique). This study concluded that Berlioz succeeded in managing the dramatic intensity and the religiousness through a certain art of discourse, which maintains the work’s unity with a variety of atmospheres, musical topics and styles

Este trabalho visa abordar conceitos estéticos, musicais e históricos (relacionados à época do Iluminismo) que envolvem as transcrições para violão \"Six Airs Choisis de l\'Opéra de Mozart: \"Il flauto magico, arrangés pour guitare\" Op. 19 do compositor e violonista espanhol Fernando Sor (1778-1839), publicadas entre os anos de 1823 a 1825, em Londres, e baseadas em árias de A flauta mágica k620 (1791) de Mozart. O processo de transcrição empreendido por Fernando Sor exigiu, inclusive por necessidades históricas (aproximadamente 35 anos separam essas obras), uma mudança de concepção da escritura instrumental, pois, para Sor, tratava-se de verter a essência de um pensamento musical concebido no meio operático e apresentá-lo sob o conceito sonoro de um instrumento solo emergente, como foi o caso do violão no final do século XVIII e primeiras décadas do século XIX. Assim, do ponto de vista instrumental, elementos como textura, estilo de acompanhamento e conceito de condução de vozes, para citar apenas alguns aspectos, sofreram mudanças de concepção, resultando muitas vezes quase em uma nova composição e, até mesmo, outra percepção da forma musical, porque, acima de tudo, o elemento dramáticoliterário está ausente.<br>This paper aims at addressing the aesthetic, musical and historical concepts (related to the Enlightenment) that involve the guitar transcriptions \"Six Airs Choisis de l\'Opéra de Mozart: \"Il flauto magico, arrangés pour guitare\" Op. 19 by Spanish composer and guitarist Fernando Sor (1778-1839), published between the years 1823 to 1825, in London, and based in Mozart\'s Die Zauberflöte k620 (The Magic Flute). The transcription\'s process undertaken by Fernando Sor required, even for historical purposes (the compositions were created 35 years apart), a change in the concept of instrumental writing. For Sor, it was a question of translating the essence of the musical thought conceived in an operatic way and presenting it under a sonorous concept of an emerging, solo instrument as had been the case of the guitar in the late 18th century and in the first decades of the 19th century. From the instrumental perspective, therefore, elements such as texture, style of accompaniment and the voice leading concept, to name but a few, have undergone conceptual changes, often resulting almost in a new composition and even a different perception of the musical form since, above all, the elements of drama and literature are absent.

Critics who discuss Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony often write about aspects that run counter to their conception of what a symphony should be, such as this symphony’s static nature and its programmatic elements. In nineteenth-century Boston and London, criticism of the Pastoral Symphony reflects the opinions of a wide range of listeners, as critics variably adopted the views of the intellectual elite and general audience members. As a group, these critics acted as intermediaries between various realms of opinion regarding this piece. Their writing serves as a lens through which we can observe audiences’ acceptance of ideas common in contemporaneous musical thought, including the integrity of the artwork, the glorification of genius, and ideas about meaning in music.

Excerpts from classroom interaction in video recorded music lessons is analysed for dialogical structure and evidenced degree of shared topics. Each single turn is analysed according to agent, modality and function. It is suggested, that this analytical approach can be used both for comparative studies and as a means for teachers to improve their teaching.

Music Performance<br>D.M.A.<br>Though many philosophers and music theorists have admitted the signification of the sublime in music as a possibility, the nature and mechanism of that signification has not yet been treated at length with a methodology familiar to musicians or native to music theory. Within this dissertation I have conducted a survey of the philosophy of the sublime as understood by Edmund Burke (1729 – 1797), Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804), Friedrich Schiller (1759 – 1805), and Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 – 1860), with references to other contemporary philosophers and writers. The broader influence of the sublime in regards to German-speaking regions and certain musical composers was also considered. I then gathered from the above philosophers’ categories and definitions of the sublime a constellation of objects, qualities, and emotional states associated with the sublime. These functioned as signs or signifiers of the sublime, whose paths of signification were considered or determined with use of semiotics and topic theory, with reference to the work of Danuta Mirka, Raymond Monelle, and Leonard Ratner. Making reference to score examples listed in the list of figures, I implemented these techniques in analyses of Ludwig van Beethoven’s Sonata No. 30 in E Major, Op. 109 and Sonata No. 32 in C, Op. 111 as well as Franz Liszt’s “Mazeppa,” from the Études d’exécution transcendante, “Funerailles” from Harmonies Poétiques et Religieuses III, S. 173, and “Marche funèbre, En mémoire de Maximilian I, Empereur du Mexique” in from Années de pèlerinage III, S.163.<br>Temple University--Theses

Music Performance<br>D.M.A.<br>This monograph explores the development and variety of signs for musical expression and discusses strategies for identifying and teaching them, enabling students to communicate musical expressivity. Chapter 1 provides a background for this study, including a brief survey of how writers from ancient times to the present conceived of expression, along with findings from recent psychological research into the connection between emotion and music. Chapter 2 delves into the signs themselves and proposes how students can learn to recognize them at different levels of study. An overview of musical topics and structural features that contribute to musical expression leads to an analysis of the expressive states in the first movement exposition of Mozart's Sonata in C minor, K. 457. Chapter 3 discusses particular strategies for connecting the discovered signs with performance at the piano. To help their students communicate expressively, teachers first need to guide students to a recognition of musical signs, then help them to highlight expressive features through deviations in tempo, dynamics, and articulation. Instructors can use a variety of strategies ranging from metaphors and specific language through aural and physical modeling. Additional work with Hevner's mood wheel, supplemented by student projects in the visual arts, writing, movement, and drama, can create a connection between students and musical expression.<br>Temple University--Theses

Este trabalho aborda analiticamente o Trio em fá sustenido menor (1916) do compositor brasileiro Alberto Nepomuceno, com objetivo de constituir um estudo de caso que permita um melhor posicionamento da obra do compositor no período de transição entre o romantismo e o modernismo brasileiros. Ele levanta dados do contexto ideológico-musical no qual se insere a obra, em especial das noções francesas de progresso e suas consequências musicais no início do século XX. A pesquisa apresenta também os fundamentos teóricos de uma proposta analítica que visa incorporar à análise estrutural os desdobramentos do significado musical. Ela procura unir, por meio do conceito de multivalência, os estudos das tópicas, dos esquemas, da narratividade e da intertextualidade. O trabalho apresenta quatro análises multivalentes, uma para cada movimento da obra. Os resultados apontam para uma obra que se constitui em uma rede de símbolos musicais introversivos e extroversivos, que faz um equilíbrio entre a tradição formal e expressiva e o uso de novos materiais sonoros.<br>This work analyzes the Piano Trio in F sharp minor by the Brazilian composer Alberto Nepomuceno, aiming to constitute a case study that allows a better positioning of the composer\'s work in the period of transition between Brazilian romanticism and modernism. It raises data from the ideological-musical context in which the work is inserted, especially the French notions of progress and its musical consequences in the early twentieth century. The research also presents the theoretical foundations of an analytical proposal that aims to incorporate into the structural analysis the unfolding of musical meaning. It seeks to unite, through the concept of multivalence, the studies of topics, schemata, narrativity and intertextuality. The work presents four multivalent analysis, one for each movement of the work. The results point to a work that constitutes a network of introversive and extroversive musical symbols, which makes a balance between formal and expressive tradition and the use of new sound materials.

En 1933 Alemania experimentó el ascenso del nazismo al poder. Se trataba de un gobierno de corte fascista con algunas características propias que no lo alejaban del autoritarismo esencial de estas corrientes ideológicas, muy al alza en aquellos años en todo el mundo y especialmente en Europa. El nazismo se impuso entre 1933 y 1945, doce años durante los cuales la voluntad de control por parte del gobierno a todos los niveles -político, social, económico y, por supuesto, cultural- se hizo bien patente. La cultura recibió una atención muy especial por parte de los nacional-socialistas puesto que la consideraban un vehículo especialmente eficaz para el control de las masas. El teatro, la pintura, el cine, la radio y, por supuesto, la música, atraían gran variedad de públicos en todos los segmentos sociales, públicos que rápidamente quedaban expuestos a las intensas campañas de propaganda del régimen. Es por esto que, ya desde el principio, se intentó organizar cada sector de la cultura y mantenerlos todos centralizados bajo un solo mando (Reichskulturkammer). Esta tarea se aplicó rigurosamente también sobre el mundo musical obteniéndose un cierto éxito debido, sobre todo, a que supuso una esperanzadora respuesta a una larga reivindicación histórica de organización de un sector muy subvertido por el mundo amateur. Para llegar a ello se intentó, entre muchas otras medidas, crear unos cánones que tendieran a facilitar un tipo de producción aceptable a ciertos gustos conservadores. Estos cánones, ciertamente, fueron muy difíciles de concretar, sobre todo porque no tenían en cuenta el carácter profundamente individualista de los artistas como creadores. A pesar de ello, es indiscutible que existió una presión, a menudo intensa, y que los esfuerzos por implementar dichos cánones fueron realmente denodados durante el período. No cabe duda de que esto creó una serie de condicionamientos de hecho que, de una manera o de otra, dieron una cierta forma a los productos de la época, aspecto que se percibe con singular claridad a través de los procesos de análisis de estilo que, sin encontrar apenas obstáculos, destilan el uso de ciertos tópicos sorprendentemente característicos y acordes con los gustos y la ideología dominantes. A modo de demostración hemos escogido la ópera Friedenstag, de Richard Strauss, que muestra de forma inequívoca que los condicionantes impuestos por el nazismo afectaron durante aquel período el lenguaje y la estética de los compositores.<br>In 1933 Germany experienced the rise of Nazism to power. It was a fascist government with some characteristics of its own that did not distract it from the essential authoritarianism of these ideological currents, which were gaining presence in those years throughout the world and especially in Europe. Nazism prevailed between 1933 and 1945, twelve years during which the government's willingness to control at all levels -political, social, economic and, of course, cultural- became clear. The culture received special attention from the National Socialists as a particularly effective means for the control of the masses. Theater, painting, film, radio and, of course, music attracted a wide variety of audiences in all social segments, publics that were quickly exposed to the regime's intense propaganda campaigns. Therefore, from the beginning, the Nazis tried to organize every sector of culture and keep them all centralized under one command (Reichskulturkammer). This task was rigorously applied also to the musical world obtaining a certain success mostly because it was perceived as a hopeful response to a long historical claim of organization of a sector very subverted by the amateur world. To achieve this, attempts were made, among many other measures, to create directions that tended to facilitate a type of production acceptable to certain conservative tastes. These directions, indeed, were very difficult to realize, especially since they did not take into account the deeply individualistic character of the artists as creators. Despite this, it is indisputable that there was a pressure, often intense, and that the efforts to implement these rules were strong during the period. There is no doubt that this created a series of factual conditions that, in one way or another, gave a certain shape to the musical production of that time, an aspect that is perceived with singular clarity through the processes of style analysis that distill the use of certain topics -surprisingly characteristics- in accordance with the tastes of the dominant ideology. As a demonstration, we have chosen the opera Friedenstag, by Richard Strauss, which shows unequivocally that the conditions imposed by Nazism affected the language and aesthetics of the composers during that period.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:06:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 122576.pdf: 7183646 bytes, checksum: 8d73683be3d6a8ba484d21da6abccba0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-25<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The purpose of this study is to analyze the musical structure of the symphonic poem Uirapuru (1917), by Heitor Villa-Lobos, and to understand how meanings are put into action by the piece through topics and narrativity. The initial hypothesis is that in Uirapuru topics are key elements of the narrative aspects of the work. The methodology is supported by the structural analysis of the musical piece, which involves harmonic, melodic, rhythmic, textural and orchestration aspects, with further interpretations of meaning based on topics and narrativity theories, and sustained by a bibliographic research of historical context. The interaction between topics in different structural levels and ad hoc elements, reveals that Villa-Lobos used an organization strategy of musical meanings, here understood as narrative, which relates to the plot of the piece´s programme and can be characterized under the concept of "external narrative program". In this work, the Brazilian Indian is represented by characteristic elements of the exotic, present in the language of modern concert music of the period and mainly in the repertoire with Debussyst heritage, with which Villa-Lobos had an open dialogue in his first compositional phase.<br>O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a estrutura musical do poema sinfônico Uirapuru (1917), de Heitor Villa-Lobos, e compreender como os significados são colocados em ação pela peça através de tópicas e da narratividade. A hipótese inicial é que em Uirapuru, as tópicas são elementos determinantes dos aspectos narrativos da obra. A metodologia utilizada está apoiada na análise musical estrutural da peça, que envolve aspectos harmônicos, melódicos, rítmicos, texturais e de orquestração, com posteriores interpretações de significado fundamentadas pelas teorias das tópicas e da narratividade, e sustentadas por uma pesquisa bibliográfica de contexto histórico. A interação entre tópicas em diferentes níveis estruturais e elementos ad hoc, revela que Villa-Lobos utilizou uma estratégia de organização dos significados musicais, aqui compreendida como a narratividade, a qual se relaciona com o roteiro do argumento da peça e pode ser caracterizada sob o conceito de programa narrativo exterior . O índio brasileiro nesta obra é representado por elementos característicos do exótico presentes na linguagem da música de concerto moderna do período e, principalmente, no repertório com herança debussysta com o qual Villa-Lobos travava franco diálogo na sua primeira fase composicional.

Music was the first mass-market industry to be completely restructured by digital technology, and today we can have access to thousands of tracks stored locally on our smartphone and millions of tracks through cloud-based music services. Given the vast quantity of music at our fingertips, we now require novel ways of describing, indexing, searching and interacting with musical content. In this thesis we focus on a technology that opens the door to a wide range of such applications: automatically estimating the pitch sequence of the melody directly from the audio signal of a polyphonic music recording, also referred to as melody extraction. Whilst identifying the pitch of the melody is something human listeners can do quite well, doing this automatically is highly challenging. We present a novel method for melody extraction based on the tracking and characterisation of the pitch contours that form the melodic line of a piece. We show how different contour characteristics can be exploited in combination with auditory streaming cues to identify the melody out of all the pitch content in a music recording using both heuristic and model-based approaches. The performance of our method is assessed in an international evaluation campaign where it is shown to obtain state-of-the-art results. In fact, it achieves the highest mean overall accuracy obtained by any algorithm that has participated in the campaign to date. We demonstrate the applicability of our method both for research and end-user applications by developing systems that exploit the extracted melody pitch sequence for similarity-based music retrieval (version identification and query-by-humming), genre classification, automatic transcription and computational music analysis. The thesis also provides a comprehensive comparative analysis and review of the current state-of-the-art in melody extraction and a first of its kind analysis of melody extraction evaluation methodology.<br>La industria de la música fue una de las primeras en verse completamente reestructurada por los avances de la tecnología digital, y hoy en día tenemos acceso a miles de canciones almacenadas en nuestros dispositivos móviles y a millones más a través de servicios en la nube. Dada esta inmensa cantidad de música al nuestro alcance, necesitamos nuevas maneras de describir, indexar, buscar e interactuar con el contenido musical. Esta tesis se centra en una tecnología que abre las puertas a nuevas aplicaciones en este área: la extracción automática de la melodía a partir de una grabación musical polifónica. Mientras que identificar la melodía de una pieza es algo que los humanos pueden hacer relativamente bien, hacerlo de forma automática presenta mucha complejidad, ya que requiere combinar conocimiento de procesado de señal, acústica, aprendizaje automático y percepción sonora. Esta tarea se conoce en el ámbito de investigación como “extracción de melodía”, y consiste técnicamente en estimar la secuencia de alturas correspondiente a la melodía predominante de una pieza musical a partir del análisis de la señal de audio. Esta tesis presenta un método innovador para la extracción de la melodía basado en el seguimiento y caracterización de contornos tonales. En la tesis, mostramos cómo se pueden explotar las características de contornos en combinación con reglas basadas en la percepción auditiva, para identificar la melodía a partir de todo el contenido tonal de una grabación, tanto de manera heurística como a través de modelos aprendidos automáticamente. A través de una iniciativa internacional de evaluación comparativa de algoritmos, comprobamos además que el método propuesto obtiene resultados punteros. De hecho, logra la precisión más alta de todos los algoritmos que han participado en la iniciativa hasta la fecha. Además, la tesis demuestra la utilidad de nuestro método en diversas aplicaciones tanto de investigación como para usuarios finales, desarrollando una serie de sistemas que aprovechan la melodía extraída para la búsqueda de música por semejanza (identificación de versiones y búsqueda por tarareo), la clasificación del estilo musical, la transcripción o conversión de audio a partitura, y el análisis musical con métodos computacionales. La tesis también incluye un amplio análisis comparativo del estado de la cuestión en extracción de melodía y el primer análisis crítico existente de la metodología de evaluación de algoritmos de este tipo<br>La indústria musical va ser una de les primeres a veure's completament reestructurada pels avenços de la tecnologia digital, i avui en dia tenim accés a milers de cançons emmagatzemades als nostres dispositius mòbils i a milions més a través de serveis en xarxa. Al tenir aquesta immensa quantitat de música al nostre abast, necessitem noves maneres de descriure, indexar, buscar i interactuar amb el contingut musical. Aquesta tesi es centra en una tecnologia que obre les portes a noves aplicacions en aquesta àrea: l'extracció automàtica de la melodia a partir d'una gravació musical polifònica. Tot i que identificar la melodia d'una peça és quelcom que els humans podem fer relativament fàcilment, fer-ho de forma automàtica presenta una alta complexitat, ja que requereix combinar coneixement de processament del senyal, acústica, aprenentatge automàtic i percepció sonora. Aquesta tasca es coneix dins de l'àmbit d'investigació com a “extracció de melodia”, i consisteix tècnicament a estimar la seqüència de altures tonals corresponents a la melodia predominant d'una peça musical a partir de l'anàlisi del senyal d'àudio. Aquesta tesi presenta un mètode innovador per a l'extracció de la melodia basat en el seguiment i caracterització de contorns tonals. Per a fer-ho, mostrem com es poden explotar les característiques de contorns combinades amb regles basades en la percepció auditiva per a identificar la melodia a partir de tot el contingut tonal d'una gravació, tant de manera heurística com a través de models apresos automàticament. A més d'això, comprovem a través d'una iniciativa internacional d'avaluació comparativa d'algoritmes que el mètode proposat obté resultats punters. De fet, obté la precisió més alta de tots els algoritmes proposats fins la data d'avui. A demés, la tesi demostra la utilitat del mètode en diverses aplicacions tant d'investigació com per a usuaris finals, desenvolupant una sèrie de sistemes que aprofiten la melodia extreta per a la cerca de música per semblança (identificació de versions i cerca per taral•larà), la classificació de l'estil musical, la transcripció o conversió d'àudio a partitura, i l'anàlisi musical amb mètodes computacionals. La tesi també inclou una àmplia anàlisi comparativa de l'estat de l'art en extracció de melodia i la primera anàlisi crítica existent de la metodologia d'avaluació d'algoritmes d'aquesta mena.

När vi tänker oss retorik som studieområde tänker vi oftast retorik som ett verktyg för att övertyga, men även som ett verktyg för tolkning. De områden som brukar komma på tal är främst tal, skrift eller bild. Frågan som jag ställde mig var: Finns det fler områden som retoriken är närvarande? Retoriken som brukar ses som ett brett ämne som överskrider gränserna till andra studieområden borde ju då appliceras på fler format än skrift, bild och tal? Därför kommer denna studie inkludera ett annat format, som jag sällan har sett undersökas eller problematiseras i skrift och litteratur: Instrumentell musik som ett retorisk format. Uppsatsen undersöker hur instrumentell musik fungerar som ett retoriskt i argumentationen i film. Musiken som retoriskt verktyg går många gånger obemärkt förbi och dess inflytande på argumentationen blir därför ignorerad och bortglömd. Musikens instrumentala funktion kommer analyseras genom dess intertextuella funktioner till narrativet i dokumentärfilmen Vice Special Report: A House Divided (2016). Dokumentären påvisar en förutsatt objektiv bild av 2016 års presidentval i USA och hur Donald Trump kom till makten. Studiens syfte är att bevisa den instrumentella musikens retoriska roll i dokumentären och fokus kommer ligga på musikens skildring av berättandet och det visuella i filmen. För att nå detta syfte kommer jag att påvisa att det existerar en intertextualitet mellan musik och narrativ, men också musikens symboliska värden med hjälp av Raymond Monelle och Kofi Agawus semiotiska teckenteorier. Med hjälp av musikanalysen visas en ny sida av argumentationen i dokumentären och den förutsatta neutrala hållningen som narrativet visar blir problematiserad.

Este trabalho pretende analisar e demonstrar como as tópicas musicais afro-brasileiras são um exemplo de tradição inventada na música brasileira do século XX (especialmente a partir do modernismo e do nacionalismo musical no Brasil). O conceito de tradição inventada foi amplamento discutido e desenvolvido pelo historiador Eric Hobsbawm, e diz respeito a um conjunto de práticas reguladas por regras comumente aceitas, estabelecendo normas derivadas do costume ou da convenção. Assim, este trabalho correlacionará o conceito de tópicas musicais e o conceito de tradição inventada, a fim mostrar como a aparente configuração de uma tópica não está de acordo com sua forma original e nem tampouco é uma representação literal do que se refere, mas sim estilizações e recriações estabelecidas através de um senso comum. Tudo isso será feito a partir de uma abordagem que reúne a análise musical e abordagens semióticas baseadas na teoria das tópicas, a fim de compreender alguns caminhos de significação nos processos composicionais da música brasileira. Para isso exemplificarei e analisarei a tópica canto de xangô e a tópica berimbau em obras de compositores a partir do modernismo e nacionalismo musical brasileiro, percorrendo então outros compositores brasileiros ao longo do século XX, tanto na música erudita quanto na música popular, até abordagens mais recentes como obras dos compositores Rodolfo Coelho de Souza e Fernando Iazzetta.<br>This work aims to analyze and demonstrate how African-Brazilian musical topics are an example of invented tradition in Brazilian music of the 20th century (especially from modernism and musical nationalism in Brazil). The concept of invented tradition was widely discussed and developed by the historian Eric Hobsbawm, and it concerns a set of practices regulated by commonly accepted rules, establishing norms derived from custom or convention. Thus, this work will correlate the concept of musical topics and the concept of invented tradition to show how the apparent configuration of a topic is not in accordance with its original form, neither is it a literal representation of what it refers to. Rather than that, they are stylizations and recreations established through a common sense. All of this will be done by bringing together the musical analysis and semiotic approaches based on topic theory in order to understand some paths of signification in the compositional processes of Brazilian music. Therefore, I will exemplify and analyze the canto de xangô topic and the berimbau topic in works of composers from modernism and Brazilian musical nationalism, by going from other Brazilian composers throughout the twentieth century, both in classical and popular music, until the most recent approaches, as found in works by the composers Rodolfo Coelho de Souza and Fernando Iazzetta.

Las colecciones de música son cada vez mayores y más variadas, haciendo necesarias nuevas fórmulas para su organización automática. El análisis automático del ritmo tiene como fin la extracción de información rítmica de grabaciones musicales y es una de las principales áreas de investigación en la disciplina de recuperación de la información musical (MIR por sus siglas en inglés). La dimensión rítmica de la música es específica a una cultura y por tanto su análisis requiere métodos que incluyan el contexto cultural. Las complejidades rítmicas de la música clásica de la India, una de las mayores tradiciones musicales del mundo, no han sido tratadas hasta la fecha en MIR, motivo por el cual la elegimos como nuestro principal objeto de estudio. Nuestra intención es abordar cuestiones de análisis rítmico aún no tratadas en MIR con el fin de contribuir a la disciplina con nuevos métodos sensibles al contexto cultural y generalizables a otras tradiciones musicales. El objetivo de la tesis es el desarrollo de técnicas de procesamiento de señales y aprendizaje automático dirigidas por datos para el análisis, descripción y descubrimiento automáticos de estructuras y patrones rítmicos en colecciones de audio de música clásica de la India. Tras identificar retos y posibilidades, así como varias tareas de investigación relevantes para este objetivo, detallamos la elaboración del corpus de estudio y conjuntos de datos, fundamentales para métodos dirigidos por datos. A continuación, nos centramos en las tareas de análisis métrico y descubrimiento de patrones de percusión. El análisis métrico consiste en la alineación de eventos métricos a diferentes niveles con una grabación de audio. En la tesis formulamos las tareas de deducción de metro, seguimiento de metro y seguimiento informado de metro de acuerdo a la tradición estudiada, se evalúan diferentes modelos bayesianos capaces de incorporar explícitamente información de estructuras métricas de niveles superiores y se proponen nuevas extensiones. Los métodos propuestos superan las limitaciones de las propuestas existentes y los resultados indican la efectividad del análisis informado de metro. La percusión en la música clásica de la India utiliza onomatopeyas para la transmisión del repertorio y la técnica. Utilizamos estas sílabas para definir, representar y descubrir patrones en grabaciones de solos de percusión. A tal fin generamos una transcripción automática basada en un modelo oculto de Márkov, seguida de una búsqueda aproximada de subcadenas usando una biblioteca de patrones de percusión derivada de datos. Experimentos preliminares en patrones de percusión de ópera de Pekín, y en grabaciones de solos de tabla y mridangam, demuestran la utilidad de estas sílabas, identificando nuevos retos para el desarrollo de sistemas prácticos de descubrimiento. Las tecnologías resultantes de esta investigación son parte de un conjunto de herramientas desarrollado en el proyecto CompMusic para el mejor entendimiento y organización de la música clásica de la India, con el objetivo de proveer una experiencia mejorada de escucha y descubrimiento de música. Estos datos y herramientas pueden ser también relevantes para estudios musicológicos dirigidos por datos y otras tareas de MIR que puedan beneficiarse de análisis automáticos de ritmo.<br>Large and growing collections of a wide variety of music are now available on demand to music listeners, necessitating novel ways of automatically structuring these collections using different dimensions of music. Rhythm is one of the basic music dimensions and its automatic analysis, which aims to extract musically meaningful rhythm related information from music, is a core task in Music Information Research (MIR). Musical rhythm, similar to most musical dimensions, is culture-specific and hence its analysis requires culture-aware approaches. Indian art music is one of the major music traditions of the world and has complexities in rhythm that have not been addressed by the current state of the art in MIR, motivating us to choose it as the primary music tradition for study. Our intent is to address unexplored rhythm analysis problems in Indian art music to push the boundaries of the current MIR approaches by making them culture-aware and generalizable to other music traditions. The thesis aims to build data-driven signal processing and machine learning approaches for automatic analysis, description and discovery of rhythmic structures and patterns in audio music collections of Indian art music. After identifying challenges and opportunities, we present several relevant research tasks that open up the field of automatic rhythm analysis of Indian art music. Data-driven approaches require well curated data corpora for research and efforts towards creating such corpora and datasets are documented in detail. We then focus on the topics of meter analysis and percussion pattern discovery in Indian art music. Meter analysis aims to align several hierarchical metrical events with an audio recording. Meter analysis tasks such as meter inference, meter tracking and informed meter tracking are formulated for Indian art music. Different Bayesian models that can explicitly incorporate higher level metrical structure information are evaluated for the tasks and novel extensions are proposed. The proposed methods overcome the limitations of existing approaches and their performance indicate the effectiveness of informed meter analysis. Percussion in Indian art music uses onomatopoeic oral mnemonic syllables for the transmission of repertoire and technique, providing a language for percussion. We use these percussion syllables to define, represent and discover percussion patterns in audio recordings of percussion solos. We approach the problem of percussion pattern discovery using hidden Markov model based automatic transcription followed by an approximate string search using a data derived percussion pattern library. Preliminary experiments on Beijing opera percussion patterns, and on both tabla and mridangam solo recordings in Indian art music demonstrate the utility of percussion syllables, identifying further challenges to building practical discovery systems. The technologies resulting from the research in the thesis are a part of the complete set of tools being developed within the CompMusic project for a better understanding and organization of Indian art music, aimed at providing an enriched experience with listening and discovery of music. The data and tools should also be relevant for data-driven musicological studies and other MIR tasks that can benefit from automatic rhythm analysis.<br>Les col·leccions de música són cada vegada més grans i variades, fet que fa necessari buscar noves fórmules per a organitzar automàticament aquestes col·leccions. El ritme és una de les dimensions bàsiques de la música, i el seu anàlisi automàtic és una de les principals àrees d'investigació en la disciplina de l'recuperació de la informació musical (MIR, acrònim de la traducció a l'anglès). El ritme, com la majoria de les dimensions musicals, és específic per a cada cultura i per tant, el seu anàlisi requereix de mètodes que incloguin el context cultural. La complexitat rítmica de la música clàssica de l'Índia, una de les tradicions musicals més grans al món, no ha estat encara treballada en el camp d'investigació de MIR - motiu pel qual l'escollim com a principal material d'estudi. La nostra intenció és abordar les problemàtiques que presenta l'anàlisi rítmic de la música clàssica de l'Índia, encara no tractades en MIR, amb la finalitat de contribuir en la disciplina amb nous models sensibles al context cultural i generalitzables a altres tradicions musicals. L'objectiu de la tesi consisteix en desenvolupar tècniques de processament de senyal i d'aprenentatge automàtic per a l'anàlisi, descripció i descobriment automàtic d'estructures i patrons rítmics en col·leccions de música clàssica de l'Índia. Després d'identificar els reptes i les oportunitats, així com les diverses tasques d'investigació rellevants per a aquest objectiu, detallem el procés d'elaboració del corpus de dades, fonamentals per als mètodes basats en dades. A continuació, ens centrem en les tasques d'anàlisis mètric i descobriment de patrons de percussió. L'anàlisi mètric consisteix en alinear els diversos esdeveniments mètrics -a diferents nivells- que es produeixen en una gravació d'àudio. En aquesta tesi formulem les tasques de deducció, seguiment i seguiment informat de la mètrica. D'acord amb la tradició musical estudiada, s'avaluen diferents models bayesians que poden incorporar explícitament estructures mètriques d'alt nivell i es proposen noves extensions per al mètode. Els mètodes proposats superen les limitacions dels mètodes ja existents i el seu rendiment indica l'efectivitat dels mètodes informats d'anàlisis mètric. La percussió en la música clàssica de l'Índia utilitza onomatopeies per a la transmissió del repertori i de la tècnica, fet que construeix un llenguatge per a la percussió. Utilitzem aquestes síl·labes percussives per a definir, representar i descobrir patrons en enregistraments de solos de percussió. Enfoquem el problema del descobriment de patrons percussius amb un model de transcripció automàtica basat en models ocults de Markov, seguida d'una recerca aproximada de strings utilitzant una llibreria de patrons de percussions derivada de dades. Experiments preliminars amb patrons de percussió d'òpera de Pequín, i amb gravacions de solos de tabla i mridangam, demostren la utilitat de les síl·labes percussives. Identificant, així, nous horitzons per al desenvolupament de sistemes pràctics de descobriment. Les tecnologies resultants d'aquesta recerca són part de les eines desenvolupades dins el projecte de CompMusic, que té com a objectiu millorar l'experiència d'escoltar i descobrir música per a la millor comprensió i organització de la música clàssica de l'Índia, entre d'altres. Aquestes dades i eines poden ser rellevants per a estudis musicològics basats en dades i, també, altres tasques MIR poden beneficiar-se de l'anàlisi automàtic del ritme.

Aquesta investigació pretén realitzar un estudi sobre els usos de determinades composicions clàssiques preexistents en pel·lícules històriques ambientades a la segona meitat del segle XVIII. Des d’aquesta franja temporal, pretenem demostrar quines són les relacions que es produeixen entre l’anomenada música del classicisme tal i com se la considera de de la musicologia tradicional i les pel·lícules que recreen aquesta època, a saber, la Il·lustració i Revolució respectivament.<br>Esta investigación pretende realizar un estudio sobre los usos de determinadas composiciones clásicas preexistentes en películas históricas ambientadas en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. Desde esta franja temporal, pretendemos demostrar cuáles son las relaciones que se producen entre la llamada música del clasicismo tal y como se le considera desde la musicología tradicional y las películas que recrean esta época, a saber, Ilustración y Revolución respectivamente.<br>This research looks forward to make a study of the uses of determined preexisting classical composition settled in the second half of the XVIII century in historical movies. From this timeframe, what we hope is to demonstrate which are the relationships that come to life between the classicism music as its considered by traditional musicology and the recreational movies of the Illustration and Revolution respectively.

Automatically describing contents of recorded music is crucial for interacting with large volumes of audio recordings, and for developing novel tools to facilitate music pedagogy. Melody is a fundamental facet in most music traditions and, therefore, is an indispensable component in such description. In this thesis, we develop computational approaches for analyzing high-level melodic aspects of music performances in Indian art music (IAM), with which we can describe and interlink large amounts of audio recordings. With its complex melodic framework and well-grounded theory, the description of IAM melody beyond pitch contours offers a very interesting and challenging research topic. We analyze melodies within their tonal context, identify melodic patterns, compare them both within and across music pieces, and finally, characterize the specific melodic context of IAM, the rāgas. All these analyses are done using data-driven methodologies on sizable curated music corpora. Our work paves the way for addressing several interesting research problems in the field of mu- sic information research, as well as developing novel applications in the context of music discovery and music pedagogy. The thesis starts by compiling and structuring largest to date music corpora of the two IAM traditions, Hindustani and Carnatic music, comprising quality audio recordings and the associated metadata. From them we extract the predominant pitch and normalize by the tonic context. An important element to describe melodies is the identification of the meaningful temporal units, for which we propose to detect occurrences of nyās svaras in Hindustani music, a landmark that demarcates musically salient melodic patterns. Utilizing these melodic features, we extract musically relevant recurring melodic pat- terns. These patterns are the building blocks of melodic structures in both improvisation and composition. Thus, they are fundamental to the description of audio collections in IAM. We propose an unsupervised approach that employs time-series analysis tools to discover melodic patterns in sizable music collections. We first carry out an in-depth supervised analysis of melodic similarity, which is a critical component in pattern discovery. We then improve upon the best possible competing approach by exploiting peculiar melodic characteristics in IAM. To identify musically meaningful patterns, we exploit the relationships between the discovered patterns by performing a network analysis. Extensive listening tests by professional musicians reveal that the discovered melodic patterns are musically interesting and significant. Finally, we utilize our results for recognizing rāgas in recorded performances of IAM. We propose two novel approaches that jointly capture the tonal and the temporal aspects of melody. Our first approach uses melodic patterns, the most prominent cues for rāga identification by humans. We utilize the discovered melodic patterns and employ topic modeling techniques, wherein we regard a rāga rendition similar to a textual description of a topic. In our second approach, we propose the time delayed melodic surface, a novel feature based on delay coordinates that captures the melodic outline of a rāga. With these approaches we demonstrate unprecedented accuracies in rāga recognition on the largest datasets ever used for this task. Although our approach is guided by the characteristics of melodies in IAM and the task at hand, we believe our methodology can be easily extended to other melody dominant music traditions. Overall, we have built novel computational methods for analyzing several melodic aspects of recorded performances in IAM, with which we describe and interlink large amounts of music recordings. In this process we have developed several tools and compiled data that can be used for a number of computational studies in IAM, specifically in characterization of rāgas, compositions and artists. The technologies resulted from this research work are a part of several applications developed within the CompMusic project for a better description, enhanced listening experience, and pedagogy in IAM.<br>La descripció automàtica d’enregistraments musicals és crucial per interactuar amb grans volums de dades i per al desenvolupament de noves eines per a la pedagogia musical. La melodia és una faceta fonamental en la majoria de les tradicions musicals i, per tant, és un component indispensable per a la descripció automàtica d’enregistraments musicals. En aquesta tesi desenvolupem sistemes computacionals per analitzar aspectes melòdics d'alt nivell presents en la música clàssica de l’Índia (MCI), a partir dels quals descrivim i interconnectem grans quantitats d'enregistraments d'àudio. La descripció de melodies en la MCI, complexes i amb una base teòrica ben fonamentada, va més enllà de l’anàlisi estàndard de contorns de to (“pitch” en anglès), i, per tant, és un tema de recerca molt interessant i tot un repte. Analitzem les melodies dins del seu context tonal, identifiquem patrons melòdics, els comparem tant amb ells mateixos com amb altres enregistraments, i, finalment, caracteritzem el context melòdic específic de la música IAM: els rāgas. Tots els anàlisis s’han realitzat utilitzant metodologies basades en dades, amb un corpus musical de mida considerable. Iniciem la tesi recopilant la col·lecció més gran de MCI obtinguda fins al moment. Aquesta col·lecció comprèn enregistraments de qualitat amb metadades de música Hindustani i Carnatic, les dues grans tradicions de la MCI. A partir d’aquí analitzem el to predominant i normalitzem la peça pel context tonal. Un element important per a descriure melodies és la identificació d’unitats temporals rellevants, per la qual cosa detectem les ocurrències de nyās svaras en la MCI, que serveixen com a marques identificadores dels patrons melòdics més destacats. Utilitzant aquestes característiques melòdiques, extraiem els patrons melòdics recurrents més destacats. Aquests patrons són els blocs que construeixen les estructures melòdiques, tant en la improvisació i com en la composició. Per tant, són fonamentals per a la descripció de col·leccions de música MCI. Proposem partir d’un enfocament no supervisat que utilitza eines d'anàlisi basades en sèries temporals per descobrir patrons melòdics en grans col·leccions de música. En primer lloc, hem realitzat un anàlisi supervisat extensiu sobre la similitud melòdica, que és un component fonamental per al descobriment de patrons. A continuació, millorem els resultats (respecte al millor competidor segons l’estat de la qüestió) explotant les característiques peculiars dels patrons melòdics de la música MCI. Per identificar patrons musicalment rellevants, explotem les relacions entre els patrons descoberts mitjançant un anàlisi de xarxa. Extenses proves realitzades amb músics professionals revelen que els patrons melòdics descoberts són musicalment interessants i significatius. Finalment, fem servir els nostres resultats per al reconeixement de rāgas en actuacions gravades d'IAM. Proposem dos enfocaments nous que capturen conjuntament el to i els aspectes temporals de la melodia. El primer enfoc utilitza patrons melòdics, l’aspecte més important per als éssers humans a l’hora d’identificar rāgas. Utilitzem els patrons melòdics descoberts i fem servir tècniques de modelatge de temes (“topic modeling” en anglès), on considerem que la interpretació d’un raga és similar a la descripció textual d’un tema. En el nostre segon enfocament, proposem utilitzar el “time delayed melodic surface”, una característica innovadora basada en coordenades de retard que captura l’evolució melòdica del rāga. Amb aquests enfocaments demostrem una precisió sense precedents per al reconeixement de rāgas en el conjunt de dades més gran utilitzat mai per a aquesta tasca. Encara que el nostre enfocament està basat en les característiques de les melodies MCI i la tasca en qüestió, creiem que la nostra metodologia es pot estendre fàcilment a altres tradicions de la música on la melodia és rellevant. En general, hem incorporat nous mètodes computacionals per a l'anàlisi de diversos aspectes melòdics per a interpretacions de MCI, a partir dels quals descrivim i inter-connectem gran quantitat d'enregistraments de música. En aquest procés hem recopilat dades i hem desenvolupat diverses eines que poden ser utilitzades per a diferents estudis computacionals per a MCI, específicament en la caracterització de rāgas, composicions i artistes. Les tecnologies resultants d'aquest treball d’investigació són part de diverses aplicacions desenvolupades dins el projecte CompMusic que pretén millorar la descripció, l’experiència auditiva, i la pedagogia de la MCI.<br>La descripción automática del contenido de música grabada es crucial para la interacción con grandes colecciones de grabaciones de audio y para el desarrollo de nuevas herramientas que faciliten la pedagogía musical. La melodía es un aspecto fundamental para la mayoría de las tradiciones musicales, y es por tanto un componente indispensable para tal descripción. En esta tesis desarrollamos propuestas computacionales para el análisis de aspectos melódicos de alto nivel en interpretaciones musicales de Música Clásica de la India (MCI), con las que podemos describir e interrelacionar grandes cantidades de grabaciones de audio. Debido a su complejidad melódica y a su sólido marco teórico, la descripción de la melodía en MCI más allá de la línea melódica supone un interesante y desafiante objeto de investigación. Analizamos melodías en su contexto tonal, identificamos patrones melódicos, comparamos ambos tanto en piezas individuales como entre diferentes piezas, y finalmente caracterizamos el contexto melódico específico de MCI, los rāgas. Todos estos análisis se llevan a cabo mediante métodos dirigidos por datos en corpus de música de considerable tamaño y meticulosamente organizados. La tesis comienza con la confección y estructuración de los mayores corpus musicales hasta la fecha de las dos tradiciones de MCI, indostaní y carnática. Dichos corpus están formados por grabaciones de audio de alta calidad y sus correspondientes metadatos. De estas extraemos la línea melódica predominante y la normalizamos según la tónica de su contexto. Un elemento importante para la descripción de melodías es la identificación de unidades temporales significativas, para lo que proponemos detectar en música indostaní las ocurrencias de nyās svaras, marcas que delimitan patrones melódicos musicalmente prominentes. A partir de estas características melódicas, extraemos patrones melódicos recurrentes y musicalmente relevantes. Estos patrones son las unidades básicas con las que se construyen estructuras melódicas tanto en improvisaciones como composiciones, y por tanto son fundamentales para la descripción de colecciones de audio en MCI. Proponemos un método no supervisado basado en el análisis de las series temporales para el descubrimiento de patrones melódicos en colecciones musicales de tamaño considerable. En primer lugar llevamos a cabo un análisis supervisado en profundidad de similitud melódica, que es el componente crítico para el descubrimiento de patrones. A continuación mejoramos la propuesta más competitiva sirviéndonos de las características melódicas propias de MCI. Para identificar patrones musicalmente significativos, hacemos uso de las relaciones entre los patrones descubiertos mediante la implementación de análisis de redes. Exhaustivas evaluaciones auditivas por parte de músicos profesionales de los patrones melódicos descubiertos revelan que estos son musicalmente interesantes y significativos. Finalmente, utilizamos nuestros resultados para el reconocimiento de rāgas en interpretaciones grabadas de MCI. Proponemos dos métodos nuevos que captan conjuntamente los aspectos tonales y temporales de la melodía. Nuestro primer método se sirve de patrones melódicos, los principales indicadores para la identificación de rāgas por parte de oyentes humanos. Utilizamos los patrones melódicos descubiertos y empleamos técnicas de modelado de temas, en las que equiparamos la interpretación de un rāga a la descripción textual de un tema. En nuestro segundo método, proponemos una superficie melódica de tiempo de retardo, una característica nueva basada en las coordenadas de retraso que captan el contorno melódico de un rāga. Con estos métodos alcanzamos precisiones sin precedentes en el reconocimiento de rāgas en los mayores conjuntos de datos nunca usados para esta tarea. Aunque nuestra propuesta se fundamenta en las características de las melodías en MCI y la tarea en cuestión, creemos que nuestra metodología puede ser fácilmente aplicable a otras tradiciones musicales predominantemente melódicas. En resumen, hemos construido nuevos métodos computacionales para el análisis de varios aspectos melódicos de interpretaciones grabadas de MCI, con las que describimos e interrelacionamos grandes cantidades de grabaciones musicales. En este proceso hemos desarrollado varias herramientas y reunido datos que pueden ser empleados en numerosos estudios computacionales de MCI, específicamente para la caracterización de rāgas, composiciones y artistas. Las tecnologías resultantes de este trabajo de investigación son parte de varias aplicaciones desarrolladas en el proyecto CompMusic para la mejora de la descripción, experiencia de escucha, y enseñanza de MCI.

Déclaré moribond avec le XXème siècle finissant, le genre biographique allait renaître sous l’impulsion de figures du monde éditorial dont J.-B. Pontalis fut l’une des principales. La collection L’un et l’autre explore la relation biographique sous les angles de la paternité, de la maternité, du soin. Ces notions ne sont pas littérales, mais littéraires, inscrites non seulement dans le langage, mais dans une langue particulière. La collection fait vivre des parallélismes dont le plus important est celui de la création littéraire de J.-B. Pontalis : la collection a influencé l’œuvre, qui a à son tour rétro-agi sur la collection. C’est ce dont témoignent les motifs humains, animaux et objectaux qui innervent la collection et sont autant d’avatars de l’altérité. L’autre peut s’incarner dans la figure du frère, de la sœur, mais aussi dans un lieu lui-même emblématique d’un temps, notamment celui de la Shoah. Dans la collection L’un et l’autre comme dans l’œuvre de Pontalis, l’écrivain peut trouver son alter ego dans le peintre ou le musicien, les mots se muer en images ou en mélodies. C’est toutefois l’écrivain qui reste le meilleur miroir, parfois narcissique, de cet écrivain particulier qu’est un biographe. La collection de J.-B. Pontalis a de plus en plus évolué de l’hétérographie vers l’autographie, reflétant en cela la pratique littéraire et existentielle tardive de son directeur. Du vivant et après la mort de Pontalis émergea une poétique autographique lisible et scriptible dans d’autres collections et hors-collection ; ses motifs dispersés témoignent d’un retour de la littérature à ce qui la dépasse et qu’elle dépasse : la vie<br>In France, biography was said to be close to its death at the end of the twentieth century, but J.-B. Pontalis and other editors helped promoting its renewal. Biographical relationship is being explored by L’un et l’autre under the focus of fatherhood, motherhood and care. These topics are less things than words, they belong to literature and language, and to a peculiar language. L’un et l’autre reflects the literary work of J.-B. Pontalis : one had an impact on the other and then the other way round. This is true for the human, animal and objectal topics which are spread throughout L’un et l’autre and may be called variorum of otherness. The other being or the other thing might be brother, sister, place or time, the last one referring especially to the Holocaust. In L’un et l’autre as well as in the work of Pontalis, the writer may find his alter ego in a painter or a musician, words can become pictures or tunes. Nevertheless the best mirror for a writer, and a biographer is a writer indeed, is another writer. More and more, the books edited by J.-B. Pontalis evolved from biography of the other towards biography of the self, following thus the late work of Pontalis as a writer. During the late life and after the death of J.-B. Pontalis, a « autographic » way of writing was born, the widespread topics of which show that french literature performed and still performs a comeback towards its second self : life

The comic book superhero film has become a mainstay amongst Hollywood blockbuster films. However, despite their popularity and financial success, the genre has only recently begun to receive scholarly attention. In particular, there has been little research on what traits distinguish and define the genre, and even less on the music which accompanies the films. This scope of this dissertation can be divided into three parts. First, it is a study of the superhero film genre. I provide a historical overview both of the superhero comic, as well as its filmic adaptations -- delineating the semantic and syntactic traits of the superhero film genre and the ways in which it adheres to and differs from its encompassing genre of the action film. Second, it is a study of the music for superhero films. By examining the musical themes of superhero films over time, I establish what musical parameters are held in common amongst superhero films -- namely, what contributes to the comic book sound. Finally, it is a study of topic theory, and in particular, how topical analysis can function within, and enrich the study of film music. By expanding on topical theories established for the study of classical music, I further systematize the topical study of film music, using superhero films as a model for demonstrating the potential for new musical topics to be uncovered through the topical analysis of film music.<br>text

Sentiment Analysis is an area of Computer Science that deals with the impact a document makes on a user. The very field is further sub-divided into Opinion Mining and Emotion Analysis, the latter of which is the basis for the present work. Work on songs is aimed at building affective interactive applications such as music recommendation engines. Using song lyrics, we are interested in both supervised and unsupervised analyses, each of which has its own pros and cons. For an unsupervised analysis (clustering), we use a standard probabilistic topic model called Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). It mines topics from songs, which are nothing but probability distributions over the vocabulary of words. Some of the topics seem sentiment-based, motivating us to continue with this approach. We evaluate our clusters using a gold dataset collected from an apt website and get positive results. This approach would be useful in the absence of a supervisor dataset. In another part of our work, we argue the inescapable existence of supervision in terms of having to manually analyse the topics returned. Further, we have also used explicit supervision in terms of a training dataset for a classifier to learn sentiment specific classes. This analysis helps reduce dimensionality and improve classification accuracy. We get excellent dimensionality reduction using Support Vector Machines (SVM) for feature selection. For re-classification, we use the Naive Bayes Classifier (NBC) and SVM, both of which perform well. We also use Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) for classification, but observe that the results coincide with those of NBC, with no exceptions. This drives us towards establishing a theoretical equivalence between the two.

Although the topoi and elements of what has been described as the “Venerable Style” (V.S.) are found in many places in Mozart’s solo keyboard sonatas, the obsessive juxtaposition of these elements against brilliant, concerted, Empfindsamer Stil, and Sturm und Drang topoi can be shown to define the first and third movements of his minor key piano sonatas K.310 and K.457. This thesis will investigate using the theoretical tools developed by a range of Topic Theory authors such as Ratner (1980,) Allanbrook (1983,) Hatten (2004,) and Monelle (2000, 2006,) a newly developed analytical concept known as topical expansion, and the structural framework provided by Hepokoski and Darcy (2006) to prove that the venerable topoi are not purely referential gestures, but are also vital parts of the structural content of each of the sonatas and their respective single movements. In line with Caplin (2005)’s warning that the venerable and learned styles are some of the only historically developed and generally accepted topoi with formal (structural) ramifications, this thesis will argue that K.310 and K.457’s surface content is built largely upon the application, troping, and expansion of V.S. topoi in the key formal regions given in Hepokoski and Darcy (2006). As a result of comparative analysis, a further topical level of unity and compositional organization will be shown to be present in the works justifying Kinderman (2006) and Irving (2010)’s conception of the works’ stylistic affect as avant-garde and romantic in execution. Additionally, analysis of the works’ strictly controlled topoi will show each work to be in opposition to Allanbrook’s conception of Mozart’s music as a “miniature theater of gestures,” suggesting that their austere affect is programmed at the topical level in addition to their tonal and formal content (Allanbrook 1992, 130).

Black choral music composers in South Africa, inspired by the few opportunities available to them until recent times, have nonetheless attempted to establish, perhaps subconsciously, some choral tradition and, in doing so, incorporate African musical elements in their works. My research traces the foundations and historical development of choral music as an art amongst Vhavenda, and the contributions made thereto by a number of past and present Venda composers that this researcher could manage to identify and trace, to the music of the people. The selected composers are Stephen Maimela Dzivhani, Matthew Ramboho Nemakhavhani, Derrick Victor Nephawe, Joseph Khorommbi Nonge, Israel Thinawanga Ramabannda and Fhatuwani Hamilton Sumbana. Through the application of multiple methodological lenses, the study sets out to analyse, describe, and interpret Venda choral music. Of particular interest is the exploration of the extent to which the ”formal” education that was brought by the Berlin Missionaries influenced Venda choral musicians, particularly the selected Venda choral music composers. Also crucial to this research is the exploration and identification of elements peculiar to indigenous Venda traditional music in the works of these composers. The question is whether it was possible for these composers to realize and utilize their potentials fully in their attempt to evoke traditional Venda music with their works, given the very limiting Western tonic sol-fa notational system they were solely working with. The project also briefly traces the place of Venda choral music within the South African music context and its role within the search for cultural identity. The research has found that the majority of Venda choral music written so far has generally not been capable of evoking indigenous Venda traditional music. Whilst these composers choose themes that are akin to their culture, social settings, legend and general communal life, the majority of the music they set to these themes does not sound African (Venda in particular) in terms of the rhythms and melodies. The majority of the compositions under scrutiny have inappropriate settings of Venda words into the melodies employed. This can be attributed to the limitations imposed by the tonic sol-fa notational system, which was the only system they were taught in the missionary schools established around Venda and which, itself, was flawed as well as the general lack of adequate music education on the part of the composers themselves. Despite these limitations and the very few opportunities available to them, Venda choral music composers nonetheless managed to lay a foundation for choral music as an art amongst their people (Vhavenda).<br>Art history, Visual Ars and Musicology<br>D. Mus

The content of this Diploma Thesis is dedicated to the listening activities in Music lessons at primary schools. The Diploma Thesis summarizes the history of listening activities in Music lessons. It deals with the position of Musical education in Framework Educational Programme. The Diploma Thesis comprises the overview of all the most frequently used music textbooks for primary schools. The textbooks are sorted according to the publisher. The Diploma Thesis examines whether the music textbooks for primary schools include listening activities, which music pieces appear in the music textbooks, how the textbooks dispose with the music pieces and whether the textbooks provide enough amount of topics for a creative work with listening to music. The following part of the Diploma Thesis describes the general structure of a music lesson focused on listening to music. It deals with an integrative approach to teaching Music and curricular relationships. The Diploma Thesis offers a well-arranged division of listening activities to several groups according to various criteria. The aim of the division is to ease preparations for music lessons focused on listening activities and to ease the choice of a music piece. The research exposes preparations for twelve lessons focused on listening activities and a...

The present dissertation has for subject "The importance of creative clusters in Music Industry", but also takes in consideration the Microclimatic music scene case of Leiria, a city in the centre of Portugal. Music always have defined and influenced societies. Nowadays, it still plays a major role in modern society, but also has a profound and meaningful position in the world’s economy. Following this idea, it is purposed to consider the definition and context of Music Industry, to better understand how it influences the all market behind and how it interacts with companies and organizations that can be related to music. It was of interest to understand how Music scenes arise in certain geographic areas, once they have been one of the steps to have a greater understanding of the importance of clustering geographically, and its influences in the development of regional economic growth, where some scenarios were taken in account. The following chapter refers to creative industries and creative clusters, where it is searched the importance of creative industries to cluster and its influences in communities around. The last chapter takes in account the music scene in Leiria, how it aroused and the influences on the community. Finally, it was conducted a survey for music bands/music artists, creatives, producers, agents and promoters, to understand, what are, in fact, the importance's of creative collectives in producing and collaborating with music bands/music artists on their works.<br>A presente dissertação tem como título "A importância das aglomerações de criativos na Indústria da Música", mas considera, também, o caso do Microclima do cenário musical de Leiria, uma cidade no centro de Portugal. A música sempre definiu e influenciou sociedades. Nos dias de hoje, ainda tem um papel bastante importante na Sociedade moderna, mas tem, também, uma profunda e significante posição na economia mundial. Através desta ideia, é proposto a consideração da definição e contexto da Indústria da Música, para melhor perceber como influencia todo o mercado envolvente, e como interage com empresas e organizações que podem estar relacionadas com música. Revelou ser de interesse, perceber de que forma crescem alguns cenários musicais, em certas áreas geográficas, uma vez que estes foram dos principais passos para ter uma maior compreensão da importância de aglomerações geográficas, assim como das suas influências no desenvolvimento do crescimento económico regional. Alguns cenários, são tidos em consideração. O seguinte capítulo refere-se às Indústrias criativas e às aglomerações criativas, onde se procura perceber a importância de aglomerações entre Indústrias criativas, assim como das suas influências nas comunidades adjacentes. Por último, é conduzido um questionário para bandas musicais/artistas musicais, criativos, produtores, agentes e promotores, para melhor perceber, qual é de fato, a importância dos coletivos de criativos na produção e colaboração em trabalhos para bandas musicais/artistas musicais.

Festivals, and events in general, increase the appeal of tourism, motivating people to visit the host cities. Literature shows the influence music festivals have on tourism, but not how it impacts a permanent vs. an occasional event differently. The research questions are: Is different the impact of the festival on the host city, according to be a permanent or occasional one? Does each festival brand equity influence the host city tourism? For the first time ever, Lisbon hosted the Eurovision Song Festival, an annual festival which is hosted by a different country each year. NOS Alive is a famous music Festival held in Lisbon every year. This study aims to understand the visitors’ profile, their motivation and visiting patterns, as well as to analyze the impact of these mega festivals on tourism in Lisbon. A unique questionnaire was designed and submitted to a convenient sample of each festival’s international participants. The research model defines six comparative hypotheses for both Festivals using the Pearson correlation coefficient. and the relationships among the model constructs are different according to the festival type, i.e, occasional vs permanent festivals. One hypothesis was not confirmed for both Festivals, H2: “Host city familiarity is related to the attachment to the host city”. Two hypotheses were partially verified for both festivals: H1: “Festival brand equity is related to the attachment to the host city”; H5: “The attachment to the host city is related to the intention to visit the city”.<br>Festivais, e eventos em geral, aumentam a atratividade do turismo, motivando as pessoas a visitar as cidades que os recebem. A literatura existente mostra a influencia dos festivais de música no turismo, mas não a diferença desse impacto relacionando um festival permanente com um ocasional. As questões de pesquisa são: Será diferente o impacto do festival na cidade que o recebe, consoante é permanente ou ocasional? Será que o seu brand equity influencia o turismo na cidade que o recebe? Pela 1ª vez, Lisboa recebeu o festival da Eurovisão, um festival ocasional, realizado a cada ano num país diferente. O NOS Alive, é um famoso festival de música que acontece em Lisboa, todos os anos. Este estudo pretende perceber o perfil dos visitantes, as suas motivações e os padrões de visita e assim, analisar o impacto destes mega festivais no turismo de Lisboa. Um único questionário foi criado e submetido aos participantes estrangeiros de cada festival. Comparando os festivais, seis hipóteses se definiram e se testaram pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Em geral, os resultados são diferentes para cada festival, diferindo a relação entre o modelo de constructos e o tipo de festival, ocasional vs. permanente. Uma hipótese não é verificada para os dois festivais, a H2: “A familiaridade com a cidade de destino está relacionada com a ligação à cidade de destino”. Duas hipóteses são parcialmente verificadas para os dois festivais: H1: “O brand equity do festival está relacionado com a ligação à cidade de destino”; H5 “A ligação à cidade de destino está relacionada com a intenção de visitar a cidade”.