Academic literature on the topic 'Must (le mot anglais)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Must (le mot anglais)"
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Pérez Lorido, Rodrigo. "On the Grammatical Domain of Gapping in Old English." Diachronica 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 319–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.13.2.06per.
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SUMMARY This paper is a study of verbal ellipsis in coordinated constructions in Old English, carried out within the theoretical framework of Transformational Grammar and assuming a deletion-based approach. The rule analysed here is the one known as Gapping, and the study focuses primarily on the discussion of its grammatical domain, trying to determine if the rule is a syntactic one or if it falls outside the domain of pure syntax. In order to achieve this, two basic aspects are dealt with which have traditionally constituted good tests of the grammatical nature of Gapping in different languages within the deletion-based approach: the extent to which the application of the rule depends on structural parallelism, and the possibility that Gapping may apply to non-adjacent sentences. The method I have pursued consists of analysing the Gapping patterns found in a corpus of seven Old English texts and comparing them with the well-known facts for Modern English under different perspectives. The conclusions I have come to seem to suggest that Gapping in Old English cannot be accounted for from a purely syntactic point of view and that stipulations of a pragmatic nature must also be included in its formulation. This has obvious consequences for a theory of ellipsis in Old English in particular, and for a theory of Old English grammar in general, for it might suggest that word order in Old English would nut rely only on principles of a syntactic nature, but also on others of a pragmatic, discourse-based one. RÉSUMÉ II s'agit, dans cet article, d'une etude de l'ellipse verbale dans les structures coordonnees en vieil-anglais, etude entreprise dans le cadre theorique de la grammaire generative transformationnelle et dans la perspective d'effacement par identite. La reglejque nous analysons ici est connue sous le nom de 'gapping' et le but fondamental de notre etude est de delimiter le domaine-gramma-tical ou cette regie opere, tout en essayant de demontrer s'il s'agit d'une regie strictement syntaxique ou si — au contraire — il s'agit d'une regie qui deborde le champ de la syntaxe. Pour atteindre ce but on a analyse surtout deux aspects qui constituent, traditionnellement, des preuves fiables lors de la determination du domaine grammatical du 'gapping', a savoir, le degre de parallelisme structural necessaire pour que la regie y opere et la possibilité d'application de celle-ci dans des phrases non adjacentes. La demarche suivie dans cette etude con-siste a analyser les differents exemples de 'gapping' depouilles dans un corpus constitue par sept textes d'ancien anglais, et a les comparer avec des faits pertinents en anglais moderne sous d'autres perspectives. Les conclusions aux-quelles l'auteur a abouti semblent indiquer que le 'gapping' en ancien anglais repond moins a des restrictions syntaxiques qu'en anglais moderne, et que dans sa formulation des stipulations syntaxiques aussi bien que pragmatico-discursives doivent y intervenir. Ce fait aura d'evidentes repercussions pour une theorie de l'ellipse en ancien anglais et, par la, meme pour une theorie de la grammaire de 1'ancien anglais en general, puisqu'il suggere que l'ordre des mots dans cette langue n'est pas uniquement le reflet de principes de type syn-taxique, mais egalement de type communicatif et discursif. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die verbale Auslassung in koordinierten Kon-struktionen des Altenglischen; dabei diente sowohl die generative Transforma-tionsgrammatik als auch die Gleichheitsauslassung als theoretische Grundlage. Die hier analysierte Regel ist allgemeinhin als 'Gapping' bekannt. Die Studie befaßt sich hauptsachlich mit der Untersuchung der grammatischen Reichweite dieser Regel; dabei wird versucht zu ermitteln, ob sie nur auf den syntak-tischen Bereich angewandt werden kann oder ob sie liber die reine Syntax hinausreicht. Um dies zu erreichen, werden zwei grundlegende grammatische Aspekte genauer untersucht, die erfahrungsgemaB zu guten Ergebnissen bei der grammatischen Analyse von Gapping in anderen Sprachen beigetragen ha-ben: das AusmaB, von dem die Anwendung der Regel von struktureller Paral-lelitat abhangt, und die Moglichkeit, daB Gapping auch bei nicht aufeinander folgenden Satzen angetroffen werden kann. Die hier angewandte Methode besteht aus einer Analyse der vorhandenen Muster von Gapping in einem Korpus von sieben altenglischen Texten und einem anschließenden Vergleich mit den weitlaufig bekannten Fakten des modernen Englisch. Die Ergebnisse, zu denen der Autor gekommen ist, machen deutlich, daB im Altenglischen Gapping nicht so sehr den syntaktischen Restriktionen entspricht wie im modernen Englisch, und daB man in seine Formulierung auch grammatisch-diskursive Festlegungen einschließen soil. Das hat deutlich Folgen für eine Theorie der Auslassung im Altenglischen und auch fiir eine Grammatiktheorie des Altenglischen im Allgemeinen, denn das würde heiBen, daB die Wort-stellung in dieser Sprache nicht nur von Prinzipien syntaktischer Art abhangig ist, sondern auch von solchen kommunikativer und diskursiver Natur.
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Gubbins, Paul. "Mixed Metaphors." Language Problems and Language Planning 21, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.21.3.07gub.
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RESUME Des métaphores mixtes: Le mot espéranto dans le contexte journalistique L'auteur a étudié l'usage du mot espéranto dans des quotidiens choisis - anglais, français et anglais - sur une période de 18 mois. Les usages relevés étaient majoritairement métaphoriques: positifs pour la plupart dans les contextes artistiques ou techniques, négatifs pour la plupart dans les contextes politiques. La moitié de toutes les mentions de la langue elle-même la présentaient négativement. Aucune mention du mot n'était à signaler dans le seul tabloïd étudié. Le mouvement espérantiste se trouve donc face à un défi de taille s'il veut influer sur les usages du mot qui prévalent actuellement. RESUMO Miksaj metaforoj: La vorto Esperanto en ĵurnalisma tekstado La aŭtoro studis la uzadon de la vorto Esperanto en elektitaj anglaj, francaj kaj germanaj ĵurnaloj tra 18-monata periodo. La plej multaj uzoj estis metaforaj: plejparte pozitivaj, kiam ternis pri arto aŭ tekniko , plejparte negativaj, kiam temis pri politiko. Duono el ĉiuj konkretaj aludoj al la lingvo prezentis ĝin negative. Neniu mencio troviĝis en la sola populara bulvarda gazeto pristudita. La Esperanto-movadon frontas granda defio, se ĝi volas ŝanĝi tiujn tekstadajn kutimojn.
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Gallucci, John A. "Décrire les « Sauvages » : réflexion sur les manières de désigner les autochtones dans le latin des Relations 1." Tangence, no. 99 (April 12, 2013): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1015111ar.
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Cet article propose une étude des termes latins employés par trois jésuites — Pierre Biard, François Ragueneau et Isaac Jogues — pour décrire les « Sauvages ». Reprenant la réflexion proposée par Francis Jennings sur le mot anglais savage, dont le sens a évolué de la « simple sauvagerie » à la « férocité bestiale », l’auteur montre comment l’histoire de ce mot est étroitement liée à la rencontre entre les Amérindiens et les Européens.
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Le Bars, Daniel, Claude Milhaud, and Jean-Paul Rousseau. "L’usage en français du mot anglais « sentience » est-il pertinent ?" Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France, no. 1 (2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/68003.
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Buttiens, Michel. "Les Documents parlementaires : jusqu’à quel point les traductions de documents historiques ont-elles en elles-mêmes une valeur historique ?" Meta 49, no. 3 (November 25, 2004): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/009373ar.
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Résumé Pour le traducteur aux prises avec le récit historique d’événements survenus au Canada au cours des quelque 150 dernières années, il existe des références incontournables. C’est le cas des Documents parlementaires, où sont consignés, en anglais et en français, tous les documents déposés à la Chambre. Jusqu’à quel point, cependant, le traducteur est-il tenu de reprendre mot pour mot des traductions effectuées, à la hâte peut-être, il y a des dizaines d’années. La tendance au révisionnisme chez les historiens modernes doit-elle se marquer en traduction ?
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Gervais, André. "Perez / White : "Trompe-l'oeil" le tour de l'angrais et le retour du temps." Études littéraires 23, no. 1-2 (April 12, 2005): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/500935ar.
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Une suite de six poèmes en vers où chaque mot doit être lu « en français » ou « en anglais », « en français » et « en anglais » : cela implique une standardisation graphique, une prolifération sémantique et, bien sûr, des distorsions syntaxiques. L'oeuvre comporte aussi une dimension picturale importante, implicite dans son titre et explicite du fait des photographies en couleur de la première édition (1978). Tous ces éléments et paramètres sont pris en compte dans cette lecture audacieuse, qui propose quelques scénarios où la notion de jeu (de mots, de noms, de langage, et sur les textes) est explorée de façon exhaustive.
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Dupuis-Déri1, Francis. "Le « masculinisme » : une histoire politique du mot (en anglais et en français)." Hors thème 22, no. 2 (February 15, 2010): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/039213ar.
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L’auteur propose une histoire politique des mots « masculinisme » et « masculinism », de la fin duXIXesiècle à aujourd’hui. Son analyse comparative dans le temps, entre les langues de même qu’entre les positions féministes et antiféministes, permet de constater que la signification des mots reste plurielle et l’objet de luttes politiques. Du côté anglophone, le mot est employé le plus souvent pour désigner l’idéologie patriarcale ou une perspective masculine androcentrée. Du côté francophone, à partir des années 90, le mot est de plus en plus fréquemment employé pour désigner un courant antiféministe.De leur côté, les antiféministes ne s’entendent pas quant à la meilleure appellation pour se nommer eux-mêmes, hésitant entre les termes « masculinisme », « masculiste », « hoministe » ou « humaniste » ou encore d’autres expressions, comme « militant des droits des hommes ou des pères ». Cette étude du langage met en relief certaines lignes de front où s’opposent féministes et antiféministes.
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Lemieux, René. "Force et signification à l’épreuve de la traduction : la différance derridienne et son transport à l’étranger." Recherches sémiotiques 29, no. 2-3 (February 18, 2013): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1014248ar.
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La différance est probablement le “lemme” le plus fécond de tous les termini technici de la pensée de Jacques Derrida. Pourtant, de tout ce que Derrida a pu en dire, on ne peut déduire ni définition ni même contenu de ce mot ou ce concept, qui n’est “ni un mot, ni un concept”. Comment donc le traduire, avec toute la difficulté qu’il apporte avec lui : usage du “a”, indistinction à l’oral avec l’“autre” différence, travail d’ambiguïté avec les deux verbes “différer” et “différencier”, etc.? Ce texte entend mettre à l’épreuve le geste traductif à partir d’une étude de trois réceptions du terme en portugais, en anglais et en finnois.
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Hamelin, Louis-Edmond. "Le québécisme nordicité : de la néologie à la lexicalisation." TTR : traduction, terminologie, rédaction 8, no. 2 (February 23, 2007): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/037217ar.
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Résumé Le québécisme nordicité: de Ia néologie à Ia lexicalisation – Nordicité - état de « Nord » - reçoit ses premiers contextes en français en 1965, et, en anglais, quelques années après. Plus tard, le mot apparaît dans des titres. Au cours de la décennie 1980, les grands dictionnaires Larousse et Robert le consignent. Servant de tronc, il donne naissance à un corpus d'une soixantaine d'entrées en langue française. Le nordic nord-américain conduira à nordicity. Des adaptations du mot existent en quelques autres langues. L'étude de cette évolution vocabulairique apporte quelques lumières sur l'histoire des racines nord\north, le sens Scandinave du tronc nordique, la création lexicale elle-même, les avantages et inconvénients de toute entité, le cheminement des signifiants auprès des usagers, les processus de lexicalisation, l'apport québécois aux parlers hors-Québec ainsi que la double destinée d'un mot en langue courante et d'un terme en langue de spécialités.
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Slote, Daniel. "Comment on Sharma." Meta 39, no. 2 (September 30, 2002): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004183ar.
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Résumé Appliquée au texte de Arvind Sharma, la notion d'équivalence se révèle ténue, voire périlleuse. En effet, le concept de dharma dont il est question ici n'a pas d'équivalence lexicale dans une autre langue. Il s'ensuit que la traduction du mot dharma risque de poser un problème sérieux si l'on cherche à tout prix, comme c'est ici le cas, à traduire ce concept complexe par un terme « équivalent » simple en anglais.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Must (le mot anglais)"
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Furmaniak, Grégory. "Influence des marqueurs aspectuels sur la construction et l'interprétation de la modalité dans les énoncés en MUST." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00520392.
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Notre étude cherche à rendre compte des contraintes que font porter les marqueurs aspectuels sur la signification des énoncés en MUST. Dans le cadre d'une théorie sémantique à deux niveaux, les valeurs conceptuelles des marqueurs d'aspect HAVE + EN, BE + ING et HAVE BEEN + ING et du modal MUST sont décrites puis rattachées à leur valeur linguistique sous-déterminée. A partir de là, des prédictions sur les configurations sémantiques permises par la combinaison MUST + MARQUEUR D'ASPECT sont effectuées, puis vérifiées et affinées grâce à l'analyse des données. Les contraintes qu'exercent les marqueurs d'aspect sur la signification de MUST sont étroitement liées aux rapports chronologiques entre la modalité et la proposition, mais l'hypothèse défendue est que les incompatibilités s'expliquent essentiellement par le fait que la composante opératoire commune aux catégories de l'aspect et de la modalité leur interdit de co-exister sur le même plan.
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Gilbert, Éric. "Modalités, opérations énonciatives et opérations prédicatives : tentative d'analyse formelle de may, must et can." Paris 7, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA070016.
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BIRKS, IKAM. "Have hyperoperateur : invarience, contingence et distribution." Paris 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA030021.
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Phenomene extremement rare sur le plan mondial, have occupe une place centrale dans la grammaire des langues qui le connaissent. Cette these tente d'expliquer la distribution de have dans les langues et dans le discours en se servant de la notion d'hyperoperateur. Dans le cadre d'une vision unitaire de have, il s'agit d'une etape intermediaire entre la valeur centrale et l'effet de sens. En appliquant le concept d'hyperoperateur a l'histoire de l'anglais et du latin, a l'acquisition longitudinale de have chez l'enfant, et a des variantes non-standards de l'anglais moderne (would of, if you hadn't of), nous proposons une explication de plusieurs phenomenes distributionnels en termes d'invariance et de contingence. L'analyse de l'apparition de l'auxiliaire do avec have, et de la forme have got, conduit a une appreciation du fonctionnement de l'opposition auxiliaire ??? verbe lexical en anglais moderne. L'utilisation de corpus informatises occupe une position centrale dans les analyses presentees. La description des principales structures mobilisant have en anglais est etoffee par une analyse de quelques structures dans d'autres langues (cf. It. Averci) et par une tentative d'expliquer le phenomene des verbes avoir en general (hypothese sapir whorf, contact langagier). La theorie de la reelaboration (cotte 1998) occupe une place importante, surtout dans le cadre des emplois dynamiques et causatifs de have. Une section est egalement consacree a l'utilisation de have a la diathese passive et a la distribution de have dans sept editions de la bible depuis 1611. Cette recherche s'articule autour des trois domaines d'analyse de delmas (delmas et al. 1992) puisque c'est seulement en tenant compte de l'interaction entre ces differents domaines (infraverbal, lineaire et coenonciatif) que l'on pourra tenter de rendre compte de la specificite du codage transitif et du haut niveau de grammaticalisation de have dans le cadre de l'universalite de la notion de possession.
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Kokorian, Nathalie. "Le même et l'ajouté en moyen anglais tardif. : Also et Eke au XIVème et XVème siècles." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA070002.
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Etude linguistique du remplacement de l'adverbe "EKE" par l'adverbe "ALSO" dans l'expression de l'addition intra-énoncé et inter-énoncés dans la prose à la fin de la période moyen-anglaise. L'analyse s'inscrit dans la Théorie des Opérations Enonciatives d'Antoine Culioli et porte principalement sur six textes littéraires des XIVème et XVème siècles ainsi que sur un recueil de sermons du XVème siècle. Les textes du corpus sont traités dans un ordre chronologique, les occurrences de "EKE" et de "ALSO" font l'objet de relevés statistiques ainsi que d'une analyse détaillée à partir d'une typologie des emplois répertoriés depuis le vieil-anglais. La démarche, qui privilégie l'analyse linguistique, inclut aussi la prise en compte des conditions de production de chacun des textes étudiés. Elle est fondée sur le concept de "situation d'énonciation" et orientée vers une étude des différents types de discours : discours didactique, discours dialectique, discours homilétique, récit et témoignageA linguistic study of the replacement of the adverb "EKE" by the adverb "ALSO" in the expression of addition within an utterance and between utterances in the prose of the late Middle English period. This analysis is based upon the Theory of Enunciative Operations of Antoine Culioli, it deals principally with six literary texts of the XIVth and XVth centuries, and it also includes a collection of sermons of the first half of the XVth century. The texts of the corpus are treated in chronological order, the occurrences of "EKE" and "ALSO" are first listed and categorized, then they are analysed according to a typology of all the uses since the Old English period. Linguistic analysis is central in the study, but the conditions of text-production are also taken into account. The reflexion is founded on the concept of "situation of enunciation" and it is oriented towards the study of different types of discourse: the didactic type, the dialectic type, the homiletic type, and the narrative type
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Biggam, Carole Patricia. "Blue in Old English : an interdisciplinary semantic study /." Amsterdam : Rodopi, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376325763.
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Pilisi, Sylvia. "Temps et cause avec le connecteur anglais as : une approche psychomécanique /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1997. http://theses.uqac.ca.
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Nurmi, Arja. "A social history of periphrastic DO /." Helsinki : Société néophilologique, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb391303514.
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Doro-Mégy, Françoise. "Étude croisée de "think", "believe", "croire" et "penser" /." Gap ; Paris : Ophrys, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb412949902.
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Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Linguistique contrastive--Paris 7, 2002. Titre de soutenance : Les problèmes que posent les prédicats subjectifs "believe" et "think" dans le passage au français.Bibliogr. p. 215-226. Index.
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Léoué, Jean Gilbert. "Sémantaxe et grammaticalisation de do en anglais : approche contrastive." Paris 3, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007021v2.
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Fondée sur une approche contrastive, cette étude a quatre objectifs : (a) considérer l'inférence des langues en contact dans le développement diachronique de l'anglais et bâtir une hypothèse sur l'origine de l'emploi périphrastique de DO ; (b) s'appuyer sur les faits avérés en diachronie et en étymologie pour montrer que la grammaticalisation de DO n'est pas le résultat d'un processus de désémantisation ; (c) partir d'une démarche invariante pour montrer que tout comme sa contrepartie lexicale, la forme auxiliée de DO a bien une signification en langue naturelle ; (d) formuler une analyse critique des acceptions courantes en terme de catégorisation binaire ou ternaire entre le lexical et l'auxiliaire ; ce qui permet de montrer d'une part que la proforme DO SO peut effectivement reprendre des prédicats statifs purs, et d'autre part qu'en tant qu'opérateur de 'thèse', DO a une fonction énonciative qui rend compte non seulement de son occurrence, mais aussi de sa non-occurrence dans le linéaireThe subject of this contrastive study is fourfold: (a) it takes into account the inference of languages in contact in the diachronic development of English language; and it builds up a hypothesis on the origin of periphrastic DO; (b) this study lays its foundations on established facts from diachrony and etymology to claim that the grammaticalization of DO did not entail any process of desemantisation; (c) it also resorts to an invariant-meaning approach to show that the auxiliary DO - just like its lexical counterpart - is not meaningless in natural language; (d) it carries out a critical analysis of current trends on either a binary categorization or a ternary categorization for DO-forms (lexical verb (vs. Proverb) vs. Auxiliary). Then, this study shows that the proform DO SO can indeed substitute for purely stative predicates; and, as an operator of 'thesis', DO has an enunciative function which accounts for its occurrences as well as its non-occurrences in the linear structuring
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Quayle, Nigel. "La particule "up" en anglais contemporain : approche psychomécanique." Paris 4, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA040128.
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Le verbe à particule en anglais est une structure dont le maniement est censé relever d'une intuition propre aux anglophones, et dont l'analyse se limite souvent à une liste d'effets de sens, à la manière d'un dictionnaire. Une telle approche ne tient pas compte de l'existence éventuelle d'un système sous-jacent. Une analyse est proposée dans le cadre théorique de la psychomécanique du langage. La relation entre le verbe et la particule se distingue de celle entre le verbe et la préposition en termes d'incidence. La préposition - qui restitue une relation entre deux éléments de la phrase - est incidente à un intervalle entre ces éléments la particule est soit incidente au mouvement qui relie la personne d'effection à l'objet soit décatégorisée. L'étude de la particule "up" précise le rôle important de la dématérialisation. A partie d'un sens initial (vers le haut), "up" subit une perte de matière notionnelle qui lui permet de représenter des mouvements latéraux ou d'approche. Dans ses formes les plus dématérialisées, la particule devient l'expression d'une notion de résultativité. Celle-ci caractérise ses emplois dans les verbes de discours résultatifs et les verbes de langues seconds. Le problème du mouvement du complément d'objet direct et de la place de la particule est analyse en termes de la différence entre l'expression et l'expressivitéAttempts at analyzing phrasal verbs in English are often limited to a list of their meanings, as in a dictionary. Such an approach fails to indicate any underlying system, capable of bringing out the connections between these different meanings. An analysis within the theoretical framework of psychomechanics is proposed. The relationship between verb and particle differs from that between verb and preposition in terms of incidence. By restoring the relationship between two constituents of a sentence, the preposition is incident to an interval between these two elements. The particle, on the other hand, is either incident to the movement linking the effective person (in the verb) to the object or decategorised. A study of a single particle - "up" - underlines the important role played by dematerialization. Starting from an initial meaning (to a higher point), the particle loses some of its notional content and is thus able to represent lateral and approach movements. In its most dematerialized forms, it comes to express resultativity. Such a notion is typical of its use in resultative discourse verbs and secondary verbs in tongue. The problem of the movement of the direct object and the particle is examined and an explanation proposed in terms of the distinction between expression and expressivity
Books on the topic "Must (le mot anglais)"
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Laurin, Jacques. Le bon mot: Déjouer les pièges du français. Montréal, Qué: Éditions de l'homme, 2001.
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Guierre, Lionel. Le mot juste: The right word and the right sound : guide pour la traduction et la rédaction en anglais. Paris: Vuibert, 1999.
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Lafontaine, Sylvie. Les effets d'une activation préalable conflictuelle sur les états du mot sur le bout de la langue chez les bilingues français-anglais. Sudbury, Ont: Université Laurentienne, 2007.
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We must have certainty: Four essays on the detective story. Selinsgrove, Pa: Susquehanna University Press, 2005.
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Students must write: A guide to better writing in coursework and examinations. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1996.
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Victoria University (Toronto, Ont.). Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, ed. Creating magnificence in Renaissance Florence. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2012.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Must (le mot anglais)"
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"Urban and Community Fisheries Programs: Development, Management, and Evaluation." In Urban and Community Fisheries Programs: Development, Management, and Evaluation, edited by Lindsey K. Richters, Larry D. Pape, and Richard T. Eades. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874042.ch40.
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<em>Abstract.-</em>The Nebraska Game and Parks Commission incorporated fishing clinics into its Urban Fisheries Program in 1999. Clinics are designed to expose youth to fishing opportunities, and it is our goal to utilize fishing clinics to enrich the lives of youth with the outdoor experience. In the process, we aim to recruit new anglers and ultimately increase fishing permit sales. For a fishing clinic to be successful in recruiting new anglers, it must meet the needs of participants. A fishing clinic must provide them with quality fishing equipment and readily available assistance. It must take place at a location where participants will catch fish in comfort and safety. A clinic must be the grounds for establishing lasting mentor relationships, and most importantly, it must provide participants with the skills necessary for them to enjoy fishing in the future as dedicated anglers. Considering the options for bait, target fish species, equipment, clinic location, participant age, group type, and clinic structure will do much to ensure that a fishing clinic is a success for everyone involved.
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Lemaire, Claire, and Jean-Philippe Guilbaud. "Corpus de registres différents pour le développement d’un aligneur d’unités polylexicales." In Lexique(s) et genre(s) textuel(s) : approches sur corpus, 13–24. Editions des archives contemporaines, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.2906.
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Comment trouver des données exprimant les mêmes concepts dans des registres de langue différents ? Après un essai infructueux d’extraction terminologique à partir de corpus comparables spécialisés dans le domaine du médical dans trois langues différentes (anglais, allemand, français), l’idée est d’ajouter pour chaque langue des sous-corpus du registre vulgarisé afin d’y détecter des relations de synonymie. Or ce type de ressources n’existe pas pour l’allemand de spécialité dans le domaine du médical. Nous présentons la constitution d’un corpus de 400 000 mots en allemand dans le domaine de la cancérologie, subdivisé en deux sous-corpus de même taille. À partir d’équivalents en allemand du mot-clé «cancer du sein», nous avons recueilli pour un premier sous-corpus, des textes qui s’adressent à des patientes (et des patients) ou à leurs familles, et pour un second sous-corpus, des textes qui s’adressent à des médecins ou des chercheurs en médecine.
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"Urban and Community Fisheries Programs: Development, Management, and Evaluation." In Urban and Community Fisheries Programs: Development, Management, and Evaluation, edited by Dane M. Balsman and Daniel E. Shoup. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874042.ch4.
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<em>Abstract.—</em>As the United States has become increasingly urbanized, angling participation has declined. Urban fishing programs provide an opportunity to reverse this trend by effectively targeting new anglers while increasing fishing opportunities for current or recently lapsed urban anglers. There are three essential components in a successful urban fishing program: a resource with clean water and a quality fishery close to current or potential anglers, facilities to accommodate anglers, and advertisement of the fishery to inform and recruit anglers. Early in the development of an urban fishing program, urban anglers’ interests should be assessed and the program should be developed to meet these interests. Next, access to a quality fishery must be developed—either by creating new bodies of water or enhancing existing ones. Depending upon the level of fishing pressure and the species of interest to anglers, supplemental stocking and intensive management may be needed to maintain the fishery. Amenities such as restrooms, picnic areas, docks, and waste receptacles may also be important. Different angling groups may desire different amenities, so providing different sites to cater to these different groups is advisable. Once the facilities and amenities are in place, the resource must be marketed to targeted potential anglers. The marketing strategy should be tailored to each market segment being targeted. Lapsed anglers are the most easily recruited segment and should be a top priority for advertising. Minorities and children are also commonly targeted. As the U.S. population becomes more urbanized, urban fishing opportunities will continue to grow in importance. Without these opportunities, urbanites will likely be drawn toward the numerous other recreational activities that are conveniently available in urban centers, leading to further declines in angling involvement and concern for natural resource conservation and the environment.
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"Propagated Fish in Resource Management." In Propagated Fish in Resource Management, edited by MICHAEL L. SMITH. American Fisheries Society, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569698.ch12.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Resource managers frequently go wrong through uncritical adherence to and/or misapplication of scientific principles and methods to areas inappropriate to science (which is, of course, the working definition of <em>scientism</em>). Articulation of science into public resource policy does not require “more science”; to the contrary, it usually involves application of other principles and techniques that, inescapably, have a lot more “gray areas.” Fisheries management is at least as much about public policy as it is about science. The issue of propagated fishes has long since ceased to be an issue for most of the anglers I know (not a small circle at all.) Overall, “speciation” (specialization) among angler groups since the post World War II era, and especially in the last 25 years, has rendered the issue relatively moot. Most anglers I know voice this view: “I would prefer to catch <em>wild </em>fish, but I would opt for any fish over <em>no </em>fish.” Fisheries and aquatic resource managers themselves have been rather slow (to inordinately slow) to recognize this simple fact. To be sure, there is the northwest salmon issue and its attendant “basher” debate, but virtually all informed anglers I know see the whole “basher” thing as a tempest in a teapot. Ultimately, many anglers have come to regard the “basher” issue as an argument that has sought to exclude meaningful public input rather than engage it. A term such as “stakeholder” can take on ironic, even humorous, connotations when fisheries professionals try using it in earnest as an “outreach” term. At the semantic/cognitive levels, “stakeholder” is a term of categorization, and thus, de facto, a distancing device. The effective uses of propagated fishes in resource management need to be based on scientific reality, but these uses must also be based on the reality of meaningful input from the anglers who use these fisheries and who provide ongoing fiscal support for much of fisheries management in the United States.
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Walker, Christopher M. "Subsegmental and Rounded Atelectasis." In Chest Imaging, 105–10. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0019.
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The chapter titled subsegmental and rounded atelectasis discusses the radiographic and computed tomography (CT) appearances of subsegmental and rounded atelectasis. Subsegmental atelectasis is linear or platelike atelectasis confined to a single subsegment or extending across multiple subsegments of lung. It is seen in a variety of pulmonary and abdominal conditions including prolonged shallow breathing, pulmonary thromboembolic disease, diaphragmatic dysfunction, and pneumonia. Rounded atelectasis is folded or collapsed lung that develops adjacent to an area of pleural thickening, fibrosis, or effusion. There are several imaging features that must be present before confidently diagnosing rounded atelectasis including significant contact with adjacent pleural abnormality, signs of volume loss, acute angles with the pleura, and the comet tail sign. If these criteria are met, CT followup is sufficient in most cases.
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Kelly, Brine. "Designing Shots for Storytelling." In The Art of Cinematic Storytelling, 80–103. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190054328.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 explains and illustrates how a director or cinematographer can make better storytelling choices when designing shots for film, video, or animation. Sequences of shots must be designed to emphasize the drama. If an entire scene is shot using a stationary wide shot, a single shot that pans left and right as needed, or a handheld camera that follows the characters around, the scene’s story will probably not be well told. This chapter explains why dramatizing most scenes means using the camera to record several shots from different angles that are designed both to emphasize the dramatic beats and to cut smoothly and clearly with each other. Some of the important design considerations that are explored are camera angles, shot size, camera movement, the direction of character movement in relation to the camera, and creating moods.
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Tubtimhin, Jirapon. "Thailand Citizen Centric e-Government Service." In Digital Democracy, 739–65. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1740-7.ch037.
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The current ICT master plan has put more attention on the governance factor since there have been lessons learnt during the first master plan implementation: a lack of properly conducted governance caused most project misconducts and less citizen engagement. Therefore e-governance has been underlined both in terms of front and back-end services. Likewise, challenges toward success for the next phase of e-government are to define clearly the governance elements in both vertical and horizontal dimensions. Most importantly, “citizen centricity” is crucial in all those angles to keep the online activities in high record of citizen community attention. Above all, the e-government development efforts must lead the country toward a smarter and more sustainable condition and environment.
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Tubtimhin, Jirapon. "Thailand Citizen Centric e-Government Service." In Electronic Governance and Cross-Boundary Collaboration, 122–48. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-753-1.ch007.
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The current ICT master plan has put more attention on the governance factor since there have been lessons learnt during the first master plan implementation: a lack of properly conducted governance caused most project misconducts and less citizen engagement. Therefore e-governance has been underlined both in terms of front and back-end services. Likewise, challenges toward success for the next phase of e-government are to define clearly the governance elements in both vertical and horizontal dimensions. Most importantly, “citizen centricity” is crucial in all those angles to keep the online activities in high record of citizen community attention. Above all, the e-government development efforts must lead the country toward a smarter and more sustainable condition and environment.
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Walker, Christopher M. "Introduction to Pleural Disease." In Chest Imaging, 155–58. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0027.
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The chapter titled introduction to pleural disease discusses the imaging and clinical features of diseases of the pleura. The pleural space is a potential space located between the visceral and parietal pleural surfaces. Pleural effusion and pneumothorax are the most common manifestations of pleural disease and are caused by a wide variety of disease processes. Pleural thickening may be related to benign or malignant processes. Bilateral discontinuous nodular pleural thickening is characteristic of pleural plaques. Pleural thickening with calcification may also be seen in fibrothorax. Malignant pleural disease may manifest with pleural effusion, pleural nodules or masses, or a combination of the two. There are several CT features suggestive of malignant pleural thickening including circumferential pleural thickening, pleural nodules or masses, involvement of the mediastinal pleural surface, and pleural thickening measuring greater than 1 cm in thickness. Metastatic disease is the most common pleural neoplasm. Mesothelioma is uncommon but remains the most common primary pleural malignancy and is almost always seen in patients with previous asbestos exposure. Pleural abnormalities must be differentiated from pulmonary processes. Pleural masses may exhibit obtuse angles with the adjacent pleural surfaces, displace rather than engulf adjacent pulmonary vasculature, and may exhibit the incomplete border sign.
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"Proceedings of the First International Snakehead Symposium." In Proceedings of the First International Snakehead Symposium, edited by Aaron J. Bunch, John S. Odenkirk, Mike W. Isel, and Robert C. Boyce. American Fisheries Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874585.ch2.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Concern among stakeholders following the establishment of Northern Snakehead <em>Channa argus </em>in the Chesapeake Bay region is driven by uncertainty surrounding impacts to ecologically and economically important native and naturalized fish and wildlife species and the overall high risk of establishment to other regions of the USA. A centralized statewide database containing all Northern Snakehead observations was used to develop a distribution map. Most fish were collected during research and monitoring studies, while other data sources included verified reports from anglers and commercial fishers. Northern Snakehead have shown a propensity to survive in mesohaline waters (5–18‰ salinity), while polyhaline waters (18–30‰ salinity) likely serve as a barrier to migration during natural migration as evidenced by previous research on upper lethal limits (i.e., 18‰ salinity) and distribution patterns relative to established salinity zone designations in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Illegal introductions into freshwater impoundments have been documented in most major watersheds in Virginia, most recently in the York and James. We encourage biologists, managers, and researchers to take a pro-active and rapid approach in new locations by planning to monitor distribution patterns and offering mechanisms for public reporting and authenticating observations. Most importantly, accurate and evidence-based information must be disseminated to the public and news media outlets including penalties associated with illegal introductions. Targeted research studies to evaluate ecosystem-level impacts will be crucial moving forward.
Conference papers on the topic "Must (le mot anglais)"
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Kamiyama, Takeki, Nadine Herry-Bénit, Ioana Trifu-Dejeu, and Audrey Gros-Bonfiglioli. "L'opposition fortis / lenis des occlusives en fin de mot en anglais : liste de mots isolée lue par les apprenants francophones." In XXXIIe Journées d’Études sur la Parole. ISCA: ISCA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/jep.2018-25.
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Hærvig, Jakob, Anna L. Jensen, Marie C. Pedersen, and Henrik Sørensen. "Numerical and Experimental Study of the Rotational Behaviour of Flat Plates Falling Freely With Periodic Oscillating Motion." In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69503.
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When a flat plate falls freely in periodic oscillating motion regime, unsteady fluid forces create additional lift force contributions due to the rotational behaviour. Computational fluid dynamics is used to simulate the free fall behaviour of a flat plate with aspect ratio β = 20 falling in two-dimensional flow with Reynolds number Re ≈ 10,000 and non-dimensional moment of inertia I* = 0.115. To validate the free fall trajectory obtained by computational fluid dynamics, video recordings are used. Based on the validated free fall computational fluid dynamics simulation, the instantaneous fluid forces and torques on the plate are obtained. The validated simulations show significant deviations in per-pendicular and tangential force coefficients at the same angle of attack depending on the trajectory history of the plate. At low angles of attack below 5 deg, the tangential force differs significantly. Oppositely, the difference in the perpendicular force is most pronounced at high angles of attack. During a free fall, the angle of attack is below 5 deg in 70 % of the time. Furthermore, the angle of attack is only above 45 deg in less than 5 % of the time. Therefore, effort must be put into a more detailed description of the tangential force component, in order to improve the existing modelling framework for non-spherical particles.
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Dietl, John M., and Ephrahim Garcia. "Kinematic Variation and Modeling for Design in Ornithoptic Flight." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82035.
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During soaring forward flight, larger birds such as raptors generate most of their lift in a manner consistent with the lift generated by fixed-wing aircraft. However, in flapping flight there is an additional flow field that must be superimposed to account for thrust generated. The aerodynamic forces can be analyzed using conventional strip theory techniques and integrated across the wingspan and over the entire flapping cycle. Oscillating wing pitch causes the lift vector to contribute to forward thrust and effects useful angles of attack. This paper seeks to predict which kinematic parameters of flapping flight will allow for sustained forward flight. Using a mathematical model for flapping flight and a genetic algorithm, kinematic parameters are selected that provide sufficient lift and thrust while attenuating aerodynamic power consumption. The results show that separate degrees of freedom are necessary for twisting and heaving motions to yield acceptable flight conditions.
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Riegel, Kimberly A., and Victor W. Sparrow. "Sonic Boom Propagation in Urban Canyons." In ASME 2012 Noise Control and Acoustics Division Conference at InterNoise 2012. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ncad2012-0656.
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In order to make civilian supersonic flight over land possible, the resulting sonic boom must be acceptable to the people exposed. In order to determine the impact on people, determining the behavior of a sonic boom in a large city is critical. A combined ray tracing radiosity method was developed to propagate sonic booms into urban canyons. A variety of environmental parameters were changed to determine their effect on the resulting sound field. The arrival angles of the boom, the height of the canyons, the width of the canyons, and the amount of diffusion were all varied. It was shown that the resulting sound levels from most of these parameters was highly dependent on the combination of the parameters rather than a single parameter. Diffusion was the only parameter that showed a consistent trend in the amplitude of the sound field. [Work funded by NASA and the FAA’s PARTNER Center of Excellence.]
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Hollander, Kevin W., and Thomas G. Sugar. "Design of Lead Screw Actuators for Wearable Robotic Applications." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84595.
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A wearable robot is a controlled and actuated device that is in direct contact with its user. As such, the implied requirements of this device are that it must be portable, lightweight and most importantly safe. To achieve these goals an actuator with a good ‘power to weight’ ratio, good mechanical efficiency, good ‘strength to weight’ ratio and that is safe is desired. The design of the standard lead screw does not normally perform well in any of these categories. The typical lead screw has low pitch angles and large radii, thereby yielding low mechanical efficiencies and high weight. However, using the design procedure outlined in this text both efficiency and weight are improved, thus yielding a lead screw system with performances that rival human muscle. The result of an example problem reveals a feasible lead screw design that has a ‘power to weight’ ratio of 277W/kg, approaching that of the DC motor driving it, at 312W/kg, as well as a mechanical efficiency of 0.74, and a maximum ‘strength to weight’ ratio of 11.3kN/kg(1154kgf/kg).
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Liu, Changsheng, Jiajian Tan, Datong Qi, Xuejun Wang, and Guoliang Qin. "A Practical Approximate Method to Predict Adjusting Performance of a Centrifugal Compressor Stage With Inlet Guide Vane." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45195.
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This paper has proposed a method for predicting an adjusting performance curve family of a centrifugal compressor stage with the inlet guide vane (IGV). The method can be separated into two steps. In the first step, a centrifugal compressor model stage is selected as a basic model stage to build the basis of prediction. Both the ordinary performance curve of the model stage without IGV and the adjusting performance curve family of the model stage at various setting angles of the IGV are obtained by experiments. Then, using the ordinary performance curve as a criterion, a non-dimensional mathematical relationship is set up between the ordinary performance curve and each curve in the adjusting performance curve family. In the second step, based on the relationship established above, a prediction is made for the adjusting performance curve family of another centrifugal compressor stage with an IGV. For this prediction, two conditions must be satisfied: 1) The adjustment must be done using the IGV of the same type as used in the first step; 2) The ordinary performance curve of the predicted model stage must have been obtained experimentally. By applying the method, a prediction was carried out for the IGV adjusting performance curve family of a centrifugal compressor stage. Comparison between the predicted results and experimental results shows that although there is relatively great discrepancy between the basic model stage and the predicted stage under the mechanical geometric construction and operating conditions, the two results agree well in most of the areas of the adjusting performance curve family. There are only greater errors of predicted results in areas of large IGV setting angle. Although the current method has some deficiencies, it still possesses some strength featuring simplicity, convenience and reliability, thus providing a practical approximate prediction method available for the centrifugal compressor manufacturers that have the model stage database, but lack the APCF for the model stages with IGV.
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Rauh, G., and W. Anders. "Aircraft/Engine Integration for an Advanced Fighter Considering Mission Specifics." In ASME 1986 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibit. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/86-gt-295.
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In this paper propulsion system integration is considered for an advanced twin engined, high performance agile air to air fighter aircraft in view of its requirements for extreme flight conditions and maneuvers. The propulsion system mainly consists of air inlets, engines and nozzle/afterbody systems. The air inlet, a propulsion subsystem within the aircraft manufacturers responsibility, is physically well integrated with the aircraft flight control system, processing hardware being part of it. The engine itself, as the most complex propulsion subsystem and not within the aircraft manufacturers responsibility, is to have very simple and clearly defined interfaces with the aircraft. Its integration must therefore be on this basis i.e. functional. A central utility data bus allows for easy communication between the engine control system and all relevant aircraft systems through a single point interface in normal operation. This improved communication allows for better performance, operation and handling of the engine. A special feature of the propulsion system is the vectoring nozzle system with thrust deflection for maneuvers at high angles of attack beyond maximum lift. This system is also integrated with the flight control system.
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Baghdasaryan, Lusine, Wei Chen, Thaweepat Buranathiti, and Jian Cao. "Model Validation via Uncertainty Propagation Using Response Surface Models." In ASME 2002 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2002/dac-34140.
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Model validation has become a primary means to evaluate accuracy and reliability of computational simulations in engineering design. Mathematical models enable engineers to establish what the most likely response of a system is. However, despite the enormous power of computational models, uncertainty is inevitable in all model-based engineering design problems, due to the variation in the physical system itself, or lack of knowledge, and the use of assumptions by model builders. Therefore, realistic mathematical models should contemplate uncertainties. Due to the uncertainties, the assessment of the validity of a modeling approach must be conducted based on stochastic measurements to provide designers with the confidence of using a model. In this paper, a generic model validation methodology via uncertainty propagation is presented. The approach reduces the number of physical testing at each design setting to one by shifting the evaluation effort to uncertainty propagation of the computational model. Response surface methodology is used to create metamodels as less costly approximations of simulation models for uncertainty propagation. The methodology is illustrated with the examination of the validity of a finite-element analysis model for predicting springback angles in a sample flanging process.
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Whitfield, A., and Abu Hasan Abdullah. "The Application of a Computer-Aided Design Technique to the Conceptual Design of Turbochargers: Part A — Centrifugal Compressor Design and Turbine Matching." In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-063.
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In many turbomachinery applications a compressor is directly driven by a turbine; for turbocharger applications a centrifugal compressor is usually adopted which is generally driven by a radial flow turbine, although mixed flow or axial flow turbines are occasionally required. A non-dimensional design procedure is developed to provide the basic dimensions and blade angles of centrifugal compressor impellers, whilst accounting for the turbine conditions as assessed through the matching requirements. The design of the turbine is then considered further in Part B. The procedure can be applied for any desired compressor pressure ratio and target efficiency to develop an initial non-dimensional skeleton design. No other parameters are required from the initial specification and the design is developed non-dimensionally without recourse to empirical loss models and the associated uncertainties as the target efficiency must be specified. The procedure provides graphical information with respect to the impeller discharge conditions and inlet conditions from which the designer must select the most appropriate design. The screen graphics interface enables the designer to search across the design options; as this search is carried out numerical data are displayed and continuously up-dated to provide immediate information on which an infnrmed assessment can be based. In addition to the compressor design options which are provided the matching conditions for the drive turbine provides information, such as specific speed, non-dimensional mass flow rate and pressure ratio, relevant to the turbine design. Judgements with respect to the design options for the compressor can then be made with the consequences for the associated turbine design clearly in view. The non-dimensional design can be translated into an absolute design through the specification of the required mass flow rate and the inlet stagnation pressure and temperature.
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Liu, Ming, Yong-Yi Wang, and Laurie Collins. "Tensile Strain Capacity of Spiral Pipes." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90661.
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Pipelines may experience high longitudinal strains from seismic events, frost heave, thaw settlement, unstable slopes, and mine subsidence, etc.. Those strains could be well beyond the elastic limit of the materials and the strain based design (SBD) criteria must be used. Most work on the SBD in recent years has been focused on the straight long seam pipes. The application of the SBD principles to the spiral pipes has not been examined. Spiral-welded pipes are widely used for long-distance transmission pipelines. These pipes have a demonstrated history of satisfactory service. However, the performance of the spiral pipes under large longitudinal strains is not well understood. The focus of this paper is the tensile strain capacity of spiral pipes. The crack driving forces of flaws in spiral welds under longitudinal tension strains were analyzed for X80 pipes. Unlike the girth weld flaws which see primarily mode-I crack driving forces, the spiral weld flaws see mode-I and mode III mixed crack driving forces. The mode-I and mode-III driving force components vary with the spiral angles and pressure conditions. It is found that the application of the internal pressure can greatly increase the mode-I component and the total crack driving forces.