Academic literature on the topic 'Mutalisms'

There are many epidemiological studies asserting that fine dust causes lung cancer, but the biological mechanism is not clear. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of PM10 (particulate matter less than 10 μm) on single nucleotide variants through whole genome sequencing in lung epithelial cancer cell lines (HCC-827, NCI-H358) that have been exposed to PM10. The two cell lines were exposed to PM10 for 15 days. We performed experimental and next generation sequencing analyses on experimental group that had been exposed to PM10 as well as an unexposed control group. After exposure to PM10, 3005 single nucleotide variants were newly identified in the NCI-H358 group, and 4402 mutations were identified in the HCC-827 group. We analyzed these single nucleotide variants with the Mutalisk program. We observed kataegis in chromosome 1 in NCI-H358 and chromosome 7 in HCC-827. In mutational signatures analysis, the COSMIC mutational signature 5 was highest in both HCC-827 and NCI-H358 groups, and each cosine similarity was 0.964 in HCC-827 and 0.979 in the NCI-H358 group. The etiology of COSMIC mutational signature 5 is unknown at present. Well-designed studies are needed to determine whether environmental factors, such as PM10, cause COSMIC mutational signature 5.

Welfare become the trending topic of the economy from the country. One of the reasons why the country exist is to ensure welfare, just and equality for its citizens. To achieve welfare, required a symbiotic mutalisme between the government as a society and the state. Hence, direct assistance shaped material from the government to public is not a solution. Thus community empowerment is required. Islam as komperhensif teaching which implemented community empowerment since the first time. Where the messenger united between supporters and emigrants and empower them in order to achieve prosperity. The type of this research is library research with the normative descriptive methods. The result shows that the people in community empowerment evenly distributed in some principle which has been implemented by the messenger in an effort to da’wah Islamiyyah. Those principle are: justice, equality, participation, award, and helping others (ta’awun). The model of empowerment, used approach parsial-kontinu and a structural approach so as to achieve three dimensions the Muslim community, which is: faith dimensions, science dimensions and the social dimension.

En el presente trabajo, se aplica el marco teórico del capital social al estudio del mutualismo de trabajadores en España durante el primer tercio del siglo XX, periodo en el que alcanzó su auge y su declive. Se utilizan varios enfoques: el expansionista, centrado en la capacidad de las redes sociales para generar confianza y facilitar la acción colectiva y el meso, que destaca los recursos que fluyen dentro de las redes. Dependiendo de factores estructurales y relacionales (tamaño, verticalidad y horizontalidad, homogeneidad social, proximidad geográfica) se analiza su capacidad para generar confianza y reciprocidad y para facilitar el acceso a los recursos. Se explora la evolución de las diferentes categorías de mutualidades clasificándolas entre tres: democráticas, asistenciales, y burocráticas. Las sociedades democráticas eran horizontales, autogestionadas, autofinanciadas y de pequeño tamaño. Las asistenciales, eran verticales, favorecidas financieramente por notables de una clase social superior. Por último, las burocráticas eran verticales y con un funcionamiento más técnico, en las que el capital social era menos relevante. Se apuntan los criterios para determinar a qué categoría pertenece una sociedad dada, lo que posibilita un estudio más en profundidad del desarrollo institucional del mutualismo español. A continuación, se analiza el declive de las sociedades democráticas (determinantes para el desarrollo del capital social) en favor de las burocráticas, utilizando para ello un estudio de caso sobre la provincia de Barcelona durante el primer tercio del siglo XX. Partiendo de la hipótesis de que los citados factores estructurales y relacionales condicionaron el funcionamiento de las sociedades de socorros mutuos como instituciones de acción colectiva corporativa, se reconstruye su evolución a través del estudio de variables como el tamaño o la composición de los gastos, de forma complementaria a las explicaciones basadas en los efectos de la competencia o en el papel del Estado. Se determina que las mutualidades democráticas cumplían las condiciones facilitadoras de la sostenibilidad institucional, pero su condición de sociedades aseguradoras generó contradicciones que resultaron perjudiciales. El examen del cumplimiento de estas condiciones, permite estimar la transformación del mutualismo de trabajadores en la provincia y el papel que jugaron los factores exógenos (la intervención pública, los cambios sociales y económicos y la competencia en el mercado de la previsión). Debido a su finalidad previsora, las sociedades de socorros mutuos constituyen un tipo de asociacionismo adecuado para revisar la existencia del efecto crowding-out entre el Estado del bienestar y el capital social. Aunque en el caso español tal efecto acabó produciéndose, éste debe matizarse, ya que cuando los seguros sociales públicos supusieron una competencia real para el mutualismo, éste ya había experimentado un proceso de concentración y profesionalización y las mutualidades democráticas habían quedado relegadas por las burocráticas. Posteriormente, se estudia la evolución global de la Federación de Mutualidades de Cataluña entre 1896 y 1936, que resulta también de utilidad para estimar la evolución del mutualismo a través de su composición. A través de iniciativas, la Federación permitió a las sociedades que la integraban compatibilizar las ventajas de un tamaño pequeño (creación de confianza y reciprocidad, reducción de los costes de supervisión) con el acceso a los recursos de una red mayor. Se analizan los servicios puestos a disposición de las sociedades adheridas, las actividades realizadas o las relaciones con otras instituciones, prestando especial atención a los efectos de sus iniciativas sobre el capital social. En definitiva, la presente tesis supone una revisión de la evolución del mutualismo obrero a través del marco del capital social, que ofrece nuevas expectativas para su estudio.
In the present work, the theoretical framework of social capital is applied to the study of worker’s mutualism in Spain during the first third of the twentieth century, when it reached its peak and its decline. Some approaches are used: the expansionist, focused on the capacity of social networks to build trust and facilitate collective action and the meso, which highlights the resources flowing within networks. Depending on structural and relational factors (size, verticality and horizontality, social homogeneity, geographical proximity), their ability to generate trust and reciprocity and to facilitate access to resources is analyzed. The evolution of the different categories of mutual aid societies is explored, classifying them as three: democratic, assistential, and bureaucratic. Democratic societies are characterized by small size, horizontal, self-managed and self-financed. The assistential ones were vertical, favored financially by notables of a superior social class. Finally, the bureaucratic ones were vertical and with a more technical operation, in which the social capital was less relevant. The criteria for determining the category of a given society are pointed out, which enables a more in-depth study of the institutional development of Spanish mutualism. Next, we analyze the decline of democratic societies (determinants for the development of social capital) in favor of bureaucratics, using a case study on the province of Barcelona during the first third of the twentieth century. Based on the hypothesis that the structural and relational factors conditioned the functioning of mutual aid societies as institutions of corporate collective action, their evolution is reconstructed through the study of variables such as size or composition of expenditures, complements the explanations based on the effects of competition or on the role of the State. It is determined that democratic mutual societies fulfilled the conditions facilitating institutional sustainability, but their status as insurance companies generated contradictions that were detrimental. Examination of compliance with these conditions makes it possible to estimate the transformation of worker’s mutualism in the province and the role played by exogenous factors (public intervention, social and economic changes and competition in the social welfare market). Because of their insurer purpose, mutual aid societies are a kind of associations suitable for reviewing the existence of the crowding-out effect between welfare state and social capital. Although in the Spanish case such an effect ended up, this should be qualified, since when public social insurances supposed a real competition for mutualism, it had already undergone a process of concentration and professionalization and democratic mutualities had been relegated by bureaucratic. After that, the overall evolution of the Federation of Mutualities of Catalonia between 1896 and 1936 is studied, which is also useful to estimate the evolution of mutualism through its composition. Through initiatives, the Federation allowed its member mutualities to combine the advantages of a small size (building trust and reciprocity, reducing supervision costs) with access to the resources of a larger network. It analyzes the services made available to the member societies, the activities carried out or the relations with other institutions, paying attention to the effects of their initiatives on social capital. In short, this thesis implies a revision of the evolution of workers' mutualism through the framework of social capital, which offers new expectations for its study.