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1
1959-, Fairbairn Brett, MacPherson Ian 1939-, Russell Nora, and University of Saskatchewan. Centre for the Study of Co-operatives., eds. Canadian co-operatives in the year 2000: Memory, mutual aid, and the millennium. Saskatoon: Centre for the Study of Co-operatives, University of Saskatchewan, 2000.
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2
Neave, David. Mutual aid in the Victorian countryside: Friendly societies in the rural East Riding, 1830-1912. Hull: Hull University Press, 1991.
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3
Neave, David. Mutual aid in the Victorian countryside: Friendly societies in the rural East Riding, 1830-1914. [Hull]: Hull University Press, 1991.
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4
Assembly, Canada Legislature Legislative. Bill: An act to incorporate the Benevolent and Mutual Aid Society of Industrie and the County of Joliette. Quebec: Hunter, Rose & Lemieux, 2003.
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5
Muller, Alberto García. Instituciones de derecho cooperativo, mutual y solidario. Bogotá: Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 2009.
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6
Yi, Ŭn-jae. Chumin chojik siltʻae chosa e kwanhan yŏnʼgu. Sŏul Tʻŭkpyŏlsi: Hanʼguk Chibang Haengjŏng Yŏnʼguwŏn, 1988.
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7
Edwinraj, D. Joel, S. Sukumar, and J. Christopher Pushparaj. Governance systems in mutuals: Cooperatives & SHGs. New Delhi (India): Serials Publications, 2013.
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8
Souster, Robert. Building society operations: The uniqueness of mutual societies and their role in the modern financial services industry. Canterbury: CIB Publishers, 1999.
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9
Gould Street Young Men's Mutual Improvement Society. Rules of the Gould Street Young Men's Mutual Improvement Society. [Toronto?: s.n.], 1987.
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10
Atkins, Leah Rawls. Nineteenth Century Club: Celebrating 100 years of "mutual mental improvement" (1895-1995), Birmingham, Alabama. Birmingham, Ala: The Club, 1995.
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11
Javier, Pagador López, ed. La sociedad cooperativa, las sociedades mutuas y las entidades mutuales, las sociedades laborales, la sociedad de garantía recíproca. Madrid: Marcial Pons, 2005.
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12
SĖV, spet͡s︡ializat͡s︡ii͡a︡ i kooperirovanie proizvodstva: Pravovye voprosy. Moskva: "I͡U︡rid. lit-ra", 1986.
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13
Roussillon, Alain. Societés islamiques de placement de fonds et "ouverture economique": Les voies islamiques du néo libéralisme en Egypte. Le Caire: Centre d'Etudes et de documentation economique, Juridique et sociale, Departement des sciences sociales, Mission française de recherche et de coopération, 1988.
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14
Ortega, Rafael Calvo, and Pilar Alguacil Marí. Fiscalidad de las entidades de economía social: Cooperativas, mutuas, sociedades laborales, fundaciones, asociaciones de utilidad pública, centros especiales de empleo, empresas de inserción social. Madrid: Thomson Civitas, 2005.
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15
Assembly, Canada Legislature Legislative. Bill: An act to amend chapter sixty-eight of the Consolidated statutes for Lower Canada, respecting mutual insurance companies. Quebec: Thompson, Hunter, 2003.
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16
Assembly, Canada Legislature Legislative. Bill: An act to repeal so much of the laws relating to mutual insurance companies in Upper Canada, as authorize members thereof to vote by proxy. Quebec: Thompson, Hunter, 2003.
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17
Benucci, Antonella, Giulia I. Grosso, and Viola Monaci. Linguistica Educativa e contesti migratori. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-570-4.
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The volume, produced within the framework of the COMMIT project “Fostering the Integration of Resettled Refugees in Croatia, Italy, Portugal and Spain”, concerns the current European situation, and in particular the teaching of L2 in its relations and interdisciplinary exchanges with other scientific fields dealing with migratory phenomena; therefore, starting from the COMMIT experience, it offers a wide perspective, going beyond the borders of the countries involved in the project and identifying good practices that can be replicated in different territorial and social contexts to ensure successful social inclusion of newly arrived citizens. COMMIT is a project funded by the European Commission (DG HOME), co-financed by the Ministry of Interior and the Project Partners and managed by the Mediterranean Coordination Office of the International Organization for Migration (IOM), in Italy. The project was implemented in collaboration with the IOM Missions in Croatia, Portugal and Spain, together with the Communitas Consortium, the Adecco Foundation for Equal Opportunities and the University for Foreigners of Siena (UNISTRASI). The project activities were implemented from 1 January 2019 to 30 April 2021. The project, based on the idea that successful integration of resettled refugees occurs both by putting in place certain structural conditions and by promoting mutual exchange between resettled refugees and their host communities, aimed to support their integration into their new communities, with a special focus on women and young refugees as particularly vulnerable groups. A secure humanitarian migration route to the European Union launched in 2013 is targeted at refugees who are beneficiaries of resettlement. Several Member States, including Croatia, Italy, Portugal and Spain, have therefore established or strengthened their national resettlement and humanitarian admission programmes for resettled refugees of Syrian, Eritrean, Ethiopian or Sudanese origin. In preparation for resettlement, beneficiaries participate in a series of pre-departure cultural orientation activities. Among them, training in L2 language and culture plays a crucial role. The book hence tries to offer answers to the many challenges that characterise the field of language education in contexts marked by the presence of migrants from an interdisciplinary perspective. It provides for effective solutions for an inclusive language education, attentive to ‘vulnerable’ subjects, paying attention to the interweaving of complex individual, social, cultural and economic contexts, such as school and university training courses and reception and resettlement programmes in host societies. In particular, the current situation in Italy, regarding both teaching L2 in a school context and teaching modern languages to adult foreigners, is still lacking in interdisciplinary relations and exchanges between language teaching and other scientific fields dealing with migratory phenomena. However, in recent years a particular sensitivity and empathy towards linguistic and cultural contact have developed.
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Aubrun, Rene-Georges. Mutual Aid Societies In France (1915). Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2008.
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19
Beito, David T. From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890-1967. University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
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20
Taylor, Marilyn, and Danny Burns. Mutual Aid and Self-Help: Coping Strategies for Excluded Communities. Policy Pr, 1998.
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21
From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890-1967. The University of North Carolina Press, 1999.
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22
From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890-1967. University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
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23
Self Help in Soweto: Mutual Aid Societies in a South African City (Bergen Studies in Social Anthropology, No. 12). Lilian Barber Pr, 1985.
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24
Corsino, Louis. Did They Jump? University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038716.003.0004.
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For the greater part of the last century, Chicago Heights Italians found themselves on the wrong end of the cultural, political, and economic hierarchy in the city. This position made it extremely difficult for Italians to make recognizable gains in social mobility for themselves or their families. This chapter examines the collective mobilization strategies—labor organizing, mutual-aid societies, and ethnic entrepreneurship—that Chicago Heights Italians pursued in response to the diminished opportunities for mobility. Each collective mobilization was fueled by the social capital in the community. Each generated success stories. But each also came up against obstacles that limited their appeal in the Italian community.
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Lause, Mark A. The Brotherhood of the Union. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036552.003.0002.
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This chapter focuses on the Brotherhood of the Union. The Brotherhood represented a particularly American version of the radical nationalist idealism characteristic of the European revolts of 1848–49. Unlike such associations abroad, it functioned within a civilization, paradoxically free in terms of a republican ideology but politically shackled to human slavery. In founding the order, Gothic writer George Lippard sought to create a mutual aid fraternal order that would play the same sort of role widely attributed to the secret political societies in Europe. Known members—a rather limited proportion of the entire order—included some of the leading socialist and radical land reformers, people with ties to the antislavery Free Democratic Party. No less than kindred associations abroad, the Brotherhood of the Union blended abstract romantic humanity and social love with political goals that required blood and iron.
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Delmas, Candice. In Defense of Uncivil Disobedience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190872199.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 makes a case for the justifiability of some acts of uncivil disobedience—acts that are covert, evasive, violent, or offensive. After sketching some general process- and goal-related constraints on uncivil disobedience, the chapter examines some traditional arguments against disobedience in general and argues that the responses offered by champions of civil disobedience can also justify some types of uncivil disobedience. It then responds to arguments for preferring civil over uncivil disobedience and identifies the potential value of incivility for subordinated members in democratic societies allegedly committed to mutual reciprocity. The chapter concludes by sketching the implications of the account with respect to society’s treatment of uncivil disobedients.
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Michie, Jonathan, Joseph R. Blasi, and Carlo Borzaga, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Mutual, Co-Operative, and Co-Owned Business. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684977.001.0001.
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This handbook investigates ‘member-owned’ organizations, whether consumer co-operatives, agricultural and producer co-operatives, worker co-operatives, mutual building societies, friendly societies, credit unions, solidarity organizations, mutual insurance companies, or employee-owned companies. Such organizations can be owned by the consumers, producers, or employees—whether through single-stakeholder or multi-stakeholder ownership. ‘Employee-owned’ business means businesses where a significant proportion of the company is owned by its employees, whether as individual shareholders or through a trust, or some combination of the two; ‘significant’ is generally taken as at least 25 per cent. This complex set of organizations is named differently across countries: from ‘mutuals’ in the United Kingdom, to ‘solidarity co-operatives’ in Latin America. In some countries, such organizations are not officially recognized. For the sake of clarity, the handbook will refer to member-owned organizations to encompass the variety of non-investor-owned organizations, and in the national case-study chapters the terms used will be those most widely employed in that country. These alternative corporate forms have emerged in a variety of economic sectors in almost all advanced economies since the time of the Industrial Revolution and the development of capitalism, through the subsequent creation and dominance of the limited liability company. Until recently, these organizations were generally regarded as a rather marginal component of the economy. However, in recent years, they have come to be seen in some countries as potentially attractive in light of their ability to tackle various economic and social concerns, and their relative resilience during the financial and economic crises of 2007–2016.
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Bristol, Joan C. Afro-Mexican Saintly Devotion in a Mexico City Alley. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036637.003.0005.
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This chapter examines Afro-Mexicans' level of involvement in colonial society and religious life as well as their desires to gain social power as defined by colonial authorities. An important form of Christian practice for Africans in the Diaspora came through membership in Catholic confraternities, lay groups that were organized around venerating saints and often served as mutual aid societies for their members. This chapter considers the case of a group of black men and women who performed clandestine religious ceremonies in the alleys of late seventeenth-century Mexico City and claimed to be religiosos (clerics) and religiosas (nuns) of Saint Iphigenia. In particular, it analyzes the possible meanings such gatherings held for the congregants. The case demonstrates how Afro-Mexicans asserted their right to worship as Christians on their own terms, deployed their understandings of Christianity around the prescribed tenets of religious orthodoxy, and interpreted the language of hierarchy and power embodied in religious objects and rituals.
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Corsino, Louis. Were They Pushed? University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038716.003.0003.
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This chapter paints a picture of the major structural and cultural disadvantages the Italians in Chicago Heights faced in their struggle. In essence, it attempts to show how these forms of discrimination boxed most Italians into a spatial and social isolation in Chicago Heights. However, they also had the unintended consequences of transforming the prosaic features of the Italian culture and social structure into a rich supply of social capital. Specifically, they enhanced the possibilities that Italians would turn to their paesani next door, their cugini on the next street over, their amici at the corner bar as resources for organizing a union, establishing ethnic businesses, recruiting members to mutual-aid societies, and for running a criminal organization. Structural and cultural disadvantages, on the one hand, and consequential social capital resources, on the other, are joined in an attempt to provide a more encompassing and integrated understanding as to how Italians may have been pushed, but also were able to leap into organized crime.
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Rosenow, Michael K. As Close to Hell as They Hoped to Get. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039133.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the steelworkers' experiences with death and dying in western Pennsylvania, and more specifically in Monongahela Valley, during the period 1892–1919. It begins by recounting the Homestead strike of 1892, which pitted the wealthy owners of the Carnegie Steel Company against the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers. It then considers other factors that shaped steelworkers' experiences with death after the defeat at Homestead, including work life and life outside of work. It also explores the responses of steelworkers and their families to death, focusing on their creation of networks of mutual aid by turning to religious and secular fraternal societies to help care for the sick and bury the dead. It also discusses the McKees Rocks strike of 1909 and the themes of death and dignity that defined it before concluding with a look at the story of steelman Joe Magarac and its similarities to steelworkers' experiences in turn-of-the-century steel mills. The steelworkers' rituals of death and dying suggests that death provided a key place where they nurtured spirits of resistance.
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Cabrera, Lydia, and Victor Manfredi. The Sacred Language of the Abakuá. Edited by Ivor L. Miller and P. González Gómes-Cásseres. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496829443.001.0001.
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In 1988, Lydia Cabrera (1899–1991) published La lengua sagrada de los Ñáñigos, an Abakuá phrasebook that is to this day the largest work available on any African diaspora community in the Americas. In the early 1800s in Cuba, enslaved Africans from the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon created Abakuá societies for protection and mutual aid. Abakuá rites reenact mythic legends of the institution’s history in Africa, using dance, chants, drumming, symbolic writing, herbs, domestic animals, and masked performers to represent African ancestors. Criminalized and scorned in the colonial era, Abakuá members were at the same time contributing to the creation of a unique Cuban culture, including rumba music, now considered a national treasure Translated for the first time into English, Cabrera’s lexicon documents phrases vital to the creation of a specific African-derived identity in Cuba and presents the first ‘insiders’ view of this African heritage. This text presents thoroughly researched commentaries that link hundreds of entries to the context of mythic rites, skilled ritual performance, and the influence of Abakuá in Cuban society and popular music. Generously illustrated with photographs and drawings, this volume includes a new introduction to Cabrera’s writing as well as appendices that situate this important work in Cuba’s history.
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Hairston, Patrece, and Ingrid A. Binswanger. Programming. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0044.
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The nexus of substance use disorders and criminal justice involvement is considerable. This is particularly the case in the United States, where 48% of individuals in federal prisons were incarcerated for drug-related convictions in 2011. In the last year for which national data are available, approximately half of the individuals incarcerated in state and federal prisons met criteria for drug abuse or dependence. Tobacco and alcohol use are also more common in correctional populations than in the general, non-institutionalized population. Thus, criminal justice populations have a significant need for evidence-based treatment of addiction and interventions to reduce the medical complications of drug use. While many programs to address substance use disorder among correctional populations exist, many individuals fail to receive adequate care and continue to experience complications of substance use disorders. Thus, correctional clinicians and staff, researchers, and patients will need to continue to advocate for improved and enhanced dissemination of integrated, evidence-based behavioral and pharmacological treatment for substance use disorder across the continuum of criminal justice involvement. This chapter describes the evolution of addiction programming within correctional settings from the late 1700s to contemporary practices. Beginning with a discussion of mutual aid societies as one of the earliest providers of ‘treatment,’ this chapter outlines important aspects of early treatment. Additionally, current levels of care and specialized modalities for individuals involved in the criminal justice system are presented, such as cognitive-behavioral interventions, drug courts, therapeutic communities, pharmacologically supported therapy, and harm reduction approaches.
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Charles, Proctor. Part B Merger, Reorganization, and Insolvency of Banks, 9 UK Bank Mergers and Business Transfers. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199685585.003.0009.
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This chapter considers Part VII of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA), which introduced a new regime for the transfer of a banking business, together with broader legislation designed to facilitate cross-border mergers. It discusses the effect of Part VII; the scope of Part VII; procedures under Part VII; the effect of court sanction; the requirement for ring-fencing; the special rules applicable to ring-fencing transfer schemes; mergers and transfers of building societies and mutuals; and cross-border mergers regulations.
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Dudoignon, Stéphane A. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655914.003.0001.
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Touching on the guerrilla activity of the 2000s and early 2010s on Iran’s eastern (Baluch) and western (Kurdish) borderlands, the introduction discusses early-twenty-first-century Western, (particularly U.S.) geopolitical views of the Sunni minority issue in the country, and of its possible political and military instrumentation against the Islamic Republic. The author skims through the gradual rediscoveries, by domestic and international research, of the transformation of tribes and tribal might as a political factor in Middle Eastern societies, and of the emergence and progressive politicisation of Sunni identity within a Shia-majority Islamic Republic. The author especially sheds light on the particular political pragmatism that was developed by Tehran and the Sarbazi ulama, since 1979, in their mutual relations.
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Aljunied, Khairudin. Muslim Cosmopolitanism. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474408882.001.0001.
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Cosmopolitan ideals and pluralist tendencies have been employed creatively and adapted carefully by Muslim individuals, societies, and institutions in modern Southeast Asia to produce the necessary contexts for mutual tolerance and shared respect between and within different groups in society. Organised around six key themes that interweave the connected histories of three countries in Southeast Asia — Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia — this book shows the ways in which historical actors have promoted better understanding between Muslims and non-Muslims in the region. Case studies from across these countries of the Malay world take in the rise of the network society in the region in the 1970s up until the early 21st century, providing a panoramic view of Muslim cosmopolitan practices, outlook, and visions in the region.
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Moehler, Michael. Minimal Morality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785927.001.0001.
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This book develops a novel multilevel social contract theory that, in contrast to existing theories in the liberal tradition, does not merely assume a restricted form of reasonable moral pluralism, but is tailored to the conditions of deeply morally pluralistic societies that may be populated by liberal moral agents, nonliberal moral agents, and, according to the traditional understanding of morality, nonmoral agents alike. To develop this theory, the book draws on the history of the social contract tradition, especially the work of Hobbes, Hume, Kant, Rawls, and Gauthier, as well as on the work of some of the critics of this tradition, such as Sen and Gaus. The two-level contractarian theory holds that morality in its best contractarian version for the conditions of deeply morally pluralistic societies entails Humean, Hobbesian, and Kantian moral features. The theory defines the minimal behavioral restrictions that are necessary to ensure, compared to violent conflict resolution, mutually beneficial peaceful long-term cooperation in deeply morally pluralistic societies. The theory minimizes the problem of compliance by maximally respecting the interests of all members of society. Despite its ideal nature, the theory is, in principle, applicable to the real world and, for the conditions described, most promising for securing mutually beneficial peaceful long-term cooperation in a world in which a fully just society, due to moral diversity, is unattainable. If Rawls’ intention was to carry the traditional social contract argument to a higher level of abstraction, then the two-level contractarian theory brings it back down to earth.
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Yamagishi, Toshio. Individualism-Collectivism, the Rule of Law, and General Trust. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630782.003.0011.
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In the absence of legal protection, people establish collectivist social orders by forming strong ties with closely related individuals. When legal institutions which safeguard people’s rights outside closed relationships do not function, the need for mutual protection within a network of strong ties increases. Individualistic pursuits of opportunities outside the security of closed relationships requires universalistic legal protection. The rule of law thus promotes individualistic social orders that free people from dependence on such networks of strong ties to survive. This chapter proposes that in societies where the rule of law is deeply established, general trust encourages opportunity-seeking activities mediated by weak ties. Macro-level data show a positive correlation between general trust and the national mean individualism score. Furthermore, the degree of a nation’s political stability is positively linked to general trust in countries with a firm rule of law, but not in countries with a weak one.
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Birchall, Johnston. The Performance of Member-Owned Businesses Since the Financial Crisis of 2008. Edited by Jonathan Michie, Joseph R. Blasi, and Carlo Borzaga. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684977.013.40.
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This chapter examines the performance of several types of member-owned businesses since the financial crisis. It summarizes evidence for three financial co-operative sectors (European co-operative banks, the worldwide credit union sector, and the UK building societies), finding that they have been less risky, more stable, and on a range of indicators more successful than conventional investor-owned banks. It then examines the performance of retail consumer co-operatives, insurance mutuals, retailer-owned wholesalers, and employee-owned businesses. The wider benefits of having a significant member-owned sector are then considered. The conclusion is that economic resilience cannot be taken for granted: it has to be competed for in each industry sector, and the results will vary depending on the extent to which, in each sector, they can realize the ‘co-operative advantage’.
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Rotter, Andrew J. Empires of the Senses. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190924706.001.0001.
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This book offers a sensory history of the British in India from the formal imposition of their rule to its end and the Americans in the Philippines from annexation to independence. A social and cultural history of empire, it focuses on quotidian life. It analyzes how the senses created mutual impressions of the agents of imperialism and their subjects and highlights connections between apparently disparate items, including the lived experience of empire, the otherwise unremarkable comments (and complaints) found in memoirs and reports, the appearance of lepers, the sound of bells, the odor of excrement, the feel of cloth against skin, the first taste of a mango or meat spiced with cumin. Men and women in imperial India and the Philippines had different ideas from the start about what looked, sounded, smelled, felt, and tasted good or bad. Both the British and the Americans saw themselves as the civilizers of what they judged backward societies and believed that a vital part of the civilizing process was to put the senses in the right order of priority and to ensure them against offense or affront. People without manners who respected the senses lacked self-control; they were uncivilized and thus unfit for self-government. Societies that looked shabby, were noisy and smelly, felt wrong, and consumed unwholesome food in unmannerly ways were not prepared to form independent polities and stand on their own. It was the duty of allegedly more sensorily advanced westerners to put the senses right before withdrawing the most obvious manifestations of their power.
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Gerasimov, Ilya, Sergey Glebov, Marina B. Mogilner, and with Alexander Semyonov. A New Imperial History of Northern Eurasia, 600–1700. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350196834.
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A New Imperial History of Northern Eurasia, 600-1700 proposes a new language for studying and conceptualizing the spaces, societies, and institutions that existed on the territory of today’s Northern Eurasia, until recently part of the USSR. Traditional concepts and genealogies that frame human experience have to be avoided or reframed: this is not the story of a certain present-day state or people evolving through consecutive historical stages. Rather, the book’s point of departure is a modern analytical approach to the problem of human diversity as a fundamental social condition. In the form of cooperation and confrontation, various attempts to manage diversity fostered processes of societal self-organization, as new ideas, practices, and institutions were developed virtually from scratch or radically altered when borrowed. Essentially, this is the story of individuals and societies who creatively responded to their natural and social environments and sought answers to universal problems in unique historical circumstances. This volume, which brings together leading scholars from both the United States and Russia, covers a millennium-long period in the history of the region characterized by the coexistence of several local sociopolitical arrangements. The book shows that their mutual interactions and attempts to integrate with one of the universal cultures of the time caused a string of unintended consequences. As a result, the enormous landmass from the Carpathian Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east, from the Polar Circle in the north to the steppe belt in the south was divided among several regional powers. Ultimately unable to overtake each other by military force, they were locked in a zero-sum game until the uneven development of modern state institutions tilted the balance in favor of one of them – Russia.
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Lloyd, G. E. R. Intelligence and Intelligibility. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854593.001.0001.
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This study investigates the tension between two conflicting intuitions, our twin recognitions: (1) that all humans share the same basic cognitive capacities; and yet (2) their actual manifestations in different individuals and groups differ appreciably. How can we reconcile our sense of what links us all as humans with our recognition of these deep differences? All humans use language and live in social groups, where we have to probe what is distinctive in the experience of humans as opposed to that of other animals and how the former may have evolved from the latter. Moreover, the languages we speak and the societies we form differ profoundly, though the conclusion that we are the prisoners of our own particular experience should and can be resisted. The study calls into question the cross-cultural viability both of many of the analytic tools we commonly use (such as the contrast between the literal and the metaphorical, between myth and rational account, and between nature and culture) and of our usual categories for organizing human experience and classifying intellectual disciplines, mathematics, religion, law, and aesthetics. The result is a robust defence of the possibilities of mutual intelligibility while recognizing both the diversity in the manifestations of human intelligence and the need to revise our assumptions in order to achieve that understanding.
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Pollack, Detlef, and Gergely Rosta. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801665.003.0009.
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The Conclusion to Part II recaps the most important outcomes of the study so far which can be summarized as follows: The decline in the significance of the religious is closely connected to the transformation of its dominant forms. That means assumptions of secularization theory and of individualization theory are not mutually exclusive. It seems that people’s ties to religion and church begin to loosen in the dimension of practice. The theorem of functional differentiation can by and large be regarded as corroborated. Processes of vertical differentiation, the pulling-apart of the constitutive levels of the social element, treated mainly under the concept of individualization, essentially have a negative effect on religious and church ties, especially on conventional ties to the church. Processes of religious individualization take place within the church and outside of it. Religiously diversified societies display no higher level of religiosity than ones that are more religiously homogeneous.
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Badano, Gabriele, and Alasia Nuti. Politicizing Political Liberalism. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/9780191949784.001.0001.
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Abstract How should broadly liberal democratic societies stop illiberal and anti-democratic views from gaining influence while honouring liberal democratic values? This question has become particularly pressing after the recent successes of right-wing populist leaders and parties across Europe, in the US, and beyond. This book develops a normative account of liberal democratic self-defence that denounces the failures of real-world societies without excusing those supporting illiberal and anti-democratic political actors. This account is innovative in focusing not only on the role of the state but also on the duties of non-state actors including citizens, partisans, and municipalities. Consequently, it also addresses cases where the central government has at least partly been captured by illiberal and anti-democratic agents. To put together our normative account, the book builds on John Rawls’s account of political liberalism and his awareness of the need to ‘contain’ unreasonable views, that is, views denying that society should treat every person as free and equal through a mutually acceptable system of social cooperation where pluralism is to be expected. We offer original solutions to vexed problems within political liberalism by putting forward a new account of the relation between ideal and non-ideal theory, explaining why it is justifiable to exclude unreasonable persons from the constituency of public reason, and showing that the strictures of public reason do not apply to those suffering from severe injustice. In doing so, the book further politicizes political liberalism and turns it into a framework that can insightfully respond to the challenges of real politics.
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Sigurdsson, Jón Vidar. Viking Friendship. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501705779.001.0001.
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Friendship was the most important social bond in Iceland and Norway during the Viking Age and the early Middle Ages. Far more significantly than kinship ties, it defined relations between chieftains, and between chieftains and householders. This book explores the various ways in which friendship tied Icelandic and Norwegian societies together, its role in power struggles and ending conflicts, and how it shaped religious beliefs and practices both before and after the introduction of Christianity. The book details how loyalties between friends were established and maintained. The key elements of Viking friendship, it shows, were protection and generosity, which was most often expressed through gift giving and feasting. In a society without institutions that could guarantee support and security, these were crucial means of structuring mutual assistance. As a political force, friendship was essential in the decentralized Free State period in Iceland's history (from its settlement about 800 until it came under Norwegian control in the years 1262–1264) as local chieftains vied for power and peace. In Norway, where authority was more centralized, kings attempted to use friendship to secure the loyalty of their subjects. The strong reciprocal demands of Viking friendship also informed the relationship that individuals had both with the Old Norse gods and, after 1000, with Christianity's God and saints. Addressing such other aspects as the possibility of friendship between women and the relationship between friendship and kinship, the book concludes by tracing the decline of friendship as the fundamental social bond in Iceland as a consequence of Norwegian rule.
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Alexander, Robert J. A History of Organized Labor in Brazil. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400665165.
Full textAbstract:
Alexander examines the history of the labor movement in Brazil during its two key phases. First, he looks at the origins and early development of the movement from the last decades of the 19th century until the Revolution of 1930. Then he analyzes the impact of the corporate state structure that President Getulio Vargas imposed on labor during his first tenure in power, and the continuation of that structure during most of the remainder of the century. Until 1930, the trajectory of the labor movement in Brazil was quite similar to what was happening in most of the rest of Latin America. Most of the early labor organizations were mutual-benefit societies rather than trade unions. This began to change in the early 1900s. From the onset, organized labor in Brazil was involved with politics, and organized labor had to deal not only with the opposition of employers, but also with that of successive conservative governments. All this changed with the ascent of Vargas to power in 1930. He sought to win the support of the urban working class, and with the coming of the New State in 1937, the government was deeply involved in the direction of union activities. After 1945, Brazilian labor was once more influenced by a variety of different political currents, and by the 1960s the labor movement began to extend into the rural sector of the economy. The Constitution of 1988 allowed workers to organize without government control and they won the right to strike. By 1990 the Brazilian labor movement had attained the structure and characteristics it would retain into the new century. A major resource for scholars, students, and other researchers involved with Brazilian labor, economic, and political affairs.
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Sambaluk, Nicholas Michael. Weaponizing Cyberspace. Praeger, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216034216.
Full textAbstract:
The Russian regime's struggle for internal control drives multifaceted actions in cyberspace that do not stop at national borders. Cybercrime, technical hacking, and disinformation are complementary tools to preserve national power internally while projecting effects onto myriad neighbors and rivals. Russian activity in the cyber domain is infamous in the United States and other Western countries. Weaponizing Cyberspace explores the Russian proclivity, particularly in the 21st century, for using cyberspace as an environment in which to launch technical attacks and disinformation campaigns that sow chaos and distraction in ways that provide short-term advantage to autocrats in the Kremlin. Arguing that Russia's goal is to divide people, Sambaluk explains that Russia's modus operandi in disinformation campaigning is specifically to find and exploit existing sore spots in other countries. In the U.S., this often means inflaming political tensions among people on the far left and far right. Russia's actions have taken different forms, including the sophisticated surveillance and sabotage of critical infrastructure, the ransoming of data by criminal groups, and a welter of often mutually contradictory disinformation messages that pollute online discourse within and beyond Russia. Whether deployed to contribute to hybrid war or to psychological fracture and disillusionment in targeted societies, the threat is real and must be understood and effectively addressed.
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Shin, Hyun Bang, Murray Mckenzie, and Do Young Oh, eds. COVID-19 in Southeast Asia: Insights for a post-pandemic world. LSE Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31389/lsepress.cov.
Full textAbstract:
COVID-19 has presented huge challenges to governments, businesses, civil societies, and people from all walks of life, but its impact has been highly variegated, affecting society in multiple negative ways, with uneven geographical and socioeconomic patterns. The crisis revealed existing contradictions and inequalities in society, compelling us to question what it means to return to “normal” and what insights can be gleaned from Southeast Asia for thinking about a post-pandemic world. In this regard, this edited volume collects the informed views of an ensemble of social scientists – area studies, development studies, and legal scholars; anthropologists, architects, economists, geographers, planners, sociologists, and urbanists; representing academic institutions, activist and charitable organisations, policy and research institutes, and areas of professional practice – who recognise the necessity of critical commentary and engaged scholarship. These contributions represent a wide-ranging set of views, collectively producing a compilation of reflections on the following three themes in particular: (1) Urbanisation, digital infrastructures, economies, and the environment; (2) Migrants, (im)mobilities, and borders; and (3) Collective action, communities, and mutual action. Overall, this edited volume first aims to speak from a situated position in relevant debates to challenge knowledge about the pandemic that has assigned selective and inequitable visibility to issues, people, or places, or which through its inferential or interpretive capacity has worked to set social expectations or assign validity to certain interventions with a bearing on the pandemic’s course and the future it has foretold. Second, it aims to advance or renew understandings of social challenges, risks, or inequities that were already in place, and which, without further or better action, are to be features of our “post-pandemic world” as well. This volume also contributes to the ongoing efforts to de-centre and decolonise knowledge production. It endeavours to help secure a place within these debates for a region that was among the first outside of East Asia to be forced to contend with COVID-19 in a substantial way and which has evinced a marked and instructive diversity and dynamism in its fortunes.
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Kurucan, Ahmet, and Mustafa Kasım Erol. Dialogue in Islam. Dialogue Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/roto8500.
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This book gives a concise, readable introduction to the relationship between Islam and dialogue. Drawing on the Qur’an, the Sunna and Islamic history it demonstrates that dialogue is an integral part of the very fabric of Islam, dispelling popular misconceptions. Contemporary realities make intercultural dialogue a pressing human concern. Globalisation is swiftly turning the world into a global village, with groups of different cultures increasingly living in close proximity. Personal experience and the media make us aware both of the potential richness of such situations and of the scope for discrimination, enclavisation, mutual resentment and extremism. Dialogue is frequently cited as a means through which diverse societies can address intergroup tension and draw effectively on the great resource of diverse perspectives in addressing shared problems such as economic disaster and environmental crisis. In considering personal engagement with dialogue a committed Muslim will inevitably ask, “What does Islam have to say about dialogue?” In this book, accessible to Muslims and non-Muslims alike, Ahmet Kurucan and Mustafa K. Erol provide a concise introduction to the question, exploring relevant material in the Qur’an and the Sunna and examples of the application of these sources in Islamic history. In a helpful question and answer format and a readable style, they demonstrate that dialogue is a part of the fabric of Islam, required by the God-given innate disposition of human beings, and by fundamental Islamic principles of conduct derived from mainstream, long-established understanding of the commands of the Qur’an and Sunna. The authors also address elements of Islamic sources and traditional interpretation sometimes taken as contradicting the case for dialogue in Islam, such as verses of the Qur’an warning against friendships with ‘Jews and Christians’, or speaking of killing unbelievers, the traditional view that apostasy merits the death penalty, and certain interpretations of the concept of jihad. They thereby dispel popular misconceptions of Islam’s teachings, revealing the religion’s essential commitment to good neighbourliness, peace and fairness. By examining the meaning of dialogue they also reveal that it in no way requires participants to compromise their own beliefs and values.
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Teoh, Karen M. Schooling Diaspora. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495619.001.0001.
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Schooling Diaspora relates the previously untold story of female education and the overseas Chinese in British Malaya and Singapore, traversing more than a century of British imperialism, Chinese migration, and Southeast Asian nationalism. This book explores the pioneering English- and Chinese-language girls’ schools in which these women studied and worked, drawing from school records, missionary annals, colonial reports, periodicals, and oral interviews. The history of educated overseas Chinese girls and women reveals the surprising reach of transnational female affiliations and activities in an age and a community that most accounts have cast as male dominated. These women created and joined networks in schools, workplaces, associations, and politics. They influenced notions of labor and social relations in Asian and European societies. They were at the center of political debates over language and ethnicity and were vital actors in struggles over twentieth-century national belonging. Their education empowered them to defy certain sociocultural conventions in ways that school founders and political authorities did not anticipate. At the same time, they contended with an elite male discourse that perpetuated patriarchal views of gender, culture, and nation. Even as their schooling propelled them into a cosmopolitan, multi-ethnic public space, Chinese girls and women in diaspora often had to take sides as Malayan and Singaporean society became polarized—sometimes falsely—into mutually exclusive groups of British loyalists, pro-China nationalists, and Southeast Asian citizens. They negotiated these constraints to build unique identities, ultimately contributing to the development of a new figure: the educated transnational Chinese woman.