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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mwanza'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Chilimampunga, Francis Harvey. "Utilisation of indigenous fruit by rural communities in Mwanza District, Malawi." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53211.

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Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Deforestation in Malawi is said to reach 2.3% per annum and negatively affects agricultural production, the backbone of the country's economy. High dependence on indigenous wood for sale as fuelwood or charcoal by rural communities due to poverty largely contributes to this deforestation. Women and children suffer most because they spend more time collecting firewood than men, affecting other activities like child-care and education. The study, aimed at investigating ways to alleviate deforestation by increasing rural people's economic benefits from non-destructive indigenous fruit utilisation, was conducted in Mwanza District from February to June 2001. The district's customary forests which contain a wide variety of wild fruit species are currently deforested due mainly to charcoal production. Five out of 16 villages facing deforestation were randomly chosen by the lottery method. Group, individual and key informant interviews focused on the utilisation of preferred fruit species by communities while participatory resource assessment was used to determine availability and distribution of fruit trees. A market survey to assess fruit trade in the country was conducted in Balaka, Blantyre, Mangochi, Mwanza and Zomba Districts in early June 2001. Twenty-six wild fruit species were found to be utilised by villagers in the study area but Adansonia digitata (Baobab) was the most commonly found near villages and the most preferred fruit by 90% of respondents. Other preferred species were Tamarindus indica (Tamarind), Diospyros kirkii, Flacourtia indica and Vangueria infausta. Most fruit trees except for baobab were found to be of small size classes because of being young stems regenerating while others were shrubs. The poor largely depended on fruit as a meal and for sale. Mainly children and women sold baobab and tamarind within the villages while only men sold fruit at distant markets for more income. Middlemen largely benefited from fruit sales compared to villagers who sold at low prices and lacked marketing information. Fruit rot affected retailers outside the study area. Tree climbing to harvest fruit was mainly done by boys and destructive harvesting methods were associated with commercial use. Large, sweet tasting fruit were mainly chosen by rural communities for subsistence use. Land clearance, mast fruiting, perishability and seasonality of fruit seemed to have affected harvest both for subsistence and for sale. However, 89% of households owned fruit trees in homesteads and agricultural fields, said to be more protected than in communal lands with open access. Preferred wild fruit trees were rarely cut by the communities. Local fruit processing, mainly by women, included porridge and juice making and fruit drying while careful storage enabled baobab fruit to be stored for up to a year. Wild fruit plays an important role in the lives of rural communities mainly the poor. Communities attach value to the preferred fruit species but it is difficult to convince most of them to sell wild fruit unless value is added and price incentives are initiated. Regular marketing information could be provided to rural communities and policy makers should set fruit pricing guidelines to create price incentives. Domestication of the preferred fruit trees should be encouraged for continuous fruit supply. Simple fruit processing technologies for commercial purpose could be initiated for women mostly. Research is needed to determine sustainable harvesting levels of wild fruit and ways for participatory monitoring of the levels and harvesting methods used.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ontbossing in Malawi beloop 2.3% per jaar, wat beteken dat landbouproduksie, die ruggraat van die land se ekonomie, negatief geaffekteer word. Wat grootliks bydra tot hierdie ontbossing is dat die plattelandse gemeenskappe as gevolg van armoede hoogs afhanklik is van inheemse hout wat as brandhout of as houtskool verkoop word. Vroue en kinders ly die meeste omdat hulle meer tyd as mans spandeer om vuurmaakhout bymekaar te maak. Dit affekteer ander aktiwiteite soos kindersorg en opvoeding. Hierdie studie het ten doelom maniere te ondersoek waarvolgens ontbossing verlig kan word deur mense op die platteland se ekonomiese voordele uit die benutting van inheemse vrugte te vermeerder sonder dat daar enige omgewingskade aangebring word. Die studie is uitgevoer in die Mwanza Distrik vanaf Februarie 2001 tot Junie 2001. Die distrik se inheemse bosse wat 'n wye verskeidenheid wilde vrugtespesies bevat, word tans ontbos - hoofsaaklik as gevolg van die produksie van houtskool. Vyf uit die 16 dorpies wat ontbossing in die gesig staar, is op 'n lukrake wyse met die loterymetode gekies. In die onderhoude met groepe, individue, en sleutelinformante is gefokus op die benutting van vrugtespesies wat deur die gemeenskappe verkies word. Hulpbronevaluering is gebruik om die beskikbaarheid en verspreiding van vrugtebome te bepaal. Die gemeenskap is by hierdie evaluering betrek. Marknavorsing om vrugtehandel in die land te evalueer, is vroeg in Junie 2001 in die Balaka, Blantyre, Mangochi, Mwanza en Zomba distrikte gedoen. In die studie is bevind dat die inwoners van die area wat bestudeer is 26 wilde vrugtespesies benut. Adansonia digitata (Baobab/Kremetartboom) is egter die meeste naby die dorpies aangetref, en is deur 90% van die respondente as hulle gunsteling vrug aangedui. Ander gewilde spesies is Tamarindus indica (Tamarinde/Suurdadelboom), Diospyros kirkii, Flacourtia indica en Vangueria infausta. Die meeste vrugtebome, behalwe die baobab, val in die laer klasse wat grootte betref, omdat dit die jong lote is wat regenereer, terwyl ander struike is. Die arm mense is grootliks afhanklik van vrugte as 'n maaltyd en as verkoopsartikels. Hoofsaaklik kinders en vroue verkoop baobab- en tamarindevrugte in die dorpies, terwyl vrugte by verafgeleë markte slegs deur mans vir 'n groter inkomste verkoop word. Die middelman trek grootliks voordeel uit vrugteverkope, in vergelyking met die inwoners van die dorpies wat vrugte teen lae pryse verkoop as gevolg van 'n tekort aan bemarkingsinligting. Kleinhandelaars buite die studie-area is deur vrugteverrotting geaffekteer. Dit is hoofsaaklik seuns wat die bome klim om vrugte te oes, en destruktiewe oesmetodes is met kommersiële gebruik geassosieer. Plattelandse gemeenskappe verkies hoofsaaklik groot, soet vrugte vir bestaansgebruik. Dit wil voorkom of grondopruiming, die vrugvorming van byvoorbeeld akkers (mast fruiting), die bederfbaarheid en seisoensgebondenheid van vrugte, die oes affekteer vir bestaansgebruik sowel as vir verkope. Vrugtebome word egter deur 89% van die huishoudings besit en die bome by hierdie huise en in landbouvelde word beter beskerm as dié in gemeenskaplike lande met vrye toegang. Die gemeenskappe kap selde hulle gunsteling wilde vrugtebome uit. Plaaslike vrugteverwerking, hoofsaaklik deur vroue, sluit in die maak van pap en sap, asook die droog van vrugte, terwyl sorgvuldige bewaring daartoe kan lei dat baobabvrugte vir tot 'n jaar lank gebêre kan word. Wilde vrugte speel 'n belangrike rol in die lewens van plattelandse gemeenskappe, veral vir die armes. Die gemeenskappe heg waarde aan hulle gunstelingvrugtespesies, maar dit is moeilik om die meeste te oortuig om wilde vrugte te verkoop - behalwe as waarde bygevoeg word en prysaansporings ingestel word. Gereelde bemarkingsinligting kan aan plattelandse gemeenskappe voorsien word, en beleidbepalers behoort riglyne vir vrugtepryse daar te stelom prysaansporings te skep. Die mense behoort aangemoedig te word om hulle gunstelingvrugtebome by hulle huise te plant om 'n voortdurende vrugtevoorraad te verseker. Eenvoudige vrugteverwerkingtegnologie kan vir kommersiële doeleindes vir hoofsaaklik vroue ingestel word. Navorsing is nodig om volhoubare oesvlakke van wilde vrugte te bepaal, sowel as maniere vir die deelnemende monitering van hierdie vlakke en die oesmetodes wat gebruik word.
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2

Cadstedt, Jenny. "Influence and Invisibility : Tenants in Housing Provision in Mwanza City, Tanzania." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Stockholm university, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41037218j.

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3

Mwamba, Natu El-maamry Amir. "An economic analysis of cotton marketing in Tanzania : the case of Mwanza region." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267063.

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4

Obasi, Angela I. N. "The epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in Mwanza region, Tanzania." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536824.

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5

Manji, K. "Articulating the role of social norms in sustaining intimate partner violence in Mwanza, Tanzania." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2018. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4647114/.

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Background and aims: Intimate partner violence (IPV) has emerged as a serious public health issue that demands global action. While practitioners and researchers in the violence field have long argued that gender-related norms are fundamentally linked to IPV, there is little theoretical understanding of exactly how norms affect violence in practice. Moreover, while norms are central to feminist accounts of violence, there has been little effort to apply social norms theory to the realities of partner violence. This thesis aims to address these gaps by investigating empirically how social norms affect partner violence, using Tanzania as a case study. Methods: In particular, this study employs a qualitative methodology and uses two sources of data – focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews – to generate data on how local people in an urban community in Mwanza, Tanzania describe norms linked to IPV. While the interview guides are structured to probe elements of social norm theory, the questions are open-­‐ended to encourage participants to speak to their own understandings of IPV. Similarly, whereas the study primarily uses social norms theory to interpret its findings, it draws on other bodies of social science theory, such as gender theory, to fully account for how norms perpetuate IPV, as revealed by the data. Findings and conclusion: The study concludes that whereas traditional norms theory offers insights useful for identifying normative influence, it is inadequate for understanding the role of gender norms in catalysing and sustaining IPV. To fill this gap, the study unites disparate bodies of scholarship into a coherent framework for articulating how gender norms affect IPV in low-­‐income countries contextually similar to Tanzania. Because such a framework is embedded in empirical realities, it also has utility for donors and programmers wishing to employ it to design and evaluate programmes aimed at transforming gender discriminatory norms that sustain IPV in similar settings.
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6

Norlén, Gustaf. ""Putting AIDS in its Place" : How HIV/AIDS affects livelihood strategies in Mwanza City, Tanzania." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Human Geography, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-39914.

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The general aim of this essay is to situate the AIDS-epidemic in its socio-economic context, in order to see how HIV/AIDS affects households at a micro level. The material for the study was gathered during a minor field study conducted in Mwanza City, Tanzania.  The majority of the population in Tanzania is not part of the formal economic sector and does not enjoy the security of public health care, pension and other forms of support. Instead of being employed in the formal sector these people draw on different informal sources to secure their livelihoods. This has created a context where people are vulnerable in a situation of crisis. Since the 1980s - when the first cases of HIV were recorded in Tanzania - the epidemic has grown and HIV now constitutes one of the major threats to livelihood security.  But what impact does HIV/AIDS have on livelihood strategies in an urban setting? And how does the AIDS-epidemic affect society in general? Theses questions are investigated using qualitative methods and the data is analyzed by means of a livelihood framework.  From the gathered material I could conclude that HIV/AIDS indeed affects the livelihood strategies of afflicted households. Social capital – in the shape of support from family, friends and other networks – turned out to be an important resource. There is, however, an inequity in access to this resource. Stigmatisation has a negative impact on the social capital and increases the vulnerability of the afflicted households.  The essay deals with these issues in a wider perspective in relation to the role of the state and other actors and it is concluded with a discussion on the role of livelihood studies in the prevailing discourse on HIV/AIDS.

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7

Mutebi, Simon [Verfasser]. "Subjective Experiences and Practices of Sexual Performance Concerns Among Young Men in Mwanza City, Tanzania / Simon Mutebi." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1226154530/34.

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8

Grosskurth, Heiner. "The impact of improved STD case management on HIV infection and sexually transmitted diseases in Mwanza region, Tanzania." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312911.

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9

Tangi, Felista [Verfasser], Margit Akademischer Betreuer] Stein, and Marco [Gutachter] [Rieckmann. "Physical and psychological bullying in secondary schools in Mwanza Region, Tanzania / Felista Tangi ; Gutachter: Marco Rieckmann ; Betreuer: Margit Stein." Vechta : Universitätsbibliothek Vechta, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1184988366/34.

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10

Martinsson, Joel. "Fighting For Consenus : An Agonistic Pluralism and Deliberative Analysis of how Youths in Urban Mwanza Envision a Deepened Democracy." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-39402.

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This essay has two aims. The first is to provide a better understanding of how youths in urban Mwanza envision a deepening of the democratic system in regard to the deliberative democracy theory by Jürgen Habermas and the agonistic pluralism by Chantal Mouffe. The second aim is to connect the empirical material – the democratic deepening visions of youths in urban Mwanza – to a theoretical discussion, transforming the democratic models into democratization chains. The theoretical contribution in this essay is to apply these theoretical models to an emerging democracy such as Tanzania, and to to transform the agonistic pluralism and deliberative models into democratization chains. The empirical material in this essay has further been gathered through semi-structured interviews with 19 youths in urban Mwanza. The results presented in the first analytical chapter shows that youths in urban Mwanza leans towards a vision of a deliberative model of democracy rather then an agonistic pluralism, but that a social class dimension could be seen as affecting the lean. Particularly less-educated females raised concerns that a deliberative approach would segment an unsatisfying political status quo. The theoretical discussion showed that the implications visions of a deepened democracy from youths in urban Mwanza theoretically could have on the democratization process changes if the theories are seen as models or chains.
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11

Fermon, Yves. "Les haplochromis spp. (teleostei, cichlidae) des zones rocheuses du Mwanza Gulf, lac Victoria, Tanzanie : structure des communautés et écomorphologie." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MNHN0011.

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L'ichtyofaune du lac Victoria est principalement composée d'espèces endémiques de téléostéens appartenant à la famille des cichlides. La diversité des formes, observée chez ces poissons, en fait un des exemples les plus remarquables de radiation adaptative chez les vertébrés. Néanmoins, en raison du jeune âge (25 000 ans) de cet essaim d'espèces, il est très difficile de séparer les espèces entre elles. En effet, la plasticité phénotypique de ces cichlides fait que les variations intra spécifiques peuvent être plus importantes que les variations interspécifiques. Dans le cadre d'un programme sur les cichlides pétricoles du Mwanza Gulf, en Tanzanie, nous avons étudié les structures des communautés de poissons des zones rocheuses selon différentes échelles spatiales afin d'apporter des éléments préliminaires à leur connaissance. Le présent travail se compose de deux parties. ? A l'échelle du Mwanza Gulf, nous avons étudié les variations de la richesse spécifique. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence un effet région. Les zones rocheuses se situant dans des régions du golfe ou elles sont nombreuses et peu distantes les unes des autres montrent une richesse spécifique plus élevée que celles situées dans une région ou leur densité est plus faible. Si les biais liés à l'échantillonnage ne nous ont pas permis de mettre en évidence les relations entre les variables géomorphologiques et anthropiques (pêche et introduction de la perche du Nil) et la richesse spécifique, nous avons étudié les relations entre les caractéristiques des individus pêches et le type de substrat rocheux. La répartition des individus selon le substrat est liée à la taille et à l'espèce. ? A l'échelle d'une station rocheuse, nous avons étudié les variations morphologiques d'une espèce, haplochromis nyererei Witte & Witte Maas, 1985. Les variables morphologiques ont été séparées en trois groupes: a) les distances entre deux points remarquables (morphométrie) pour caractériser la forme générale des poisson s ; b) la forme de la tête en utilisant l'analyse d'image vidéo ; c) les caractéristiques liées à l'alimentation (longueur intestinale, contenus stomacaux, longueur et largeur de la mâchoire inferieure). Des analyses multivariées ont été utilisées pour caractériser les variations morphologiques. Les poissons ont pu être séparés en quatre groupes plus ou moins distincts: (1) des males de grandes tailles avec une bosse frontale proéminente, un corps trapu et des structures anatomiques liées à une alimentation strictement insectivore ; (2) des mâles sans bosse frontale, plus ou moins trapus avec des structures anatomiques liées à un régime omnivore a tendance insectivore ; (3) des mâles et quelques femelles avec une légère bosse sur la tête, un corps allonge et des structures anatomiques liées à un régime alimentaire alguivore ; (4) des femelles et quelques petits males sans bosse sur la tête, un corps très allongé et un régime alimentaire omnivore a tendance herbivore. Pour expliquer en partie ces différences intra spécifiques, nous avons émis plusieurs hypothèses liées au comportement. La différence morphologique entre les individus peut être le résultat de la mise en place de la dominance et de territoires chez les males. D'autres caractères morphologiques et biologiques, comme le facteur de condition k et le nombre d'ocelles présents sur la nageoire anale qui peuvent être lies au succès reproducteur, ont confirmé les résultats obtenus précédemment. Suite à cette analyse, nous avons étudié la morphologie des ocelles afin d'apporter des éléments sur leur rôle possible dans les processus de reconnaissance entre individus. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que les ocelles, par leur forme, pouvaient être reconnus par les femelles comme étant des œufs. S'il existe une grande variabilité dans la taille et la disposition de chaque ocelle sur la nageoire anale, on constate que la configuration générale des ocelles reste constante quelle que soit la taille de l'individu. Ce travail de thèse a donc permis de mettre en évidence la complexité de la structure des communautés des cichlides pétricoles du Mwanza Gulf. L'étude écomorphologique à l'échelle d'une population a démontré la plasticité écologique et phénotypique au sein d'une même espèce. Cette plasticité est probablement à la base de l'essaim d'espèces de cichlides observe dans le lac Victoria
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12

Alm, Josef. "Youth political participation in an emerging democracy : A case study of political participation among Tanzanian youths in urban Mwanza." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-46052.

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This thesis is based on a case study of Tanzanian youths’ political participation in urban Mwanza. The purpose of this study is to examine how urban youths understand their participation in various political activities in an emerging democracy like Tanzania. The research question guiding the study is how youths understand and value voting in elections in comparison to other forms of political participation. The study focuses on three different political activities; to vote, to contact a politician and to participate in a demonstration. The three political activities are combined with Verba et al.’s (1995) theory of the attributes of political activities into a theoretical analysis model. The thesis uses a qualitative methodology based on 19 semi-structured interviews with Tanzanian youths living in urban Mwanza. The results indicated that the youths in Mwanza understood voting as their prime opportunity to communicate their political voices to politicians. However, the youths expressed that political activities beyond voting facilitate them with opportunities to communicate more specific political messages to politicians multiple times.
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13

Tangi, Felista [Verfasser], Margit [Akademischer Betreuer] Stein, and Marco [Gutachter] Rieckmann. "Physical and psychological bullying in secondary schools in Mwanza Region, Tanzania / Felista Tangi ; Gutachter: Marco Rieckmann ; Betreuer: Margit Stein." Vechta : Universitätsbibliothek Vechta, 2019. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2019050103474239182610.

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14

Dusabe, John. "Development and evaluation of an mHealth intervention to improve the uptake of sexual and reproductive health services in Mwanza Tanzania." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2014371/.

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This thesis documents the development and evaluation of an mHealth intervention for sexual and reproductive health (SRH) referral from drugstores to health facilities in Mwanza Tanzania. SRH is an important factor for human development. Over the last 2 decades, provision and accessibility to SRH services has benefited from international and national health promotion interventions. In developing countries, use of close to community providers (CTC providers), such as village health workers, has been a key component of health promotion. This has been especially true in Tanzania where up to 70% of formal primary health care facilities lack health staff. CTC providers have been promoted through international initiatives such as the World Health Organization’s (WHO) task-shifting initiative. WHO’s recognition of CTC providers ranges from cadres at the grassroots level such as village health workers and drugstores to formal auxiliary providers based in health facilities, such as medical aides and nurses. In Tanzania, drugstores provide a range of SRH services ranging from simple advice on how to use a condom to complex prescriptions of antibiotics for STI treatment. Evidence has shown that drugstores – though more likely to have health-related training than any other informal CTC providers – lack skills necessary for provision of SRH services. This may contribute to poor SRH outcomes, such as increase in prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and antibiotic resistance. Accessing SRH services at the formal health facility level is key to improving these outcomes. To create SRH service linkages and integration between drugstores and health facilities in Mwanza, Tanzania, an intervention that pioneered an mHealth SRH referral from drugstores to health facilities was designed and implemented for 18 months from September 2012 to February 2014. Referral between these two SRH providers using mHealth tools had not been attempted before. The intervention provided an electronic platform accessible to 52 drugstores and 18 health facilities in two districts of Mwanza region. Through a toll-free number and password, drugstores referred patients with SRH conditions to health facilities using the text-messaging feature on their mobile phones. From the platform’s in-built data collection tool, SRH uptake data demonstrated that 38% of patients referred from drugstores accessed HIV, STIs, family planning and maternal health services at the health facility level. A follow-up randomised household survey found that 72% of the participants would accept such type of referral in future, and among those who had ever visited drugstores for SRH services, 15% had heard about the intervention. At the end of the intervention, drugstores and health facilities confirmed that it was beneficial to their SRH service provision and that they would like to continue implementing it. In conclusion, this text messaging intervention pioneered community referral from drugstores to health facilities for SRH treatment by using mobile phones which appeared to be acceptable and effective in Mwanza Tanzania. With the growing use of mobile phones in Africa and the need to provide SRH services beyond the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) era, mobile phone-based community referral through CTC providers, such as drugstores, could make an important contribution to achieving Universal Health Coverage targets.
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15

Doyle, Aoife Margaret. "Older, wiser, safer : evaluation of the long-term impact of an adolescent sexual health intervention programme (MEMA kwa Vijana) in Mwanza, Tanzania." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2010. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4646536/.

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Background: The UNGASS target to reduce HIV prevalence by 25% among 15-25 year olds living in the most affected countries by 2005 has not been met. In the absence of a vaccine or cure, behavioural interventions are the main strategy for HIV control. The ability of specific behaviour change interventions to reduce HIV/STI incidence and unplanned pregnancies in young people remains unproven. Methods: Since January 1999, an adolescent sexual and reproductive health (SRH) intervention has been implemented in 10 randomly selected intervention communities in rural Tanzania, within a community randomised trial. The intervention consisted of teacher-led, peer-assisted in school education, youth-friendly health services, community activities and youth condom promotion and distribution. Process evaluation in 1999-2002 showed high intervention quality and coverage. From June 2007 to July 2008, in the specific research reported in this thesis, the long-term impact of the intervention was evaluated among 13,814 young people aged 17-27 years who had attended trial schools between 1999 and 2002. Findings: Prevalences of HIV and HSV2 were 1.8% and 25.9% in males and 4.0% and 41.4% in females, respectively. The intervention did not significantly reduce risk of HIV (males adjusted prevalence ratio(aPR)=0.91; 95%CI:0.50-1.65; females aPR=1.07; 95%CI:0.68-1.67) or HSV2 (males aPR=0.94;95%CI:0.77-1.15; females aPR=0.96; 95%CI:0.87-1.06). The intervention was associated with a reduction in number of lifetime sexual partners reported by males (aPR=0.87; 95%CI:0.78-0.97) and an increase in reported condom use at last sex with a non-regular partner among females (aPR=1.34; 95%CI:1.07-1.69). There was a clear and consistent beneficial impact on knowledge, but no significant impact on reported attitudes to sexual risk, reported pregnancies or other reported sexual behaviours. Interpretation: SRH knowledge can be improved and retained long-term, but this intervention had little effect on reported behaviour or HIV/STI prevalence. Youth interventions integrated within intensive, community-wide risk reduction programmes may be more successful and should be evaluated.
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Faru, Sakina [Verfasser], Corinna [Akademischer Betreuer] Onnen, and Jantje [Gutachter] Halberstadt. "Assessment of Prevention and Control of Squatters in Mwanza City, Tanzania through Social Responsibility Approach / Sakina Faru ; Gutachter: Jantje Halberstadt ; Betreuer: Corinna Onnen." Vechta : Universitätsbibliothek Vechta, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1189209802/34.

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17

Watson-Jones, Deborah Lindsay. "Impact of syphilis on outcome of pregnancy and evaluation of syphilis screening strategies for the reduction of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Mwanza, Tanzania." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246851.

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18

Balira, Rebecca. "Implementation of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and maternal syphilis screening and treatment programmes in Mwanza region, Tanzania : uptake and challenges." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2010. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1520139/.

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Literature and other background information on prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) and maternal syphilis screening programmes in Tanzania reveal that little has been documented on accessibility and utilization of these services. This thesis presents the results from a research conducted in Mwanza city, Tanzania to assess the operational performance of PMTCT and maternal syphilis screening and treatment during pregnancy, at delivery and in the postnatal period. From different sub-studies conducted at the antenatal clinics (ANC) and in the maternity ward for this research, a number of missed implementation opportunities were identified. A review of records found that 24% of pregnant women who delivered in hospital left the maternity ward with unknown HIV status and 50% of HIV-positive women tested at ANC did not receive Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for PMTCT. A cross-sectional study at the maternity ward found that 12% of pregnant women who were not screened for syphilis, 27% of RPR-positive women who were not treated at ANC, and all infants of RPR-positive women did not receive any intervention to prevent congenital syphilis. Forty-one percent of HIV-positive women recruited in the cohort study successfully completed all PMTCT interventions. Only 18% of HIV-positive women identified through PMTCT were successfully referred to, and attended an adult care and treatment clinic (CTC). Of 403 HIV- positive women in the cohort study, 50% did not intend to get pregnant and by four months postpartum, 20% of them reported to have not received any counselling on family planning. HIV-positive women who did not receive counselling on FP use were at a higher risk of not using contraception compared to those who were counselled (adj. OR=6, 95% Cl; 2.8-12.9). About 27% of HIV-positive mothers were not counselled regarding infant feeding and 40.2% of women who were not counselled on infant feeding were undecided on how to feed their infants before they left the hospital compared to only 2.5% of women who were counselled (P
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Wambura, Mwita. "The role of mobility on sexual behaviour and transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and sexually transmitted diseases in rural communities of Mwanza region Tanzania." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536912.

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Orroth, Angela Katherine. "Investigations of the propertion of HIV infections attributable to sexually transmitted diseases in sub-Saharan Africa : based on data from the Mwanza and Rakai trials." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406515.

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Oberhagemann, Annika [Verfasser], Hartwig [Gutachter] Klinker, and Michael [Gutachter] Klein. "Untersuchungen zum Therapeutischen Drug Monitoring von Nevirapin, Efavirenz und Lopinavir im Rahmen der antiretroviralen Kombinationstherapie bei Patienten mit HIV-Infektion in Mwanza/Tansania / Annika Oberhagemann. Gutachter: Hartwig Klinker ; Michael Klein." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1110984790/34.

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van, Eckert Viviane Roxann [Verfasser], and August [Gutachter] Stich. "Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in adult HIV–positive patients and comparison of specificity and sensitivity of five different methods to detect a current infection in Mwanza Province /Northern Tanzania / Viviane Roxann van Eckert ; Gutachter: August Stich." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1211959732/34.

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Gromova, Nelli V. "Mara tena juu ya usarufishaji (suala la mwana)." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-98181.

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Dhana ya usarufishaji, kama Kamusi ya Isimu na Lugha inavyoeleza, ni ubadilishaji wa neno huru ama mofimu huru yenye maana ya kisemantiki na kuifanya mofimu funge na yenye maana ya kisarufi zaidi. Tunaposema kuhusu usarufishaji, mara nyingi tunamaanisha hasa ubadilishaji wa neno huru liwe mofimu. Miongoni mwa aina zote za maneno, ambazo zinaweza kusarufishwa, zile zinazotumika mara nyingi zaidi ni nomino na vitenzi. Ningetaka kujibu swali juu ya kazi ya kisarufi ya leksimu mwana: baada ya kuzichunguza maana zake za kisarufi inawezekana kutilia mkazo kwamba katika lugha ya Kiswahili tunashuhudia mwanzo wa kuibadilisha nomino huru mwana iwe kiambishi awali cha uundaji wa maneno mapya yanayotaja watu mbalimbali kutokana na kazi, shughuli zao, kuwepo katika vyama n.k. Inawezekana kwamba maneno ambatani yanayoanzia na mwana yanaunda ngeli maalum ya nomino (sawa na ngeli ya 1a/2a ya lugha nyingine za Kibantu).
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Johansson, Lars. "In the shadow of neocolonialism : a study of Meja Mwangi's novels 1973-1990 /." Umeå : Stockholm : Umeå univ. ; Almqvist & Wiksell distributör, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb356813464.

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Frankl, P. J. L. "Siku ya mwaka: the Swahili New Year." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-95060.

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The concept of the natural year (Swahili `mwaka´) is found throughout the Bantu family of languages (Guthrie 1970: iv, 143) Today there are three possible years for the Swahili. First there is the Swahili year, the first day of which was once celebrated by all the Swahili people, while the year itself was of especial importance to farmers, to sailors and fishermen as well as to travellers and scholars. Secondly there is the Islamic-Swahili year, the first day of which is, in practice, celebrated on the first day of the first month after Ramadhani - 1 mfungo mosi (and not on 1 Muharram). Finally there is, since the arrival of European- hristians in the the second half of the nineteenth century, the Gregorian year, which is known to Swahilis who have attended primary school and 1 January has been a government holiday ever since.
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Muthoni, Joyce W. "Gender and Climate Change: Use of the Livelihood Framework to Investigate Women's Adaptive Capacity in Mwanga District, Tanzania." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1344456730.

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Muhire, Mwanga Blaise [Verfasser], and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Doevenspeck. "Land, Power and Identity : The politics of scale and violent conflict in Masisi, "DR Congo" / Blaise Muhire Mwanga ; Betreuer: Martin Doevenspeck." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1187335568/34.

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Mwangi, Serah [Verfasser]. "Prepositions in Kenyan English : A Corpus-Based Study in Lexico-Grammatical Variation / Serah Mwangi." Aachen : Shaker, 2003. http://d-nb.info/1181601770/34.

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Kitavi, Mwaya Wa. "The induction of beginning school principals in Kenya / Mwaya Wa Kitavi." Thesis, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/795.

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Entry is a quintessential situation, when the hopes and fears of all the years are again rekindled, when the dreams and visions of both the person (principal) entering and the organization (school) inviting him are aroused, when all the anxieties of facing the unknown are at their highest pitch. and when one experiences the ritual of initiation into the mysteries of this particular tribe (Tobert, 1982). More than ever researchers are becoming aware of the veracity of Toberts' (1982) claim and this has heightened and increased their awareness of the importance of identifying problems facing newcomers (beginning principals) to the profession of education. However, despite this growing awareness of the problems faced by beginning principals and the importance of the school principal as the key integral ingredient for success in school, very little is known about problems and induction needs of beginning principals in developing countries. Similarly, little attention has been paid to assisting and supporting beginning principals in Kenya. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the problems, challenges, difficulties and concerns facing beginning principals in Kenya and the essential skills they require in order to be effective and efficient in their principalship. The ultimate goal of the study was to design an induction programme for beginning principals in Kenya. The subjects of this study were stratified random samples of both beginning (n= 100) and experienced (n= 100) secondary school principals selected from all 8 provinces of Kenya. Beginning secondary school principals include those appointed to the principalship for the first time between June 1991 and June 1994 (0-3 years) while experienced principals included those with 3 and more years' experience. Results from 142 respondents were analysed. The study revealed that beginning principals in developing countries like Kenya face unique problems that could be ascribed to the educational system's failure to provide enough financial support for schools. As such, beginning principals in developing countries deal with problems like inadequate physical facilities, shortage of school equipment. overcrowded classrooms, and students who cannot afford to pay school fees or buy books. Additionally, the study revealed that beginning principals in developing countries need essential skills such as self-awareness skills, technical skills and socialization skills. The conclusions derived from both the theoretical and practical parts, that is, the literature study and the empirical investigations, formed the rationale for the design of a well structured induction programme for beginning principals in Kenya. The study recommends the implementation of the Beginning Principals' Induction Programme. The mentoring system has been described as the panacea for inducting beginning principals because it is cost and time effective. The induction programme strongly recommends the use of experienced principals as mentors to beginning principals. Undoubtedly the most important influence on the quality of educational managers (principals) is their competencies and the induction of capable principals is one of the sine qua non of the development of competent educational managers. It is postulated that the implementation of the Beginning Principals' Induction Programme (BPIP) could be the catalyst for change in the status quo regarding the monumental and formidable problems, challenges, difficulties and concerns facing beginning principals in developing countries like Kenya.
Proefskrif (PhD (Onderwysbestuur))--PU vir CHO, 1995.
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Wanjiku, Samuel Mwangi [Verfasser]. "THE EU-AFRICA PARTNERSHIP : THE EU’s CHANGING POLICY TOWARDS AFRICAN IRREGULAR MIGRATION / Samuel Mwangi Wanjiku." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1236994051/34.

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Mwana, Kitata Job [Verfasser]. "Église catholique et crise socio-politique en RD Congo : Analyse discursive de la parole épiscopale catholique sur la paix / Job Mwana Kitata." Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1204347158/34.

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Ticha, Ignatius Khan. "Evocations of poverty in selected novels of Meja Mwangi and Roddy Doyle : a study of literary representation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85650.

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Thesis (PhD)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study explores fictional representations of poverty in selected novels of Meja Mwangi and Roddy Doyle, respectively Kenyan and Irish – examining techniques of literary representation and how the two authors make imaginative use of various stylistic techniques and verbal skills in a selection of their texts to achieve compelling representations of poverty. The study recognizes that poverty is one of the most recurrent subjects of discussion in the world, that it is a complex and multifaceted concept and condition and that it affects societal, political and economic dimensions of life. The study considers the (broad) United Nations definition of poverty as: “… a human condition characterised by the sustained or chronic deprivation of the resources, capabilities, choices, security and power necessary for the enjoyment of an adequate standard of living and other civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights” (United Nations High Commission for Human Rights, 2002). Rather than suggest that fiction replaces other approaches in the study of poverty, the study calls for a complementary “conversation” between fiction and the social sciences in depictions of the condition of poverty. However, the study notes the advantage that fiction has in its nuanced exploration of the subject of poverty. In fact, fiction reflects social reality in interestingly subversive but also empowering ways – showing a unique way of dealing with difficult situations. Fiction is equipped with the subtle instruments and complex power of literary devices to articulate multiple layers of possible meanings and human experiences and conditions vividly and movingly – in ways that are accessible to a variety of readers. While giving a voice to the voiceless – the poor – narrative fiction opens inner feelings and thoughts of the depicted poor and enables the reader to probe deeply into the inner feelings of characters depicted; allowing the reader to develop a deeper understanding of the condition of poverty, but also allowing the reader to bring his or her interpretation to bear on what is represented. The five main chapters of the thesis are thematically arranged, but the analysis draws on a variety of theoretical paradigms including but not limited to those of Maria Pia Lara and Mikhail Bakhtin. Significant to the study is Maria Pia Lara’s ideas of literature as a “frame for struggles of recognition and transformation” (Lara, 1998: 7) and of the “illocutionary force” (1998: 5) of literature – its ability to articulate aspects of a human condition (such as poverty) vividly and compellingly. Bakhtin’s suggestion that “language is not self-evident and not in itself incontestable” (Bakhtin, 2004: 332) is important – capturing the idea of a distinctive flexibility of discourse in the novel and rejecting simplistic ideas that there is a single truth concerning a particular situation such as poverty.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis onderneem ‘n studie van literêre voorstellings van armoede in geselekteerde romans van Meja Mwangi en Roddy Doyle, respektiewelik ‘n Keniaanse en ‘n Ierse outeur. Die analise sentreer rondom die literêre tegnieke waarvan die skrywers gebruik maak en ondersoek hul verbeeldingryke gebruik van verskillende stilistiese tegnieke en verbale kunste in ‘n seleksie van hul tekste om sodoende indrukwekkende voorstellings van armoede te boekstaaf. Die studie erken dat armoede een van die mees bespreekte onderwerpe in die wêreld is, dat dit ‘n komplekse en veelkantige konsep en tipe lewenservaring is en dat dit by sosiale, politiese en ekonomiese lewensdimensies aansny. Die studie maak gebruik van die breë definisie van armoede soos verskaf deur die Verenigde Volke: “… ‘n menslike kondisie wat gekenmerk word deur die langdurige of kroniese ontneming van die bronne, kapasiteite, keuses, sekuriteit en mag wat nodig is ten einde ‘n adekwate lewensstandaard en ander siviele, kulturele, ekonomiese, politiese en sosiale regte te kan geniet” (Verenigde Volke Kommissie van Menseregte, 2002). Instede daarvan om te suggereer dat fiksie ander maniere om oor armoede te bestudeer, behoort te vervang, stel hierdie studie voor dat ‘n komplementerende “gesprek” tussen fiksie en die sosiale wetenskappe behoort plaas te vind aangaande die toestand van armoede. Nogtans meld hierdie studie die voordeel aan waaroor fiksie beskik in die genuanseerde ondersoek aangaande die onderwerp van armoede. Fiksie reflekteer sosiale werklikhede op interessante, selfs subversiewe maar ook bemagtigende maniere – sodoende manifesteer dit ‘n unieke metode van omgaan met moeilike situasies. Fiksie beskik oor subtiele instrumente en die komplekse krag van literêre metodes om die veellagige moontlike betekenisse en toestande waardeur armoede gekenmerk word, te artikuleer – op heldere asook aandoenlike maniere wat terselfdertyd weerklank kan vind by ‘n verskeidenheid van lesers. Terwyl dit ‘n stem verskaf aan die stemloses – die armes – open narratiewe fiksie die dieper gevoelens en gedagtes van die armes en maak sulke werke dit vir die leser moontlik om deur te dring tot die binneste gevoelslewe van die karakters. Op hierdie manier maak fiksie dit vir die leser moontlik om ‘n beter begrip van die ervaringswêreld van armoedige mense te bekom, maar word dit ook vir die leser moontlik om sy of haar eie interpretasie te maak van die voorgestelde toestand van armoede. Die vyf hoofstukke van die tesis is tematies gestruktureer, maar die analise maak gebruik van ‘n paar teoretiese perspektiewe wat díe van Maria Pia Lara en Mikhail Bakhtin insluit. Lara se idees aangaande letterkunde as “[a] frame for struggles of recognition and transformation” en oor die “illocutionary force” (Lara, 1998: 7, 5) van letterkunde – m.a.w. die mag van literêre voorstellings om aspekte van menslike ervaring (bv. armoede) op duidelike en kragtige maniere uit te beeld – en Bakhtin se suggestie: “language is not self-evident and not in itself contestable” (Bakhtin, 2004: 332) is belangrik omdat dit die kenmerkende buigsaamheid van diskoers in die roman saamvat en simplistiese idees dat daar ‘n enkelmatige waarheid i.v.m. ‘n komplekse toestand soos armoede kan wees, verwerp.
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Mngumi, Julius W. "Perceptions of climate change, environmental variability and the role of agricultural adaptation strategies by small-scale farmers in Africa : the case of Mwanga District in northern Tanzania." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7441/.

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The potential impacts of climate change and environmental variability are already evident in most parts of the world, which is witnessing increasing temperature rates and prolonged flood or drought conditions that affect agriculture activities and nature-dependent livelihoods. This study was conducted in Mwanga District in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania to assess the nature and impacts of climate change and environmental variability on agriculture-dependent livelihoods and the adaptation strategies adopted by small-scale rural farmers. To attain its objective, the study employed a mixed methods approach in which both qualitative and quantitative techniques were used. The study shows that farmers are highly aware of their local environment and are conscious of the ways environmental changes affect their livelihoods. Farmers perceived that changes in climatic variables such as rainfall and temperature had occurred in their area over the period of three decades, and associated these changes with climate change and environmental variability. Farmers’ perceptions were confirmed by the evidence from rainfall and temperature data obtained from local and national weather stations, which showed that temperature and rainfall in the study area had become more variable over the past three decades. Farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of climate change vary depending on the location, age and gender of the respondents. The findings show that the farmers have limited understanding of the causes of climatic conditions and environmental variability, as some respondents associated climate change and environmental variability with social, cultural and religious factors. This study suggests that, despite the changing climatic conditions and environmental variability, farmers have developed and implemented a number of agriculture adaptation strategies that enable them to reduce their vulnerability to the changing conditions. The findings show that agriculture adaptation strategies employ both planned and autonomous adaptation strategies. However, the study shows that increasing drought conditions, rainfall variability, declining soil fertility and use of cheap farming technology are among the challenges that limit effective implementation of agriculture adaptation strategies. This study recommends further research on the varieties of drought-resilient crops, the development of small-scale irrigation schemes to reduce dependence on rain-fed agriculture, and the improvement of crop production in a given plot of land. In respect of the development of adaptation strategies, the study recommends the involvement of the local farmers and consideration of their knowledge and experience in the farming activities as well as the conditions of their local environment. Thus, the findings of this study may be helpful at various levels of decision making with regard to the development of climate change and environmental variability policies and strategies towards reducing farmers’ vulnerability to current and expected future changes.
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Mwangi, James Maina [Verfasser]. "Resistance based integrated pest management strategy for Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida in potato cropping systems / James Maina Mwangi." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1231409576/34.

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Mwangi, James Kamau. "The relationship between theological training and practical ministry : a study of Pan Africa Christian College Alumni 1983-2004 / J.K. Mwangi." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4119.

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Theological training presupposes a mandate from God, and hence, a responsibility to him. The task of theological training is to nurture gifted leaders who are in turn to nurture other believers so that the church can effectively fulfil her missional mandate. The effectiveness of theological training must therefore be measured by how it enhances the practice of ministry in the work of its graduates. There exists a general concern about the way theological schools are preparing men and women for church ministry, with the church leadership feeling like graduates are not up to the task of ministering despite the theological training that they have been given in Bible Schools and Seminaries. This study begins by noting the limitations of the traditional training models of ministerial training. Then it examines the relationship between theological training and practical ministry with the purpose of addressing the fundamental problems that hinder theological training from becoming relevant. Ultimately the study establishes the need for a competent training program modelled after the New Testament discipleship model approach. This model integrates knowledge, being and practical training. The research focuses on the Pan Africa Christian College (PACC) alumni 1984-2004 as case study, with a view to establishing the relationship between training and practical ministry. At the same time, to establish the extent to which theological training at PACC has helped the graduates in their placement and practice of ministry. Finally, the study re-examines the scriptural basis for theological training and practical ministry and proposes a new model for that addresses common inadequacies in theological training. The research has established that there is a relationship between theological training and practice of ministry and that practical ministry can only be improved through enhancing theological training.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Mureithi, Daniel Mwangi [Verfasser]. "Characterisation of key pests of amaranth and nightshades in Kenya and development of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies / Daniel Mwangi Mureithi." Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1172414254/34.

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Mwanje, Stephen Ssekiranda [Verfasser], Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Mitschele-Thiel, Armin [Akademischer Betreuer] Zimmermann, and Anja [Akademischer Betreuer] Klein. "Coordinating Coupled Self-Organized Network Functions in Cellular Radio Networks / Stephen Ssekiranda Mwanje. Gutachter: Armin Zimmermann ; Anja Klein. Betreuer: Andreas Mitschele-Thiel." Ilmenau : Universitätsbibliothek Ilmenau, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1074139550/34.

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Murigi, Patrick Mwangi [Verfasser], and F. [Akademischer Betreuer] Nestmann. "Collaborative Decision Support Tools for Water Resources Management - A Scientific Case Study of Nairobi River Catchment / Patrick Mwangi Murigi. Betreuer: F. Nestmann." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1070584185/34.

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Mwamba, Leonard Otieno [Verfasser], Robert [Akademischer Betreuer] Kappel, and Robert [Gutachter] Kappel. "Vulnerability and Adaptability: Modelling the Adaptive Capacity of Rural Households to Environmental Changes / Leonard Otieno Mwamba ; Gutachter: Robert Kappel ; Betreuer: Robert Kappel." Leipzig : Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1238366228/34.

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Mwanje, Stephen S. [Verfasser], Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Mitschele-Thiel, Armin [Akademischer Betreuer] Zimmermann, and Anja [Akademischer Betreuer] Klein. "Coordinating Coupled Self-Organized Network Functions in Cellular Radio Networks / Stephen Ssekiranda Mwanje. Gutachter: Armin Zimmermann ; Anja Klein. Betreuer: Andreas Mitschele-Thiel." Ilmenau : Universitätsbibliothek Ilmenau, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2015000135.

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Wendoh, Senorina. "Colonial and postcolonial representation in Kenyan writing with particular reference to Richard Meinertzhagen, Elspeth Huxley, Karen Blixen, Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Meja Mwangi and Rebeka Njau." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407443.

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Mwaka, Innocent [Verfasser], and Michael [Gutachter] Bollig. "Agricultural improvement? Persistence and change in agricultural development ideas and farmers' responses in Kilombero Valley, Tanzania (1900-2015) / Innocent Mwaka ; Gutachter: Michael Bollig." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1226286402/34.

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Mutua, Peter Mwaura [Verfasser], Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Vidal, Johannes [Akademischer Betreuer] Hallmann, and Andreas von [Akademischer Betreuer] Tiedemann. "Host-parasite interaction between the potato tuber rot nematode (Ditylenchus destructor), stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) and potato / Peter Mwaura Mutua. Gutachter: Johannes Hallmann ; Andreas von Tiedemann. Betreuer: Stefan Vidal." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1068669942/34.

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Mwaura, Peter [Verfasser], Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Vidal, Johannes [Akademischer Betreuer] Hallmann, and Andreas von [Akademischer Betreuer] Tiedemann. "Host-parasite interaction between the potato tuber rot nematode (Ditylenchus destructor), stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) and potato / Peter Mwaura Mutua. Gutachter: Johannes Hallmann ; Andreas von Tiedemann. Betreuer: Stefan Vidal." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1068669942/34.

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Mwangi, Hosea Munge [Verfasser], Karl-Heinz [Akademischer Betreuer] Feger, Morag [Akademischer Betreuer] McDonald, Karl-Heinz [Gutachter] Feger, and Martin [Gutachter] Volk. "Impact of Land Use Change and Climate Variability on Watershed Hydrology in the Mara River Basin, East Africa / Hosea Munge Mwangi ; Gutachter: Karl-Heinz Feger, Martin Volk ; Karl-Heinz Feger, Morag McDonald." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1150309458/34.

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Díaz, Santos Juan Ramón. "Design and Implementation of a Communication Protocol to Improve Multimedia QoS and QoE in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/62162.

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[EN] This dissertation addresses the problem of multimedia delivery over multi-hop ad hoc wireless networks, and especially over wireless sensor networks. Due to their characteristics of low power consumption, low processing capacity and low memory capacity, they have major difficulties in achieving optimal quality levels demanded by end users in such communications. In the first part of this work, it has been carried out a study to determine the behavior of a variety of multimedia streams and how they are affected by the network conditions when they are transmitted over topologies formed by devices of different technologies in multi hop wireless ad hoc mode. To achieve this goal, we have performed experimental tests using a test bench, which combine the main codecs used in audio and video streaming over IP networks with different sound and video captures representing the characteristic patterns of multimedia services such as phone calls, video communications, IPTV and video on demand (VOD). With the information gathered in the laboratory, we have been able to establish the correlation between the induced changes in the physical and logical topology and the network parameters that measure the quality of service (QoS) of a multimedia transmission, such as latency, jitter or packet loss. At this stage of the investigation, a study was performed to determine the state of the art of the proposed protocols, algorithms, and practical implementations that have been explicitly developed to optimize the multimedia transmission over wireless ad hoc networks, especially in ad hoc networks using clusters of nodes distributed over a geographic area and wireless sensor networks. Next step of this research was the development of an algorithm focused on the logical organization of clusters formed by nodes capable of adapting to the circumstances of real-time traffic. The stated goal was to achieve the maximum utilization of the resources offered by the set of nodes that forms the network, allowing simultaneously sending reliably and efficiently all types of content through them, and mixing conventional IP data traffic with multimedia traffic with stringent QoS and QoE requirements. Using the information gathered in the previous phase, we have developed a network architecture that improves overall network performance and multimedia streaming. In parallel, it has been designed and programmed a communication protocol that allows implementing the proposal and testing its operation on real network infrastructures. In the last phase of this thesis we have focused our work on sending multimedia in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Based on the above results, we have adapted both the architecture and the communication protocol for this particular type of network, whose use has been growing hugely in recent years.
[ES] Esta tesis doctoral aborda el problema de la distribución de contenidos multimedia a través de redes inalámbricas ad hoc multisalto, especialmente las redes inalámbricas de sensores que, debido a sus características de bajo consumo energético, baja capacidad de procesamiento y baja capacidad de memoria, plantean grandes dificultades para alcanzar los niveles de calidad óptimos que exigen los usuarios finales en dicho tipo de comunicaciones. En la primera parte de este trabajo se ha llevado a cabo un estudio para determinar el comportamiento de una gran variedad de flujos multimedia y como se ven afectados por las condiciones de la red cuando son transmitidos a través topologías formadas por dispositivos de diferentes tecnologías que se comunican en modo ad hoc multisalto inalámbrico. Para ello, se han realizado pruebas experimentales sobre una maqueta de laboratorio, combinando los principales códecs empleados en la transmisión de audio y video a través de redes IP con diversas capturas de sonido y video que representan patrones característicos de servicios multimedia tales como las llamadas telefónicas, videoconferencias, IPTV o video bajo demanda (VOD). Con la información reunida en el laboratorio se ha podido establecer la correlación entre los cambios inducidos en la topología física y lógica de la red con los parámetros que miden la calidad de servicio (QoS) de una transmisión multimedia, tales como la latencia el jitter o la pérdida de paquetes. En esta fase de la investigación se realiza un estudio para determinar el estado del arte de las propuestas de desarrollo e implementación de protocolos y algoritmos que se han generado de forma explícita para optimizar la transmisión de tráfico multimedia sobre redes ad hoc inalámbricas, especialmente en las redes inalámbricas de sensores y redes ad hoc utilizando clústeres de nodos distribuidos en un espacio geográfico. El siguiente paso en la investigación ha consistido en el desarrollo de un algoritmo propio para la organización lógica de clústeres formados por nodos capaces de adaptarse a las circunstancias del tráfico en tiempo real. El objetivo planteado es conseguir un aprovechamiento máximo de los recursos ofrecidos por el conjunto de nodos que forman la red, permitiendo de forma simultánea el envío de todo tipo de contenidos a través de ellos de forma confiable y eficiente, permitiendo la convivencia de tráfico de datos IP convencional con tráfico multimedia con requisitos exigentes de QoS y QoE. A partir de la información conseguida en la fase anterior, se ha desarrollado una arquitectura de red que mejora el rendimiento general de la red y el de las transmisiones multimedia de audio y video en particular. De forma paralela, se ha diseñado y programado un protocolo de comunicación que permite implementar el modelo y testear su funcionamiento sobre infraestructuras de red reales. En la última fase de esta tesis se ha dirigido la atención hacia la transmisión multimedia en las redes de sensores inalámbricos (WSN). Partiendo de los resultados anteriores, se ha adaptado tanto la arquitectura como el protocolo de comunicaciones para este tipo concreto de red, cuyo uso se ha extendido en los últimos años de forma considerable
[CAT] Esta tesi doctoral aborda el problema de la distribució de continguts multimèdia a través de xarxes sense fil ad hoc multi salt, especialment les xarxes sense fil de sensors que, a causa de les seues característiques de baix consum energètic, baixa capacitat de processament i baixa capacitat de memòria, plantegen grans dificultats per a aconseguir els nivells de qualitat òptims que exigixen els usuaris finals en eixos tipus de comunicacions. En la primera part d'este treball s'ha dut a terme un estudi per a determinar el comportament d'una gran varietat de fluxos multimèdia i com es veuen afectats per les condicions de la xarxa quan són transmesos a través topologies formades per dispositius de diferents tecnologies que es comuniquen en mode ad hoc multi salt sense fil. Per a això, s'han realitzat proves experimentals sobre una maqueta de laboratori, combinant els principals códecs empleats en la transmissió d'àudio i vídeo a través de xarxes IP amb diverses captures de so i vídeo que representen patrons característics de serveis multimèdia com son les cridades telefòniques, videoconferències, IPTV o vídeo baix demanda (VOD). Amb la informació reunida en el laboratori s'ha pogut establir la correlació entre els canvis induïts en la topologia física i lògica de la xarxa amb els paràmetres que mesuren la qualitat de servei (QoS) d'una transmissió multimèdia, com la latència el jitter o la pèrdua de paquets. En esta fase de la investigació es realitza un estudi per a determinar l'estat de l'art de les propostes de desenvolupament i implementació de protocols i algoritmes que s'han generat de forma explícita per a optimitzar la transmissió de tràfic multimèdia sobre xarxes ad hoc sense fil, especialment en les xarxes sense fil de sensors and xarxes ad hoc utilitzant clusters de nodes distribuïts en un espai geogràfic. El següent pas en la investigació ha consistit en el desenvolupament d'un algoritme propi per a l'organització lògica de clusters formats per nodes capaços d'adaptar-se a les circumstàncies del tràfic en temps real. L'objectiu plantejat és aconseguir un aprofitament màxim dels recursos oferits pel conjunt de nodes que formen la xarxa, permetent de forma simultània l'enviament de qualsevol tipus de continguts a través d'ells de forma confiable i eficient, permetent la convivència de tràfic de dades IP convencional amb tràfic multimèdia amb requisits exigents de QoS i QoE. A partir de la informació aconseguida en la fase anterior, s'ha desenvolupat una arquitectura de xarxa que millora el rendiment general de la xarxa i el de les transmissions multimèdia d'àudio i vídeo en particular. De forma paral¿lela, s'ha dissenyat i programat un protocol de comunicació que permet implementar el model i testejar el seu funcionament sobre infraestructures de xarxa reals. En l'última fase d'esta tesi s'ha dirigit l'atenció cap a la transmissió multimèdia en les xarxes de sensors sense fil (WSN). Partint dels resultats anteriors, s'ha adaptat tant l'arquitectura com el protocol de comunicacions per a aquest tipus concret de xarxa, l'ús del qual s'ha estés en els últims anys de forma considerable.
Díaz Santos, JR. (2016). Design and Implementation of a Communication Protocol to Improve Multimedia QoS and QoE in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62162
TESIS
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Mwaura, Daniel Waweru [Verfasser], Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Kada, Martin [Gutachter] Kada, and Norbert de [Gutachter] Lange. "Exploration and optimized siting of geothermal wells using a web-based spatial decision support system : a case study of the Olkaria geothermal field / Daniel Waweru Mwaura ; Gutachter: Martin Kada, Norbert de Lange ; Betreuer: Martin Kada." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1170228364/34.

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Müller-Mbwilo, Angela [Verfasser]. "Leben mit Behinderung in einem afrikanischen Land am Beispiel Tansanias : eine empirische Studie in der Stadt Mwanza / vorgelegt von Angela Müller-Mbwilo." 2008. http://d-nb.info/99742544X/34.

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Oberhagemann, Annika. "Untersuchungen zum Therapeutischen Drug Monitoring von Nevirapin, Efavirenz und Lopinavir im Rahmen der antiretroviralen Kombinationstherapie bei Patienten mit HIV-Infektion in Mwanza/Tansania." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-113168.

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In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden die Serumspiegel der antiretroviralen Medikamente Nevirapin, Efavirenz und Lopinavir bei 124 ambulanten HIV-Patienten der HIV-Ambulanz des Bugando Hospitals in Mwanza (Tansania) bestimmt. Sechs Patienten mussten ausgeschlossen werden, so dass letztlich bei 118 Patienten überprüft wurde, welche Serumspiegel sich zu zufällig gewählten Zeitpunkten während einer Routineuntersuchung einstellten und welche Einflussfaktoren sich auf die Serumspiegel auswirkten. Insgesamt 11 % der Patienten, die NVP und EFV eingenommen hatten, wiesen Serumspiegel auf, die im subtherapeutischen Bereich lagen. 11 % der Patienten, die EFV eingenommen hatten, wiesen Spiegel auf, die oberhalb des therapeutischen Bereiches lagen. 26 % der Patienten wiesen hohe NVP-Spiegel > 6.000 ng/ml auf, die jedoch aufgrund fehlender Daten für einen oberen cut-off-Wert nicht eindeutig einzuordnen sind. Die Patienten, die LPV eingenommen hatten, wiesen suffiziente Serumspiegel auf. Der Großteil der Patienten lag somit in dem anzustrebenden Bereich der Serumspiegel. Die häufigsten Gründe für Spiegel außerhalb des therapeutischen Bereiches waren eine eingeschränkte Adhärenz und wahrscheinlich Medikamenteninteraktionen mit Tuberkulostatika. Die Serumspiegel von NVP waren bei subjektiv angegebener eingeschränkter Adhärenz signifikant niedriger (p=0,026) und auch signifikant häufiger subtherapeutisch (p=0,005) womit gezeigt werden konnte, dass schon eine einmalig vergessene Einnahme zu niedrigeren und sogar subtherapeutischen Spiegeln führen kann. Dieser Zusammenhang unterstreicht die ausgesprochene Wichtigkeit einer guten Adhärenz. 11 % der Patienten wiesen Medikamentenspiegel auf, die oberhalb des therapeutischen Bereiches lagen, welche aber nur selten mit Nebenwirkungen einhergingen. Im Falle von NVP konnte ein marginal signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen hohen NVP-Spiegeln und erhöhten GPT-Werten gezeigt werden. Diese Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Schwierigkeit, einen klaren therapeutischen Bereich zu definieren, und zeigen, dass weitere Untersuchungen notwendig sind, um den Nutzen von TDM zur Vermeidung von Nebenwirkungen zu klären. Zwischen höherem Körpergewicht und niedrigeren EFV-Serumspiegeln konnte eine marginal signifikante negative Korrelation gezeigt werden, so dass bei Patienten mit sehr hohem oder sehr niedrigem Körpergewicht TDM sinnvoll erscheint. Zusammenfassend scheint der routinemäßige Einsatz von TDM auch bei tansanischen Patienten nicht notwendig zu sein. Bei gewissen Patienten kann TDM aber sinnvoll sein, vor allem um subtherapeutische oder toxische Spiegel zu vermeiden. Hilfreich scheint der Einsatz von TDM bei Patienten mit Adhärenzproblemen, einer Komedikation mit Rifampicin und Isoniazid und eventuell bei über- oder unterdurchschnittlichem Körperwicht und EFV-Therapie sowie erhöhten Transaminasen unter NVP-Therapie. Höheres Alter, Krankheitsprogression, auffällige CD4-Zellzahlen oder eine schon lange andauernde ART scheinen keine eigenständige Indikationen für ein TDM darzustellen, da die meisten Patienten mit diesen Kriterien suffiziente Serumspiegel aufwiesen. Die signifikant niedrigeren Serumspiegel der eingeschränkt adhärenten Patienten in dieser Untersuchung im Vergleich zu Patienten, die gute Adhärenz angegeben hatten, unterstreichen die Wichtigkeit einer gründlichen Aufklärung der Patienten über die Notwendigkeit einer guten Adhärenz
Study of therapeutic drug monitoring of Nevirapin, Efavirenz and Lopinavir within an antiviral drug therapy on hiv infected patients in Mwanza, Tanzania
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50

van, Eckert Viviane Roxann. "Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in adult HIV–positive patients and comparison of specificity and sensitivity of five different methods to detect a current infection in Mwanza Province /Northern Tanzania." Doctoral thesis, 2020. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-205306.

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S. stercoralis is a helminthic parasite which is common in tropical and subtropical regions. It causes a persistent but often inapparent infection in humans. In the state of a protracted immunosuppression this parasite can cause a life-threatening hyperinfection syndrome. Most often the hyperinfection syndrome was found after prolonged high dose corticosteroid treatment. In HIV-infected individuals high dose corticosteroids are used for the treatment of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) or as adjunct treatment in the treatment of meningeal or pericardial tuberculosis. Case reports from Tanzania demonstrate that Strongyloidiasis is prevalent not only in coastal regions but also in the Lake province of Tanzania. However, data on the local prevalence of S. stercoralis infection based on sensitive techniques are scanty, especially in HIV-infected individuals. The main objective of this study is to provide data on the prevalence of S. stercoralis infections in the adult HIV-infected population attending the Bugando Medical Centre for medical care. Specific objectives of the study are the comparison of the sensitivities and specificities of five different methods in detecting S. stercoralis. Four methods to detect S. stercoralis larvae used stool samples; one method to detect S. stercoralis antibodies required blood samples. The study used the Agar-plate-culture-technique and a modified Harada-Mori-culture-technique for the direct detection of helminthic larvae in the collected faecal samples. In addition, a recently described PCR-assay from faecal specimens and an ELISA for S. stercoralis antibodies have been applied. The Faecal Parasite Concentrator (FPC) stool concentration technique was used for the differential diagnosis of other intestinal helminthic parasites. The results of the study may influence the current treatment guidelines for HIV-infected patients in case that a relevant prevalence of S. stercoralis infection is found. Then, prior to a prolonged iatrogenic immunosuppression -like the high dose corticosteroid treatment for IRIS- a prophylactic anthelminthic treatment capable to eradicate a S. stercoralis infection could be recommendable. The prevalence of a current S. stercoralis infection using the PCR as a gold standard was 5.4%. The Agar plate method showed positive results in 19 out of 278 cases (6.1%), the modified Harada Mori technique in 13 of 278 (4.7%) cases. With PCR as gold standard the sensitivity of the agar plate method was 60%, the positive predictive value 47.4%, the specificity 96.2% and the negative predictive value 97.7 %. The sensitivity of the Harada Mori technique was 36.4%, the positive predictive value 30.7% with a specificity of 96.4% and negative predictive value 97.1%. The modified Harada Mori technique allowed in principal the morphological identification of nematode larvae. Microscopic analysis showed a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 46.7%. Antibodies were detected in 45 of 278 cases 16.2% by ELISA, with a sensitivity of 92.9% and a specificity of 87.8%. The findings of this study show that none of the diagnostic tests can be implemented as a routine diagnostic procedure to diagnose a current infection. This leads to the conclusion that it is high time to consider the provision of a prophylactic treatment within patients who are either HIV positive patients who could develop an IRIS after receiving ART, patients with a HTLV-1 infection and the growing number of patients under iatrogenic immunosuppression for various reasons
S. stercoralis ist ein helmintischer Parasit der Endemisch in den Tropen und Subtropen, vor allem im warmen und feuchtem Milieu vorkommt. Eine Infektion mit S. stercoralis verläuft häufig asymptomatisch, kann aber über Jahre im menschlichen Körper persistieren. Bei immungeschwächten Patienten kann es zu einen Hyperinfektionssyndrom mit hoher Mortalität kommen Häufig kommt es zu einen Hyperinfektionssyndrom nach Einnahme von hoch Dosis Kortikosteroiden. Ca 20% der HIV positiven Patienten, die eine antiretrovirale Therapie beginnen entwickeln ein Immunrekonstitutionssyndrom. Die Therapie der Wahl ist dann u.a. hoch Dosis Kortikosteroide. Laut WHO sind 30-100 Millionen Menschen mit S. stercoralis infiziert. Diese Ungenauigkeit wiederspiegelt den erschwerten Nachweis einer Infektion. Bisher gibt es eine geringe Kenntnis über die Prävalenz von. S. stercoralis Infektionen in Tansania und kaum Daten vom bevölkerungsreichen Westen Tansanias. Die Region Mwanza am Lake Victoria zeigt sich als ein perfektes Milieu für das Vorkommen von S. stercoralis. Bisherige Ergebnisse der durchgeführten diagnostischen Tests weisen nur fragliche Sensitivitäten auf und es existieren keine Daten zur Prävalenz unter HIV positiven Patienten. Zudem wurden noch keine diagnostischen Methoden zur Prävalenzermittlung bei HIV positiven Patienten erprobt. Ziel der Studie ist die Verbesserung der Kenntnisse über Prävalenz von S.stercoralis Infektionen im bevölkerungsreichen Westen Tansanias. Die Analyse von Faktoren die Prävalenz von S. stercoralis beeinflussen, sowie Analyse der Prävalenz unter HIV Patienten mit fünf diagnostischen Testverfahren und Empfehlungen für den Umgang mit HIV Patienten in tropischen Milieu mit S. stercoralis Infektionswahrscheinlichkeit. Mit 278 Serum und Stuhlproben von HIV positiven Patienten wurden folgende Verfahren angewandt. Mit den Stuhlproben, die Modifizierte Harada Mori Methode und Agar Platten Methode am Bugando Medical Center, ein Realtime PCR und die FPC Methode und Mikroskopieren im Missionsärztlichen Institut, Würzburg. Mit den Serumproben erfolgte ein In House ELISA am Bernhard Nocht Institut, Hamburg. Die Prävalenz einer S.stercoralis Infektion in der PCR Methode war 5.4%. Die Agar Platten Methode zeigte positive Ergebnisse in 19 von 278 Fällen (6.1%). Die modifizierte Harada Mori Methode in 13 von 278 Fällen (4.7%). Unter der Annahme der PCR Methode als Goldstandard wies die Agar Platten Methode eine Sensitivität von 60% und Spezifität von 96.2% auf. Die Sensitivität der Harada Mori Methode war 36.4% und Spezifität von 96.4.%.Die FPC Methode zeigte eine Spezifität von 100%, jedoch nur Sensitivität von 46.7%.Das in House ELISA zeigte positive Ergebnisse bei 45 von 278 Patienten (16.2%) mit einer Sensitivität von 92.9%, jedoch nur Spezifität von 87.8%.Diese ungenauen Ergebnisse wiederspiegeln die Schwierigkeit eine S.stercoralis Infektion zu diagnostizieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass kein Verfahren als Standardverfahren, um eine Infektion zu diagnostizieren, in Nordtansania, implementiert werden kann. Somit kann man zusammenfassend sagen, dass alle Patienten die eine ART beginnen prophylaktisch gegen S. stercoralis behandelt werden sollten. Zumindest die, die eine TBC Koinfektion haben und auf die das Risikoprofil zutrifft
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