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1
Mohamad, Sarah Yasmin, Ahmad Alhadi Ruslan, Khairayu Badron, Ahmad Fadzil Ismail, Norun Farihah Abdul Malek, and Farah Nadia Mohd Isa. "STUDY OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ARRAY ANTENNA FOR SIDE LOBE SUPPRESSION IN THE X-BAND REGION USING UNIFORM, BINOMIAL AND TSCHEBYSCHEFF EXCITATION METHODS." IIUM Engineering Journal 21, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v21i1.1221.
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In this paper, a microstrip patch array antenna is designed and simulated to operate in the X-band frequency region at 9.5 GHz. For X-band communication transmission, it is necessary to suppress the side lobe radiation pattern of the antenna as much as possible to avoid the transmission being intercepted and/or received by undesirable neighbouring satellites. The geometrical design of the microstrip patch array antenna is simulated and executed using CST Microwave Studio (CST MWS) in order to study the effects of various antenna parameters such as S11, gain, directivity, side lobe level, and angular width. It is shown that the proposed antenna exhibits a low side lobe level of -14.2 dB with an acceptable high gain and directivity of 16.5 dB and 17.7 dB, respectively. The antenna configuration also has a size of only 285 mm × 59.275 mm which is much more compact and lightweight compared to the standard reflector antennas that are used for most X-band communication transmission.
ABSTRAK: Kajian ini berkaitan antena cantuman barisan jalurmikro yang direka dan disimulasi beroperasi pada 9.5 GHz frekunsi daerah jalur-X. Pada transmisi komunikasi jalur-X, corak radiasi sisi-lobus antena perlu ditahan sebanyak mungkin bagi mengelak transmisi dipintas dan/atau diterima oleh satelit tetangga yang tidak di ingini. Rekaan geometri antena cantuman barisan jalurmikro disimulasi dan diuji menggunakan perisian CST Studio Gelombang Mikro (CST MWS) bagi mengkaji pelbagai kesan parameter antenna seperti S11, gandaan, keterarahan, tahap sisi-lobus dan lebar sudut. Didapati bahawa antena yang dicadangkan mempunyai tahap sisi-lobus -14.2 dB yang rendah dengan gandaan tinggi yang boleh diterima dan keterarahan sebanyak 16.5 dB dan 17.7 dB, masing-masing. Tatabentuk antena mempunyai saiz 285 mm × 59.275 mm yang kompak dan ringan berbanding antena pemantul piawai, di mana telah digunakan pada kebanyakan jalur-X transmisi komunikasi.
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Abdullah, Hasnain, Asmalia Zanal, Mohd Nasir Taib, Ida Rahayu Mohamed Noordin, Wan Khairuddin bin Wan Ali, Rusnani Ariffin, Samihah Abdullah, Rohaiza Baharudin, and Ahmad Takiyuddin Abdullah. "Microwave Absorber Coating Material Using Oil Palm Ash." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 1941–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.1941.
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The most important part to be highlighted in developing a reliable microwave absorber is the material used to fabricate the absorber. As an alternative in managing the increase of the oil palm residues throughout the country, this study is focusing on developing a microwave absorber coating using oil palm fly ash. The software uses for design and simulation of microwave absorber is CST Microwave Studio (CST MWS) which enables the fast and accurate analysis of high frequency devices. The simulation design is fabricated to a number of layers which is coated by oil palm ash as a lossy element. The measurement and performance are carried out in the high broadband frequency of 8 to 12 GHz (X-band).
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Ali, Irfan, Mohd Haizal Jamaluddin, and Abinash Gaya. "Higher order mode dielectric resonator antenna excited using microstrip line." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 1734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i4.2175.
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In this paper, the square-shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) operating on higher order (𝑇𝐸𝛿13) mode for the fifth generation (5G) communication applications is presented. The proposed DR antenna is excited by using a microstrip feed line and designed at the operating frequency of 28 GHz. The Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 material having a thickness of 0.254mm and a dielectric constant of 2.2 is used for the substrate. The commercial CST microwave studio (CST MWS) is used for the optimization and simulation of the antenna design. The reflection coefficient, antenna gain, radiation efficiency, VSWR and radiation pattern are studied. A -10dB bandwidth of 4.6% (1.3 GHz) for VSWR2 with a gain of 5 dBi and radiation efficiency of 89%. The proposed antenna design is suitable for future 5G wireless communication applications.
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Gill, Suman, and J. S. Ubhi. "CPW Fed Hexagonal Patch Shape with Hexagonal slot Ultra Wideband Antenna." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2012): 256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v3i2a.2817.
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In this paper hexagonal patch shape with hexagonal slot, ultra wideband antenna is proposed. The total dimensions of antenna are 55×43.5mm. Sides of hexagonal patch are taken 13mm each and hexagonal slot sides are taken as 3mm each. The antenna resonates at two frequencies in ultra wideband range (UWB). There is enhancement in BW in upper range ultra wideband frequency from 6.2 GHz to 8.2GHz due to hexagonal slot cut in hexagonal patch. The design is carried out using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio (MWS) suite. Co-Planar Waveguide (CPW) feed is used to feed antenna.
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Al-Yasir, Yasir I. A., Naser Ojaroudi Parchin, Yuxiang Tu, Ahmed M. Abdulkhaleq, Issa T. E. Elfergani, Jonathan Rodriguez, and Raed A. Abd-Alhameed. "A Varactor-Based Very Compact Tunable Filter with Wide Tuning Range for 4G and Sub-6 GHz 5G Communications." Sensors 20, no. 16 (August 13, 2020): 4538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164538.
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A very compact microstrip reconfigurable filter for fourth-generation (4G) and sub-6 GHz fifth-generation (5G) systems using a new hybrid co-simulation method is presented in this manuscript. The basic microstrip design uses three coupled line resonators with λ/4 open-circuited stubs. The coupling coefficients between the adjacent and non-adjacent resonators are used to tune the filter at the required center frequency to cover the frequency range from 2.5 to 3.8 GHz. The coupling coefficient factors between the adjacent resonators are adjusted to control and achieve the required bandwidth, while the input and output external quality factors are adjusted to ensure maximum power transfer between the input and output ports. Two varactor diodes and biasing circuit components are selected and designed to meet the targeted performance for the tunable filter. The impedance bandwidth is maintained between 95 and 115 MHz with measured return losses of more than 17 dB and measured insertion loss of less than 1 dB. Computer simulation technology (CST) is utilized to design and optimize the presented reconfigurable filter, with hybrid co-simulation technique, using both CST microwave studio (MWS) and CST design studio (DS), is applied to build the model by considering the SPICE representation for the varactor switches and all electronic elements of the biasing circuit. The introduced reconfigurable microstrip filter is also fabricated using a Rogers RO3010 material with a relative dielectric constant of 10.1 and it is printed on a very compact size of 13 × 8 × 0.81 mm3. An excellent agreement is obtained between the simulation and measurement performance.
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Taha, Bilal S., and Hamzah M. Marhoon. "Simulation and manufacturing of modified circular monopole microstrip antenna for UWB applications." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v10.i1.pp70-78.
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Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is one of the most promising wireless communication solutions to be developed quickly because of the high-speed data, wide bandwidth and excellent immunity to multipath interference. In this work, the compact design of a modified circular monopole microstrip antenna is simulated and manufactured for the UWB applications. The simulation process of the proposed antenna was done based on the finite integration of the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio (MWS). The proposed antenna comprises a copper radiating patch, Roger’s Kappa-438 substrate, and a single stub act as a reflector. The simulation results showed a reasonable agreement with the results of the measurement and good performance was achieved in the range from 1.8 to 10 GHz with VSWR less than 2.0.
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Yang, Yu E., and Gai Mei Zhang. "Optimization of Operation Frequency in the Evaluation of TBCs Using Microwave Technique." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 3344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.3344.
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Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were developed to increase the operating temperatures of turbine blades in gas turbine engines. Non-contact inspection and the ability to penetrate into dielectric materials are two of the most important attributes of microwave non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and make it suitable for the non-destructive inspection of TBCs. In order to improve the detection sensitivity, it is important to optimize operation frequency. Computer simulation technology-microwave studio (CST-MWS) was used to optimize operation frequency in the evaluation of the top coating (TC) porosity and the metal substrate surface defects using microwave NDE. The results showed that the sensitive frequency is different when the TC thickness of under detection changes. So, it is necessary to choose appropriate operation frequency according to TC thickness to evaluate TBCs using microwave NDE.
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Ali, Irfan, Mohd Haizal Jamaluddin, Abinash Gaya, and Hasliza A. Rahim. "A Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Enhanced Gain and Bandwidth for 5G Applications." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 26, 2020): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030675.
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In this paper, a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with high gain and wide impedance bandwidth for fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication applications is proposed. The dielectric resonator antenna is designed to operate at higher-order T E δ 15 x mode to achieve high antenna gain, while a hollow cylinder at the center of the DRA is introduced to improve bandwidth by reducing the quality factor. The DRA is excited by a 50 Ω microstrip line with a narrow aperture slot. The reflection coefficient, antenna gain, and radiation pattern of the proposed DRAs are analyzed using the commercially available full-wave electromagnetic simulation tool CST Microwave Studio (CST MWS). In order to verify the simulation results, the proposed antenna structures were fabricated and experimentally validated. Measured results of the fabricated prototypes show a 10-dB return loss impedance bandwidth of 10.7% (14.3–15.9GHz) and 16.1% (14.1–16.5 GHz) for DRA1 and DRA2, respectively, at the operating frequency of 15 GHz. The results show that the designed antenna structure can be used in the Internet of things (IoT) for device-to-device (D2D) communication in 5G systems.
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Kasbe, M. S., T. H. Mujawar, B. Gabane, and R. V. Shinde. "Antenna Design and Fabrication with Circular Microstrip Patch: A Review." Journal on Today's Ideas - Tomorrow's Technologies 8, no. 2 (July 3, 2021): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jotitt.2020.82009.
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The paper presents a review on antenna designing and fabrication techniques with Microstrip Patch (MSP) development. The requirements of MSP are remote controlling, mobile communication, space communication and all wireless communication areas. Aim of this development is to provide a new approach of the designing and simulation of circularMSP for 5.8 GHz operating frequency. CST MICROWAVE STUDIO (MWS) facilitates the quick and accurate analysis of high frequency (HF) antennas which gives the responses and results before fabrication of actual patch with complete technology for 3D EM. FR-4 glass epoxy material board is used for fabrication which is admired and adaptable highpressure thermoset plastic laminate grade with superior strength to weight ratios. Circular MSP is easy to fabricate, portable, lightweight and low cost antenna. N9923A Field Fox RF VNA (Vector Network Analyser) were used for studying and testing all the parameters of fabricated MSP.
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Yahyaoui, Ali, Jawad Yousaf, Amira Dhiflaoui, Majid Nour, Mohamed Zarouan, Mohammed Aseeri, and Hatem Rmili. "Design and Comparative Analysis of Ultra-wideband and High Directive Antennas for THz Applications." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 36, no. 3 (April 20, 2021): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.360311.
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This work presents a comprehensive detailed comparative study of the three ultra-wideband and high directive antennas for the THz imaging, spectroscopy, and communication applications. Three different types of photoconductive antennas (log-spiral, Vivaldi, and bowtie antennas) are designed and simulated in the frequency range of 1 to 6 THz in the CST microwave studio (MWS). The enhanced directivity of the designed PCAs is achieved with the integration of the hemispherical silicon-based lens with the PCA gold electrode and quartz substrate of the proposed antennas. The performance of the designed PCAs is compared in terms of impedance and axial ratio bandwidths, directivity, and radiation efficiency of the proposed antennas. The reported log spiral, Vivaldi PCAs with added silicon lens exhibit the -10 dB impedance bandwidth of 6 THz, 3dB AR bandwidth of 5 THz, 6 THz, and 6 THz and peak total radiation efficiencies of 45%, 65%, and 95% respectively.
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Sallehuddin, Nur Fazreen, Mohd Haizal Jamaluddin, Muhammad Ramlee Kamarudin, Muhammad Hashim Dahri, and Siti Umairah Tajol Anuar. "Dielectric Resonator Reflectarray Antenna Unit Cells for 5G Applications." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 2531. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i4.pp2531-2539.
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This paper presents an investigation for the performance comparison of three different unit cell configurations operating at 26 GHz for 5G applications. The unit cells are cross shape dielectric resonator, cross microstrip patch and cross hybrid dielectric resonator. Verification of the comparison has been done by simulations using commercial Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS). The simulated results for reflection phase, slope variation, reflection loss and 10% bandwidth were analyzed and compared. The results indicate that the optimum configuration to be deployed for the reflectarray’s unit element in order to fulfill the 5G requirements of a wide bandwidth is the cross hybrid DRA. This configuration is a combination of cross DRA with cross microstrip patch as the parasitic element in order to tune the phase and provide a wide phase range with smooth variation slope. Cross hybrid DRA provided a wide phase range of 520° with 0.77 dB loss and 10% bandwidth of 160 MHz.
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Gençoğlan, Duygu Nazan, Mustafa Turan Arslan, Şule Çolak, and Esen Yildirim. "Ultra-Wideband (UWB) characteristic estimation of elliptic patch antenna based on machine learning techniques." Frequenz 74, no. 9-10 (September 25, 2020): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2019-0210.
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AbstractIn this study, estimation of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) characteristics of microstrip elliptic patch antenna is investigated by means of k-nearest neighborhood algorithm. A total of 16,940 antennas are simulated by changing antenna dimensions and substrate material. Antennas are examined by observing Return Loss and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) characteristics. In the study, classification of antennas in terms of having UWB characteristics results in accuracies higher than 97%. Additionally, Consistency based Feature Selection method is applied to eliminate redundant and irrelevant features. This method yields that substrate material does not affect the UWB characteristics of the antenna. Classification process is repeated for the reduced feature set, reaching to 97.44% accuracy rate. This result is validated by 854 antennas, which are not included in the original antenna set. Antennas are designed for seven different substrate materials keeping all other parameters constant. Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS) is used for the design and simulation of the antennas.
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Kaur, Jaswinder, Rajesh Khanna, and Machavaram Kartikeyan. "Novel dual-band multistrip monopole antenna with defected ground structure for WLAN/IMT/BLUETOOTH/WIMAX applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 6, no. 1 (September 25, 2013): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078713000858.
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In the present work, a novel multistrip monopole antenna fed by a cross-shaped stripline comprising one vertical and two horizontal strips has been proposed for wireless local area network (WLAN)/Industrial, Scientific, and Medical band (ISM)/International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT)/BLUETOOTH/Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The designed antenna has a small overall size of 20 × 30 mm2. The goal of this paper is to use defected ground structure (DGS) in the proposed antenna design to achieve dual-band operation with appreciable impedance bandwidth at the two operating modes satisfying several communication standards simultaneously. The antenna was simulated using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS) V9 based on the finite integration technique (FIT) with perfect boundary approximation. Finally, the proposed antenna was fabricated and some performance parameters were measured to validate against simulation results. The design procedure, parametric analysis, simulation results along with measurements for this multistrip monopole antenna using DGS operating simultaneously at WLAN (2.4/5.8 GHz), IMT (2.35 GHz), BLUETOOTH (2.45 GHz), and WiMAX (5.5 GHz) are presented.
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Abdulhameed, M. K., M. S. Mohamad Isa, Z. Zakaria, I. M. Ibrahim, and Mowafak K. Mohsen. "Radiation pattern control of microstrip antenna in elevation and azimuth planes using EBG and pin diode." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp332-340.
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An important issue in wireless communication systems, which is related to the antenna gain degradation in case of changing the main direction of the antenna radiation pattern, this variation is not approval in many communications systems. In order to improve antenna radiation performances, Electromagnetic band gap (EBG) - antenna with radiation pattern control capability is presented. Mushroom-like EBG structure for suppressing surface waves has been combined, with the switching diode to produce the radiation pattern control with improving antenna characteristics of gain, directivity and efficiency. EBG of several cells are surrounded the patch antenna and placed symmetrically for the two opposite sides, generating different radiation patterns control ability in both the elevation (E) (-20° < φ < 20°) and azimuth (Z) planes (−18° < θ < 18°). At the ground plane of antenna the diodes have been switched ON and OFF states, the EBG sector properties in stop band (connecting vias) and pass band (disconnecting vias) are altered. Using CST Microwave Studio (CST MWS) the results show the flexibility in radiation pattern control for the Z and E planes using only four diodes. Antenna directivity of 10 dBi, gain 9.86 dB and efficiency 96.5% at the operating frequency of 6 GHz, more results for all direction has been stated in Table1. Significantly, unlike a conventional beam steering, this method does not suffering from gain degradation and the main lobe gain is approximately constant for all steerig angles.
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Mohd Yunus, Noor, Jumril Yunas, Alipah Pawi, Zeti Rhazali, and Jahariah Sampe. "Investigation of Micromachined Antenna Substrates Operating at 5 GHz for RF Energy Harvesting Applications." Micromachines 10, no. 2 (February 22, 2019): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10020146.
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This paper investigates micromachined antenna performance operating at 5 GHz for radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting applications by comparing different substrate materials and fabrication modes. The research aims to discover appropriate antenna designs that can be integrated with the rectifier circuit and fabricated in a CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor)-compatible process approach. Therefore, the investigation involves the comparison of three different micromachined antenna substrate materials, including micromachined Si surface, micromachined Si bulk with air gaps, and micromachined glass-surface antenna, as well as conventional RT/Duroid-5880 (Rogers Corp., Chandler, AZ, USA)-based antenna as the reference. The characteristics of the antennas have been analysed using CST-MWS (CST MICROWAVE STUDIO®—High Frequency EM Simulation Tool). The results show that the Si-surface micromachined antenna does not meet the parameter requirement for RF antenna specification. However, by creating an air gap on the Si substrate using a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) process, the antenna performance could be improved. On the other hand, the glass-based antenna presents a good S11 parameter, wide bandwidth, VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) ≤ 2, omnidirectional radiation pattern and acceptable maximum gain of >5 dB. The measurement results on the fabricated glass-based antenna show good agreement with the simulation results. The study on the alternative antenna substrates and structures is especially useful for the development of integrated patch antennas for RF energy harvesting systems.
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Abes, Turkiya, Keltouma Nouri, Boubaker Seddik Bouazza, and Kada Becharef. "Performance of a New Design Based on Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Slotted Antenna Arrays for Dual-Band Applications (Ku / K)." Journal of communications software and systems 16, no. 2 (June 5, 2020): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v16i2.972.
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This paper introduces and discusses the study of a new concept for SIW array antenna development. This conducted development is based on three designs, two of them related to 1x2 arrays fed by SIW line, combined with SIW inset line, and the last designed for 2X2 array antenna feed by SIW inset line. All these structures are designed to give dual-band at (Ku - K) bands with enhanced gain and bandwidth. The new 2x2 array antenna has a high gain, and it consists of four SIW cavities staggered patches with a 90° phase shift, which are fed using microstrip line shielded by SIW vias. The designs were conducted using full-wave simulator ANSYS HFSS - the frequency domain solver. The 2x2 array antenna gives a return loss about (-20 dB), a high gain of 9.05 dB, and two bandwidth equals 210 MHz and 1310 MHz respectively at both of the operating bands. To validate the simulated results the simulation was conducted again using the time-domain solver of the CST Microwave Studio (MWS) full-wave simulator. Simulation results obtained from the two software having different solvers were in good agreement in the results.
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Tu, Siyu, Jinsong Liu, Tianyi Wang, Zhengang Yang, and Kejia Wang. "Design of a 94 GHz Millimeter-Wave Four-Way Power Combiner Based on Circular Waveguide Structure." Electronics 10, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10151795.
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This paper introduces a four-way power combiner operating in the 94 GHz millimeter-wave based on spatial power combining technology. The four millimeter-waves with Gaussian beams are combined in the waveguide, increasing the output power. The combiner is composed of five circular waveguides connected by four long and narrow coupling slots. Four sub-waveguides are separately connected to four input ports and one main waveguide is connected to a common output port. The TE11-mode is used as the input mode, which has two vertical and horizontal polarization directions. Four sub-waveguides are respectively input corresponding to polarization directions TE11-wave with Gaussian beams. The power of TE11-wave is transmitted to the main waveguide by the coupling slots, combined in the main waveguide, and output with the common port. We analyze the combiner and verify the availability of the design structure by numerical stimulation with CST MWS (Microwave Studio) software. The power-combining efficiency can be over 97%, and the output beams remain Gaussian beams with nearly fourfold increased power. The proposed model provides technological approaches for power combiner application in millimeter-wave.
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Song, Tao, Chao Liu, Hengxuan Zhu, Min Zeng, and Jin Wang. "A Novel Evaluation Method For Particle Deposition Measurement." Open Physics 17, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 927–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0097.
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Abstract Normal operation of gas turbines will be affected by deposition on turbine blades from particles mixed in fuels. This research shows that it is difficult to monitor the mass of the particles deposition on the wall surface in real time. With development of electronic technology, the antenna made of printed circuit board (PCB) has been widely used in many industrial fields. Microstrip antenna is first proposed for monitoring particles deposition to analyse the deposition law of the particles accumulated on the wall. The simulation software Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS) 2015 is used to conduct the optimization design of the PCB substrate antenna. It is found that the S11 of vivaldi antenna with arc gradient groove exhibits a monotonous increase with the increase of dielectric layer thickness, and this antenna is highly sensitive to the dielectric layer thickness. Moreover, a cold-state test is carried out by using atomized wax to simulate the deposition of pollutants. A relationship as a four number of times function is found between the capacitance and the deposited mass. These results provide an important reference for the mass detection of the particle deposition on the wall, and this method is suitable for other related engineering fields.
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Belen, Aysu, Peyman Mahouti, Filiz Gunes, and Ozlem Tari. "Gain Enhancement of a Traditional Horn Antenna using 3D Printed Square-Shaped Multi-layer Dielectric Lens for X-band Applications." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 36, no. 2 (March 16, 2021): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.360203.
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In this work, gain of a traditional horn antenna is enhanced up to 2.9 dB over X-band using 3D printed square-shaped multi-layer lens. For this purpose, firstly the multi-layer lenses are designed using Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) and simulated in 3-D CST Microwave Studio (MWS) environment as consisting of square-shaped five layers with variable dielectric constants and heights. Thus, optimum values of the dielectric constants and heights are resulted limiting from 1.15 to 2.1 and 9.2 mm to 10 mm, respectively compatible for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) based 3D-printing process. Finally, the optimum lens is realized by 3D printer via FDM evaluating infill rate of cheap Polylactic Acid (PLA) material for each layer. The simulated and measured performance of the multi-layer dielectric structures are hand to hand. The horn antenna equipped by our proposed dielectric lens achieves gain enhancement of the traditional antenna up to 2.9 dB over the operation band. Furthermore, the proposed design is compared with the counterpart designs in literature and based on the comparison results it can be said that the proposed design achieves the better performance in the smaller in size as equipped a traditional X-band horn antenna.
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Vollbracht, D. "Understanding and optimizing microstrip patch antenna cross polarization radiation on element level for demanding phased array antennas in weather radar applications." Advances in Radio Science 13 (November 3, 2015): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-13-251-2015.
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Abstract. The antenna cross polarization suppression (CPS) is of significant importance for the accurate calculation of polarimetric weather radar moments. State-of-the-art reflector antennas fulfill these requirements, but phased array antennas are changing their CPS during the main beam shift, off-broadside direction. Since the cross polarization (x-pol) of the array pattern is affected by the x-pol element factor, the single antenna element should be designed for maximum CPS, not only at broadside, but also for the complete angular electronic scan (e-scan) range of the phased array antenna main beam positions. Different methods for reducing the x-pol radiation from microstrip patch antenna elements, available from literature sources, are discussed and summarized. The potential x-pol sources from probe fed microstrip patch antennas are investigated. Due to the lack of literature references, circular and square shaped X-Band radiators are compared in their x-pol performance and the microstrip patch antenna size variation was analyzed for improved x-pol pattern. Furthermore, the most promising technique for the reduction of x-pol radiation, namely "differential feeding with two RF signals 180° out of phase", is compared to single fed patch antennas and thoroughly investigated for phased array applications with simulation results from CST MICROWAVE STUDIO (CST MWS). A new explanation for the excellent port isolation of dual linear polarized and differential fed patch antennas is given graphically. The antenna radiation pattern from single fed and differential fed microstrip patch antennas are analyzed and the shapes of the x-pol patterns are discussed with the well-known cavity model. Moreover, two new visual based electromagnetic approaches for the explanation of the x-pol generation will be given: the field line approach and the surface current distribution approach provide new insight in understanding the generation of x-pol component in microstrip patch antenna radiation patterns.
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Dildar, Haris, Faisal Althobiani, Ikhlas Ahmad, Wasi Ur Rehman Khan, Sadiq Ullah, Naveed Mufti, Shakir Ullah, Fazal Muhammad, Muhammad Irfan, and Adam Glowacz. "Design and Experimental Analysis of Multiband Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G and Sub-6 GHz Wireless Communication." Micromachines 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12010032.
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A low-profile frequency reconfigurable monopole antenna operating in the microwave frequency band is presented in this paper. The proposed structure is printed on Flame Retardant-4 (FR-4) substrate having relative permittivity of 4.3 and tangent loss of 0.025. Four pin diode switches are inserted between radiating patches for switching the various operating modes of an antenna. The proposed antenna operates in five modes, covering nine different bands by operating at single bands of 5 and 3.5 GHz in Mode 1 and Mode 2, dual bands (i.e., 2.6 and 6.5 GHz, 2.1 and 5.6 GHz) in Mode 3 and 4 and triple bands in Mode 5 (i.e., 1.8, 4.8, and 6.4 GHz). The Voltage Standing Waves Ratio (VSWR) of the presented antenna is less than 1.5 for all the operating bands. The efficiency of the designed antenna is 84 % and gain ranges from 1.2 to 3.6 dBi, respectively, at corresponding resonant frequencies. The achieve bandwidths at respective frequencies ranges from 10.5 to 28%. The proposed structure is modeled in Computer Simulation Technology microwave studio (CST MWS) and the simulated results are experimentally validated. Due to its reasonably small size and support for multiple wireless standards, the proposed antenna can be used in modern handheld fifth generation (5G) devices as well as Internet of Things (IoT) enabled systems in smart cities.
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Qasem, Nidal. "Enhancing the Capacity of the Indoor 60 GHz Band Via Modified Indoor Environments Using Ring Frequency Selective Surface Wallpapers and Path Loss Models." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 3003. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i5.pp3003-3020.
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<span>The 60 GHz band has been selected for short-range communication systems to meet consumers’ needs for high data rates. However, this frequency is attenuated by obstacles. This study addresses the limitations of the 60 GHz band by modifying indoor environments with ring Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSSs) wallpaper, thereby increasing its utilization. The ring FSS wallpaper response at a 61.5 GHz frequency has been analyzed using both MATLAB and Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio (MWS) software. ‘Wireless InSite’ is also used to demonstrate enhanced wave propagation in a building modified with ring FSSs wallpaper. The demonstration is applied to Single Input Single Output (SISO) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems to verify the effectiveness of FSSs on such systems’ capacity. The effectiveness of the suggested modification over delay spread has been studied for the MIMO scenario, as well as the effect of the human body on capacity. Simulation results presented here show that modifying a building using ring FSS wallpaper is an attractive scheme for significantly improving the indoor 60 GHz wireless communications band. This paper also presents and compares two large-scale indoor propagation Path Loss Models (PLMs), the Close-In (CI) free space reference distance model and the Floating Intercept (FI) model. Data obtained from ‘Wireless InSite’ over distances ranging from 4 to 14.31 m is analyzed. Results show that the CI model provides good estimation and exhibits stable behavior over frequencies and distances, with a solid physical basis and less computational complexity when compared to the FI model. </span>
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A. Elwi, Taha. "Nano-Scale Vee Yagi-UDA Antenna Based Nano Shell-Silver Coated Silica for Tunable Solid –State Laser Applications." DJES 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2019.12101.
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A numerical study on the performance of the nano-scale antenna based on VeeYagi-Uda geometry that is constructed from Nano Shell-Silver Coated Silica (NSSCS) chains is investigated for tunable solid-state laser applications. In this study, a Finite Integral Technique (FIT) based on the formulations of Computer Simulator Technology-MicroWave Studio (CST MWS) software package is invoked to evaluate the antenna parameters such as: Reflection coefficient (S11), gain/ directivity, and directivity. Before conducting the simulation study, the refractive index properties of the NSSCS are evaluated according to Lorentz distribution function of a hetero-structure junction. The proposed antenna shows three resonance modes at 75 THz, and 175 THz, and 266 THz. It is found the best antenna matching, S11<-10dB, at 75 THz and 175 THz about -23 dB and -15 dB, respectively. However, at 266 THz, it is found -3 dB in max. The antenna shows acceptable gain values at the three considered frequencies about 2.5 dBi, 3.5 dBi, and 2 dBi, consistently. Therefore, the antenna exhibits a high directivity at 175 THz and 266 THz in comparison to the first mode at 75 THz. Next, a matching circuit is coupled to a nano-circuitry to tune antenna around 175 THz. The maximum emitted electric field is found to be around 175 THz. Finally, it is found that the introduction of the matching circuit has a significant tuning ability on the second mode at 175 THz; however, at the other two modes the tuning does not show a significant change
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Hamza, Aven Rawf, and Asaad M. Jassim Al-Hindawi. "The Effecting of Human Body on Slotted Monopole Antenna in Wearable Communications." Journal of Engineering 27, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2021.02.03.
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In this paper, the characteristics of microstrip monopole antennas are studied firstly in free space. Secondly, the effects of the human body on the studied antenna's performance are investigated for wearable communications. Different patch shapes of microstrip monopole antenna are chosen to operate at two bands: industrial scientific and medical band (ISM) and ultra-wideband (UWB) for wearable applications. The studied antenna consists of a radiating element on one side of the substrate and a partial ground plane on the other side. The antenna is supposed to fabricate on cloth fabric whose relative dielectric constant is Ɛr =1.7. At the same time, the pure copper could be used as the conducting part representing both the radiating monopole and the partial ground plane. The software program of Computer Simulation Technology (CST) for Microwave Studio (MWS) is utilized to simulate the studied antennas. The obtained results have illustrated that in the free space, the proposed antennas of slotted hexagonal, rectangular, and circular shapes can operate from 2-12 GHz and of the bandwidth of 10.31 GHz, 10.19 GHz, and 9.67 GHz, respectively. The hexagonal antenna is selected and proposed to investigate the effects of the human body on its performance. The human body is simulated, and its effects on the performance of the proposed antenna are studied. The reflection coefficient, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), gain, and efficiency are found over that frequency range. The simulated results indicate that the human body effects are significant, and the proposed antenna showed to be a good candidate for wearable communications.
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"Design and Simulation of Spoon Shaped Antenna using DGS." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 2257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.b3461.129219.
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A planer spoon shaped antenna with defected ground structure (DGS) is designed and fabricated for wireless application. The proposed antenna design exhibits 1.6GHz bandwidth, 2.20dBi Avg. Gain and maximum return loss of -24.5dB, which offers better results in wideband application. The Proposed antenna structure is simulated by software CST MWS (CST Microwave Studio) version 2018 and later comparison results are also presented
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"Radiation Characteristics of Dual Print Microstrip Patch Antenna using IE3D and CST Electromagnetic Simulation Software." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 4 (November 30, 2019): 11963–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.d9919.118419.
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In this article the radiation performance of coaxial feed dual band dual print microstrip patch antenna using Electromagnetic simulation tool IE3D (Integral Equation Three-Dimensional) and CST-MWS (Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio) is offered and discussed. The attempt is made to compare the antenna parameters such gain, impedance bandwidth and radiation pattern from both the Electromagnetic Software. It is observed that both the software has their own pros and cons. However, the features available from the CST make it more feasible in comparison to IE3D. With the presented geometry a wide impedance bandwidth 5.62GHz (1.86-7.48GHZ) with sustained gain is achieved. The antenna radiation parameters are also found as desired. A brief comparison of various EM software is also given for the interest of the readers.
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Isa, M. S. M., R. J. Langley, S. Khamas, A. A. M. Isa, M. S. I. M. Zin, Z. Zakaria, N. Z. Haron, and A. Ahmad. "A Technique of Scan Blindness Elimination for Planar Phased Array Antenna using Miniaturized EBG." Jurnal Teknologi 69, no. 2 (June 20, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jt.v69.3098.
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In this paper, the planar phased array antenna scan blindness characteristic has been analyzed and a novel technique of eliminating the scan blindness for the phased array antenna has been introduced. The scan blindness of the center element has been used to present the entire phased array characteristic. The array scan blindness characteristics have been simulated and analyzed using CST Microwave Studio (CST MWS). The 5×3 planar phased array antenna radiation patterns against the pattern elevation angle direction has been simulated and compiled. The array’s scan blindness has been determined at the angle of approximately 47⁰. The miniaturized capacitive loaded Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) has been developed and introduced between the array elements to eliminate the problem. Based on the simulated results, it is shown that the use of a miniaturized EBG is effective in reducing the surface wave effects and eliminates the scan blindness in the array radiation pattern. This novel finding is very useful to improve the antenna directive efficiency for the directional radar and satellite application.
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S, Nithya, Durga S, Manikandan S, and Aswatha R. "Performance Analysis of Wide Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G Communication." Innovations in Information and Communication Technology Series, December 30, 2020, 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46532/978-81-950008-1-4_014.
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A wideband microstrip patch is proposed for 5G communication. Two rectangular slots are etched both from the highest and bottom of the oblong radiator to offer it the form of W and inset-cut feed line respectively. Antenna structure is radiating over wide frequency bands including 4.25 GHz, 7.055GHz, 12.48GHz and 15.26GHz bands. The directivity of the antenna is maximum at frequency 12.48GHz frequency which is used for satellite communications. VSWR obtained at these frequencies are 1.157, 1.052, 1.121 and 1.066. The overall antenna size is 30 X 25 mm2 with a substrate as FR4. Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio Version (CST MWS) tool is employed to style and simulate the proposed antenna structure. Consequently, this antenna has a plus of covering a good range of wireless applications.
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S, Nithya, Durga S, Manikandan S, and Aswatha R. "Performance Analysis of Wide Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G Communication." Innovations in Information and Communication Technology Series, December 30, 2020, 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46532/978-81-950008-1-4_014.
Full textAbstract:
A wideband microstrip patch is proposed for 5G communication. Two rectangular slots are etched both from the highest and bottom of the oblong radiator to offer it the form of W and inset-cut feed line respectively. Antenna structure is radiating over wide frequency bands including 4.25 GHz, 7.055GHz, 12.48GHz and 15.26GHz bands. The directivity of the antenna is maximum at frequency 12.48GHz frequency which is used for satellite communications. VSWR obtained at these frequencies are 1.157, 1.052, 1.121 and 1.066. The overall antenna size is 30 X 25 mm2 with a substrate as FR4. Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio Version (CST MWS) tool is employed to style and simulate the proposed antenna structure. Consequently, this antenna has a plus of covering a good range of wireless applications.
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"Series-fed 3×3 Square Patch Array for Wireless Communication Applications using CSTMWS." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 5424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.a3080.109119.
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The wireless communications systems have been really develop to the extraordinary performance applications. Present days, the WCS offers extraordinary data rate transmission and preserve rising for advanced data rates equipment. In wireless communication systems applications using various types of micro strip antennas. This paper presents the design of a 3×3 series-fed square micro strip patch array antenna to function at the frequency of 5.4 GHz and 50 ohm line port impedance. The micro strip feed line frequently combines a quarter-wave (λ/4) transformer for matching of impedance. The design of proposed antenna we are expending straight line feed micro strip line feeding technique. This antenna array is based on Rogers RT 5880 loss free material, which is having 2.2 relative permittivity constant. The series fed 3 by 3 square patch array antenna is designed on Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio (MWS) simulation software. After simulation, the antenna presentation features such as return loss, percentage bandwidth, directivity, antenna gain, radiation efficiency, E-Field, H-Field and radiation Pattern are measured.
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"Antenna beam Forming and beam Controlling for Improving the Wi-Fi signal." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 8, no. 6S3 (November 22, 2019): 1859–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.f1355.0986s319.
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Antenna design plays a prominent role when we consider the far-field patterns when compared with near field patterns. By using a PIN diode (which has a wide intrinsic region when compared with normal diode) as a switch and a capacitor as a filter we are proposing an antenna design that able to radiate far field regions. The reason behind choosing capacitor as a filter means that we are designing antenna to transfer high frequency signals. For antenna deign simulations we have different software’s (like FEKO, ZELAND IE 3D etc.,) but the preferred software for this antenna design is Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS) as we are operating in a frequency band of 2 to 2.54GHz and the diameter of the antenna 20X20cm. Based on the diameter chosen the antenna is able to switch direction of signalling by using a switch with four different angles. The material used for antenna design FR-4 which is a Composite material composed of fibre glass cloth with an epoxy resin blinder i.e. frame resistance and SMB connectors with 75Ω impedance.
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"Concave Shape Microstrip Patch Antenna using SRR for 5G Applications." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 8, no. 9S (August 23, 2019): 743–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.i1120.0789s19.
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A single band microstrip-fed patch antenna is presented which contains the radiating structure having concave shape slots and split ring resonator loaded in the partial ground plane. This partial ground plane has been used to enhance the bandwidth of proposed antenna. Both the partial ground plane and radiating patch are perfect electric conductors. The patch is imprinted on a substrate named as Epoxy Glass FR-4 having thickness 1.6 mm, relative permittivity 4.4, and loss tangent 0.0024. The designed concave shape microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is resonate at single frequency band from 3.4-3.8 GHz with 400 MHz bandwidth and corresponding return loss of -25dB. A parametric study has been performed for the concave shape slots located in the patch. Proposed MPA is simulated using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio Version 14.0 (CST MWS V14.0). Furthermore, the radiation performance of antenna in terms of gain and radiation efficiency has been analyzed . The proposed antenna is having a peak gain of 3.2 dB and radiation efficiency of 94%.
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"Rectangular Zigzag Microstrip Patch Antenna with Swastik Shape DGS for WLAN, C and Ku-Band Applications." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 8, no. 9S (August 23, 2019): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.i1044.0789s19.
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A triple band microstrip-fed patch antenna is presented which contains the radiating structure having rectangular zigzag shape patch and an altered ground structure with a swastic shape design. This modified ground plane actually acts as a defected ground structure (DGS). Both the modified ground plane and radiating patch are perfect electric conductors. The patch is imprinted on a substrate named as Epoxy Glass FR-4 having thickness 1.6 mm, relative permittivity 4.4, and loss tangent 0.0024. The designed microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is able to generate three specific operating bands viz. 11.9–13.6 GHz, 5.71–5.82 GHz, 4.5-4.6 GHz with adequate bandwidth of 1.64 GHz, 110 MHz and 100 MHz and corresponding return loss of -32dB, -23dB, -14.3dB respectively covering Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), C-band and Ku-band applications. A parametric study has been performed for the rectangular slots located in the patch. Proposed MPA is simulated using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio Version 14.0 (CST MWS V14.0). Lastly, the fabrication of the proposed antenna with optimized parameters has been accomplished and measured results for S-parameter magnitude have been discussed
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Vettikalladi, Hamsakutty, Waleed Tariq Sethi, and Wonsuk Ko. "Sub-terahertz (THz) antenna for Internet of Things and 6G Communication." Frequenz, August 24, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2021-0074.
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Abstract Sub-terahertz (THz) technology is expected to deliver exceptional data rates for future sixth generation wireless communication systems especially for intelligent communication among devices falling under the Internet of Things (IoT) category. Moving from current 5G millimeter wave (mmW) technology towards THz spectrum will eventually provide unprecedented solutions that will guarantee higher transmission rates and channel capacity for any wireless communication system. With various electronic and wireless components working together to fulfill this promise, high gain antennas having compact profile is one such technology that will aid in achieving sub-THz communication while offering low path and power losses with reliable and fast data transfers. In this context, this work proposes a novel deformed patch antenna operating in the sub-THz spectrum i.e. at 300 GHz band. The proposed antenna is fed via a microstrip line following the proximity coupled feeding technique. Utilizing this technique provides a wide impedance bandwidth with a broadside radiation pattern having minimum side lobe levels of around −12 dB and a directivity of 10–15 dBi for the single and array elements respectively. The proposed design has a small footprint of 1.5 × 1.5 × 0.06 mm3 for the single element while the array element has dimensions of 6 × 5 × 0.06 mm3. Both the designs have been simulated in Computer Simulation Technology-Microwave Studio (CST-MWS) and the results verified via high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) simulator. The results confirm the viability of the proposed designs to be potential candidates for future sixth generation and IoT based applications.