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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'MXene'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

GENTILE, ANTONIO. "MXene-based materials for alkaline-ion batteries: synthesis, properties, applications." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/382748.

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La produzione sempre maggiore di dispositivi portatili e auto elettriche chiede al mercato di produrre dispositivi efficienti in grado di poter accumulare l’energia elettrica. Per questo tipo di tecnologie in cui la miniaturizzazione del dispositivo è essenziale, le batterie litio ione (LIBs) sono diventate il mezzo di accumulare energia. La ricerca su queste batterie è focalizzata ad ottenere dispositivi sempre più performanti con materiali elettrodici ad alte capacità gravimetriche e volumetriche. Accanto all’aspetto tecnologico, legato alla ottimizzazione dei materiali, vi è anche quello de

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2

Bukovský, Marek. "Flexible and recyclable electronics made from nanoreinforced silk." Thesis, KTH, Fiber- och polymerteknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-296177.

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Forskningsområdet för bärbar elektronik är fortfarande relativt ungt och det finns ett stort behov av utveckling av nya material inom området. Olika typer av kompositer är mycket intressanta och de ska uppvisa såväl hög hållfasthet som goda ledande egenskaper. I detta avseende är silkes fibroin och MXene mycket intressanta utgångsmaterial eftersom silkestrådarna kan ge en struktur med god jonledningsförmåga och god flexibilitet och MXene kan bidra med hög styvhet och god elektrisk ledningsförmåga. Med detta som bakgrund beslöts att undersöka om kompositer av silkestrådar och MXene kan användas

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3

Shi, Lu. "Des phases MAX au MXenes : synthèse,caractérisation et propriétés électroniques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI101/document.

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Les phases MAX sont des carbures ou des nitrures ternaires nano-lamellaires comportant un métal de transition (M), un élément des colonnes 13-16 (A), X=C ou N.Ces phases combinent certaines des meilleures propriétés des céramiques à celles des métaux. Leurs propriétés physiques (rigidité, résistance aux chocs mécaniques et thermiques, bonnes conductivités thermique et électrique), associées à la possibilité d’usinage, les rend très attractives en termes d’applications technologiques potentielles.En 2011, il a été établi qu’un traitement à l’acide fluorhydrique (HF) des phases MAX comprenant de

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4

Ama, Obinna Henry. "Novel K2W7O22/Ti3C2 Nanocomposite-Based Sensor Device for Breath Acetone Analysis in Diabetic Patients." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31828.

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Acetone in exhaled breath is gaining attention as a non-invasive means of quantifying blood glucose levels in Diabetics. This calls for development of novel biosensors for the detection of trace concentrations of acetone present in human breath. Traditional gas detection systems, such as GC/MS and chemiresistive sensors, are currently used for this purpose. However, these systems have limitations with regards to size, cost, and operating temperature. This work presents the K2W7O22/Ti3C2 nanocomposite sensor as breath acetone sensor that overcomes the limitations in traditional detection system

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5

Li, Hongyan, Yang Hou, Faxing Wang, et al. "Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors with High Volumetric Capacitances Boosted by Solution Processable MXene and Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-235446.

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6

Dall'Agnese, Yohan. "Study of early transition metal carbides for energy storage applications." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30025/document.

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La demande urgente d'innovations dans le domaine du stockage de l'énergie est liée au développement récent de la production d'énergie renouvelable ainsi qu'à la diversification des produits électroniques portables qui consomment de plus en plus d'énergie. Il existe plusieurs technologies pour le stockage et la conversion électrochimique de l'énergie, les plus notables étant les batteries aux ions lithium, les piles à combustible et les supercondensateurs. Ces systèmes sont utilisés de façon complémentaire des uns aux autres dans des applications différentes. Par exemple, les batteries sont plu

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7

Yan, Yilong. "Catalytic hydrogenation properties of MXenes promoted by single metal atoms." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10190.

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Les MXènes, matériaux bidimensionnels dérivés des phases MAX par élimination sélective de l'élément A (e.g. Al, Ga ou Si), présentent une large gamme de chimies et de potentielles applications catalytiques. Ces matériaux possèdent la formule chimique Mn+1XnTx, où M représente un métal de transition de début de série, X désigne C ou N, et Tx correspond aux groupements terminaux (e.g. -O, -OH, -F). Les catalyseurs à atomes isolés (SACs), composés d'atomes de métaux isolés sur des supports tels que les oxydes métalliques ou le carbone, présentent une efficacité atomique maximale et des propriétés

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8

Karlsson, Linda. "Transmission Electron Microscopy of 2D Materials : Structure and Surface Properties." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tunnfilmsfysik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-127526.

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During recent years, new types of materials have been discovered with unique properties. One family of such materials are two-dimensional materials, which include graphene and MXene. These materials are stronger, more flexible, and have higher conductivity than other materials. As such they are highly interesting for new applications, e.g. specialized in vivo drug delivery systems, hydrogen storage, or as replacements of common materials in e.g. batteries, bulletproof clothing, and sensors. The list of potential applications is long for these new materials. As these materials are almost entire

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9

Liu, Liyuan. "Les matériaux 2D pour le stockage de l'énergie." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30204.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les propriétés électrochimiques des matériaux 2D utilisés comme électrode dans les batteries et les supercondensateurs. La première partie commence par la synthèse du graphène et la préparation des films d'électrode. Une étude détaillée des propriétés électrochimiques du stockage des ions potassium a été réalisée en utilisant un aérogel à oxyde de graphène réduit (rGO) comme matériau d'électrode négative. L'influence de la nature de l'électrolyte et les méthodes de séchage utilisées ont été étudiées afin d'optimiser les performances électrochimiques du r

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10

Shao, Hui. "2D Ti3C2Tx MXenes pour le stockage électrochimique d'énergie." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30195.

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Cette thèse vise à comprendre et étudier la cinétique électrochimique et les mécanismes de stockage de charge de l'électrode Ti3C2Tx MXene dans les systèmes aqueux, et à augmenter davantage les performances électrochimiques du Ti3C2Tx MXene dans les systèmes non aqueux. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, les comportements électrochimiques des électrodes pseudocapacitives Ti3C2Tx MXene ont été analysés dans des électrolytes aqueux par une technique de chronoampérométrie à étapes potentielles multiples (MUSCA). Le MUSCA permet de reconstruire des voltammogrammes cycliques avec une contribut

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11

Lin, Zifeng. "Two dimensional materials (graphene and MXenes) for supercapacitor applications." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30157/document.

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Cette thèse vise à étudier les propriétés électrochimiques de graphène et de MXenes utilisés en tant que matériaux d'électrodes pour supercondensateurs. La première partie concerne la synthèse du graphène et la préparation des films d'électrode. Après immersion dans un mélange contenant une concentration de 10wt% de mélange de liquides ionique ((PYP13)0.5(PYR14)0.5-TFSI) dans l'acétonitrile et séchage sous vide, un film de gel de graphène est obtenu, qui est ensuite caractérisé électrochimiquement dans l'électrolyte ((PYP13)0.5(PYR14)0.5-TFSI pur ; une capacité de 175F/g est alors obtenue. L'i

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12

Magné, Damien. "Synthèse et structure électronique de phases MAX et MXènes." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2284/document.

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Les objectifs de ce travail sont d'une part d'étudier la structure électronique de carbures de titane bidimensionnels appartenant à la famille des MXènes, et d'autre part de synthétiser des films minces pour caractériser certaines de leurs propriétés. L'étude de la structure électronique a été réalisée sur le système Ti3C2T2 avec une attention particulière portée aux groupements de surface T (T=OH, F ou O) en comparant les résultats obtenus par spectroscopie de perte d'énergie des électrons à ceux des calculs ab initio. Cette étude, portée à la fois sur les excitations du gaz d'électrons de va

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13

Борисюк, Вадим Миколайович, Вадим Николаевич Борисюк та Vadym Mykolaiovych Borysiuk. "Механічні властивості та фазові переходи в Tin+1Cn максенах і металевих наноматеріалах під дією зовнішнього впливу деформації та температури". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2021. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/83599.

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Дисертаційна робота присвячена встановленню закономірностей структурних змін та фазових перетворень у двовимірних системах та металевих наноматеріалах під різним типом зовнішньої дії, а також зв’язку цих перетворень з фізичними властивостями досліджуваних систем. Основним результатом роботи є запропонована концепція дослідження наноматеріалів, що базується на методах класичної молекулярної динаміки та теоретичної фізики, яка була застосована для розрахунку ефективних механічних параметрів та описанні поведінки двовимірних карбідів титану та інших низькорозмірних систем під дією зовнішнього впл

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14

Halim, Joseph. "Synthesis and Characterization of 2D Nanocrystals and Thin Films of Transition Metal Carbides (MXenes)." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tunnfilmsfysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-111128.

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Two dimensional (2D) materials have received growing interest because of their unique properties compared to their bulk counterparts. Graphene is the archetype 2D solid, but other materials beyond graphene, such as MoS2 and BN have become potential candidates for several applications. Recently, a new family of 2D materials of early transition metal carbides and carbonitrides (Ti2CTx, Ti3C2Tx, Ti3CNTx, Ta4C3Tx, and more), labelled MXenes, has been discovered, where T stands for the surface-terminating groups. Before the present work, MXenes had only been synthesized in the form of exfoliated an

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15

Barac, Matthew James Wilfrid. "From township to town : urban change in Victoria Mxenge TT informal settlement, Cape Town, South Africa." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252054.

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16

Остольський, В. В. "Вплив концентрації максенів Ti3C2Tx в полімері на фізико-хімічні та електричні властивості". Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2021. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/87417.

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Мета магістерської роботи – дослідити вплив імплантації максенів Ti3C2Tx в полімер на фізико-хімічні та електричні властивості. В роботі досліджені частотні залежності складових (індуктивності, ємності, кута зсуву фази).

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17

Bilyk, Thomas. "Caractérisation des effets de surface, de désordre et d'empilement de feuillets dans le MXène Ti₃C₂Tₓ par microscopie électronique en transmission". Thesis, Poitiers, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021POIT2260.

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Les effets de chimie de surface, de désordre et d'empilement jouent des rôles majeurs sur les propriétés des MXènes. L'étude de ces effets sur la structure électronique représente donc un enjeu fondamental pour ces matériaux. La microscopie électronique en transmission permet de sonder celle-ci à des échelles allant du micromètre au nanomètre, notamment grâce à la spectroscopie de perte d'énergie des électrons (EELS). Cette étude se focalise majoritairement sur le MXène Ti₃C₂Tₓ avec T les groupements fonctionnels.Un premier objectif fut l'étude des informations accessibles sur la chimie de sur

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18

Herath, Mudiyanselage Dimuthu Prasad Wijethunge. "Theoretical investigation of ferroelectric properties in 2D materials and their applications." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/235394/1/Dimuthu%2BWijethunge%2BThesis%283%29.pdf.

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This thesis examined two-dimensional ferroelectric materials and their applications using density functional theory calculations. The research has revealed several novel applications for 2D ferroelectric materials. It illustrated that ferroelectric materials can be used to modify electronic, photocatalytic and magnetic properties of two-dimensional materials. In addition to exploring applications, new two-dimensional ferroelectric material which exhibits metallic properties was discovered through high through output search. Two-dimensional ferroelectric metals are extremely rare and only handf

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19

Kwayisi, Frederick Ntow. "A pilot study of the use of groupwork in biology education at the Griffiths Mxenge College of Education : a research project ; Towards an effective implementation of assessment of biology practical work under ʺcurriculum 2005ʺ". Thesis, Rhodes University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003588.

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A pilot study of the use of groupwork in biology education at the Griffiths Mxenge College of Education: The Government of National Unity in 1994 introduced a new educational policy for the country. This represented a shift in paradigm from a transmission mode of teaching and learning to learner-centered education. The shift marks a transformation from a contentbased curriculum to an outcomes based education (aBE). aBE, which is underpinned by Constructivism and Social Constructivism advocates for the use of groupwork as a strategy for achieving the outcomes envisaged in our learners. The chal

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20

Wei, Hua. "Développement d'électrodes innovantes pour la conversion électrocatalytique de petites molécules." Thesis, Lyon, 2021. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03789610.

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L'azote joue un rôle indispensable pour toute vie sur terre et pour le développement des êtres humains. À l'heure actuelle, la seule technologie de synthèse de l'ammoniac à l'échelle industrielle est le procédé mis au point par Haber et Bosch au début du XXe siècle, qui utilise les phases gazeuses N2 et H2. Cependant, le procédé Haber-Bosch nécessite des conditions difficiles, des équipements complexes et une consommation d'énergie élevée, et fonctionne avec de faibles taux de conversion, ce qui est incompatible avec les exigences d’un développement durable. Par rapport à la méthode Haber-Bosc

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21

Benchakar, Mohamed. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux composés bidimensionnels, les MXènes, pour le stockage et la conversion de l'énergie." Thesis, Poitiers, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020POIT2271.

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L'hydrogène est le vecteur énergétique le plus prometteur pour l’implémentation de la grille énergétique du futur. Il peut être obtenu en employant diverses méthodes de production. Parmi tous ces procédés, l’électrolyse de l’eau est d’intérêt car elle permet d’obtenir directement du dihydrogène de grande pureté qui peut donc être utilisé au sein d’une pile à combustible H2/O2. Toutefois, l’élaboration d’électrodes peu coûteuses, actives et stables est nécessaire pour entreprendre le développement des électrolyseurs à grande échelle. Dans ce contexte, les matériaux 2D suscitent un engouement im

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22

Ahmed, Bilal. "Surface Modification of MXenes: A Pathway to Improve MXene Electrode Performance in Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/626572.

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The recent discovery of layered transition metal carbides (MXenes) is one of the most important developments in two-dimensional (2D) materials. Preliminary theoretical and experimental studies suggest a wide range of potential applications for MXenes. The MXenes are prepared by chemically etching ‘A’-layer element from layered ternary metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides (MAX phases) through aqueous acid treatment, which results in various surface terminations such as hydroxyl, oxygen or fluorine. It has been found that surface terminations play a critical role in defining MXene properti

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23

(9174149), Lirong Cai. "THE THERMAL SAFETY UNDERSTANDING OF MXENE ANODES IN LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES." Thesis, 2020.

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<p>Rechargeable lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in various daily life applications including electronic portable devices, cell phones, military applications, and electric vehicles throughout the world. The demand for building a safer and higher volumetric/gravimetric energy density LIBs has increased exponentially for electronic devices and electric vehicles. With the high energy density and longer cycle life, the LIBs are the most prominent energy storage system for electric vehicles. Researchers are further exploring for new materials with a high specific capacity, the MXene has

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24

Wang, Yueyin. "Functionalization of two-dimensional tungsten diselenide and MXene for tunable optical property." Thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/40945.

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Since the discover of graphene in 2004, two-dimensional (2D) materials have gained tremendous attention because of their distinctive properties relative to their bulk form. Particularly, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) have shown promising applications in flexible electrical and optoelectronic devices. Due to the atomically thin nature, the electronic band structures of these materials are very sensitive to the small changes in the lattice and the surface functionalization, offering a dimension to tune the properties of the materia

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Tu, Shao Bo. "Design and Synthesis of MXene Derived Materials for Advanced Electronics and Energy Harvesting Applications." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/663938.

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In this thesis, we capitalize on the two-dimensional (2D) nature of MXenes by using them as precursors for the synthesis of 2D functional material. MXenes are easily intercalated with monovalent cations K, Na, Li due to their expanded d-spacing after etching. Based on these ideas, we have developed new synthesis processes of texture functional materials using MXenes as precursors. We have successfully synthesized two-dimensional Nb2C MXene based high aspect ratio ferroelectric potassium niobate (KNbO3) and well-oriented photoluminescent rare earth doped lithium niobate (LiNbO3:Pr3+) crystals,

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Jiang, Qiu. "Engineering of Pseudocapacitive Materials and Device Architecture for On-Chip Energy Storage." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/631356.

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The emergence of micropower-type applications such as self-powered sensors and miniaturized electronic systems has increased interest in on-chip electrochemical energy storage such as microsupercapacitors. Microsupercapacitors (MSCs) are high rate and high power yet miniaturized versions of macroscopic supercapacitors. MSCs with planar configuration have higher power density at potentially comparable energy density to thin-film batteries, while possessing essentially infinite cycle life. They could also offer compatible integration with smart electronic devices on an integrated chip (IC). In t

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Saleh, Abdulelah. "Inkjet Printing of a Two-Dimensional Conductor for Cutaneous Biosignal Monitoring." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/652930.

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Wearables for health monitoring are rapidly advancing as evidenced by the number of wearable products on the market. More recently, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the Apple Watch for heart monitoring, indicating that wearables are going to be a part of our lives sooner than expected. However, wearables are still based on rigid, conventional electronic materials and fabrication procedures. The use of flexible conducting materials fabricated on flexible substrates allows for more comprehensive health monitoring because of the seamless integration and conformability of such devices

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Guo, Dong. "LITHIUM-SULFUR BATTERY DESIGN: CATHODES, SEPARATORS, AND LITHIUM METAL ANODES." Diss., 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/669135.

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The shortage of energy sources and the global climate change crisis have become critical issues. Solving these problems with clean and sustainable energy sources (solar, wind, tidal, and so on) is a promising solution. In this regard, energy storage techniques need to be implemented to tackle with the intermittent nature of the sustainable energies. Among the next-generation energy storage systems, lithium sulfur batteries has gained prominence due to the low cost, high theoretical specific-capacity of sulfur. Extensive research has been conducted on this battery system. Nevertheless, several

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Wazalwar, Radhika. "Mechanical and curing behavior of tetra-functional epoxy reinforced with nano-fillers." Thesis, 2021. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5613.

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Synopsis Tetra-functional epoxy resins are used as a matrix for aerospace composites owing to their excellent mechanical, adhesive, corrosion resistance and thermal properties. Although epoxy is a high-performance thermosetting polymer, it is brittle due to its highly cross-linked network. This limitation must be addressed to make epoxy fit for aerospace applications. Plenty of potential filler materials such as organic and inorganic nano-particles, CNTs, two-dimensional nanomaterials such as graphene and its derivatives have been studied as reinforcing agents for epoxy composites. The high a

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(6787016), Krishnakali Chaudhuri. "Plasmonic Metasurfaces Utilizing Emerging Material Platforms." Thesis, 2019.

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<p>Metasurfaces are broadly defined as artificially engineered material interfaces that have the ability to determinately control the amplitude and phase signatures of an incident electromagnetic wave. Subwavelength sized optical scatterers employed at the planar interface of two media, introduce abrupt modifications to impinged light characteristics. Arbitrary engineering of the optical interactions and the arrangement of the scatterers on plane, enable ultra-compact, miniaturized optical systems with a wide array of applications (e.g. nanoscale and nonlinear optics, sensing, detection, energ

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El, Demellawi Jehad K. "Active Control of Surface Plasmons in MXenes for Advanced Optoelectronics." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/666285.

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MXenes, a new class of two-dimensional (2D) materials, have recently demonstrated impressive optoelectronic properties associated with its ultrathin layered structure. Particularly, Ti3C2Tx, the most studied MXene by far, was shown to exhibit intense surface plasmons (SPs), i.e. collective oscillations of free charge carriers, when excited by electromagnetic waves. However, due to the lack of information about the spatial and energy variation of those SPs over individual MXene flakes, the potential use of MXenes in photonics and plasmonics is still marginally explored. Hence, the main objectiv

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Kim, Hyunho. "Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides (MXenes) for Electronic and Energy Harvesting Applications." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/666301.

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Nanomaterials have been served as essential building blocks in the era of nanotechnology. Nanomaterials often exhibit different properties compared to their bulk phase, due to heavily enlarged portion of surface characteristics to the bulk. Beyond the simple size- effect, nanomaterials can be classified into 0D, 1D, and 2D materials depends on the number of restricted dimensionalities. They exhibit different unique properties and transport mechanism due to the quantum confinement effect. MXenes are one of the latest additions of 2D material family that can be obtained by selective chemical e

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(11036556), Yen-yu Chen. "2D MATERIALS FOR GAS-SENSING APPLICATIONS." Thesis, 2021.

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<div> <div> <div> <p> </p><div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <p> </p><div> <div> <div> <p>Two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes), have been recently receiving attention for gas sensing applications due to their high specific area and rich surface functionalities. However, using pristine 2D materials for gas-sensing applications presents some drawbacks, including high operation temperatures, low gas response, and poor selectivity, limiting their practical sensing applications. Moreover, one of the long-standing challe

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Mishra, Avanish. "Exploration of exfoliation, functionalization and properties of MXenes via first-principles and machine learning." Thesis, 2018. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4773.

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The monolayers of early transition metal carbides and carbonitrides named MXenes are exfoliated from the corresponding bulk MAX phases (Mn+1AXn, M = early transition metal, A = group IIIA or IVA element and X = carbon and/or nitrogen), where MX layers are interleaved with “A” atoms. The selective etching of the A element from the MAX phases using the aqueous solution of HF as the etchant causes functionalization of the surface of MXenes, which are represented by Mn+1XnT2, (T=F, O, H and/or OH). According to experimental reports, the uncontrolled, non-uniform and mixed functionalization of MXen

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35

Barik, Ranjan Kumar. "Exploring Topological Phases of Matter using Density Functional Theory and Machine Learning Approaches." Thesis, 2021. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5267.

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Topological phases of matter such as topological insulator (TI), quantum anomalous Hall insulator (QAHI), nodal line semimetal (NLSM), and triple point metal (TPM) can be realized by manipulating the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and symmetry present in the crystalline solids. To understand many of these phases in novel materials, we attempted to develop symmetry-based methods using the density functional theory in combination with the high-throughput (HT) and machine learning (ML) approaches. To take advantages of crystalline symmetry in preserving triply degenerated band crossing in the Brilloui

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36

WEI, Hua. "Development of Innovative Electrodes for the Electrocatalytic Conversion of Small Molecules." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11570/3191397.

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L'azoto gioca un ruolo indispensabile per la vita sulla terra e per lo sviluppo degli esseri umani. Industrialmente, è necessario convertire l'azoto gassoso in ammoniaca (NH3) per la produzione di fertilizzanti, in modo da integrare la quantità di azoto fissata spontaneamente in natura. Attualmente, l'unica tecnologia di sintesi dell'ammoniaca su scala industriale è il processo sviluppato da Haber e Bosch all'inizio del XX secolo che utilizza N2 e H2 come gas di alimentazione. Tuttavia, il processo Haber-Bosch richiede condizioni molto drastiche, apparecchiature complesse e porta ad un elevato

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