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1
Supakitthanakorn, Salit, On-Uma Ruangwong, Choncharoen Sawangrat, Wimada Srisuwan, and Dheerawan Boonyawan. "Potential of Nonthermal Atmospheric-Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma for Inhibition of Athelia rolfsii Causing Southern Blight Disease in Lettuce." Agriculture 13, no. 1 (2023): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010167.
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Athelia rolfsii is one of the most destructive and aggressive fungal pathogens worldwide and causes southern blight disease of lettuce. A nonthermal atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma has attracted interest as an alternative control method to chemical usage because of its antimicrobial activity. Exposure of A. rolfsii to DBD plasma for 5, 10, 15, and 20 min resulted in in vitro fungal inhibition of mycelial discs and sclerotia. The results showed that DBD plasma exposure for 10 min completely inhibited fungal growth of mycelial discs, whereas exposure for over 20 min was required to inhibit the hyphal growth of sclerotia. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of mycelia and sclerotia abnormalities revealed laceration and damage of both mycelia and sclerotia. In addition, disease incidence and severity were reduced in mycelial and sclerotia inoculation following DBD plasma exposure for 15 and 20 min, respectively, compared with the positive control. In conclusion, the DBD plasma demonstrates antifungal activity against A. rolfsii via inhibition of fungal growth and reduction in disease incidence and severity. Therefore, DBD plasma has the potential to be applied in controlling southern blight disease of lettuce.
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Qu, Chenling, Zhuozhen Li, and Xiupin Wang. "UHPLC-HRMS-Based Untargeted Lipidomics Reveal Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Carvacrol against Aspergillus flavus." Foods 11, no. 1 (2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11010093.
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Aspergillus flavus is a common contaminant in grain, oil and their products. Its metabolite aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been proved to be highly carcinogenic. Therefore, it is of great importance to find possible antifungal substances to inhibit the growth and toxin production of Aspergillus flavus. Carvacrol (CV) was reported as a potent antifungal monoterpene derived from plants. In this paper, the antifungal effects and mechanism of CV on Aspergillus flavus were investigated. CV was shown good inhibition on the growth of Aspergillus flavus and the production of AFB1. CV used in concentrations ranging from 0, 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL inhibited the germination of spores, mycelia growth and AFB1 production dose-dependently. To explore the antifungal mechanism of CV on Aspergillus flavus, we also detected the ergosterol content of Aspergillus flavus mycelia, employed Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to observe mycelia morphology and utilized Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) to explore the lipidome profiles of Aspergillus flavus. The results showed that the production of ergosterol of mycelia was reduced as the CV treatment concentration increased. SEM photographs demonstrated a rough surface and a reduction in the thickness of hyphae in Aspergillus flavus treated with CV (200 µg/mL). In positive ion mode, 21 lipids of Aspergillus flavus mycelium were downregulated, and 11 lipids were upregulated after treatment with 200-µg/mL CV. In negative ion mode, nine lipids of Aspergillus flavus mycelium were downregulated, and seven lipids upregulated after treatment with 200-µg/mL CV. In addition, the analysis of different lipid metabolic pathways between the control and 200-µg/mL CV-treated groups demonstrated that glycerophospholipid metabolism was the most enriched pathway related to CV treatment.
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Alaba, Olaitan Adeji, and Olufunmilayo Aduramigba-Modupe Adefoyeke. "Botanical alternatives in management of fungal pathogens of seedling blight of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 14, no. 1 (2021): 193–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4527752.
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Introduction: Cashew <em>(Anacardium occidentale L.)</em> is an important tree crop and seedling survival is pertinent to successful establishment. Cashew seedling is infected by blight pathogens causing more than 60% seedling lost, however pesticides residues related issues and high cost of chemical necessitate efficacy trials of aqueous extracts of <em>Mangifera indica</em>, <em>Azadirachta indica</em> and <em>Hyphtis suaveolens</em> evaluated <em>in-vitro </em>on associated pathogens. Methods: Flora of blight-infected cashew seedlings was randomly collected from Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN) nursery between July and October, 2019. Mycoflora analysis was carried out in the plant pathology (Mycology) laboratory of CRIN. Antifungal assay of powdered <em>Mangifera indica</em>, <em>Azadirachta indica</em> and <em>Hyphtis suaveolens</em> were screened using aqueous extracts at 1:4 (w/v). Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) amended with 1ml of 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% of the extracts and Mancozeb (synthetic fungicide) as standard, 5mm mycelia mat disc of 10day old each of <em>Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium pallidoroseum and Macrophomina sp.</em> were placed at the centre of the amended media in triplicate and incubated 5-7days using complete randomized design (CRD). Mycelia extension inhibition and percentage growth inhibition (R) obtained. Results: <em>Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Fusarium oxysporium, F. pallidoroseum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae., Pythium sp., Rhizopus sp., Macrophomina sp</em>. and <em>Rhizotonia sp</em>. were isolated. <em>Fusarium pallidoroseum, L. theobromae</em> and <em>Macrophomina </em>sp. screened with the varied concentrations of botanicals showed reduction in mycelia diameter; <em>Mangifera indica </em>(31.50%)<em>, A. indica</em> (48.70%) and H<em>. suaveolens </em>(25.86%) on <em>F. pallidoroseum</em> favorably competed with mancozeb (39%) at 25% concentration while only <em>M. indica</em> was significant on <em>L.theobromae(</em>64.12%)and <em>Macrophomina sp.</em>(40.29%) and significantly different from control (0%). Conclusion: Aqueous extracts of <em>M. indica, A. indica and H. suaveolens </em>showed fungicidal potential on <em>F. pallidoroseum </em>and <em>M. indica was</em> significant on <em>L. theobromae </em>and <em>Macrophomina sp</em>.
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Kasprowicz, Marek Jan, Magdalena Kozioł, and Anna Gorczyca. "The effect of silver nanoparticles on phytopathogenic spores of Fusarium culmorum." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 56, no. 3 (2010): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-012.
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The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the influence of silver nanoparticles on Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) Sacc. (FC) spores. The silver nanoparticles were produced by the high-voltage arc discharge method. To test the effect of silver nanoparticles on FC spores, 3 parameters were tested. One of these parameters was the vegetative mycelial growth in 2 experiments. The first involved the growth of FC spores on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium after contact with 0.12–10 ppm of silver nanoparticles, and the second the growth of spores after contact with 0.12–2.5 ppm solutions of silver, but with culturing on 3 types of media (PDA, nutrient-poor PDA, and agar) instead. The next parameter was the formation of spores after the mycelia were cultured. The last parameter was spore germination in a 2.5 ppm solution of silver nanoparticles. A significant reduction in mycelial growth was observed for spores incubated with silver nanoparticles. This relationship was dependent on the incubation time and type of growth medium, but did not depend significantly on the concentration of silver nanoparticles up to 2.5 ppm. The sporulation test showed that, relative to control samples, the number of spores formed by mycelia increased in the culture after contact with silver nanoparticles, especially on the nutrient-poor PDA medium. The 24 h incubation of FC spores with a 2.5 ppm solution of silver nanoparticles greatly reduced the number of germinating fragments and sprout length relative to the control.
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Qiu, Junzhi, Yubin Su, Ivan Gelbǐc, Yunfeng Qiu, Xiaocong Xie, and Xiong Guan. "Proteomic analysis of proteins differentially expressed in conidia and mycelium of the entomopathogenic fungus Aschersonia placenta." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 58, no. 12 (2012): 1327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w2012-111.
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The infection of insects by the entomopathogenic fungus Aschersonia placenta depends on conidia. To identify proteins differentially expressed in A. placenta conidia vs mycelia, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of A. placenta using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). We detected 1022 2-DE protein spots in conidia and 1049 in mycelia and analyzed 48 (13 from conidia and 35 from mycelia) using MALDI-TOF-MS. Finally, we identified 28 proteins (7 from conidia and 21 from mycelia). The identified proteins exclusive to conidia included major proteins participating in oxidation–reduction processes and vegetative insecticidal protein 1 (Vip1), a protein that is likely involved in pathogenicity. The identified proteins exclusive to mycelia were those involved in biosynthesis and metabolism, including uridine diphosphate galactopyranose mutase, which might play key roles in hyphal morphogenesis. This report provides the first proteomic analysis of different developmental stages of an Aschersonia species. Although only a small number of proteins were identified, the data represent a useful foundation for future studies concerning the molecular basis of entomopathogenicity in the species A. placenta and in the genus Aschersonia.
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Hidalgo-Sanz, Raquel, María-Ángeles Del-Castillo-Alonso, Susana Sanz, Carmen Olarte, Javier Martínez-Abaigar, and Encarnación Núñez-Olivera. "The Two Mycological Sides of Ultraviolet-B Radiation: Harmless for Mushroom Mycelia, Harmful for Mycopathogenic Mould Spores." Agriculture 14, no. 5 (2024): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050681.
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Mycopathogenic moulds are responsible for the greatest crop losses of cultivated mushrooms, thus having a significant negative economic impact on industry. Pesticides are the most common treatment against mycopathogenic moulds, but ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280–315 nm) radiation could be a more ecological alternative. Thus, we studied the effect of UV-B (at doses from 8 to 192 kJ m−2) on four common mycopathogenic moulds (Cladobotryum mycophilum, Lecanicillium fungicola, Trichoderma aggressivum, and Mycogone perniciosa) under in vitro conditions, using four different culture media. UV-B was tremendously effective in inactivating mould spores even at the lowest dose, with the exception of those of T. aggresivum. Contrarily, UV-B did not present any effect on the development of the host mycelium (Agaricus bisporus), even at the highest dose, when cultivated on Compost Tea medium (CT). This is the most similar medium to the substrate used for commercial mushroom cultivation. UV-B reduced the mould mycelia development in a dose-response manner, but this reduction depended on the species, with the strongly pigmented T. aggressivum as the most tolerant species. Regarding the culture media, all of them (especially CT) absorbed UV-B intensely, contributing to the protection of the mycelia. Overall, UV-B radiation could constitute an ecologically friendly alternative to chemical treatments against mycopathogenic moulds, due to its capacity to inactivate their spores and (in some cases) their mycelia without affecting their hosts.
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PASTER, NACHMAN, MAZAL MENASHEROV, UZI RAVID, and BENJAMIN JUVEN. "Antifungal Activity of Oregano and Thyme Essential Oils Applied as Fumigants Against Fungi Attacking Stored Grain." Journal of Food Protection 58, no. 1 (1995): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-58.1.81.
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Essential oils from oregano and thyme were applied for 24 h as fumigants against the mycelia and spores ofAspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus ochraceus, as well as against natural microflora of wheat grains. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oregano oil needed to inhibit the mycelial growth of the fungi was 2.0 μl/L, while spores were eradicated following exposure to 2.0 to 2.5 μl/L. The thyme essential oil was less efficient in controlling mycelia and growth was observed even following exposure to 4.0 μl/L. However, the thyme essential oil was fungitoxic to spores (MIC = 3.0 μl/L). In another set of trials the efficacy of the oils and two of their constituents (carvacrol and thymol) in controlling natural microflora of surface-sterilized wheat grain was studied. Of the four materials investigated, only oregano essential oil exhibited fungicidal activity and, following 24 h exposure to 20 μl/L, a significant reduction in the percent of infested grain was observed even after 5 days of incubation on potato dextrose agar. A reduction in the germinability of the grains was evident following exposure to the materials tested. When the fungicidal activity of oregano essential oil was evaluated using grains with different moisture contents (MC), data revealed that the better inhibitory effect was achieved in grain with a high MC. The findings emphasize the toxicity of oregano and thyme essential oils as fumigants against fungi attacking stored grain and strengthen the possibility of using them as an alternative to chemicals for preserving stored grains.
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Soltani-Horand, Parya, Hamideh Vaghari, Jahanbakhsh Soltani-Horand, Mohammad Adibpour, and Hoda Jafarizadeh-Malmiri. "Extracellular Mycosynthesis of Antibacterial Silver Nanoparticles Using Aspergillus flavus and Evaluation of their Characteristics." International Journal of Nanoscience 19, no. 02 (2019): 1950009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x19500091.
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Fungi extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Aspergillus flavus mycelia extract was evaluated. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of hydroxyl and amide I groups in the prepared fungi mycelia extract which those had key roles in the reduction of silver ions and stabilizing of the formed AgNPs. Response surface methodology (RSM) has been used to optimize and evaluate the effects of the prepared mycelia extract amount (5–7[Formula: see text]mL) and autoclave heating time (10–20[Formula: see text]min) on the particle size of the synthesized AgNPs. Obtained results revealed that the spherical mono-dispersed AgNPs with high stability were synthesized using 6[Formula: see text]mL of fungal mycelia extract and hydrothermally heating for 15[Formula: see text]min. At this obtained optimum synthesis conditions, broad emission peaks ([Formula: see text], mean particle size, concentration and zeta potential values for the fabricated AgNPs were 450[Formula: see text]nm, 44[Formula: see text]nm, 72[Formula: see text]ppm and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mV, respectively. The synthesized AgNPs also indicated high antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and negative bacteria.
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Chang, Tao-Ho, Ying-Hong Lin, Yu-Ling Wan, Kan-Shu Chen, Jenn-Wen Huang, and Pi-Fang Linda Chang. "Degenerated Virulence and Irregular Development of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Induced by Successive Subculture." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (2020): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040382.
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Successive cultivation of fungi on artificial media has been reported to cause the sectorization, which leads to degeneration of developmental phenotype, and virulence. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), the causal agent of watermelon Fusarium wilt, forms degenerated sectors after successive cultivation. In the present research, we demonstrated that subculture with aged mycelia increased the incidence of degenerations. To further investigate the differences between the Fon wild type (sporodochial type, ST) and variants (MT: mycelial type and PT: pionnotal type), developmental phenotypes and pathogenicity to watermelon were examined. Results in variants (PT2, PT3, PT11, and MT6) were different from ST with mycelia growth, conidia production and chlamydospore formation. Virulence of degenerated variants on susceptible watermelon Grand Baby (GB) cultivar was determined after inoculation with Fon variants and Fon ST. In root dipping methods, Fon variants showed no significant differences in disease progress compared with ST. Fon variants showed a significant decrease in disease progression compared with ST through infested soil inoculation. The contrasting results of two inoculation methods suggest that the degenerative changes due to repeated successive cultivation may lead to the loss of pathogen virulence-related factors of the early stage of Fon infection process. Therefore, cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs; cellulase, pectinase, and xylanase) activities of different variants were analyzed. All Fon degenerated variants demonstrated significant decreases of CWDEs activities compared with ST. Additionally, transcript levels of 9 virulence-related genes (fmk1, fgb1, pacC, xlnR, pl1, rho1, gas1, wc1, and fow1) were assessed in normal state. The degenerated variants demonstrated a significantly low level of tested virulence-related gene transcripts except for fmk1, xlnR, and fow1. In summary, the degeneration of Fon is triggered with successive subculture through aged mycelia. The degeneration showed significant impacts on virulence to watermelon, which was correlated with the reduction of CWDEs activities and declining expression of a set of virulence-related genes.
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Das, Sumanjari, Dale R. Gardner, Marwa Neyaz, Allen B. Charleston, Daniel Cook, and Rebecca Creamer. "Silencing of the Transmembrane Transporter (swnT) Gene of the Fungus Slafractonia leguminicola Results in a Reduction of Mycotoxin Transport." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 3 (2023): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9030370.
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Slafractonia leguminicola infects red clover and other legumes, causing black patch disease. This pathogenic fungus also produces two mycotoxins, slaframine and swainsonine, that are toxic to livestock grazing on clover hay or pasture infested with S. leguminicola. Swainsonine toxicosis causes locoism, while slaframine causes slobbers syndrome. The mechanism of toxin secretion by S. leguminicola is poorly understood. The aim of this research was to investigate the role of a putative transmembrane transporter, SwnT, in mycotoxin transport. The swnT gene was silenced by RNA interference using the silencing vector Psilent1, which included inverted repeat transgenes of swnT. This resulted in a significant reduction of swnT transcript levels compared with the controls. Silencing caused a decline in the active efflux of toxins from the mycelia to the media, as shown by LC–MS analysis. Transformants in which swnT was silenced showed higher concentrations of both toxins in the mycelia compared with the concentrations in the media. These transformants exhibited a visibly distinct phenotype with much thicker and shorter mycelia than in the wild type. These transformants were also unable to infect detached clover leaves, unlike the controls, suggesting that SwnT function may play an important role in pathogenesis in addition to mycotoxin transport. This research demonstrates the importance of this transporter to the secretion of mycotoxins for this phytopathogenic fungus.
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Gómez-Toribio, Víctor, Ana B. García-Martín, María J. Martínez, Ángel T. Martínez, and Francisco Guillén. "Induction of Extracellular Hydroxyl Radical Production by White-Rot Fungi through Quinone Redox Cycling." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 12 (2009): 3944–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02137-08.
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ABSTRACT A simple strategy for the induction of extracellular hydroxyl radical (OH) production by white-rot fungi is presented. It involves the incubation of mycelium with quinones and Fe3+-EDTA. Succinctly, it is based on the establishment of a quinone redox cycle catalyzed by cell-bound dehydrogenase activities and the ligninolytic enzymes (laccase and peroxidases). The semiquinone intermediate produced by the ligninolytic enzymes drives OH production by a Fenton reaction (H2O2 + Fe2+ → OH + OH− + Fe3+). H2O2 production, Fe3+ reduction, and OH generation were initially demonstrated with two Pleurotus eryngii mycelia (one producing laccase and versatile peroxidase and the other producing just laccase) and four quinones, 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ), 2-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (MBQ), 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DBQ), and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione [MD]). In all cases, OH radicals were linearly produced, with the highest rate obtained with MD, followed by DBQ, MBQ, and BQ. These rates correlated with both H2O2 levels and Fe3+ reduction rates observed with the four quinones. Between the two P. eryngii mycelia used, the best results were obtained with the one producing only laccase, showing higher OH production rates with added purified enzyme. The strategy was then validated in Bjerkandera adusta, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Phlebia radiata, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, and Trametes versicolor, also showing good correlation between OH production rates and the kinds and levels of the ligninolytic enzymes expressed by these fungi. We propose this strategy as a useful tool to study the effects of OH radicals on lignin and organopollutant degradation, as well as to improve the bioremediation potential of white-rot fungi.
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Chanprapai, Pragatsawat, Thanaporn Wichai, Sarintip Sooksai, et al. "Aqueous Extracts of Lemon Basil Straw as Chemical Stimulator for Gray Oyster Mushroom Cultivation." Foods 11, no. 9 (2022): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11091370.
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To reduce the burning of lemon basil straw (LBS)—the byproduct of basil seed production—we propose utilizing LBS as a replacement substrate for mushroom cultivation. LBS can stimulate both mycelial growth and percentage biological efficiency; however, the rigidity of this material limits particle size reduction. In this work, aqueous extractions were facilely performed without using either hazardous chemicals or complex procedures to valorize LBS as a stimulator for gray oyster mushroom cultivation. An aqueous extraction at solid-to-liquid of 50 g/L was employed. The macerated-LBS and decocted-LBS extracts were tested for mycelial growth in potato dextrose agar and sorghum grains. Following this, both aqueous extracts were applied as a wetting agent in cylindrical baglog cultivation to estimate mycelial growth, biological efficiency, and productivity. It was found that LBS extracts insignificantly enhanced the mycelia growth rate on all media, while the diluted LBS (1:1 v/v) extracts improved 1.5-fold of percentage biological efficiency. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer results indicated 9-octadecaenamide is a major component in LBS aqueous extract. Results demonstrated that the LBS extract is a good stimulator for the production of Pleurotus mushroom.
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Johnson, Eric M., and Turner B. Sutton. "Response of Two Fungi in the Apple Sooty Blotch Complex to Temperature and Relative Humidity." Phytopathology® 90, no. 4 (2000): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.4.362.
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Peltaster fructicola and Leptodontium elatius, two of the causal fungi of apple sooty blotch, responded differently to temperature and relative humidity in vitro. Conidia of L. elatius germinated from 12 to 32°C at relative humidities ≥97%, whereas conidia of P. fructicola germinated from 12 to 24°C at relative humidities ≥95%. Germination of conidia of L. elatius was optimum at 32°C and 99% relative humidity compared with 24°C and 97 or 99% relative humidity for P. fructicola. When L. elatius and P. fructicola were grown in Parafilm culture, sporulation was greatest at relative humidities of 97 to 99%. In agar culture, mycelia of L. elatius expanded radially from 12 to 32°C, and that of P. fructicola at 12 to 28°C. Mycelia of P. fructicola did not survive exposure for 7 days or more to temperatures ≥32°C. Mycelial growth was inhibited at relative humidities <95% for both fungi and no growth occurred at 88% relative humidity. Conidia of P. fructicola were more sensitive to air drying than were those of L. elatius. Conidial viability of P. fructicola was reduced significantly after 8 h of air drying and nearly completely inhibited after 12 h. Conidia of L. elatius required 24 h of air drying before a significant reduction in conidial viability was observed. These results support the hypothesis that environmental factors influence the temporal and geographical distributions of the fungi associated with the apple sooty blotch disease.
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Fajri, Desy Nur Aini, and Intan Pratiwi. "Digitalization in Mycelia Forest Management, Cikole Village: Innovative efforts towards sustainable tourism." Journal of Rural Tourism 3, no. 1 (2025): 87–95. https://doi.org/10.70310/jrt.2025.03010638.
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This research aims to find innovative efforts in the development of the Mycelia Forest in Cikole Village through the use of digital information technology. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The data collection method was carried out through in-depth interviews, followed by observation and documentation. The data analysis technique consists of three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawn. The results of this study show that innovative efforts in the development of Mycelia Forest towards sustainable tourism through digitalization: (1) Utilization of digital information technology media; (2) Improving accessibility and service quality; and (3) cooperation with various stakeholders. This research contributes to providing new insights into how digital information technology can be used to support the management and promotion of tourist destinations, especially tourist forests.
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Lu, Zexun, Riccardo Tombolini, Sheridan Woo, Susanne Zeilinger, Matteo Lorito, and Janet K. Jansson. "In Vivo Study of Trichoderma-Pathogen-Plant Interactions, Using Constitutive and Inducible Green Fluorescent Protein Reporter Systems." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 5 (2004): 3073–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.5.3073-3081.2004.
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ABSTRACT Plant tissue colonization by Trichoderma atroviride plays a critical role in the reduction of diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi, but this process has not been thoroughly studied in situ. We monitored in situ interactions between gfp-tagged biocontrol strains of T. atroviride and soilborne plant pathogens that were grown in cocultures and on cucumber seeds by confocal scanning laser microscopy and fluorescence stereomicroscopy. Spores of T. atroviride adhered to Pythium ultimum mycelia in coculture experiments. In mycoparasitic interactions of T. atroviride with P. ultimum or Rhizoctonia solani, the mycoparasitic hyphae grew alongside the pathogen mycelia, and this was followed by coiling and formation of specialized structures similar to hooks, appressoria, and papillae. The morphological changes observed depended on the pathogen tested. Branching of T. atroviride mycelium appeared to be an active response to the presence of the pathogenic host. Mycoparasitism of P. ultimum by T. atroviride occurred on cucumber seed surfaces while the seeds were germinating. The interaction of these fungi on the cucumber seeds was similar to the interaction observed in coculture experiments. Green fluorescent protein expression under the control of host-inducible promoters was also studied. The induction of specific Trichoderma genes was monitored visually in cocultures, on plant surfaces, and in soil in the presence of colloidal chitin or Rhizoctonia by confocal microscopy and fluorescence stereomicroscopy. These tools allowed initiation of the mycoparasitic gene expression cascade to be monitored in vivo.
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KAUR, Gurvinder, Hoshiyar Singh NEGI, Pallavi GHOSH, et al. "Sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea isolate collected from gladiolus against selected fungicides, plant oils and botanicals in North India." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 51, no. 4 (2023): 13360. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha51413360.
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Integrated disease management is the best and most environmentally friendly technique for managing of a plant disease. Among the nine fungicides tested in vitro against Botrytis cinerea, which causes grey mould in Gladiolus, hexaconazole and a combination of iprodione+carbendazim exhibited complete inhibition of the mycelia growth at all the tested concentrations. In the evaluation of 15 different plant oils against B. cinerea, oils of Mentha piperita, Cymbopogon martini, Pelargonium graveolens, Cymbopogon sp., and Oreganum vulgare resulted in 100% mycelial growth inhibition of B. cinerea at all concentrations ranging from 200 to 1000 ppm. Aqueous extract of cloves of Allium sativum resulted best among the different botanicals and bioproducts tested in vitro with a maximum average mycelial growth inhibition of 57.39%, followed by the leaves of Azadirachta indica (45.47%) at 20, 50, 75, and 100 ppm. In integrated management of the grey mould of gladiolus under in vivo conditions, the combination of quintal + A. sativum + neem oil exhibited the maximum reduction in disease (94.40 %), followed by the combination of contaf + A.sativum + neem oil, which showed 93.19% disease reduction. The treatments viz., quintal +A.sativum + neem oil also resulted in the most superior treatment in enhancing growth and yield parameters of gladiolus with significantly improved plant height (70.34 cm), yield of corms (38.00), spike length (53.17 cm), number of florets (15.65), and number of flowers (32.67). These results indicate that the integrated management approach by using fungicides, botanicals and essential oils could be used for the control of grey mould diseases caused by Botrytis pathogens.
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Xu, Dan, Minmin Huang, Jiao Lei, Hongxin Song, Liangbin Hu, and Haizhen Mo. "Auricularia auricular Adsorbs Aflatoxin B1 and Ameliorates Aflatoxin B1-Induced Liver Damage in Sprague Dawley Rats." Foods 12, no. 14 (2023): 2644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12142644.
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Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), as a class I carcinogen, poses a substantial health risk to individuals. Contamination of food sources, particularly grains and nuts, with Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) contributes to the prevalence of AFB1. The impact of global warming has spurred research into the development of AFB1 prevention technologies. While edible fungi have shown potential in detoxifying AFB1, there is a scarcity of literature on the application of Auricularia auricular (A. auricular) in this context. This study aimed to investigate the ability and underlying mechanism of A. auricular mycelia to adsorb aflatoxin B1, as well as evaluate its protective effects on the AFB1-induced liver damage in SD rats. Additionally, the effects of temperature, time, pH, and reaction ratio on the adsorption rate were examined. Combining thermodynamic and kinetic data, the adsorption process was characterized as a complex mechanism primarily driven by chemical adsorption. In SD rats, the A. auricular mycelia exhibited alleviation of AFB1-induced liver damage. The protective effects on the liver attributed to A. auricular mycelia may involve a reduction in AFB1 adsorption in the intestine, mitigation of oxidative stress, and augmentation of second-phase detoxification enzyme activity. The adsorption method for AFB1 not only ensures safety and non-toxicity, but also represents a dietary regulation strategy for achieving effective defense against AFB1.
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D'Ascoli, Rosaria, Flora A. Rutigliano, Raffaele A. De Pascale, Anna Gentile, and Amalia Virzo De Santo. "Functional diversity of the microbial community in Mediterranean maquis soils as affected by fires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 14, no. 4 (2005): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf05032.
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Fire is a disturbance in the Mediterranean region associated with frequent drought periods, and can affect the soil microbial community, which plays a fundamental role in nutrient cycling. In the present study the effect of low- and high-severity experimental fires on the soil microbial community was evaluated in an Italian Mediterranean maquis. Burned and unburned soils were compared for functional diversity, specific activities, microbial biomass, fungal mycelia and fungal fraction of microbial carbon, during the first year after fire. In the first week after fire, changes in the functional diversity were observed in burned soils, differing also between low- and high-severity fires. Respiration responses to specific organic compounds were generally lower in burned soils during the whole study period, with a percentage of changed responses from 2 to 70%. The general reduction in burned soils of the fungal fraction of microbial carbon (19–61%) and active mycelia (16–55%), together with the increase in microbial biomass carbon (29–42%) during the first 3 months after fire, suggest a larger and longer effect of fire on fungi than on bacteria. The results indicate a rapid recovery of functional diversity in soil after burning despite the persistent reduction of microbial community activity and the change in its structure.
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Al-limoun, Muhamad, Haitham N. Qaralleh, Khaled M. Khleifat, et al. "Culture Media Composition and Reduction Potential Optimization of Mycelia-free Filtrate for the Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using the Fungus Tritirachium oryzae W5H." Current Nanoscience 16, no. 5 (2020): 757–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413715666190725111956.
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Background: A major focus of nanotechnology concerns is the expansion of the optimization of nanomaterials in purity, size and dispersity. Methods: In the current work, a two-step AgNP synthesis process was optimized at the mycelia-DI water suspension and AgNP formation reaction levels. Results: Biomass filtrate from the fungal strain Tritirachium oryzae W5H was able to reduce silver nitrate into AgNPs after a 72 h reaction, as indicated by the development of intense brown color and by UV-vis spectra. The biosynthesis ability of AgNPs was markedly better in the presence of a single carbon and nitrogen source in the culture medium compared to multiple sources of carbon and nitrogen. The optimization results of AgNP formation were indifferent between the two steps and were 20 g biomass, 40°C, pH 7.0, 96 h and 1.0 mM AgNO3. The TEM images of the prepared AgNPs illustrated the presence of 7-75 nm, monodispersed and spherical- to ovular-shaped Ag nanoparticles. Conclusion: The present work highlights the importance of investigating the process parameters by which the reductant mycelia-free filtrate was prepared. In addition, we explored the promising antibacterial action of the prepared AgNPs against bacterial infections.
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Pinna, Cecilia, Tommaso Laurenzi, Fabio Forlani, et al. "Exploration of Novel Scaffolds Targeting Cytochrome b of Pyricularia oryzae." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (2023): 2705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032705.
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The fulfilment of the European “Farm to Fork” strategy requires a drastic reduction in the use of “at risk” synthetic pesticides; this exposes vulnerable agricultural sectors—among which is the European risiculture—to the lack of efficient means for the management of devastating diseases, thus endangering food security. Therefore, novel scaffolds need to be identified for the synthesis of new and more environmentally friendly fungicides. In the present work, we employed our previously developed 3D model of P. oryzae cytochrome bc1 (cyt bc1) complex to perform a high-throughput virtual screening of two commercially available compound libraries. Three chemotypes were selected, from which a small collection of differently substituted analogues was designed and synthesized. The compounds were tested as inhibitors of the cyt bc1 enzyme function and the mycelium growth of both strobilurin-sensitive (WT) and -resistant (RES) P. oryzae strains. This pipeline has permitted the identification of thirteen compounds active against the RES cyt bc1 and five compounds that inhibited the WT cyt bc1 function while inhibiting the fungal mycelia only minimally. Serendipitously, among the studied compounds we identified a new chemotype that is able to efficiently inhibit the mycelium growth of WT and RES strains by ca. 60%, without inhibiting the cyt bc1 enzymatic function, suggesting a different mechanism of action.
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Uwineza, Pascaline Aimee, Monika Urbaniak, Marcin Bryła, Łukasz Stepien, Marta Modrzewska, and Agnieszka Waśkiewicz. "In Vitro Effects of Lemon Balm Extracts in Reducing the Growth and Mycotoxins Biosynthesis of Fusarium culmorum and F. proliferatum." Toxins 14, no. 5 (2022): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050355.
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The objectives of this research were to obtain the extracts of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) using supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) and methanol as co-solvent and evaluate the antifungal activity of those extracts against two selected strains of Fusarium species (Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium proliferatum). The extraction conditions were set at 40 and 60 °C and 250 bar. The obtained extracts were characterized in terms of antifungal activity on potato dextrose agar media (PDA). The results showed that the extraction parameters had different effects on mycelium growth and mycotoxins biosynthesis reduction. All studied lemon balm extracts (1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%) inhibited the growth of F. proliferatum and F. culmorum mycelia compared to the control. The lemon balm extracts significantly reduced ergosterol content and synthesized mycotoxins in both tested strains. These findings support the antifungal activity of lemon balm extracts against F. proliferatum and F. culmorum. However, more research on other Fusarium species is needed, as well as in vivo applications, before considering lemon balm extracts as a natural alternative to synthetic fungicides.
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Paramasivan, M., M. Deivamani, S. Thangeswari, et al. "Management of Leaf Blight and Node Blight Diseases Indian Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb)." Asian Research Journal of Agriculture 18, no. 1 (2025): 26–31. https://doi.org/10.9734/arja/2025/v18i1640.
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A study on the management of important diseases of rainfed kuthiraivali was carried out through biological control and fungicides in combination with seed treatment and foliar application methods and different intervals of diseases incidence. The leaf blight pathogen was isolated from the affected leaf; the isolated fungus's dark grayish-colored, fluffy mycelia were observed on the PDA medium. The mycelium was grey to olivaceous green, profusely branched, and septate. Conidiophores were single or in small groups, straight to flexuous, septate, smooth, and dark brown. Measuring 3.5 µm x 0.865 µm (1 µm), The disease incidence was observed at 15-day intervals using the percent disease index. Among three years, the seed treatment (10gm/kg) of Pseudomonas fluorescens (TNAU Pf1) followed by foliar application of Carbendazim + Mancozeb 2 gm/lit decreases the leaf blight diseases (63.63% reduction over control) and also recorded an increased yield of 1075 kg/ha of kuthiraivali. Seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf1 combined with foliar fungicide sprays significantly enhances yield and cost-benefit ratio under rainfed conditions while effectively managing seed-borne and foliar diseases.
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Carlin, Aaron F., Sinem Beyhan, Jesús F. Peña, et al. "Transcriptional Analysis of Coccidioides immitis Mycelia and Spherules by RNA Sequencing." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 5 (2021): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7050366.
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Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii are dimorphic fungi that transform from mycelia with internal arthroconidia in the soil to a tissue form known as a spherule in mammals. This process can be recapitulated in vitro by increasing the temperature, CO2 and changing other culture conditions. In this study, we have analyzed changes in gene expression in mycelia and young and mature spherules. Genes that were highly upregulated in young spherules include a spherule surface protein and iron and copper membrane transporters. Genes that are unique to Coccidioides spp. are also overrepresented in this group, suggesting that they may be important for spherule differentiation. Enriched GO terms in young spherule upregulated genes include oxidation-reduction, response to stress and membrane proteins. Downregulated genes are enriched for transcription factors, especially helix–loop–helix and C2H2 type zinc finger domain-containing proteins, which is consistent with the dramatic change in transcriptional profile. Almost all genes that are upregulated in young spherules remain upregulated in mature spherules, but a small number of genes are differentially expressed in those two stages of spherule development. Mature spherules express more Hsp31 and amylase and less tyrosinase than young spherules. Some expression of transposons was detected and most of the differentially expressed transposons were upregulated in spherules.
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Chabibullah, Muhammad, and Tony Hartono Bagio. "CEMENT ADDITIVE USE REDUCTION FACTORS TO IMPROVING THE QUALITY CONCRETE BIOCONC." IJTI (International Journal of Transportation and Infrastructure) 2, no. 2 (2019): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/ijti.v2i2.786.
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Technology applications in the concrete mix is ??growing very rapidly in this modern era to obtain concrete results with characteristics that are environmentally friendly and non-toxic. Bioconc is innovation in developing green technology with the insertion of a micro-gap or slit gradation mycelia microbe as a micro-filter to mengoptimalkanatau reduce the amount of cement concrete on the concrete mix in total will increase the efficiency in the concrete and reduce the material components of the most expensive in the concrete, the cement. in job mix additive Bioconc require R%, ie a reduction factor of cement that will determine how the dose of cement and dose additive Bioconc, and therefore to seek R% require some percentage of reduction factor of cement optimum ranging from the concrete Normal, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%.? + 31271x? - 4709x³ - 233.1x² + 79.66x + 22:18, concrete quality obtained from normal concrete with fc '= 20 MPa generate optimum value reduction of cement amounted to 28.869%.
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Si, Peidong, Gang Wang, Wenqing Wu, et al. "SakA Regulates Morphological Development, Ochratoxin A Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity of Aspergillus westerdijkiae and the Response to Different Environmental Stresses." Toxins 15, no. 4 (2023): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15040292.
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Ochratoxin A (OTA), as a common mycotoxin, has seriously harmful effects on agricultural products, livestock and humans. There are reports on the regulation of SakA in the MAPK pathway, which regulates the production of mycotoxins. However, the role of SakA in the regulation of Aspergillus westerdijkiae and OTA production is not clear. In this study, a SakA deletion mutant (ΔAwSakA) was constructed. The effects of different concentrations of D-sorbitol, NaCl, Congo red and H2O2 on the mycelia growth, conidia production and biosynthesis of OTA were investigated in A. westerdijkiae WT and ΔAwSakA. The results showed that 100 g/L NaCl and 3.6 M D-sorbitol significantly inhibited mycelium growth and that a concentration of 0.1% Congo red was sufficient to inhibit the mycelium growth. A reduction in mycelium development was observed in ΔAwSakA, especially in high concentrations of osmotic stress. A lack of AwSakA dramatically reduced OTA production by downregulating the expression of the biosynthetic genes otaA, otaY, otaB and otaD. However, otaC and the transcription factor otaR1 were slightly upregulated by 80 g/L NaCl and 2.4 M D-sorbitol, whereas they were downregulated by 0.1% Congo red and 2 mM H2O2. Furthermore, ΔAwSakA showed degenerative infection ability toward pears and grapes. These results suggest that AwSakA is involved in the regulation of fungal growth, OTA biosynthesis and the pathogenicity of A. westerdijkiae and could be influenced by specific environmental stresses.
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Chime, Anthonia Odinita, and Raymond Osas Aiwansoba. "Antifungal Activity of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaf Extract against Pathogens Associated with Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Fruit Spoilage." African Scientist 24, no. 2 (2023): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.202363019.
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The study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract against fungal phytopathogens isolated from diseased tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) fruit. Diseased tomato fruits were obtained and to establish a mixed culture. Two distinctive fungi were identified on the mixed cultures and subculture into freshly prepared potato dextrose agar medium. The fungal isolates were identified using the cultural characterization. Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves were obtained and used to prepare water extract. The antifungal activity of the neem leaf extract was evaluated using the poison plate method. Mycelial growth was measured and recorded. The results showed that two fungal pathogens were isolated from the diseased tomato fruit. The cultural characterization of the two isolates revealed the identity of the fungal isolates to be Diaporthe and Xylaria species. There was a significant reduction in the mycelia growth of Diaporthe species with values of 2.210±0.34, 1.42±0.37, and 0.61±0.16 cm for the 25, 50, and 100% neem leaf extract, respectively, compared to the control (3.67±0.34 cm), indicating antifungal activity of the neem leaf extract. Conversely, only the 25 and 50% neem extract showed antifungal activity against Xylaria species. The findings of the present study suggest that neem leaf extract could be used to preserve tomato fruits from fungal pathogens causing spoilage.
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Risan, Mohsen H., Athraa H. Muhsin, and Ghydaa h. Al-jeboury. "Isolation and Identification the Fungus Trichophyton violaceum from Human Skin Specimens in Iraq and Study Efficiency Antibacterial and some Plant Essential Oils." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 10, no. 2 (2016): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2016.10.2.478.
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This study was aimed to isolate and identify the fungus Trichophyton violaceum from human skin specimens and evaluate the activity of antibacterial and plant essential oils. The results showed of direct microscopy by using KOH examination and morphological identification, nine samples from skin were positive in KOH test. Microscopical examination appeared that colonies of T. violaceum were coarse with abundant aerial mycelium on SDA, growth rates 6-8cm/14 days. The color changes with age from white in the middle to brownish yellow at the edges which was more intense on the reverse side. Susceptibility test to antibacterial showed that 100% of T.Violaceum T2 isolate was resistant to TE (Tetracycline), AK (Amikacin), CTX (Cefotaxime), CFM (Cefixime), CIP (Ciprofloxacin), ERY (Erythromycin) and STR (Streptomycin). Also results showed that all plant essential oils at different concentrations significantly inhibit growth of T. violaceum T2. However, the peppermint oil, Myrrh oil, Cardamom oil, Chamomile oil and Castor oil at highest concentration (25mg / ml) caused highest reduction of mycelia growth (100%) followed by Olive oil (67.3%) and Clove oil (64%) at the same concentration, compared with the control treatment.
 
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Ijato, J. Y., O. O. Olajide, and B. O. Ojo. "Studies on bioactivities of various parts of Murraya koeningii (l) spreng (curry tree) on fungal isolates from tomatoes." Advanced Journal of Plant Biology 3, no. 1 (2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/ajpb2021.015.
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Antifungal in vitro effects of the aqueous extracts of different parts (leaves, stem and root) of Murraya koenigii were evaluated against six rot fungi of tomato fruits namely, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Mucor sp, Rhizoconia solani and Rhizopus stolonifer. These fungi were identified based on microscopic and macroscopic characteristics. Hot aqueous extracts of the plants were obtained using standard techniques. Sensitivity test was done using agar well diffusion method; the set up was incubated at room temperature (28 ± 2°C) for 24 hours. Development of zones of inhibition on the plates were observed and measured. The results showed that the tested extracts exhibited antifungal activities against the test (rot) organisms. The therapeutic values of various concentrations of aqueous Murraya koenigii extracts (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) were evaluated against fungal rot isolates. All the extracts showed significant (p<0.05) reduction of mycelia growth of the fungal isolates. Higher concentration of 25% favoured higher mycelial growth reduction. Maximum percentage inhibition was observed with the leaf extracts (F. oxysporum, 77.91%, followed by A. flavus, 77.10%), followed by the stem extract (A. flavus, 73.80%, followed by F. oxysporum, 71.43%) and lastly the root extract (A. flavus, 71.90%, followed by F. oxysporum, 67.10%). The extracts similarly inhibited vegetative growth and displayed significant effects on the morphology of the fungal hyphae. M. koeningii as the test plant is readily available as it offers potential safe alternative for use as biocide and it could be harnessed for effective management of post-harvest tropical fruit diseases.
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Alaba Olaitan Adeji and Adefoyeke Olufunmilayo Aduramigba-Modupe. "Botanical alternatives in management of fungal pathogens of seedling blight of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 14, no. 1 (2021): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.1.0274.
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Introduction: Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an important tree crop and seedling survival is pertinent to successful establishment. Cashew seedling is infected by blight pathogens causing more than 60% seedling lost, however pesticides residues related issues and high cost of chemical necessitate efficacy trials of aqueous extracts of Mangifera indica, Azadirachta indica and Hyphtis suaveolens evaluated in-vitro on associated pathogens. Methods: Flora of blight-infected cashew seedlings was randomly collected from Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN) nursery between July and October, 2019. Mycoflora analysis was carried out in the plant pathology (Mycology) laboratory of CRIN. Antifungal assay of powdered Mangifera indica, Azadirachta indica and Hyphtis suaveolens were screened using aqueous extracts at 1:4 (w/v). Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) amended with 1ml of 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% of the extracts and Mancozeb (synthetic fungicide) as standard, 5mm mycelia mat disc of 10day old each of Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium pallidoroseum and Macrophomina sp. were placed at the centre of the amended media in triplicate and incubated 5-7days using complete randomized design (CRD). Mycelia extension inhibition and percentage growth inhibition (R) obtained. Results: Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Fusarium oxysporium, F. pallidoroseum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae., Pythium sp., Rhizopus sp., Macrophomina sp. and Rhizotonia sp. were isolated. Fusarium pallidoroseum, L. theobromae and Macrophomina sp. screened with the varied concentrations of botanicals showed reduction in mycelia diameter; Mangifera indica (31.50%), A. indica (48.70%) and H. suaveolens (25.86%) on F. pallidoroseum favorably competed with mancozeb (39%) at 25% concentration while only M. indica was significant on L.theobromae(64.12%)and Macrophomina sp.(40.29%) and significantly different from control (0%). Conclusion: Aqueous extracts of M. indica, A. indica and H. suaveolens showed fungicidal potential on F. pallidoroseum and M. indica was significant on L. theobromae and Macrophomina sp.
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Li, Xiao, Fen Wang, Mengqian Liu, and Caihong Dong. "Hydrophobin CmHYD1 Is Involved in Conidiation, Infection and Primordium Formation, and Regulated by GATA Transcription Factor CmAreA in Edible Fungus, Cordyceps militaris." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 8 (2021): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7080674.
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Hydrophobins are a family of small proteins exclusively secreted by fungi, and play a variety of roles in the life cycle. Cmhyd1, one of the hydrophobin class II members in Cordyceps militaris, has been shown to have a high transcript level during fruiting body development. Here, deletion of Cmhyd1 results in reduction in aerial mycelia, conidiation, hydrophobicity and infection ability, and complete inhibition of pigmentation and primordium differentiation. Cmhyd1 plays roles in conidiation and cuticle-bypassing infection by regulating the transcripts of frequency clock protein, Cmfrq, and velvet protein, Cmvosa, as well as primordium formation via the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Cmhyd1 also participates in stress response, including tolerance of mycelia to osmotic and oxidative stresses, and conidia to high or low temperatures. CmAreA, a transcription factor of nitrogen regulatory, is recruited to the promoter of Cmhyd1 and activates the transcription of Cmhyd1 with coactivator CmOTam using electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transient luciferase expression in tobacco. Furthermore, CmHYD1 is proved to regulate the transcription of Cmarea at different developmental stages via a positive feedback loop. These results reveal the diverse roles and regulation of Cmhyd1 in C. militaris, and provide insights into the developmental regulatory mechanism of mushrooms.
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Stewart, L. I., S. Jabaji-Hare, and B. T. Driscoll. "Effects of external phosphate concentration on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene expression in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52, no. 9 (2006): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w06-038.
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Specific primers were developed to amplify a 227 bp segment of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices gene encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), an enzyme involved in the pentose phosphate pathway. G6PDH gene expression was measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase – polymerase chain reaction in response to phosphorus (P) concentrations in the growth medium of colonized transformed carrot roots. We investigated the effects of different P concentration treatments on carbon (C) metabolism within the intraradical mycelia of G. intraradices. The results showed a significant (P = 0.017) down-regulation of G6PDH expression in the intraradical mycelia of G. intraradices cultures grown in high P than low P conditions but no significant difference in regulation in excessive P concentrations when compared with the low P or high P concentrations. These results indicate that a reduction in the C flow from the host could be occurring as a result of elevated P and that a decrease in fungal G6PDH gene expression occurs, but not in the short term (less than 2 h). Reduced C flow from the host could lead to reduced fungal growth and root colonization, as was observed under high soil P conditions.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, phosphorus, nutrient uptake, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, gene expression.
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S. Farag, Radwan, and Sekina, S. Emam. "HERBICIDAL AND FUNGICIDAL EFFECTS OF POMEGRANATE PEELS AND LEAVE CRUDE JUICES." EPH - International Journal of Science And Engineering 2, no. 1 (2016): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijse.v2i1.114.
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The present study aimed to through some light on the herbicidal and fungicidal activities of pomegranate peels and leave crude juices. Therefore, leave and peels of pomegranate plants were manually separated and mechanically pressed to obtain their crude juices. Pomegranate juices were tested in vitro for herbicidal activities against five weed seeds (Avena fatua L., Polypogen monspeliensis L., Imperata cylindrical, Capsella bursa pastoris L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Fungicidal activities were conducted against six fungi (Fusarium solani, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium splendes and Pythium ultimum). Pomegranate crude juices reduced to variable degrees the various weed seed germination. Both juices were found to be effective in reduction of mycelia growth for all tested fungi. Pomegranate peels crude juice induced pronounced effect on the germination inhibition and fungi mycelia growth for the aforementioned weed seeds and fungi under study than that of leave crude juice. These results coincided with the data of total phenolic and flavonoid contents of pomegranate crude juices since their values were higher in peels crude juice than in leave crude juice. The results of tested parameters led to suggest that the pomegranate peels crude juice can be used as a safe agent, non-toxic and environmental friendly to possess herbicidal and fungicidal activities.
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Liang, Meiling, Aiqing Feng, Congying Wang, et al. "Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LM-1 Affects Multiple Cell Biological Processes in Magnaporthe oryzae to Suppress Rice Blast." Microorganisms 12, no. 6 (2024): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061246.
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Magnaporthe oryzae, one of the most destructive rice pathogens, causes significant losses during the rice harvest every year. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has been explored in many crops as a potential biocontrol agent. However, the mechanisms of B. amyloliquefaciens controled rice blast are not fully understood. Here, a biocontrol strain LM-1, isolated from a contaminated medium, was identified as B. amyloliquefaciens using morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests, and 16S rDNA sequencing. LM-1 inhibited the growth and pathogenicity of M. oryzae and Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoem. The mycelia of M. oryzae co-cultured with LM-1 were enlarged and broken by fluorescence microscopy using calcofluor white. LM-1 inhibited the mycelia of M. oryzae from producing conidia. Genes itu, srf, and fenB were detected in LM-1. Furthermore, the supernatant of LM-1 interfered with the appressorium formation of M. oryzae, blocked conidial cell death, and reduced autophagy degradation but did not affect the normal germination of rice seeds and seeding growth. Additionally, we observed hypersensitivity reactions, reactive oxygen species, and iron accumulation reduction in rice cells inoculated with supernatant. Our study reveals that LM-1 has a control effect on rice blast and affects cell wall integrity, sporulation, appressorium formation, cell death, and autophagy.
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Obani, F. T., and E. Onyebuchi. "POST-HARVEST FUNGAL ROT OF AFRICAN WALNUT (Tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. Arg) SEEDS IN MBAISE AND THEIR CONTROL USING SELECTED BOTANICALS." Nigerian Journal of Plant Protection 38 (December 2, 2024): 114–26. https://doi.org/10.71464/7ctyhc38.
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Information on post-harvest rot of walnut seeds and management options are limited. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to identify fungi causing post-harvest rot of walnut seeds and evaluate efficacy of selected botanicals for their control. Samples of infected walnut fruits were collected from Ahiazu and Ezinihitte, Mbaise, Imo State and fungi isolation from the seeds was done using standard procedures. Clove and West African pepper (WAP) were evaluated in vivo and in vitro for fungi growth inhibition. Experiments were laid out in CRD in triplicates. Data were analysed using ANOVA at α0.05. Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Lasidioplodia theobromae, Aspergillus flavus, A. tamarii, A. flavus and Penicillium sp were isolated. WAP+clove reduced L. theobromae (75.17%) growth better than clove (17.24%) or WAP (72.72%) and were significantly (p=0.05) higher than control (0%). For Rhizopus, WAP showed 98.99% rot reduction, while clove and WAP+clove recorded 45.55% and 71.04% inhibition respectively Aspergillus flavus growth was reduced up to 98.79% by WAP, 82.02% by WAP+clove and 54.46 by clove. Aspergillus niger growth inhibition by WAP was 100%, followed by WAP+clove (76.51%), while clove was 71.19%. Mycelia growth inhibition for F. oxysporum was inhibited by 91.12 % using WAP extract, followed by WAP+clove (80.01%), while clove induced 67.57% inhibition. Fusarium solani growth was inhibited by up to 98% by WAP and WAP+clove extracts, while clove had 46.49 % inhibition. Fungal rot reduction by clove ranged from 36.67-100%, 46.67-96.67% by WAP and 65-96.67% for WAP+clove. This study showed that crude extracts of clove and WAP in single and combined applications significantly inhibited fungi mycelia growth and rot development.
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Zheng, Weifa, Kangjie Miao, Yanxia Zhang, Shenyuan Pan, Meimei Zhang, and Hong Jiang. "Nitric oxide mediates the fungal-elicitor-enhanced biosynthesis of antioxidant polyphenols in submerged cultures of Inonotus obliquus." Microbiology 155, no. 10 (2009): 3440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.030650-0.
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A fungal elicitor prepared from the cell debris of the plant-pathogenic ascomycete Alternaria alternata induces multiple responses by Inonotus obliquus cells, including an increase in generation of nitric oxide (NO), activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and accumulation of total mycelial phenolic compounds (TMP), but does not trigger production of oxylipins or jasmonic acid (JA). The role of NO in TMP production was investigated via the effects of the NO-specific scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPITO) and the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG). TMP profiles were assayed using 1H NMR spectroscopy combining multivariate pattern recognition strategies. Pretreatment of I. obliquus mycelia with cPITO or AG suppressed not only elicitor-enhanced NO generation and PAL activity, but also the elicitor-induced increase in TMP production. This TMP reduction by either a NO scavenger or a NOS inhibitor was reversed by exogenous addition of either a NO donor, sodium nitroprusside, or JA separately. NMR-based metabonomic analysis of TMP profiles showed that the induced TMP were hispidin analogues including inoscavins, phelligridins, davallialactone and methyldavallialactone, which possess high antioxidant activities. Thus, NO mediates an elicitor-induced increase in production of antioxidant polyphenols in I. obliquus via a signalling pathway independent of oxylipins or JA, a mechanism which differs from those in some higher plants.
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Castano-Duque, Lina, Matthew D. Lebar, Carol Carter-Wientjes, David Ambrogio, and Kanniah Rajasekaran. "Flavonoids Modulate Aspergillus flavus Proliferation and Aflatoxin Production." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 11 (2022): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8111211.
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Aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus. They contaminate major food crops, particularly corn, and pose a worldwide health concern. Flavonoid production has been correlated to resistance to aflatoxin accumulation in corn. The effects of flavonoids on fungal proliferation and aflatoxin production are not well understood. In this study, we performed bioassays, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy, and total antioxidant analysis to determine the effects of three flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin) on proliferation and aflatoxin production in A. flavus NRRL 3357. Results showed that concentrations of apigenin and luteolin modulated fungal proliferation and aflatoxin production in a dose-dependent manner, leading to inhibition or promotion of proliferation and toxin production. Microscopy studies of fungi exposed to flavonoids showed mycelial cell wall disruption, abnormal cell wall invaginations, and tears. Fluorescent enhancement of apigenin and luteolin using Naturstoff reagent A showed that these chemicals localized in sphere-like structures on the mycelia surface. Fungi exposed to low concentrations of apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin lowered the total antioxidant capacity in the environment compared to controls. Our results indicate that flavonoids disrupt cell wall integrity and may localize in vesicle-like structures. We hypothesize that flavonoids could act as potential signaling molecules at low concentrations and change the oxidative state of the microenvironment, either or both of which may lead to reduction of fungal proliferation and aflatoxin production.
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Io, R., J. Pullen, O. Zaimi, and G. J. Sorger. "An Assay for Environmental Nitrate That is Based on its Reduction to Nitrite by Nitrite Reductase Deficient Neurospora Mycelia." Environmental Technology 17, no. 6 (1996): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593331708616432.
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Taştan, Burcu Ertit, Sevgi Ertuğrul Karatay, and Gönül Dönmez. "Bioremoval of textile dyes with different chemical structures by Aspergillus versicolor in molasses medium." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 10 (2012): 2177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.441.
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Bioremoval of 17 dyes with different chemical structures by Aspergillus versicolor was detected in this study. Maxilon Red GRL (MR-GRL), Everdirect Fast Black VSF (EFB-VSF) and Brillant Blue R (BB-R) were removed better by fungal mycelia. Optimum pH values were found as 6 for all three dyes. In further experiments in the highest dye concentrations tested in this study, 58.3, 100 and 49% removal yields and 14.8, 12.6, 9.0 qm values were found for MR-GRL, EFB-VSF and BB-R, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction after seven days of incubation period and role of laccase activity of Aspergillus sp. were also investigated. COD reduction and laccase activities were 55.6% and 2.93 U/mL for MR-GRL, 90.7% and 3.0 U/mL for EFB-VSF and 69.0% and 1.79 U/mL for BB-R, respectively. According to these results A. versicolor deserves notable attention for removal of these dyes in wastewater effluents.
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Ramírez-Villalobos, Jesica María, Ricardo Gomez-Flores, Priscilla Viridiana Velázquez-Flores, et al. "Effect of Culture Conditions of Lophocereus marginatus Endophytic Fungi on Yield and Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5 (2023): 3948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053948.
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Culture conditions affect the production of secondary metabolites in endophytic fungi. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the yield and anticancer and antioxidant activity of endophytic fungi extracts from the cactus Lophocereus marginatus, under different culture conditions. The strains Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus versicolor, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Cladosporium sp. were fermented in different culture media (potato dextrose agar, Czapeck broth, and malt broth), types of inoculums (spore or mycelium), and shaking conditions (150 rpm or static) for one week. Methanol extracts were obtained from mycelia, which was followed by determining their yields and evaluating their effect on L5178Y-R murine lymphoma cells growth and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) viability, using the 3-[4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl]2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide reduction colorimetric assay. In addition, antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl test. We determined the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of tumor cell growth inhibition, the selectivity index (SI), and the antioxidant activity, as compared with the healthy cells control. The best yields were obtained with the CK medium in all the evaluated strains, reaching values of 50.3%. Of the 48 extracts evaluated, only seven significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited tumor cell growth (IC50 < 250 µg/mL). A. versicolor extract showed the highest anticancer activity, after culturing spores (IC50 = 49.62 µg/mL; SI = 15.8) or mycelium (IC50 = 69.67 µg/mL; SI = 12.2) in malt broth, under static conditions. Extracts did not present significant antioxidant activity. In conclusion, we showed that culture conditions influenced the anticancer activity of L. marginatus endophytic fungi.
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Iyanyi, Nkechi Gloria, and Anthony Eromosele Ataga. "Nutritional changes induced by fungi on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) seeds." Bio-Research 19, no. 1 (2021): 1270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/br.v19i1.10.
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Seeds are usually infected by microorganisms and pests during storage, causing deterioration and reduction in the nutritive and market value of these seeds. In this study, the proximate composition of Vigna unguiculata seeds inoculated with different fungal organisms was determined to ascertain the level of deterioration caused by fungi on the seeds. The fungi used in the study were Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger. There was a significant increase (p<0.05, 0.008) in the protein content of seeds inoculated with fungi. Fusarium oxysporum (29.45%) caused the highest increase in protein followed by Aspergillus niger (28.14%), Botryodiplodia theobromae (27.85%) and Rhizopus stolonifer (27.50%). The increase could be attributed to the proteineous content of the fungal mycelia. There was a significant increase (p<0.05, 0.005/0.014) in moisture and ash content of inoculated seeds respectively. Fusarium oxysporum caused the highest increase in ash (7.93) while Rhizopus stolonifer (5.4) caused the lowest increase. The increase in ash content is due to the presence of minerals like potassium and phosphorus in the mycelia of the fungi. There was a significant decrease (p<0.05, 0.019) in the carbohydrate, lipid, fibre and dry matter content of fungi-inoculated seeds when compared with the control. Fusarium oxysporum (36.6) caused the highest decrease while Rhizopus stolonifer (43.2) caused the lowest decrease in dry matter of inoculated seeds. Decrease in dry matter may be as a result of production of enzymes by these fungi.
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Kuhajek, Jeanne M., Steven N. Jeffers, Marc Slattery, and David E. Wedge. "A Rapid Microbioassay for Discovery of Novel Fungicides for Phytophthora spp." Phytopathology® 93, no. 1 (2003): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.1.46.
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A microbioassay was developed for the discovery of compounds that inhibit Phytophthora spp. This assay uses a 96-well format for high-throughput capability and a standardized method for quantitation of initial zoospore concentrations for maximum reproducibility. Zoospore suspensions were quantifiable between 0.7 and 1.5 × 105 zoospores per ml using percent transmittance (620 nm). Subsequent growth of mycelia was monitored by measuring optical density (620 nm) at 24-h intervals for 96 h. Full- and half-strength preparations of each of three media (V8 broth, Roswell Park Memorial Institute mycological broth [RPMI], and mineral salts medium) and four zoospore concentrations (10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 zoospores per ml) were evaluated. Both full- and half-strength RPMI were identified as suitable synthetic media for growing P. nicotianae, and 1,000 zoospores per ml was established as the optimum initial concentration. The assay was used to determine effective concentration values for 50% growth reduction (EC50) for seven commercial antifungal compounds (azoxystrobin, fosetyl-aluminum, etridiazole, metalaxyl, pentachloronitrobenzene, pimaricin, and propamocarb). These EC50 values were compared with those obtained by measuring linear growth of mycelia on fungicide-amended medium. The microbioassay proved to be a rapid, reproducible, and efficient method for testing the efficacy of compounds that inhibit spore germination in P. nicotianae and should be effective for other species of Phytophthora as well. The assay requires relatively small amounts of a test compound and is suitable for the evaluation of natural product samples.
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Lorán, Susana, Juan José Carramiñana, Teresa Juan, Agustín Ariño, and Marta Herrera. "Inhibition of Aspergillus Parasiticus Growth and Aflatoxins Production by Natural Essential Oils and Phenolic Acids." Toxins 14, no. 6 (2022): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14060384.
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Aflatoxins represent a significant risk to food safety, and strategies are being implemented to reduce their entry into the food chain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of four essential oils (EOs) (lavandins Grosso and Abrial, Origanum virens, and Rosmarinus officinalis) and four natural phenolic acids (PAs) (caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic, and p-coumaric) on the growth and aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicide concentration (MFC) were determined by the broth macrodilution method. Additionally, the mycelia weight was determined at concentration levels lower than MIC. The antiaflatoxigenic activity was evaluated in the two concentrations of the EOs right before MIC and at concentrations below the MIC value for the PAs. To this end, in-house validated methodology based on high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column photochemical derivatization and fluorescence detection (HPLC-PHRED-FLD) was used. EOs of O. virens and lavandins (Grosso and Abrial) completely inhibited mold growth. In addition, a significant reduction in mycelial mass (p < 0.05) was observed for all EOs and PAs at different concentrations. In all cases except for lavandin Abrial, EO concentrations just before the MIC value strongly reduced (p < 0.05) aflatoxins synthesis. Aflatoxins production was completely inhibited by all PAs at a concentration of 20 mM; although at low concentrations, mycotoxin production was stimulated in some cases. The present study provides a scientific basis for further study of the inhibiting mechanisms.
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Downer, A. J., J. A. Menge, and E. Pond. "Effects of Cellulytic Enzymes on Phytophthora cinnamomi." Phytopathology® 91, no. 9 (2001): 839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.9.839.
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Two enzyme systems, cellulase (β-1,4-glucanase) and laminarinase (β-1,3-glucanase), were added to soil extracts to simulate (in vitro) lytic components found in mulches suppressive to Phytophthora cinnamomi. Concentration ranges of each enzyme were incubated with Phytophthora cinnamomi mycelium, zoospores, zoospores cysts, and zoospore-infected excised roots to evaluate the roles of each enzyme in potential control of avocado root rot disease. Cellulase significantly retarded the development of zoosporangia and chlamydospores when mycelia were incubated in soil extract containing the enzyme at concentrations greater than 10 units/ml. Zoospore production was also reduced by cellulase but not by laminarinase. Laminarinase had little effect on zoosporangia or chlamydospore formation. At high concentrations, laminarinase was consistently more effective at preventing encystment than cellulase. Chlamydospores preformed in root tips were immune to the lytic effects of all treatments except cellulase at 100 units/ml. Zoospores placed in enzyme solutions and plated on a selective medium survived high cellulase concentrations and formed colonies, but there were fewer surviving zoospores when laminarinase was present at greater than 10 units/ml. Low concentrations of cellulase stimulated infection of excised roots, however, low concentrations of laminarinase prevented infection. Cellulase and laminarinase have different effects on the structures of the Phytophthora cinnamomi life history, however, each enzyme may have a role in reduction of inoculum.
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Marković, Miroslava, Snežana Rajković, and Ljubinko Rakonjac. "Reduction the mechanical properties of oakwood under the influence of epyxilous fungus." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 71-72 (2015): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor1571007m.
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Within the scope of field research on diagnostics of harmful organisms in Serbia in the year 2015, in the area of Forest Estate Boljevac, the presence of epixylous fungus Coniophora puteana (Schumm. ex Fr.) Karst was found on dead oak trees following the ice break. In order to give a more accurate forecast of prospective spread of the pathogen, i.e. determine the speed of the process, the laboratory of the Institute for Forestry conducted the testing of the rate of reduction of the oak tree modulus of elasticity after 2, 4 and 6 months of exposure to the fungus. Testing samples were collected from the medulla of healthy oak trees, from the association of Quercetum montanum. Over the periods of 2, 4 and 6 months the wood samples were exposed to influence of the mycelia of the fungus Coniophora puteana (Schumm. ex Fr.) Karst. After 2, 4 and 6 months under the effect of the fungus, the static modulus of elasticity of oak wood substantially decreased compared to the initial value (100%) and amounted to 61.07%, 60.61% and 51.38% respectively. The regression line obtained through data processing opened the possibility to prognosticate the changes of wood properties in certain time periods of the effect of the fungus under the unchanged external conditions, which is significant for practical purposes in terms of taking protective measures and wood usability.
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Matsunaga, K., I. Morita, H. Iijima, et al. "Effects of Biological Response Modifiers with Different Modes of Action Used Separately and Together on Immune Responses in Mice with Syngeneic Tumours." Journal of International Medical Research 20, no. 5 (1992): 406–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006059202000506.
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The effect of a protein-bound polysaccharide (PSK) obtained from cultured mycelia of the Basidiomycetes Coriolus versicolor on activities involved in the host defence mechanism of C57BL/6 mice bearing adenocarcinoma 755 was compared with that of live bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Delayed footpad reaction, the activity of splenic natural killer cells and interferon production induced by concanavalin A in splenic cells of healthy mice were little affected by PSK, but in mice bearing tumours PSK prevented the tumour-induced reduction in these activities. Live BCG augmented these activities in healthy mice but had little effect on the reduction of activities induced by a tumour. The immunosuppressive activity of the serum of tumour-bearing mice was reduced by PSK administration; live BCG did not have this effect. The combined use of live BCG and PSK improved these activities in the host, with synergistic increases in the antitumour effect. These results suggest that the combined use of live BCG and PSK, which have different modes of action, may be useful in the treatment of cancer.
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Abdul Rahman, Kharul Azmi Muazzam, Mohd Shaiful Azman Abdul Rahim, Kamarul Zaman Zarkasi, and Darah Ibrahim. "Enhancement of Anti-MRSA Potential Produced by an Endophytic Fungus Ceratobasidium Ramicola IBRLCM127 via Submerged Fermentation System." ICMST 19, s9 (2023): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/mjmhs.19.s9.10.
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Introduction: Exploring endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal herbs could be a turning point in the research of secondary metabolites biosynthesis, as these endophytic fungi are capable of synthesizing the similar compounds as their host plant. The advantages of manipulating endophytic fungi for bioactive compound production are the reduction of dependency rate on slow-growing and rare plants, cost-effective, continuous process, environmentally friendly and high yield in a short period. Thus, the current study envisages investigating the influence of culture conditions against the anti-MRSA potential production of the endophytic fungal isolate, Ceratobasidium ramicola IBRLCM127 isolated from the local medicinal plant Curcuma mangga Valeton & Zijp. Methods: The endophytic fungal isolate was used to produce fungal metabolites through submerged fermentation. The physical parameter improvement was investigated using the ‘one-factor-at-a-time’ technique. The fungal fermentative broth was subjected to an anti-MRSA assay using Lorian method, whereas the growth of a fungus was determined based on the cell growth weight. Results: The highest anti-MRSA potential of 42.50±0.1 U/ml and 5.49±0.1 g/L of mycelial growth was observed after improving the basal medium containing yeast extract sucrose broth incorporated with water extract from the host plant, 6 days old of inoculum age, 2 agar plugs of mycelia, incubation temperature of 25 0C and 12 days of cultivation 12 days of cultivation shaken at 120 rpm in the absence of light. Conclusion: The improved culture conditions shorten the incubation period and yield a significant enhancement of anti-MRSA potential and fungal growth with 13.27% and 10.91%, respectively.
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Sarven, Most Sinthia, Qiuyan Hao, Junbo Deng, et al. "Biological Control of Tomato Gray Mold Caused by Botrytis Cinerea with the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium Anisopliae." Pathogens 9, no. 3 (2020): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030213.
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Gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that leads to serious financial loss. In this study, the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae that acts against the gray mold pathogen B. cinerea was evaluated. M. anisopliae produced a significant inhibition zone in front of the B. cinerea colony in the dual culture test. In addition, volatile organic compounds generated by M. anisopliae were shown to have an inhibitory effect on B. cinerea mycelia growth and reduced 41% of gray mold severity of postharvest tomatoes. The 10% concentration of the culture filtrate of M. anisopliae inhibited 88.62% of colony radial growth as well as 63.85% of sclerotia germination and all conidia germination of B. cinerea. Furthermore, the culture filtrate of M. anisopliae retained its inhibitory effect against the radial growth of B. cinerea even after heating for 15 min at 100 °C. Feasible mechanisms of M. anisopliae involved in the control of B. cinerea were explored, and it was demonstrated that the plasma membrane of B. cinerea conidia was damaged by the product of metabolism of M. anisopliae. In addition, after treating with culture filtrate of M. anisopliae, the B. cinerea phenotype was shown to be abnormal, and cell organelles of B. cinerea mycelia were damaged significantly. A significant control efficacy of M. anisopliae against tomato gray mold was detected on both the detached leaf assay (84.24%) as well as the whole plant (72.38%). In addition, a 78% reduction in tomato fruit mold was detected at a 10% treated concentration of M. anisopliae. These findings suggest that M. anisopliae possesses potential as a biocontrol agent against tomato gray mold in the greenhouse and during the postharvest stage.
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ALMIMAN, Bandar, Ahmed H. ZIAN, Salama A. S. EL-BLASY, et al. "Metallic oxide nanoparticles enhance chickpea resistance to root rot and wilt." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 63, no. 3 (2024): 407–21. https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-15406.
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Antifungal properties of nanoparticles (NPs) of copper oxide (CuO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and silica dioxide (SiO₂) were compared to the fungicide thiophanate-methyl for controlling root rot and wilt of chickpea, caused by, respectively, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Different concentrations (10, 20, or 40 ppm) of the NPs were assessed for their ability to inhibit fungal growth in vitro. All the nanoparticles had antifungal activity, with greatest effects at 40 ppm. CuO NPs at 40 ppm gave 61% reduction for Rhizoctonia rot and 65% reduction for Fusarium wilt. Alterations in the ultrastructure of the fungal mycelia were observed in response to treating with CuO NPs. No differences in in vivo tests were observed between CuO NPs and thiophanate-methyl for reducing root rot or wilt. Applications of CuO NPs also enhanced growth and yield of chickpea plants. CuO NPs had antifungal properties, increased activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in chickpea plants, and increased plant phenol contents. These results indicate that CuO NPs have potential as effective, eco-friendly alternatives to conventional fungicides for controlling of root rot and wilt of chickpea.
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Kathrina, M. Mapanao, A. Abella Evaristo, L. Aquino Daniel, and P. Kalaw Sofronio. "Use of effective microorganisms on enhancing the mycelial growth of Pleurotus florida on unsterilized rice straw." Journal of Biological Engineering Research and Review 3, no. 1 (2016): 30–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15337204.
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<strong>Abstract: </strong>The use of unsterilized rice straw with (T1) or without (T2) effective microorganisms (EM-I), sterilized pure rice straw (T3) and (T4) Control which used the standard protocol for mushroom production developed by the Center for Tropical Mushroom Research and Development (CTMRD), were evaluated as substrates for edible mushroom production and lignin degradation using the Pleurotus florida fungal species. The treatments were laid-out in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications, composing of 20 fruiting bags as the sampling units. Each fruiting bag containing 750 grams substrate was inoculated with 20 grams mushroom grain spawn. The mycelia growth, pinhead formation and yield of harvested mushroom were the parameters studied in the production of edible mushroom P. florida. The proximate (organic matter, Ash, and Crude Protein) and cell wall contents (Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Hemicellulose, Cellulose, and Lignin) of pure rice straw and the mushroom spent beddings after harvesting the mushroom were also evaluated. Results showed that the sterilized rice straw without Effective Microorganisms substrate (T3) and substrate containing standard CTMRD (T4) showed significantly higher yield and biological efficiency with fast mycelial colonization of the bag compared to the unsterilized rice straw with or without EM. Producing mushroom without sterilization was made possible in the study. Significant reduction in lignin content was observed when P. florida was grown in unsterilized rice straw with EM. Fungal treatment of unsterilized rice straw with or without Effective Microorganisms and pure sterilized rice straw significantly increased the crude protein, crude ash, and available cellulose contents of the substrates. Fungal treatment reduced the Neutral Detergent Fiber, lignin and hemicellulose contents of the substrates.
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NWOSU, UZOMA, MIREILLE VARGAS, ACHIM HARDER, and JENNIFER KEISER. "Efficacy of the cyclooctadepsipeptide PF1022A againstHeligmosomoides bakeri in vitroandin vivo." Parasitology 138, no. 9 (2011): 1193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201100076x.
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SUMMARYThe cyclooctadepsipeptide PF1022A derived from the fungus,Mycelia sterilia, is characterized by a broad spectrum of activity against different parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock. In the present work the anthelmintic activity of PF1022A againstHeligmosomoides bakeri, a widely used laboratory model was studied. Albendazole, ivermectin and levamisole served as reference.In vitro, PF1022A showed low activity on embryonation but significantly inhibited egg hatch (10 and 100μg/ml), whereas albendazole (10 and 100μg/ml) revealed statistically significant inhibitions of both embryonation and egg hatch. PF1022A (1–100μg/ml) completely inhibited larval movement at most examination points. Comparable significant anthelmintic activity on the larval stages ofH. bakeriwas observed with levamisole (48–100%), while slightly lower activities were observed with ivermectin (20–92%) and albendazole (0–87%) at 1–100μg/ml. PF1022A and levamisole significantly inhibited motility and egg release of adult worms, while albendazole and ivermectin failed to demonstrate activity. Significant worm burden reductions were achieved with PF1022A, levamisole and ivermectinin vivo. For example, at 0·125 mg/kg PF1022A a worm burden reduction of 91·8% was observed. The use of drug combinations did not further enhance thein vitroandin vivoactivity of PF1022A. In conclusion, further investigations are warranted with PF1022A, as the drug is characterized by significant larvicidal and nematocidal activityin vitroandin vivo.