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1
Kumakech, Alfred, and Tonny Opio. "Culture media influence on vegetative growth and mycelia weight of Mycosphaerella fijiensis: implication for inoculum production." Brazilian Journal of Science 2, no. 7 (2023): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bjs.v2i7.356.
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Six (6) culture media (Potato Dextrose Agar, Malt Extract Agar, AFPA Base, Czapek Dox Agar, Nutrient Agar and Yeast Extract), were tested for their effect on colony growth and mycelia weight of Mycosphaerella fijiensis. The isolate of M. fijiensis (Kaw10) produced vegetative mycelial growth on all six-culture media. Culture media effect on the level of vegetative mycelial colonization and mycelia weight was significant. The highest and lowest vegetative mycelia colonization was recorded on malt extract (23.5 mm) and AFPA Base (4.2 mm), respectively. Similarly, culture media effect on mycelia weight was significant. Malt extract agar produced more mycelia weight (0.34g) than the control, PDA (0.11g). Collectively, our data identify malt extract agar as a good medium for improving growth of Mycosphaerella fijiensis.
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Amir, N. F., A. Mohd Aris, A. Mohamad, N. A. Umor, S. Abdullah, and F. Z. Mohd Yusof. "Mycelium running of volvariella volvacea on palm oil empty fruit bunch fibre following different substrate and mycelium treatment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1151, no. 1 (2023): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1151/1/012054.
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Abstract Leading the palm oil industry, Malaysia strives to become the powerhouse of palm oil producers. However, it is crucial that the industry does not influence the environment negatively in any way. Thus, reusing and repurposing palm oil residues in mushroom farming is one of the potential solutions for agricultural waste management. In this study, the objective of this study is to determine the mycelial performance of V. volvacea in palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibre as substrate and to evaluate the mycelial growth performance of V. volvacea in two different substrate treatment. The substrate treatment involved the non-treated EFB fibres (N substrate) and EFB fibres treated with 10% Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) (T substrate), and mycelium treatment involved in gamma-irradiated mycelium (G sample) and non-irradiated mycelium (NG sample). Results shows that mycelium inoculated on treated EFB fibres exhibited a higher growth rate compared to non-treated EFB fibres. The full colonization days of mycelial run-on substrate using treated substrate was found reduced from 15 days to 9 days, as compared to the non-treated substrate. However, gamma irradiated mycelium was found giving no significant changes to the rate of mycelial run. In conclusion, substrate treated with CaCO3, increased the growth of mycelium. In future, it is suggested to measure the effect of irradiation using different gamma irradiation exposure.
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Joie, Ambos A. Allysa, and L. Alberto Ambos. "Multiplication of Oyster Mushroom Mother Spawn (Pleurotus Ostreatus L.) Using Different Boiling Periods of Sorghum." American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering, and Technology 6, no. 3 (2022): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajaset.v6i3.855.
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The study was focused on the multiplication of oyster mushroom mother spawn using different boiling periods of sorghum. It was conducted at the Mushroom Laboratory of the Department of Plant Science – College of Agriculture, Mindanao State University Main Campus, Marawi City, from March 31, 2022, to April 21, 2022. The length of mycelia of each treatment is measured every five (5) days for the expansion of mycelia inside the bottles of sorghum. The ANOVA was the statistical tool that was used in analyzing the data. The results revealed that (1) there is a significant difference in the number of days from inoculation to colonization of substrate in every treatment; (2) Treatment 1 has the slowest mycelial growth in the bottle; (3) Treatment 2 has the fastest mycelial growth in the bottle; (4) there is a level of 10% significant difference in the length of mycelial growth in every treatment on the third data gathering; (5) Treatment 1 (fifteen-minute boiling period) has the slowest colonization of the sorghum as mother spawn substrate in the bottle, (6) Treatment 2 (thirty-minute boiling period) has the fastest colonization of the sorghum as mother spawn substrate in the bottle, and (7) Treatment 2 (thirty-minute boiling period) has the best boiling period of the substrate for mother spawn multiplication.
4
Joie, Ambos A. Allysa, and Ambos L. Alberto. "Multiplication of Oyster Mushroom Mother Spawn (Pleurotus Ostreatus L.) Using Different Boiling Periods of Sorghum." American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering, and Technology 6, no. 3 (2022): 78–82. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajaset.v6i3.855.
Full textAbstract:
The study was focused on the multiplication of oyster mushroom mother spawn using different boiling periods of sorghum. It was conducted at the Mushroom Laboratory of the Department of Plant Science – College of Agriculture, Mindanao State University Main Campus, Marawi City, from March 31, 2022, to April 21, 2022. The length of mycelia of each treatment is measured every five (5) days for the expansion of mycelia inside the bottles of sorghum. The ANOVA was the statistical tool that was used in analyzing the data. The results revealed that (1) there is a significant difference in the number of days from inoculation to colonization of substrate in every treatment; (2) Treatment 1 has the slowest mycelial growth in the bottle; (3) Treatment 2 has the fastest mycelial growth in the bottle; (4) there is a level of 10% significant difference in the length of mycelial growth in every treatment on the third data gathering; (5) Treatment 1 (fifteen-minute boiling period) has the slowest colonization of the sorghum as mother spawn substrate in the bottle, (6) Treatment 2 (thirty-minute boiling period) has the fastest colonization of the sorghum as mother spawn substrate in the bottle, and (7) Treatment 2 (thirty-minute boiling period) has the best boiling period of the substrate for mother spawn multiplication.
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Joie, Ambos A. Allysa, and Ambos L. Alberto. "Multiplication of Oyster Mushroom Mother Spawn (Pleurotus Ostreatus L.) Using Different Boiling Periods of Sorghum." American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering, and Technology 6, no. 3 (2022): 78–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7451362.
Full textAbstract:
The study was focused on the multiplication of oyster mushroom mother spawn using different boiling periods of sorghum. It was conducted at the Mushroom Laboratory of the Department of Plant Science – College of Agriculture, Mindanao State University Main Campus, Marawi City, from March 31, 2022, to April 21, 2022. The length of mycelia of each treatment is measured every five (5) days for the expansion of mycelia inside the bottles of sorghum. The ANOVA was the statistical tool that was used in analyzing the data. The results revealed that (1) there is a significant difference in the number of days from inoculation to colonization of substrate in every treatment; (2) Treatment 1 has the slowest mycelial growth in the bottle; (3) Treatment 2 has the fastest mycelial growth in the bottle; (4) there is a level of 10% significant difference in the length of mycelial growth in every treatment on the third data gathering; (5) Treatment 1 (fifteen-minute boiling period) has the slowest colonization of the sorghum as mother spawn substrate in the bottle, (6) Treatment 2 (thirty-minute boiling period) has the fastest colonization of the sorghum as mother spawn substrate in the bottle, and (7) Treatment 2 (thirty-minute boiling period) has the best boiling period of the substrate for mother spawn multiplication.
6
Chang, Wanqiu, Weilin Feng, Yang Yang, et al. "Metagenomics analysis of the effects of Agaricus bisporus mycelia on microbial diversity and CAZymes in compost." PeerJ 10 (December 7, 2022): e14426. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14426.
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Agaricus bisporus growth alters the lignocellulosic composition and structure of compost. However, it is difficult to differentiate the enzyme activities of A. bisporus mycelia from the wider microbial community owing to the complication of completely speareting the mycelia from compost cultures. Macrogenomics analysis was employed in this study to examine the fermentation substrate of A. bisporus before and after mycelial growth, and the molecular mechanism of substrate utilization by A. bisporus mycelia was elucidated from the perspective of microbial communities and CAZymes in the substrate. The results showed that the relative abundance of A. bisporus mycelia increased by 77.57-fold after mycelial colonization, the laccase content was significantly increased and the lignin content was significantly decreased. Analysis of the CAZymes showed that AA10 family was extremely differentiated. Laccase-producing strains associated with AA10 family were mostly bacteria belonging to Thermobifida and Thermostaphylospora, suggesting that these bacteria may play a synergistic role in lignin decomposition along with A. bisporus mycelia. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the molecular mechanism of compost utilization by A. bisporus mycelia and offer a reference for the development and utilization of strains related to lignocellulose degradation.
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De, Guzman Ronel S. "Evaluation of Mycelial Growth of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) from Cassava and Taro Pure Culture Media in Crack Corn." JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal 7, no. 4 (2021): 177–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4764661.
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The study aimed to evaluate mycelial growth of cassava + agar and taro + agar OM pure culture in cracked corn subculture media. Pure culture from cassava + agar (treatment 1) and taro + agar (treatment 2) were used in the inoculation of subculture media. The data gathered was compared using T-test. The evaluation of the first mycelial growth appearance from inoculation in two treatments exhibited significant difference with an average of 1.33-day period in treatment 1 and 2.33-day period in treatment 2. The analysis in number of days from inoculation to full mycelial colonization also showed significant differences. The shortest time was recorded in treatment 1 with average of 9.53-day period followed with an average of 10.76-day period for treatment 2. The result confirmed the result of Stanley and Nyenke (2011) that the cassava stimulated luxuriant mycelial growth rate and extension. The use of cassava + agar pure culture in oyster mushroom subculture production was recommended for its faster response to the cracked corn subculture media due to its fast mycelial growth.
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Petraglia, Tania, Tiziana Latronico, Grazia Maria Liuzzi, Angela Fanigliulo, Aniello Crescenzi, and Rocco Rossano. "Hydrolytic Enzymes in the Secretome of the Mushrooms P. eryngii and P. ostreatus: A Comparison Between the Two Species." Molecules 30, no. 12 (2025): 2505. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30122505.
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The fungi belonging to the genus Pleurotus can be cultivated in different substrates and represent excellent producers of several extracellular enzymes. In this study, we analyzed eleven hydrolytic enzymes of the P. eryngii and P. ostreatus secretomes, which were collected at three different growth stages after 23 days (mycelial colonization of about 50% of the substrate), 34 days (100% colonization of the substrate) and 50 days (after the first flush). Mushrooms were axenically cultivated on the same substrate. The results demonstrate that proteases, lipases, amylases, α-glucosidase, cellulases (endoglucanase, β-cellobiohydrolase and β-glucosidase) and hemicellulase (xylosidase, glucuronidase, arabinosidase and mannosidase) activities were higher in the secretomes from P. eryngii than those from P. ostreatus. Time course analysis revealed for both species a similar enzymatic activity profile, in which in the early stages of mycelium development, both species use starch as the main carbon source. Protease and lipase activities increased and remained constant during the subsequent formation of fruiting bodies, whereas cellulase and hemicellulase activities decreased after the complete mycelial colonization of the substrate. The zymographic analysis suggested the presence in the secretomes of proteolytic activities belonging to different classes. In conclusion, both mushroom species released into the secretomes a broad spectrum of hydrolytic enzymes potentially useful in various biotechnological fields.
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Bastide, Paul Y. de la, Yves Piché, and Bradley R. Kropp. "Vegetative interactions among mycelia of Laccaria bicolor in pure culture and in symbiosis with Pinus banksiana." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 11 (1995): 1768–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-189.
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Mycelial interactions of Laccaria bicolor strains were studied in pure culture and after inoculation onto mycorrhizal hosts. Monokaryon–monokaryon and dikaryon–monokaryon crosses were performed on an agar medium that enhanced nuclear migration to study mating events. The first observance of clamped hyphae, their location, evidence of nuclear migration, and the occurrence of dikaryon–monokaryon matings varied among crosses. One monokaryon–monokaryon and two dikaryon–monokaryon combinations were selected for seedling inoculation to compare their mycorrhizosphere interactions with those observed on agar medium. Seedlings of Pinus banksiana were grown for 20 weeks in a mycelium inoculated soil medium. Three seedlings from each treatment were selected at harvest and ectomycorrhizae reisolates were subject to randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis to identify genotypes. This analysis was also done for mycelial samples of the same crosses on agar medium. Variation in the mycobiont genotype was observed for different root isolates from the same seedling, which had been initially inoculated with a compatible monokaryon–monokaryon or a dikaryon–monokaryon strain combination. Root isolates from seedlings receiving the latter treatment included a new dikaryotic genotype produced by a dikaryon–monokaryon mating. Seedling growth was reduced with ectomycorrhizal colonization, most likely because of the photosynthate requirements of the mycobiont during this study. The nature of mycelial interactions and the potential value of a genetically variable mycobiont are discussed. Key words: Buller phenomenon, ectomycorrhizae, intraspecific variability, mycelial interactions, RAPD analysis.
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Zhou, Jun-Liang, Shuang Song, Zhen-Xing Huang, et al. "Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus, a potential candidate for biogas residues degradation." BioResources 13, no. 3 (2018): 5432–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.3.5432-5449.
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Biogas projects are rapidly expanding in China, but there is insufficient cropland to degrade these biogas residues. Mushroom cultivation has been used to degrade various agricultural wastes. In this study, to screen the feasibility of utilizing biogas residues as potential substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus, seven different concentrations (0 to 60%) of biogas residue mixed with cottonseed hull, wheat bran, and lime were used to cultivate P. ostreatus. The mycelial growth rate, mycelial colonization time, yield, biological efficiency, chemical compositions, and content of four heavy metals, Cd (cadmium), Pb (lead), Hg (mercury), and As (arsenic), were analyzed. The results showed that 10 to 30% of biogas residue mixed in the substrates induced the growth of P. ostreatus mycelia faster than the others. A lower percentage (10 to 20%) of biogas residue added to the substrates is beneficial to the production and nutrient components of P. ostreatus, and the fruiting bodies produced on biogas residue-containing substrates conform to the safety standards for edible mushrooms. Although the total harvest is not significantly increased when biogas residue is added, the utilization of cheap biogas residues can conceivably reduce the practical cost and benefit the environment.
11
Volynchikova, Elena, and Ki Deok Kim. "Anti-Oomycete Activity and Pepper Root Colonization of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida YJR13 and Pseudomonas putida YJR92 against Phytophthora capsici." Plant Pathology Journal 39, no. 1 (2023): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/ppj.oa.01.2023.0001.
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Previously, <i>Pseudomonas plecoglossicida</i> YJR13 and <i>Pseudomonas putida</i> YJR92 from a sequential screening procedure were proven to effectively control Phytophthora blight caused by <i>Phytophthora capsici</i>. In this study, we further investigated the anti-oomycete activities of these strains against mycelial growth, zoospore germination, and germ tube elongation of <i>P. capsici</i>. We also investigated root colonization ability of the bacterial strains in square dishes, including cell motility (swimming and swarming motilities) and biofilm formation. Both strains significantly inhibited mycelial growth in liquid and solid V8 juice media and M9 minimal media, zoospore germination, and germ tube elongation compared with <i>Bacillus vallismortis</i> EXTN-1 (positive biocontrol strain), <i>Sphingomonas aquatilis</i> KU408 (negative biocontrol strain), and MgSO<sub>4</sub> solution (untreated control). In diluted (nutrient-deficient) V<sub>8</sub> juice broth, the tested strain populations were maintained at >10<sup>8</sup> cells/ml, simultaneously providing mycelial inhibitory activity. Additionally, these strains colonized pepper roots at a 10<sup>6</sup> cells/ml concentration for 7 days. The root colonization of the strains was supported by strong swimming and swarming activities, biofilm formation, and chemotactic activity towards exudate components (amino acids, organic acids, and sugars) of pepper roots. Collectively, these results suggest that strains YJR13 and YJR92 can effectively suppress Phytophthora blight of pepper through direct anti-oomycete activities against mycelial growth, zoospore germination and germ tube elongation. Bacterial colonization of pepper roots may be mediated by cell motility and biofilm formation together with chemotaxis to root exudates.
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Mahalakshmi, P., and I. Yesu Raja. "BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL OF TRICHODERMA SPECIES AGAINST WILT DISEASE OF CARNATION (DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS L.) CAUSED BY FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F.SP. DIANTHI." Journal of Biopesticides 6, no. 1 (2013): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.1.32-36.
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ABSTRACT A study was carried out to test the antagonistic potential of four isolates of Trichoderma viride and eight isolates of T. harzianum and five isolates of T. reesei against F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, the cause of Fusarium wilt in carnation. T. harzianum (Th2) showed the maximum inhibition of mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi. (45.33%) over control followed by T. harzianum (Th6) and T. viride (Tv3) with 42.11 and 38.66 per cent inhibition respectively. The Competitive Saprophytic Ability (CSA) and colonization by each isolates of Trichoderma spp. was assessed. Among the 17 isolates, Th2 registered 61.84 per cent colonization followed by Th6 with 59.12 percent colonization. All other isolates of Trichoderma spp. were inferior to Th2 in its saprophytic ability. The antagonistic isolates of Trichoderma spp. were also tested for production of antifungal volatiles and their effect on the growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi. All the isolates were found to produce volatile metabolites, which inhibited the mycelial growth of test pathogen at varing levels from 16.33 to 50.11 percent.
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Blandenet, Matthieu, Isabelle R. Gonçalves, Christine Rascle, et al. "Evidencing New Roles for the Glycosyl-Transferase Cps1 in the Phytopathogenic Fungus Botrytis cinerea." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 9 (2022): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8090899.
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The fungal cell wall occupies a central place in the interaction between fungi and their environment. This study focuses on the role of the putative polysaccharide synthase Cps1 in the physiology, development and virulence of the grey mold-causing agent Botrytis cinerea. Deletion of the Bccps1 gene does not affect the germination of the conidia (asexual spores) or the early mycelial development, but it perturbs hyphal expansion after 24 h, revealing a two-phase hyphal development that has not been reported so far. It causes a severe reduction of mycelial growth in a solid medium and modifies hyphal aggregation into pellets in liquid cultures. It strongly impairs plant penetration, plant colonization and the formation of sclerotia (survival structures). Loss of the BcCps1 protein associates with a decrease in glucans and glycoproteins in the fungus cell wall and the up-accumulation of 132 proteins in the mutant’s exoproteome, among which are fungal cell wall enzymes. This is accompanied by an increased fragility of the mutant mycelium, an increased sensitivity to some environmental stresses and a reduced adhesion to plant surface. Taken together, the results support a significant role of Cps1 in the cell wall biology of B. cinerea.
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Kumari, Chanchila, Jyoti Sinha, Nupur Choudhary, and Pratima Raypa. "Synergistic Impact of Compost Amended Biofertilizers in Enhancing Yield and Quality of Agaricus bisporus Mushroom." Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 27, no. 11 (2024): 454–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i111630.
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Biofertilizers in button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation has emerged as an innovative and eco-friendly approach to enhance yield and quality. Biofertilizers, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms, and mycorrhizal fungi, have demonstrated significant potential in improving mycelial growth, fruiting body formation, and nutrient uptake. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., Azotobacter, Azospirillum) and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (e.g., Bacillus, Pseudomonas) play vital roles in providing essential nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus to support mycelial growth and fruiting body formation. These microbial inoculants not only augment nutrient availability but also stimulate enzyme activity, leading to faster substrate colonization and healthier fruiting bodies. In comparison to chemical fertilizers, biofertilizers promote a more sustainable cultivation practice by enhancing soil health, minimizing chemical input, and reducing environmental impact. Studies have shown that applying biofertilizers can result in higher mushroom yields, improved nutritional profiles, and better resilience to environmental stress. Specifically, nitrogen-fixing bacteria help in assimilating atmospheric nitrogen, making it available to the growing mushrooms, while phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria increase the availability of phosphorus, which is essential for energy transfer and mycelial growth. Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with mushroom mycelium, facilitating better nutrient absorption from the substrate. The combined effects of these biofertilizers ensure optimal conditions for both growth and quality enhancement. Moreover, biofertilizers contribute to the reduction of heavy metal accumulation in mushrooms, thereby ensuring safer and healthier produce for consumers. In addition to their nutritional benefits, biofertilizers also play a role in improving the physical structure of the growing medium, making it more conducive for mushroom cultivation. Biofertilizers promote enzymes such as cellulases and ligninases, which break down complex organic materials, accelerating substrate colonization and improving mushroom health. However, challenges remain in optimizing the use of biofertilizers, as their effectiveness can be influenced by various factors such as the type of substrate, environmental conditions, and the specific microbial strains used. Variability in performance and limited shelf life of some biofertilizers also pose challenges in their widespread adoption. Nonetheless, with ongoing research and technological advancements, biofertilizers are increasingly becoming a sustainable and cost-effective solution for mushroom farmers. By reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers, they not only support better yields and quality but also contribute to a more environmentally sustainable approach to agriculture.
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Anbarasu, A., G. Thiribhuvanamala, K. Angappan, S. B. Akshaya, and A. S. Krishnamoorthy. "Enhancement of mycelial biomass and lignocellulolytic enzymes of milky mushroom Calocybe indica through supplementation with organic amendments." Research Journal of Biotechnology 17, no. 1 (2021): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1701rjbt127134.
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Milky mushroom (Calocybe indica) also known as tropical mushroom or summer mushroom has significant attributes of milky white colour with high nutritive value and long shelf life. The yield performance of milky mushrooms again depends on the secretion of lignocellulolytic enzymes that further influence the colonization of mycelium on the substrates. In the present study, organic supplements viz. cakes of cotton, groundnut, sesamum, coconut cake, neem cake, powdered moth bean, red gram, horse gram, green gram, soya bean, lab-lab, maize, rice bran and wheat bran amended at 1% and 5% concentration induced profuse mycelial growth and enhanced ligninolytic enzyme secretion by Calocybe indica under in vitro conditions. The results revealed that wheat bran and red gram supplements at 5 % concentration in PDA medium were found to influence the mycelial growth on the 7th day (68.67 mm and 62.33 mm respectively). Similarly, both wheat bran and red gram supplements at 5 % in liquid medium supported increase in the biomass production of C. indica on the 15th day (1.83 and 1.40 g) followed by horse gram. The influence of organic supplements on the induction of lignocellulolytic activity showed that the maximum cellulase and xylanase activity (1.7 U/min/g and 0.835 U/min/g respectively) and laccase activity (1.6 U/min/g) were noticed in the substrate supplemented with wheat bran followed by horse gram (1.3 U/min/g) at 5% concentration under solid-state fermentation. However, the lignin peroxidase activity was maximum (0.59 U/min/g) in combination with wheat bran (2.5%) and red gram (2.5%) and manganese peroxidase activity was maximum in wheat bran supplement (0.3 U/min/g) at 5% concentration. It is inferred that amending organic supplements viz. wheat bran, horse gram and red gram to substrates enhance the mycelial growth, biomass production and lignocellulolytic enzyme secretion of C. indica and offers scope for yield improvement.
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Lourdes V. Alvarez, Scho Fillarca, Macy V. Macatuggal. "Growth and Yield Performance of Calocybe indica (Purkayastha and A. Chandra) Milky Mushroom in Various Agricultural Wastes in the Philippines." Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management 10, no. 29s (2025): 290–97. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i29s.4478.
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The Calocybe indica, commonly called the milky mushroom, originated in India and was known for its distinctive taste and health benefits. It was investigated for its potential to be cultivated in several substrate combinations from different agricultural wastes in the Philippines. The sampled substrates include rice straws, banana leaves, corn husks, and corn cobs. The rice hull served as the control substrate. The growth and yield performance of C. indica were assessed based on the rate of mycelial growth and colonization, duration of harvest time, number of fruiting bodies produced, the diameter of the cap, stalk length and width, size of fruiting bodies, and biological efficiency. Results revealed that the T10 (substrate containing 100% corn husks) demonstrated a rapid rate of mycelial growth and colonization, completing the substrate's full colonization in 20 days by week 4. The highest yield, largest cap, thickest stalks, and high biological efficiency were observed in the T14 substrate (containing 100% corn cobs). The poorest growth and performance were observed in the T17 substrate (containing 25% corn cobs + 75% rice hull). This research demonstrated the potential of the agricultural byproducts in the sustainable cultivation of C. indica as a nutritious and healthy food source.
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Huong, Tran Thi. "PURE CULTURE OF WILD TOUGH MUSHROOM COLLECTED FROM TAY NINH PROVINCE OF VIET NAM." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, no. 1A (2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/55/1a/12387.
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Pure cultures of wild edible mushroom have drawn much attention all over the world for exploitation and conservation of precious genetic resources. In this study, a wild strain of tough mushroom, which has been used as human food in Tay Ninh Province, was collected. The strain was purely cultured on agar medium and grown on different culture media for mycelial growth and fruiting body production. It was also classified based on morphological characteristics and molecular methods. The results show that this wild tough mushroom belongs to Lentinus squarrosulus (Polyporaceae). The best mycelial growth rate (8.3 mm/day) was recorded on the unhusked rice medium containing CaCO3 (1 %) and MgSO4 (1 %). In both of rubber tree sawdust medium supplemented with corn bran (10 %) and the one supplemented with earthworm fertilizer (5 %), the mycelial growth rates were significantly similar (8.4 mm/day) and achieved full colonization of the both supplemented sawdust bags (each 1 kg) after 24 days of incubation. The fresh fruiting bodies yielded 398 - 412 g/bag of the both sawdust media.
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Klotz-Neves, Ana Luiza, Jair Putzke, Fernando Augusto Bertazzo-Silva, Lilian Pedroso Maggio, Marines de Avila Heberle, and Marisa Terezinha Lopes Putzke. "Yerba mate residue (Ilex paraguariensis – Aquifoliaceae) in the production of edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatoroseus." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 10 (2022): e529111033086. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i10.33086.
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Mushrooms are cultivable on various plant substrates and the yerba mate residue may be one of the most promising, especially if domestic cultivation techniques are developed. As a large producer and consumer of yerba mate, southern Brazil also presents a large production of this residue. In this sense, this work aimed to test the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatoroseus on yerba mate residue, seeking a technique for its domestic cultivation. Three substrates were prepared: a) partially decomposed yerba mate; b) recently discarded yerba mate; c) yerba mate recently discarded and added with eucalyptus sawdust. Cultivation of P. ostreatoroseus in yerba mate just after disposal and partially decomposed proved to be unviable, with good mycelial colonization of the substrate, but without basidioma production. In cultivation with sawdust, all concentrations tested showed the formation of primordia, with 70% of sawdust, being the first to form primordia and having the largest basidiome in diameter. It is believed that aeration is an important factor for mycelial and basidiome development in P. ostreatoroseus, contrary to what has already been mentioned for P. djamor, contributing to the differentiation of both species in cultivation situations. The mycelium of the species growing on yerba mate residue was able to reduce the inoculum of pathogenic fungi, indicating that it is an adequate practice for the treatment of the final residue. Thus, the yerba mate residue added with sawdust proved to be a possible substrate for the cultivation of P. ostreatoroseus, in addition to eliminating pathogenic fungi from plants. Keywords: Cultivation; Alternative substrates; Shimeji; Mycelial growth.
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Hallen, Heather E., and Frances Trail. "The L-Type Calcium Ion Channel Cch1 Affects Ascospore Discharge and Mycelial Growth in the Filamentous Fungus Gibberella zeae (Anamorph Fusarium graminearum)." Eukaryotic Cell 7, no. 2 (2007): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00248-07.
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ABSTRACT Cch1, a putative voltage-gated calcium ion channel, was investigated for its role in ascus development in Gibberella zeae. Gene replacement mutants of CCH1 were generated and found to have asci which did not forcibly discharge spores, although morphologically ascus and ascospore development in the majority of asci appeared normal. Additionally, mycelial growth was significantly slower, and sexual development was slightly delayed in the mutant; mutant mycelia showed a distinctive fluffy morphology, and no cirrhi were produced. Wheat infected with Δcch1 mutants developed symptoms comparable to wheat infected with the wild type; however, the mutants showed a reduced ability to protect the infected stalk from colonization by saprobic fungi. Transcriptional analysis of gene expression in mutants using the Affymetrix Fusarium microarray showed 2,449 genes with significant, twofold or greater, changes in transcript abundance across a developmental series. This work extends the role of CCH1 to forcible spore discharge in G. zeae and suggests that this channel has subtle effects on growth and development.
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Cerón-Bustamante, Minely, Francesco Tini, Giovanni Beccari, Paolo Benincasa, and Lorenzo Covarelli. "Effect of Different Light Wavelengths on Zymoseptoria tritici Development and Leaf Colonization in Bread Wheat." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 6 (2023): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9060670.
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The wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici can respond to light by modulating its gene expression. Because several virulence-related genes are differentially expressed in response to light, different wavelengths could have a crucial role in the Z. tritici–wheat interaction. To explore this opportunity, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of blue (470 nm), red (627 nm), blue–red, and white light on the in vitro and in planta development of Z. tritici. The morphology (mycelium appearance, color) and phenotypic (mycelium growth) characteristics of a Z. tritici strain were evaluated after 14 days under the different light conditions in two independent experiments. In addition, bread wheat plants were artificially inoculated with Z. tritici and grown for 35 days under the same light treatments. The disease incidence, severity, and fungal DNA were analyzed in a single experiment. Statistical differences were determined by using an ANOVA. The obtained results showed that the different light wavelengths induced specific morphological changes in mycelial growth. The blue light significantly reduced colony growth, while the dark and red light favored fungal development (p < 0.05). The light quality also influenced host colonization, whereby the white and red light had stimulating and repressing effects, respectively (p < 0.05). This precursory study demonstrated the influence of light on Z. tritici colonization in bread wheat.
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Stephens, Amber E., Donald M. Gardiner, Rosemary G. White, Alan L. Munn, and John M. Manners. "Phases of Infection and Gene Expression of Fusarium graminearum During Crown Rot Disease of Wheat." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, no. 12 (2008): 1571–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-12-1571.
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Fusarium graminearum causes head blight (FHB) and crown rot (CR) diseases in wheat. Compared with FHB, CR symptom development occurs slowly, usually taking 4 to 8 weeks to become visible. To characterize CR development, we used histological and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses to assess fungal colonization during a timecourse of infection. Three distinct phases of infection were identified: i) initial spore germination with formation of a superficial hyphal mat at the inoculation point, ii) colonization of the adaxial epidermis of the outer leaf sheath and mycelial growth from the inoculation point to the crown, concomitant with a drop in fungal biomass, and iii) extensive colonization of the internal crown tissue. Fungal gene expression was examined during each phase using Affymetrix GeneChips. In total, 1,839 F. graminearum genes were significantly upregulated, including some known FHB virulence genes (e.g., TRI5 and TRI14), and 2,649 genes were significantly downregulated in planta compared with axenically cultured mycelia. Global comparisons of fungal gene expression with published data for FHB showed significant similarities between early stages of FHB and CR. These results indicate that CR disease development involves distinct phases of colonization, each of which is associated with a different fungal gene expression program.
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Guerin-Laguette, Alexis, Claude Plassard, and Daniel Mousain. "Effects of experimental conditions on mycorrhizal relationships between Pinus sylvestris and Lactarius deliciosus and unprecedented fruit-body formation of the Saffron milk cap under controlled soilless conditions." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 9 (2000): 790–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-059.
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The mycorrhizal relationships between pines and two edible species of Lactarius sect. Dapetes were investigated by optimizing the experimental conditions of mycelial growth and of mycorrhizal colonization of pine seedlings. In vitro mycelial growth of Lactarius deliciosus and L. sanguifluus was improved on a buffered medium containing glucose, amino acids, and vitamins. Two methods of mycorrhization of pines with Lactarius deliciosus were tested. The mycorrhizal colonization was rapid and intense under non-aseptic conditions with a low nutrient supply and without exogenous glucose. A positive influence of mycorrhizal colonization on Pinus sylvestris growth was subsequently observed. Under axenic conditions and with a high nutrient supply, mycorrhization was stimulated at 10 g/L of exogenous glucose, irrespective of the phosphorus concentration. At high phosphorus level (1 mM) and 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 g/L glucose, growth of Pinus sylvestris was reduced by inoculation. Stability and development of Pinus spp./Lactarius deliciosus symbioses were assayed in a climatic chamber using containers filled with a synthetic substrate. Over a 2-year culture period, the root systems of the pine seedlings were heavily colonized by Lactarius deliciosus. One year following inoculation, Lactarius deliciosus fruit-body primordia appeared associated with Pinus sylvestris seedlings. Six months later, two mature basidiomata were obtained. This is the first report of soilless fruit-body formation of this edible mushroom.Key words: ectomycorrhiza, inoculation, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius sanguifluus, Pinus, wild edible mushrooms.
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Lourdes, V. Alvarez, and B. Bautista Arcibel. "Growth and yield performance of Pleurotus on selected Lignocellulosic wastes in the vicinity of PUP main campus, Philippines." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 14, no. 3 (2021): 259–69. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v14i3.389.
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Abstract <strong>Objectives:</strong> Urban wastes that contain lignocellulosic substances are potential substrates for mushroom cultivation. The study tested selected urban wastes as substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus djamor, P. sajor caju, and P. florida. <strong>Methods:</strong> Three different urban wastes (white used paper, banana peels and mixture of leaf litters) and their combinations were used in the study with sawdust served as the control. Percentage of mycelial growth, colonization period, and number of fruiting bodies, cap diameter, stipe length, total yield, and size of the mushroom and biological efficiency of the substrates used were assessed to determine the effects on growth and yield. <strong>Findings:</strong> Results revealed that the rapid mycelial colonization where the highest mushroom yield and percentage biological efficiency were observed from UP100 for P.djamor, UP75 for P. sajor caju and BP25 for P. florida and the lowest yield were obtained from those in combinations of leaf litters and banana peels. <strong>Novelty:</strong> Protocol obtained from this research can be applied and implemented in an urban setting where there are no available agricultural wastes rich in lignocellulosic substances can be used in the cultivation of edible mushroom such as P. djamor, P. sajor caju and P. florida. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Oyster mushroom; growth performance; lignocellulose; biological efficiency; mushroom yield
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Cheng, Guanglong, Yun Huang, Hui Yang, and Fan Liu. "Streptomyces felleus YJ1: Potential Biocontrol Agents Against the Sclerotinia Stem Rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) of Oilseed Rape." Journal of Agricultural Science 6, no. 4 (2014): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v6n4p91.
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In order to explore the biocontrol potential of Streptomyces felleus YJ1 to sclerotinia stem rot of oilseed rape, we evaluated the effects of YJ1 as antagonistic strain on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, including germination and formation of sclerotia, ascospore germination, mycelial growth and YJ1 colonization ability. We found the fermentation filtrate of YJ1 could inhibit sclerotia and ascospore germination and mycelial growth. In dual culture the inhibition zone diameter of YJ1 against S. sclerotiorum was 11.0 mm, and the inhibition rate reached to 80.26%. The ascospores germination was also significantly inhibited by YJ1 fermentation filtrate. In addition, YJ1 could colonize stably in rhizosphere and roots of rape. Otherwise, in the greenhouse we found the lesion would become smaller and slighter if the inoculated leaves were pretreated with YJ1 fermentation liquid. Therefore, our results strongly suggested that YJ1 was a promising biocontrol agent for control of oilseed rape sclerotinia stem rot.
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Pushpalatha, H. S., Vineeth M, Prateek Ranjan Behera, et al. "Deciphering the Morpho-molecular and Physiological Characterization of Rhizopus stolonifer Affecting Jackfruit Rot." Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 28, no. 5 (2025): 762–72. https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2025/v28i52337.
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Fruit rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill. is a common fungal disease of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) that leads to fruit rotting in vegetative and maturity phases which restrains the emergence of flowers and fruits. Further identification of the pathogen was done by performing cultural, morphological, molecular and physiological characterization. On potato dextrose agar R. stolonifer produced whitish grey cottony growth initially followed by blackish mycelial growth in later days as its growth advanced. The fruit rot pathogen exhibited diverse mycelial growth patterns ranging from flat, raised to fluffy and densely cottony growth as it has the tendency to spread rapidly that covers entire Petri plate (90 mm). Morphologically, brownish straight sporangiophores along with globose sporangium was identified. Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold), thrive on damaged or decaying fruits. The fungus rapidly colonizes fruits under warm and humid conditions. It is highly destructive, with visible colonization and spoilage occurring within 24–48 hours. Fruit injuries and sugar content significantly influence fungal growth rates and spread. Potato starch serves as a carbon source for Rhizopus, supporting its growth in industrial and laboratory settings. Rhizopus stolonifer are used in fermentation processes to saccharify starch into sugars. Growth is typically optimized with additional nutrients or under controlled conditions, as ungelatinized starch alone isn't fully utilized by the fungus. Columella was hyaline and cylindrical shaped that measured about 25.17 µm. Rhizoids were present profusely and stolons were also found. Among six different temperatures levels examined using potato dextrose broth, the highest average fresh and dry mycelium weight (920.17 and 260.62 mg) was observed at 35 °C and least dry mycelium weight (0.00 mg) was observed at 15 °C and at 40 °C on liquid media (potato dextrose broth). Among six different pH levels studied using potato dextrose broth, maximum growth of the fungus was recorded at pH 7.0 (981.76 mg of fresh and 302.78 mg of dry weight respectively) followed by pH 7.5 (924.13 mg and 269.26 mg) and pH 6.5 (748.51 mg and 183.32 mg). Least growth of the fungus was observed at pH 5.0 (330.71 mg and 82.43 mg). Pathogen was identified as Rhizopus stolonifer having 99.99 per cent homology and accession number PQ26879.
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Obani, F. T., and C. P. Mac-Donald. "RESPONSE OF STORAGE FUNGI OF BUSH MANGO (Irvingia gabonensis Baill) SEEDS. TO SELECTTED BOTANICALS." Nigerian Journal of Plant Protection 38 (December 2, 2024): 103–13. https://doi.org/10.71464/fwz6em49.
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Bush mango (Irvingia gabonensis) seeds, commonly called ogbono, is used as condiment for soup preparation. Ogbono is attacked by several fungi during storage causing seed rot. This study evaluated effects of clove and African nutmeg for control of fungi causing rot of ogbono. Market samples were purchased from Orie-Ugba and Umudike markets, taken to laboratory for isolation and identification of fungi using standard laboratory techniques. Pathogenic fungi identified were controlled in vitro and in vitro using extracts of clove and African nutmeg. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. Rhizopus oryzae (38.30%), Fusarium oxysporum (23.84%), Aspergillus flavus (5.8%), A. tamarii (13.98%), A. niger (13.48%), A. ochraceus (0.32%) and Penicillium spp (4.24%) were isolated. Rhizopus oryzae, A. flavus, and A. niger recorded 100% seed colonization. Aspergillus tamarii had 90%, F. oxysporum 60%, while both Penicillium spp and A. ochraceus had 0%. Clove significantly (p=0.05) reduced mycelial growth of R. oryzae (12.37-31.20%) compared to control (0%). For A. niger, mycelia growth was reduced between 52.67-68.53%. A. flavus mycelia growth was reduced between 66.68-76.70%, while F. oxysporium was reduced between 58.76-63.45% by different treatments. For rot development, treatments significantly (p=0.05) reduced growth of different fungi; Fusarium oxysporum (77.50%) by clove, African nutmeg (77.50%) and clove+African nutmeg (59.25%). A. tamarii was reduced by 65.07% by clove, African nutmeg (64.51%) and clove+African nutmeg (50.07%) more than control (0.0%). Botanicals assessed considerably reduced growths of test fungi in vitro and in vivo; and could be employed in management of storage rot in Irvingia gabonensis seeds.
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Zhou, Zhiguo, Guohui Cheng, Wenjie Chen, Chunyan Xie, Guisen Hou, and Xiaoya An. "Utilizing Agrobyproducts: Potential Alternative Substrates for Cultivation of Lentinula edodes." Fermentation 11, no. 5 (2025): 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11050245.
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This study evaluated six agrobyproducts (oak, jujube, apple, pear, peach, black locust) as alternative substrates for Lentinula edodes cultivation to mitigate oak dependency. Twelve substrate formulations were tested, including individual and mixed sawdust combinations. Results demonstrated successful mycelial colonization across all treatments, with treatment PAS (78% pear sawdust, 20% wheat bran, 1.5% gypsum, and 0.5% lime) exhibiting the fastest mycelial growth (4.70 mm/day) and full colonization in 105 days. Treatment BLS (78% black locust sawdust, 20% wheat bran, 1.5% gypsum, and 0.5% lime) achieved the highest biological efficiency (97.26%) and productivity (0.85 kg/bag). Nutrient analysis revealed substrate-specific enhancements: PAS maximized vitamin C (4.88 mg/100 g) and iron, while PAS + OS (39% peach sawdust, 39% oak sawdust, 20% wheat bran, 1.5% gypsum, and 0.5% lime) elevated protein (3.88%), phosphorus, and zinc. PCA highlighted distinct nutritional profiles for BLS- and jujube-based mushrooms. Correlation analyses identified the third (r = 0.838) and fourth flushes (r = 0.922) as critical for total yield, with selenium and zinc significantly linked to growth rates. Black locust and peach substrates outperformed or complemented oak, offering sustainable alternatives. These findings underscore the potential of agrowaste utilization to reduce ecological strain while maintaining high yields and nutritional quality, aligning with global agricultural sustainability goals.
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Nyochembeng, Leopold M., Caula A. Beyl, and Rodulfo P. Pacumbaba. "(162) Edible Fungal Growth and Fruiting on Composted Containerized Inedible Crop Biomass." HortScience 40, no. 4 (2005): 1006C—1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1006c.
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Current goals for space exploration are predicated upon long-term manned space flights and colonization of planetary habitats. Long periods in space without payloads of necessary items from Earth require the development of a self-sustaining ecosystem that will allow astronauts to grow their own food and efficiently recycle the waste products. Crops suggested for growth in space include wheat, rice, carrots, soybean, mushrooms, etc. Optimal and rapid biodegradation of lignin and other cellulosic material of crop residues by candidate edible white rot fungal strains is paramount in the use of these organisms to achieve effective biomass recycling in an advanced life support system (ALS). The incorporation of organic N into the substrate and pairing crop residues may enhance growth and fruiting of the edible fungi, thus increasing the rate of biodegradation of the substrates and biomass recycling. We investigated the mycelial growth of two strains of Pleurotusostreatus (`Grey Dover' and `Blue Dolphin') on processed single vegetative residues of soybean, cowpea, tomato, sweetpotato, or their 1:1 combination with wheat or rice straw. Growth and fruiting of the two strains including another strain (`Pohu') on rice straw mixed with solid thermophilic aerobic reactor (STAR) effluent for degradation and recycling were also studied. Mycelial growth and fruiting in `Grey Dover' and `Blue Dolphin' were significantly repressed on sweetpotato and basil; however, growth of the two strains was improved when sweetpotato and basil substrates were paired with rice or wheat straw. Fruiting was prolific in paired combinations of soybean with wheat or rice straw. High concentration of STAR residue enhanced mycelial growth; however, a relatively lower concentration was required for abundant fruiting.
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Li, Yanan, Haoyan Liu, Tengzi Zhang, Yongbin Zhou, Songzhu Zhang, and Hui Li. "Chinese pine and ectomycorrhizal symbionts show plasticity in phosphorous absorption and high calcium adaption under different extraradical hyphal growth space." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 105 (January 1, 2025): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2024-0113.
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The management of excessive calcium (Ca) absorption and enhancement of phosphorus (P) absorption present common obstacles for trees thriving in Ca-rich, P-poor soil. The extraradical mycelial network of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) extends beyond root reach to transport nutrients, enhancing host plant growth. This study investigates how variations in hyphal growth space affect P absorption and adaptation to high soil Ca in Chinese pine ( Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) seedlings in Ca-rich, P-poor soil. We grew Chinese pine seedlings in plant chambers with normal or high soil Ca, separated from a mycelium chamber with higher soil P by either a 105 µm nylon net (+Space) or a 0.45 µm nylon net (−Space) to study the growth of seedlings, P and Ca absorption, and soil nutrient availability. We found that Chinese pine seedlings in +Space conditions had greater biomass and a lower root-to-shoot ratio in normal Ca soil compared to −Space. −Space increased soil-available P concentrations and ectomycorrhizal colonization in normal Ca soil. P concentrations, however, were accumulated in the shoot, implying that Chinese pine in −Space allocated more energy to activate soil P. Chinese pine and its ectomycorrhizal symbionts also showed adaptive plasticity to increased soil Ca, with enhanced EMF colonization and biomass under +Space conditions, but reduced soil Ca in the plant chamber under −Space conditions.
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Hutchison, Leonard J., and Yves Piché. "Effects of exogenous glucose on mycorrhizal colonization in vitro by early-stage and late-stage ectomycorrhizal fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 6 (1995): 898–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-098.
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Under aseptic conditions, seedlings of 12 common tree species found in eastern Canada (Alnus rugosa, Betula papyrifera, Betula alleghaniensis, Abies balsamea, Tsuga Canadensis, Pinus strobes, Pinus resinosa, Pinus banksiana, Larix laricina, Picea glauca, Picea mariana, and Picea rubens) were inoculated with 10 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Piloderma bicolour, Lactarius thyinos, Lactarius subpurpureus, Lactarius torminosus, Hebeloma longicaudum, Cenococcum geophilum, Suillus sinuspaulianus, Suillus tomentosus, Leccinum holopus, and Boletinus paluster) in the absence or presence of exogenous glucose (2 g/L). Early-stage ectomycorrhizal colonizers with a broad host range (e.g., H. longicaudum) appeared to be less dependent upon the exogenous carbohydrate supply for successful formation of ectomycorrhizae than were host-specific late-stage ectomycorrhizal colonizers (e.g., Lactarius subpurpureus). Further investigations revealed, however, that while levels of exogenous glucose (1.0 and 10.0 g/L) increased mycelial growth of late-stage ectomycorrhizal colonizers, a detrimental effect on the growth of the seedlings took place in the presence of these fungi, rather than a concurrent increase in colonization and infection of the host roots. It is suggested that secondary fungal metabolites toxic to the plants are released as a consequence of increased mycelial growth in response to an increase in glucose concentrations. Thus, when dealing with late-stage ectomycorrhizal colonizers and host plants in mycorrhizal synthesis experiments, the exogenous glucose concentration is critical. Key words: early-stage fungi, late-stage fungi, ectomycorrhizae, glucose, root colonization, fungal metabolites.
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Athira, M. B., and Joseph Jikhil. "Mushroom Fungus as a Construction Material." Journal of Structural Engineering, its Applications and Analysis 8, no. 1 (2025): 6–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14829931.
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<em>The production of the conventional materials such as cement, brick etc... are increasing day to day due to global population growth. This building and construction sector emits most of the greenhouse gases, accounting for 37% of worldwide emissions. Many new materials are being developed as a result of the race to discover the next sustainable technology. Mycelium is one of the newest and most promising such material. This paper aims to present the potential of Mycelium as a sustainable construction material and the future prospective.</em> <em> </em> <em>Primarily it focuses about mycelium as well as its advantages and disadvantages. Mycelium is the vegetative tissue of fungus such as mushrooms found underneath the ground. It is a matrix that grows quickly and can function as a natural adhesive. Mycelium contain minuscule threads called hyphae. When clean, organic waste (substrate) comes into contact with mycelium, it breakdown the organic matter through enzymatic degradation. Then these threads colonize the substrate by acting as a glue and cementing it to form a solid block. This mycelium composite offers unique characteristics such as low cost, low emission, and environmental sustainability </em> <em> </em> <em>Then it examines the preparation of mycelium bricks as well as the tests on it. Mycelium bricks are prepared by a series of steps such as sterilization of substrate, collection of mycelia, inoculation, mixing, molding, incubation, colonization, drying and post processing. To confirm its physiochemical properties compressive strength, efflorescence, water absorption etc... are determined. Compressive strength test was conducted to examine the behavior under crushing loads. Efflorescence test was done to check the check the concentration of salts of alkali on the brick. Water absorption test was done to determine their ability to absorb water.</em> <em> </em> <em>Further it deals with the tools to improve the mycelium properties. Genetic modifications, fungal hydrophobin etc... can be used to obtain highly nutritive mycelial biomass. The suitability of using mycelium in Kerala is also discussed.</em> <em> </em> <em>Case studies of real-world examples such as Growing Pavilion, Mycotree etc... provide valuable insights into the challenges and successes associated with implementing mycelium as a construction material into practice. </em> <em> </em> <em>Finally, using Mycelium as a construction material is can contribute significantly to a more sustainable environment and helps to reduce the carbon footprint. Further research and development to scale up the production and its properties will helps to make it more widely and effectively used in various places.</em> <em> </em>
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Blum, Luiz E. B., and Rodrígo Rodríguez-Kábana. "Effect of organic amendments on sclerotial germination, mycelial growth, and Sclerotium rolfsii-induced diseases." Fitopatologia Brasileira 29, no. 1 (2004): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582004000100010.
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The addition of organic residues to soil is an option to control some soil-borne diseases. Benzaldehyde and powders of kudzu (Pueraria lobata), velvetbean (Mucuna deeringiana), and pine-bark (Pinus elliottii and P. taeda) added to soil could reduce certain soil-borne diseases. This study evaluated the effects of benzaldehyde and the dried powders of kudzu, velvetbean, and pine-bark as soil amendments on germination and formation of sclerotia, on mycelial growth of Sclerotium rolfsii, on plant survival, and disease incidence. The data showed that high amounts of benzaldehyde (0.4 ml kg-1 of soil) and velvetbean (100 g kg-1) inhibited S. rolfsii mycelial growth and sclerotium germination. However, low amounts of benzaldehyde (0.1 ml kg-1), kudzu (25 g kg-1), and pine-bark (25 g kg-1) stimulated mycelial growth and sclerotium germination. Kudzu (25-100 g kg-1) and velvetbean (25-100 g kg-1) inhibited the formation of sclerotia. Nevertheless, benzaldehyde at 0.2 and 0.4 ml kg-1 stimulated the formation of sclerotia. Kudzu (50 and 100 g kg-1) and pine-bark (50 g kg-1) favored the colonization of sclerotia by Trichoderma sp. The numbers of soybean (Glycine max) plants were higher and diseased plants were lower than the non-amend soil in the following treatments: kudzu (50 and 100 g kg-1), velvetbean (50 and 100 g kg-1), and pine-bark (50 g kg-1). Disease severity on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants was low in soil treated with kudzu or velvetbean (30 and 35 g kg-1) and pine-bark (35 g kg-1). Dried powders of kudzu, velvetbean, or pine-bark added to soil can reduce disease by reducing pathogen inoculum.
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Eilertsen, Lill, Malin Hultberg, Natuschka Lee, et al. "The Microbial Community in a Substrate of Solid-State Fermentation by Lentinula edodes: A Preliminary Study." Fermentation 9, no. 8 (2023): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9080736.
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Edible-fungal-based solid-state fermentation holds promise for sustainable food and biofuel production. Understanding the role of microbial communities in fungal substrates is crucial. Birch-based substrates were treated with autoclaving (121 °C, at 2 bar) or hot air pasteurization (75–100 °C), followed by incubation with and without shiitake (Lentinula edodes) inoculum. Mycelial growth was monitored by CO2 release and microbial biomass by phosphate-lipid fatty acid (PLFA). DNA sequencing was used to analyze the microbial communities. Results showed successful colonization of shiitake on all substrates, regardless of pasteurization temperatures and coexisting microbes. Total microbial respiration (CO2) and PLFA biomass showed no significant differences between pasteurization regimes. However, significant microbial differences were found between shiitake-inoculated and non-inoculated treatments. DNA sequencing revealed the dominance of Phyllobacterium, Sphingomonas, and Pelomonas genera in all inoculated substrates, while non-inoculated substrates were abundant in Bacillus spp. and Paenibacillus spp. of the Firmicutes phylum. This study provides preliminary insights into the microbial community in birch-based shiitake substrates, facilitating further investigation of bacteria involved in shiitake mycelium growth promotion and biochemical conversion for biofuel production.
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Kathrina, M. Mapanao, A. Abella Evaristo, L. Aquino Daniel, and P. Kalaw Sofronio. "Use of effective microorganisms on enhancing the mycelial growth of Pleurotus florida on unsterilized rice straw." Journal of Biological Engineering Research and Review 3, no. 1 (2016): 30–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15337204.
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<strong>Abstract: </strong>The use of unsterilized rice straw with (T1) or without (T2) effective microorganisms (EM-I), sterilized pure rice straw (T3) and (T4) Control which used the standard protocol for mushroom production developed by the Center for Tropical Mushroom Research and Development (CTMRD), were evaluated as substrates for edible mushroom production and lignin degradation using the Pleurotus florida fungal species. The treatments were laid-out in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications, composing of 20 fruiting bags as the sampling units. Each fruiting bag containing 750 grams substrate was inoculated with 20 grams mushroom grain spawn. The mycelia growth, pinhead formation and yield of harvested mushroom were the parameters studied in the production of edible mushroom P. florida. The proximate (organic matter, Ash, and Crude Protein) and cell wall contents (Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Hemicellulose, Cellulose, and Lignin) of pure rice straw and the mushroom spent beddings after harvesting the mushroom were also evaluated. Results showed that the sterilized rice straw without Effective Microorganisms substrate (T3) and substrate containing standard CTMRD (T4) showed significantly higher yield and biological efficiency with fast mycelial colonization of the bag compared to the unsterilized rice straw with or without EM. Producing mushroom without sterilization was made possible in the study. Significant reduction in lignin content was observed when P. florida was grown in unsterilized rice straw with EM. Fungal treatment of unsterilized rice straw with or without Effective Microorganisms and pure sterilized rice straw significantly increased the crude protein, crude ash, and available cellulose contents of the substrates. Fungal treatment reduced the Neutral Detergent Fiber, lignin and hemicellulose contents of the substrates.
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Gaffoor, Iffa, Daren W. Brown, Ron Plattner, Robert H. Proctor, Weihong Qi, and Frances Trail. "Functional Analysis of the Polyketide Synthase Genes in the Filamentous Fungus Gibberella zeae (Anamorph Fusarium graminearum)." Eukaryotic Cell 4, no. 11 (2005): 1926–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.4.11.1926-1933.2005.
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ABSTRACT Polyketides are a class of secondary metabolites that exhibit a vast diversity of form and function. In fungi, these compounds are produced by large, multidomain enzymes classified as type I polyketide synthases (PKSs). In this study we identified and functionally disrupted 15 PKS genes from the genome of the filamentous fungus Gibberella zeae. Five of these genes are responsible for producing the mycotoxins zearalenone, aurofusarin, and fusarin C and the black perithecial pigment. A comprehensive expression analysis of the 15 genes revealed diverse expression patterns during grain colonization, plant colonization, sexual development, and mycelial growth. Expression of one of the PKS genes was not detected under any of 18 conditions tested. This is the first study to genetically characterize a complete set of PKS genes from a single organism.
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Suthar, Harish, Romank Patel, Krunal Modi, Paresh Patel, and Mrugesh Khunt. "Growth Parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus Cultivation Using Paddy Straw as a Substrate." Plantae Scientia 5, no. 1 (2022): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32439/ps.v5i1.12-16.
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Pleurotus ostreatus are large, oyster-shell shaped edible mushroom which can be easily identified by their grey white, oyster shell shaped cap which is attached to a thick, firm stalk. They are nutritionally rich contain good amount of vitamin C, niacin, riboflavin, thiamin and cobalamin. They have high oleic acid and linoleic acid content. They also contain lovastatin and pleuran. Hence, oyster mushroom exhibit anti-atherosclerotic, hypo-glycemic, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and immuno-modulatory properties. P. ostreatus is one of the commonly sought wild mushrooms and paddy straw is mainly used as a substrate for its cultivation. Mycelial growth is a preliminary step that creates suitable internal conditions for fruiting. Thus, out-standing growth of mycelium is a vital factor in mushroom cultivation. In the present study, P. ostreatus cultivation was carried out using paddy straw as a substrate. Spawning was done in layers in polythene bags (24 ×16 inch). All the 10 spawned bags were arranged in a dark cropping room on raised platform for mycelium colonization of substrate. Suitable temperature (~28°C) and relative humidity (~80%) were maintained during incubation. Harvesting of mushrooms was carried out before the margin starts folding inwards. Observations such as days for spawn run, days for pinhead formation and first harvest, number of primordia, total weight and total yield of mushroom were measured in the study. It took 23.50 ± 1.27 days for spawn run and 27-31 days for pinhead. First harvest of fruiting bodies was done after the ~4th day of the pinhead formation. Total 224 primordia were noted up to the day of the first harvest from ten bags. The fruiting bodies were harvested into three flushes and total yield after 38 days of incubation was ~4.48 kg.
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Llarena-Hernández, Régulo Carlos, Alejandro Alonso-López, Francisco Hernández-Rosas, et al. "Aerobic fermentation prior to pasteurization produces a selective substrate for cultivation of the mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius." BASE, no. 3 (2019): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.18106.
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Description of the subject. Pleurotus species are cultivated on lignocellulosic substrates, in which contaminant fungi such as Trichoderma spp. are common. A selective substrate for Pleurotus provides the necessary conditions for protection against contaminants. Studies show that Paenibacillus polymyxa and other thermophilic bacteria benefit from the selectivity of Pleurotus cultivation substrate, however, little is known regarding these bacterial communities. Objectives. To evaluate the effect of substrate inoculation with Paenibacillus polymyxa on the productivity of Pleurotus pulmonarius and its protection against Trichoderma. Method. Barley straw inoculated with P. polymyxa and non-inoculated straw (control) was used following 0, 3 or 5 days of fermentation prior to heat treatment in order to produce the cultivation substrate. The microbiological content before and after the heat treatment, the mycelial colonization by P. pulmonarius and Trichoderma viride in competition and the yield of P. pulmonarius were all evaluated. Results. We observed that inoculation with P. polymyxa increased the number of cultivable bacteria and changed the composition of the community. The inoculation decreased the colonization ability of T. viride and favored the mycelial growth, although the yield of mushrooms was affected. Higher yields of P. pulmomarius were obtained in the control substrate where no contamination of Trichoderma spp. was observed. Conclusions. Addition of P. polymyxa modified the natural microbiological succession in a fermentation of barley straw for 5 days, favoring the competitiveness of P. pulmonarius against T. viride. Fermentation of barley straw for 3 days, followed by heat treatment, benefits the yield and protection of P. pulmonarius against Trichoderma viride.
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IJABR, Press. "The Impact of Microbial Communities on Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus Mushroom Cultivation." International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research 15, no. 4 (2024): 37–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14488684.
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This paper provides an in-depth analysis of how microbes play a crucial role in improving the cultivation of two commercially important mushrooms: button mushroom (<em>Agaricus bisporus)</em> and oyster mushroom (<em>Pleurotus ostreatus</em>). It focuses on the interaction between beneficial bacteria and fungi at different stages of mushroom production, such as compost preparation, substrate colonization, and forming fruiting bodies. The variety and structure of microbial communities involved in mushroom farming are essential for enhancing substrate use. The relationship between microbes and mushrooms becomes particularly clear during composting, where microbial activities convert raw materials into a nutrient-dense environment favorable for mycelium growth. The changes in microbial populations seen throughout the different phases of composting, especially the rise in bacteria during the later stages, greatly influence the yield and quality of mushrooms. Additionally, the dynamics of microbes in the casing layer are crucial for helping mushrooms progress from the vegetative phase to the reproductive phase, aiding in the development and maturity of fruiting bodies. The paper emphasizes the contribution of microorganisms in enhancing mushroom yield by increasing nutrient availability in the substrate, facilitating mycelial growth, and offering protection against fungal pathogens. Furthermore, cellulases, xylanases, and ACC deaminase, which are microbial enzymes, increase nutrient accessibility and support hyphae extension which is crucial for the strong development of mycelium and the eventual formation of fruiting bodies. It also highlights the role of bacteria such as Azotobacter, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas in promoting substrate breakdown and mycelium development, as well as in suppressing diseases, particularly against pathogens like<em> Trichoderma aggressivum</em> and <em>Pseudomonas tolaasii.</em> The paper emphasizes the significance of microbial diversity in compost and casing layers and discusses how microbes contribute to substrate decomposition through enzymatic activities.
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Sanogo, S. "Interactive Effects of Two Soilborne Pathogens, Phytophthora capsici and Verticillium dahliae, on Chile Pepper." Phytopathology® 97, no. 1 (2007): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-0037.
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Phytophthora capsici and Verticillium dahliae are two mycelial microorganisms associated with wilt symptoms on chile pepper (Capsicum annuum). Both pathogens occur in the same field and can infect a single plant. This study examined the nature of the co-occurrence of P. capsici and V. dahliae. Chile pepper plants were inoculated with each pathogen separately or with both pathogens concomitantly or sequentially. In concomitant inoculations, plants were inoculated with a mixture of zoospores of P. capsici and conidia of V. dahliae. In sequential inoculations, plants were inoculated with zoospores of P. capsici 4 days prior to inoculation with conidia of V. dahliae, or plants were inoculated with conidia of V. dahliae 4 days prior to inoculation with zoospores of P. capsici. Stem necrosis and leaf wilting were visible 3 to 4 days earlier in plants inoculated with both P. capsici and V. dahliae than in plants inoculated with P. capsici alone. Stem necrosis and generalized plant wilting were observed in plants inoculated with P. capsici alone, and stem necrosis, generalized plant wilting, and vascular discoloration were observed in plants inoculated with both P. capsici and V. dahliae by 21 days after inoculation. These symptoms were not observed in control plants or plants inoculated with V. dahliae alone. The frequency of recovery of V. dahliae from stems was ≈85 to 140% higher across inoculum levels when plants were inoculated with both P. capsici and V. dahliae than when plants were inoculated by V. dahliae alone. Similarly, the frequency of recovery of V. dahliae from roots was ≈13 to 40% higher across inoculum levels when plants were inoculated with both P. capsici and V. dahliae than when plants were inoculated by V. dahliae alone. There was no apparent antagonism between the two pathogens when they were paired on growth media. In general, when P. capsici and V. dahliae were paired on growth media, mycelial growth of each pathogen grown alone was not significantly different from mycelial growth when the pathogens were paired. Results suggest that wilt development is hastened by the presence of both P. capsici and V. dahliae in the same plants. The presence of P. capsici and V. dahliae in the same inoculum court enhanced infection and colonization of chile pepper by V. dahliae.
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Mumpuni, A., H. S. S. Sharma, and Averil E. Brown. "Effect of Metabolites Produced by Trichoderma harzianum Biotypes and Agaricus bisporus on Their Respective Growth Radii in Culture." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 12 (1998): 5053–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.12.5053-5056.1998.
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ABSTRACT Trichoderma harzianum biotypes Th1, Th2, and Th3 produced volatile metabolites in vitro which had similar fungistatic effects on the growth of Agaricus bisporus. Metabolites present in agar colonized by these strains also inhibited mycelial growth of A. bisporus, although the reduction in growth was less in the presence of metabolites produced by biotype Th2 than that in the presence of metabolites produced by Th1 or Th3.A. bisporus produced metabolites in liquid culture that inhibited the growth of Th1 and Th3 but stimulated the growth of Th2. A compound(s) responsible for the inhibition and stimulation was extracted from A. bisporus culture filtrate and from compost-grown fruit bodies with n-butanol, but the identity of the compound(s) was not determined. We suggest that the stimulation of Th2 by metabolites produced by A. bisporus and the relatively low level of inhibition of A. bisporus by Th2 facilitate colonization of compost by both fungi. However, as compost colonization reaches a maximum, a change in the competitive balance in favor of Th2 results in the inhibition of fruit body production by A. bisporus and the devastating green mold epidemics affecting mushroom production.
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Daugrois, J. H., J. W. Hoy, and J. L. Griffin. "Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitor Herbicide Effects on Pythium Root Rot of Sugarcane, Pythium Species, and the Soil Microbial Community." Phytopathology® 95, no. 3 (2005): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-0220.
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The effects of three protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor herbicides, azafenidin, flumioxazin, and sulfentrazone, on Pythium root rot of sugarcane and the soil microbial community were evaluated in greenhouse experiments. Herbicides were applied as foliar and soil treatments. There were no consistent effects on plant growth or disease parameters. However, some herbicide treatments affected the relative frequency of isolation of Pythium spp. from roots and reduced colonization by the pathogenic species Pythium arrhenomanes. A comparison of sole carbon source utilization profiles indicated that soil-applied herbicides altered the functional diversity of the soil microbial community, with some variation depending on herbicide used. All three herbicides inhibited the in vitro mycelial growth of P. arrhenomanes, P. aphanidermatum, and P. ultimum. Active ingredients were less inhibitory than formulated product for azafenidin and flumioxazin but not for sulfentrazone.
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Pan, Xueyu, Junfeng Liang, Jinhua Zhang, Yan Zhao, and Mingjie Chen. "Differential Strategies of Ectomycorrhizal Development between Suillus luteus and Pinus massoniana in Response to Nutrient Changes." Journal of Fungi 10, no. 8 (2024): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof10080587.
Full textAbstract:
Ectomycorrhizal fungi employ different strategies for mycelial growth and host colonization under varying nutrient conditions. However, key genes associated with mycorrhizal interaction should be influenced solely by the inoculation treatment and not by nutrient variations. To utilize subtle nutrient differences and rapidly screen for key genes related to the interaction between Suillus luteus and Pinus massoniana, we performed an inoculation experiment using culture bottles containing high- and low-nutrient media. Interestingly, S. luteus LS88 promoted the growth of P. massoniana seedlings without mature ectomycorrhiza, and the impact of LS88 inoculation on P. massoniana roots was greater than that of nutrient changes. In this study, the resequenced genome of the LS88 strain was utilized for transcriptome analysis of the strain. The analysis indicated that a unique gene encoding glutathione S-transferase (GST) in LS88 is likely involved in colonizing P. massoniana roots. In this study, the GST gene expression was independent of nutrient levels. It was probably induced by P. massoniana and could be used as a marker for S. luteus colonization degree.
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MOHARAM, Moustafa Hemdan Ahmed, Mazhar MOHAMED, and Osama NEGIM. "Improvement of Soil Properties, Growth of Cucumber and Protection against Fusarium Wilt by Piriformospora indica and Two Industrial Organic Wastes." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 9, no. 4 (2017): 525–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb9410179.
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The current work was focused on characterizing bagasse ash (BA) and press mud (PM) as soil amendments and to study their effect in combination with the endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica on Fusarium wilt (FW) of cucumber caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (Fo). Whereas BA and PM improved almost all physico-chemical properties of the soil evaluated, seed treatment with P. indica had no such effect. In shake culture in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium amended with aqueous extracts of BA and PM, alone or in combination, production mycelial mass of Fo was significantly decreased by PM extract, while production mycelial mass of P. indica was highly improved. The colonization rate of cucumber roots by P. indica as determined by microscopy was highly increased by increasing amounts of BA, PM and BA+PM added to the soil. Seed treatment of cucumber with P. indica before plant cultivation in non-amended soil significantly decreased the disease severity of FW and improved plant growth. When seed treated with P. indica was sown into soil amended with BA, PM or the combination of both, the disease severity was even more reduced than after seed treatment with P. indica alone. In this respect, amendment with PM was more effective than with BA, and the combinations were more effective than the single treatments. Hence, there is a scope to integrate PM and BA as soil amendments in combination with P. indica for eco-friendly FW management, improving soil properties and growth of cucumber plants.
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Shaternikov, A. N., and V. E. Nikitina. "Bacteria of the Azospirillum Genus for the Optimization of the Artificial Culture of Xylotrophic Mushrooms." Biotekhnologiya 36, no. 2 (2020): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21519/0234-2758-2020-36-2-16-25.
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The possibility of submerged со-cultivation of the basidiomycetes Flammulina velutipes, Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus with the bacteria Azospirillum brasilense was demonstrated, and optimal conditions for the process were selected. The azospirilla strains under study had active mobility and formed clusters near mushroom hyphae in liquid co-cultures optimized both in medium composition and bacterial inoculum concentration. The concentration of bacterial cells, ceteris paribus, had a significant effect on the growth of binary cultures. Co-cultivation of F. velutipes with A. brasilense Sp245 at the optimal bacteria concentration (0.5% v/v) in the inoculum (A600 = 1.0) made it possible to obtain 2.35 times more dry biomass than in the control. The intensive growth of the mixed culture of mushrooms with the studied azospirilla was promoted by the medium based on Glc and Fru (in mass proportion 1:1), and Asn. The characteristics of the development of P. ostreatus fruit bodies and the reduction of contamination in the presence of azospirillum were evaluated. Mixed bacterial-fungal cultures of P. ostreatus with A. brasilense SR80 which were used as seeding material were most efficient in the accumulation of submerged mycelial biomass, the rate of grain substrate colonization and intensity of fruit-body formation. Data obtained allow us to judge the high potential of using binary mushroom-bacterial cultures for the efficient production of mycelial biomass and fruiting of basidiomycetes. Flammulina, Ganoderma, Pleurotus, Azospirillum, co-culture, submerged culture, fruiting The work was funded on the theme АААА-А17-117102740098-8.
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Li, Haikang, Peng Liu, Zihao Li, et al. "Valorization of Ginkgo biloba Leaf Powder as a Substrate in King Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) Cultivation." Life 14, no. 5 (2024): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14050639.
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Ginkgo biloba is widely planted as a colorful foliage tree, and its leaf can be used as a biomass energy source, but it has been underutilized for a long time. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of garden waste as a substrate component in the cultivation process of the king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii), with the goal of enhancing both the yield of P. eryngii and the efficiency of energy use. The percentages of G. biloba leaf powder in the substrate were 10.5% and 21% to replace sawdust or sugarcane bagasse in a typical substrate. A substrate formulation that could completely replace sawdust and sugarcane bagasse was selected by analyzing mycelial growth rate, days of production, fruiting body length, biological efficiency, yield, stipe thickness, pileus diameter and laccase activity. The results showed that Y1 (treatment with 21% G. biloba leaf powder and sugarcane bagasse) had the highest yield (303.1 ± 31.9 g), which was higher than that of CK (control) (259.3 ± 37.4 g). The crude fiber content of the samples grown on substrate Y1 (as 7.43%) was higher than CK (7.37%). In addition, P. eryngii grown on substrate Y1 had the highest laccase activity for the complete colonization of the mycelium. Thus, these findings suggest that G. biloba leaf powder represents a viable and economical supplement for enhancing both the yield and quality of P. eryngii.
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Alex, Machio Kange. "Effects of Trichoderma asperellum and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Dombeya torrida growth and biocontrol against Armillaria species." International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM) 14, no. 2 (2022): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11542264.
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<em>Armillaria</em> root rot disease caused by <em>Armillaria</em> species is one the most widespread and important disease of many forest trees. An interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and<em> Trichoderma asperellum</em> have beneficial effects on plant growth as well as to the host plants and may affect plant resistance. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of <em>T. asperellum</em> to promote plant growth and reduce <em>Armillaria</em> root rot disease in green house condition. <em>Armillaria </em>species was isolated from a severely infected <em>Dombeya torrida</em> plant and cultured on malt extract agar. Each plant was inoculated by placing four mycelial agar plugs cut-out from a 14-days old <em>Armilllaria </em>species after every one month of plant growth. The inoculations of <em>T. asperellum</em> were done at 0 day of the experiment then repeated at an interval of 30 days up to the 150 days while AMF was inoculated once at the onset of the experiment. Plants that were co-inoculated with <em>T. asperellum</em> and AMF exhibited the highest fresh weights and plant height. The presence of <em>T. asperellum</em> increased AMF root colonization compared to plants inoculated with the AMF. The fungal interaction revealed a negative interference between AMF and <em>T. asperellum</em> on root colonization of <em>D. torrida</em> seedlings. This demonstrated that inoculation of AMF and <em>T. asperellum</em> either individually or in combination enhanced plant growth response of <em>D. torrida</em> seedlings. published by the<strong> International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM)</strong>
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Zhou, Ting, R. D. Reeleder, and S. A. Sparace. "Interactions between Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Epicoccum purpurascens." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 11 (1991): 2503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-311.
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Sterile culture filtrates of Epicoccum purpurascens decreased severity of white mold of bean and increased pod yield when applied prior to inoculation of beans with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Extracts of these culture filtrates inhibited ascospore germination and mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum. Similar inhibition of hyphal growth of S. sclerotiorum occurred when dual cultured with E. purpurascens. Contact and penetration of hyphae of S. sclerotiorum by hyphae of E. purpurascens occurred rarely on agar-covered slides and was not observed on flower petals. Inhibition of ascospore germination and germ-tube elongation occurred on agar-covered slides where E. purpurascens had been grown previously; however, addition of nutrients decreased inhibition. Colonization of bean flowers by E. purpurascens reduced white mold incidence. The degree of disease control was affected by addition of nutrients and whether or not colonized flowers were autoclaved. Key words: antifungal compounds, competition, biological control, white mold, Phaseolus.
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Juzwik, Jennifer, D. W. French, and T. E. Hinds. "Encoelia pruinosa on Populus tremuloides in Minnesota: occurrence, pathogenicity, and comparison with Colorado isolates." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 11 (1986): 2728–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-361.
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The occurrence of Encoelia pruinosa (Ell. & Everh.) Torkelson & Eckblad in Minnesota and its pathogenicity on native Populus tremuloides Michx. were investigated. Isolates from Minnesota were also compared with those from Colorado. The fungus appears to be widely distributed in Minnesota, where apothecia were collected from trembling aspen in eight counties. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of all isolates was 22 °C. Minnesota isolates of E. pruinosa produced limited sooty-bark cankers on aspen from Minnesota in field inoculations within 2 years. Elongation of cankers in the 3rd year was observed only on the larger diameter inoculated trees. Colonization of recently cut aspen stem sections by Colorado and Minnesota isolates after 2 months was greatest for Colorado isolates. Sections of aspen from Colorado were more readily colonized by E. pruinosa than sections from aspen in Minnesota. It is hypothesized that Colorado isolates of E. pruinosa are more virulent than Minnesota isolates and that Minnesota native aspen is more resistant to colonization by E. purinosa than Colorado native aspen.
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Girma, Abayeneh. "In Vitro Biocontrol Evaluation of Some Selected Trichoderma Strains against the Root Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum of Hot Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) in Bure Woreda, Ethiopia." International Journal of Microbiology 2022 (July 16, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1664116.
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Capsicum annum L. is a major vegetable crop consumed worldwide as a spice, vegetable, pickle, condiment, and sauce. Each year in Ethiopia, 80% of the yield loss of hot peppers is caused by Fusarium wilt. Controlling this disease using fungicides can pollute the environment and induce genetic resistance in fungal phytopathogens. To solve this serious problem, it is necessary to look for economically safe, long-lasting, and effective biocontrol alternatives. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate antagonistically active Trichoderma strains against F. oxysporumf.sp.capsici using a dual culture assay. The results of this study revealed that out of 32 Trichoderma isolates tested in vitro, only six (T. harzianum (TD1), T. asperellum (TD5), T. viride (TD7), T. hamatum (TD11), T. virens (TD15), and T. longibrachiatum (TD21)) strains showed a varying rate (45.72–93.57%) of biocontrol activity toward the tested pathogen. Of six isolates, three (TD5, TD1, and TD7) strains showed effective antagonists against the root pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.capsici of hot pepper (C. annum) with a colonization percentage of 89.45%, 90.12%, and 93.57%, respectively. These Trichoderma strains showed higher inhibition efficiency (> 70%) against the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum with good stress tolerance (temperature, pH, salt concentration, and heavy metals) ability. The isolates also produce different hydrolytic enzymes (amylase, protease, cellulase, and chitinase) with mycoparasitism potential against the mycelia growth of F. oxysporum. Therefore, the results of this study concluded that TD1, TD5, and TD7 Trichoderma strains showed potential biocontrol effects with wide stress tolerance ability against the root pathogen F. oxysporum of hot pepper and can thus be recommended as the best alternative for wide greenhouse and field trial evaluations.
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Zachow, Christin, Ghazaleh Jahanshah, Irene de Bruijn, et al. "The Novel Lipopeptide Poaeamide of the Endophyte Pseudomonas poae RE*1-1-14 Is Involved in Pathogen Suppression and Root Colonization." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 28, no. 7 (2015): 800–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-12-14-0406-r.
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Endophytic Pseudomonas poae strain RE*1-1-14 was originally isolated from internal root tissue of sugar beet plants and shown to suppress growth of the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani both in vitro and in the field. To identify genes involved in its biocontrol activity, RE*1-1-14 random mutagenesis and sequencing led to the identification of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene cluster predicted to encode a lipopeptide (LP) with a 10-amino-acid peptide moiety. The two unlinked gene clusters consisted of three NRPS genes, designated poaA (cluster 1) and poaB and poaC (cluster 2), spanning approximately 33.7 kb. In silico analysis followed by chemical analyses revealed that the encoded LP, designated poaeamide, is a structurally new member of the orfamide family. Poaeamide inhibited mycelial growth of R. solani and different oomycetes, including Phytophthora capsici, P. infestans, and Pythium ultimum. The novel LP was shown to be essential for swarming motility of strain RE*1-1-14 and had an impact on root colonization of sugar beet seedlings The poaeamide-deficient mutant colonized the rhizosphere and upper plant cortex at higher densities and with more scattered colonization patterns than the wild type. Collectively, these results indicate that Pseudomonas poae RE*1-1-14 produces a structurally new LP that is relevant for its antagonistic activity against soilborne plant pathogens and for colonization of sugar beet roots.