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Journal articles on the topic 'Mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Errey, James C., Giles D. Newbury, Lluis Ballell, and Robert A. Field. "Amino alditols as inhibitors of mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis." Biochemical Society Transactions 30, no. 1 (2002): A27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst030a027a.

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2

Reynolds, Robert C., Namita Bansal, Jerry Rose, Joyce Friedrich, William J. Suling, and Joseph A. Maddry. "Ethambutol–sugar hybrids as potential inhibitors of mycobacterial cell-wall biosynthesis." Carbohydrate Research 317, no. 1-4 (1999): 164–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00069-5.

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3

Fu, Jian, Huixiao Fu, Marc Dieu, et al. "Identification of inhibitors targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall biosynthesis via dynamic combinatorial chemistry." Chemical Communications 53, no. 77 (2017): 10632–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc05251k.

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In this study, we report a dynamic combinatorial approach along with highly efficient in situ screening to identify inhibitors of UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM), an essential enzyme involved in mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis.

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4

Wen, Xianghui, Dean C. Crick, Patrick J. Brennan, and Philip G. Hultin. "Analogues of the mycobacterial arabinogalactan linkage disaccharide as cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 11, no. 17 (2003): 3579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00366-3.

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5

ABRAHAMS, KATHERINE A., and GURDYAL S. BESRA. "Mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis: a multifaceted antibiotic target." Parasitology 145, no. 2 (2016): 116–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016002377.

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SUMMARYMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), is recognized as a global health emergency as promoted by the World Health Organization. Over 1 million deathsperyear, along with the emergence of multi- and extensively-drug resistant strains ofMtb, have triggered intensive research into the pathogenicity and biochemistry of this microorganism, guiding the development of anti-TB chemotherapeutic agents. The essential mycobacterial cell wall, sharing some common features with all bacteria, represents an apparent ‘Achilles heel’ that has been targeted by TB chem

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6

Nguyen, Liem, Satheesh Chinnapapagari, and Charles J. Thompson. "FbpA-Dependent Biosynthesis of Trehalose Dimycolate Is Required for the Intrinsic Multidrug Resistance, Cell Wall Structure, and Colonial Morphology of Mycobacterium smegmatis." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 19 (2005): 6603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.19.6603-6611.2005.

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ABSTRACT Ligation of mycolic acids to structural components of the mycobacterial cell wall generates a hydrophobic, impermeable barrier that provides resistance to toxic compounds such as antibiotics. Secreted proteins FbpA, FbpB, and FbpC attach mycolic acids to arabinogalactan, generating mycolic acid methyl esters (MAME) or trehalose, generating α,α′-trehalose dimycolate (TDM; also called cord factor). Our studies of Mycobacterium smegmatis showed that disruption of fbpA did not affect MAME levels but resulted in a 45% reduction of TDM. The fbpA mutant displayed increased sensitivity to bot

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7

Lowary, Todd. "Recent Progress Towards the Identification of Inhibitors of Mycobacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharide Biosynthesis." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 3, no. 7 (2003): 689–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557033487683.

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8

Suthagar, Kajitha, Andrew J. A. Watson, Brendan L. Wilkinson, and Antony J. Fairbanks. "Synthesis of arabinose glycosyl sulfamides as potential inhibitors of mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 102 (September 2015): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.050.

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9

Wilkinson, Brendan L., Hilary Long, Edith Sim, and Antony J. Fairbanks. "Synthesis of Arabino glycosyl triazoles as potential inhibitors of mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 18, no. 23 (2008): 6265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.082.

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10

Rose, Jerry D., Joseph A. Maddry, Robert N. Comber, William J. Suling, Larry N. Wilson, and Robert C. Reynolds. "Synthesis and biological evaluation of trehalose analogs as potential inhibitors of mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis." Carbohydrate Research 337, no. 2 (2002): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00288-9.

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11

Ayers, Benjamin, Hilary Long, Edith Sim, Iain A. Smellie, Brendan L. Wilkinson та Antony J. Fairbanks. "Stereoselective synthesis of β-arabino glycosyl sulfones as potential inhibitors of mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis". Carbohydrate Research 344, № 6 (2009): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2009.02.006.

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12

Suthagar, Kajitha, Wanting Jiao, Hélène Munier-Lehmann, and Antony J. Fairbanks. "Synthesis of sulfamide analogues of deoxthymidine monophosphate as potential inhibitors of mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis." Carbohydrate Research 457 (March 2018): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2018.01.001.

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13

Alland, David, Andries J. Steyn, Torin Weisbrod, Kate Aldrich, and William R. Jacobs. "Characterization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis iniBAC Promoter, a Promoter That Responds to Cell Wall Biosynthesis Inhibition." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 7 (2000): 1802–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.7.1802-1811.2000.

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ABSTRACT The cell wall provides an attractive target for antibiotics againstMycobacterium tuberculosis. Agents such as isoniazid and ethambutol that work by inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis are among the most highly effective antibiotics against this pathogen. Although considerable progress has been made identifying the targets for cell wall active antibiotics, little is known about the intracellular mechanisms that are activated as a consequence of cell wall injury. These mechanisms are likely to have an important role in growth regulation and in the induction of cell death by antibiotics. W

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14

Tiwari, Ashutosh Prasad, Varadaraj Bhat Giliyar, Gurypur Gautham Shenoy, and Vandana Kalwaja Eshwara. "Identifying the Structural Features of Diphenyl Ether Analogues for InhA Inhibition: A 2D and 3D QSAR Based Study." Letters in Drug Design & Discovery 17, no. 1 (2019): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570180816666190611153933.

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Background: Enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) is a validated target for Mycobacterium. It is an enzyme which is associated with the biosynthesis of mycolic acids in type II fatty acid synthase system. Mycobacterial cell wall majorly comprises mycolic acids, which are responsible for virulence of the microorganism. Several diphenyl ether derivatives have been known to be direct inhibitors of InhA. Objective: In the present work, a Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) study was performed to identify the structural features of diphenyl ether analogues which contribute to

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15

Konyariková, Zuzana, Karin Savková, Stanislav Kozmon, and Katarína Mikušová. "Biosynthesis of Galactan in Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a Viable TB Drug Target?" Antibiotics 9, no. 1 (2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9010020.

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While target-based drug design has proved successful in several therapeutic areas, this approach has not yet provided compelling outcomes in the field of antibacterial agents. This statement remains especially true for the development of novel therapeutic interventions against tuberculosis, an infectious disease that is among the top ten leading causes of death globally. Mycobacterial galactan is an important component of the protective cell wall core of the tuberculosis pathogen and it could provide a promising target for the design of new drugs. In this review, we summarize the current knowl

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Płocinska, Renata, Malgorzata Korycka-Machala, Przemyslaw Plocinski, and Jaroslaw Dziadek. "Mycobacterial DNA Replication as a Target for Antituberculosis Drug Discovery." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 17, no. 19 (2017): 2129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026617666170130114342.

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Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the causative agent of tuberculosis, is a leading infectious disease organism, causing millions of deaths each year. This serious pathogen has been greatly spread worldwide and recent years have observed an increase in the number of multi-drug resistant and totally drug resistant M. tuberculosis strains (WHO report, 2014). The danger of tuberculosis becoming an incurable disease has emphasized the need for the discovery of a new generation of antimicrobial agents. The development of novel alternative medical strategies, new drugs and th

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17

Maitra, Arundhati, Tulika Munshi, Jess Healy, et al. "Cell wall peptidoglycan in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An Achilles’ heel for the TB-causing pathogen." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 43, no. 5 (2019): 548–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuz016.

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ABSTRACTTuberculosis (TB), caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains one of the leading causes of mortality across the world. There is an urgent requirement to build a robust arsenal of effective antimicrobials, targeting novel molecular mechanisms to overcome the challenges posed by the increase of antibiotic resistance in TB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a unique cell envelope structure and composition, containing a peptidoglycan layer that is essential for maintaining cellular integrity and for virulence. The enzymes involved in the biosynthesis, degradation

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18

Schulbach, Mark C., Sebabrata Mahapatra, Marco Macchia, et al. "Purification, Enzymatic Characterization, and Inhibition of theZ-Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase fromMycobacterium tuberculosis." Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, no. 15 (2001): 11624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m007168200.

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We have recently shown that open reading frame Rv1086 of theMycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv genome sequence encodes a unique isoprenyl diphosphate synthase. The product of this enzyme,ω,E,Z-farnesyl diphosphate, is an intermediate for the synthesis of decaprenyl phosphate, which has a central role in the biosynthesis of most features of the mycobacterial cell wall, including peptidoglycan, arabinan, linker unit galactan, and lipoarabinomannan. We have now purifiedZ-farnesyl diphosphate synthase to near homogeneity using a novel mycobacterial expression system.Z-Farnesyl diphosphate synthase ca

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19

Flint, Lindsay, Aaron Korkegian, and Tanya Parish. "InhA inhibitors have activity against non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0239354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239354.

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We previously identified a diazaborine series with potential for development as a new tuberculosis drug. This series has activity in vitro and in vivo and targets cell wall biosynthesis via inhibition of InhA. The overall aim of this study was to determine whether InhA inhibitors have activity against non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We tested the ability of two molecules of the diazaborine series to kill non-replicating M. tuberculosis in the nutrient starvation model; both molecules were bactericidal, reducing viability by >3 logs in 21 days. Activity showed similar kill rates

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20

Gobec, Stanislav, Ivan Plantan, Janez Mravljak, et al. "Design, synthesis, biochemical evaluation and antimycobacterial action of phosphonate inhibitors of antigen 85C, a crucial enzyme involved in biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 42, no. 1 (2007): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.08.007.

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21

Gjorgjieva, Marina, Tihomir Tomašič, Danijel Kikelj, and Lucija Peterlin Mašič. "Benzothiazole-based Compounds in Antibacterial Drug Discovery." Current Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 38 (2019): 5218–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666171009103327.

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Numerous compounds with a benzothiazole scaffold that have been described in the literature show promising activities against several Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria, and also against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Benzothiazole-based antibacterial compounds bind to different biological targets in bacterial cells and have been shown to be inhibitors of enzymes that are important for essential processes in the bacterial cells, such as cell-wall synthesis, cell division, and DNA replication, or are important for different biosynthetic pathways of essential compounds in bacterial cells, such

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22

Zinniel, Denise K., Wantanee Sittiwong, Darrell D. Marshall, et al. "Novel Amphiphilic Cyclobutene and Cyclobutane cis-C18 Fatty Acid Derivatives Inhibit Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Growth." Veterinary Sciences 6, no. 2 (2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6020046.

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Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) is the etiologic agent of Johne’s disease in ruminants and has been associated with Crohn’s disease in humans. An effective control of Map by either vaccines or chemoprophylaxis is a paramount need for veterinary and possibly human medicine. Given the importance of fatty acids in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids and the mycobacterial cell wall, we tested novel amphiphilic C10 and C18 cyclobutene and cyclobutane fatty acid derivatives for Map inhibition. Microdilution minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) with 5 or 7 week endpoints were m

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23

Gobec, Stanislav, Ivan Plantan, Janez Mravljak, Rosalind A. Wilson, Gurdyal S. Besra, and Danijel Kikelj. "Phosphonate inhibitors of antigen 85C, a crucial enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 14, no. 13 (2004): 3559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.052.

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24

Warrier, Thulasi, Marielle Tropis, Jim Werngren, et al. "Antigen 85C Inhibition Restricts Mycobacterium tuberculosis Growth through Disruption of Cord Factor Biosynthesis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56, no. 4 (2012): 1735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.05742-11.

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ABSTRACTThe antigen 85 (Ag85) protein family, consisting of Ag85A, -B, and -C, is vital forMycobacterium tuberculosisdue to its role in cell envelope biogenesis. The mycoloyl transferase activity of these proteins generates trehalose dimycolate (TDM), an envelope lipid essential forM. tuberculosisvirulence, and cell wall arabinogalactan-linked mycolic acids. Inhibition of these enzymes through substrate analogs hinders growth of mycobacteria, but a link to mycolic acid synthesis has not been established. In this study, we characterized a novel inhibitor of Ag85C, 2-amino-6-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetra

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25

Lee, Richard E., Martin D. Smith, Lea Pickering, and George W. J. Fleet. "An approach to combinatorial library generation of galactofuranose mimics as potential inhibitors of mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis: Synthesis of a peptidomimetic of uridine 5′-diphosphogalactofuranose (UDP-Galf)." Tetrahedron Letters 40, no. 49 (1999): 8689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01844-4.

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26

Monsef Esfahani, Hamidreza, Mahdi Moridi Farimani, Samad Nejad Ebrahimi, et al. "Antibacterial Components of Levisticum officinale Koch against Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Pharmaceutical Sciences 26, no. 4 (2020): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ps.2020.38.

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Background: A bioassay-guided fractionation technique was used to evaluate the active constituents of the perennial plant L. officinale W.D.J. Koch (Apiaceae) against multidrug resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods: Column chromatography was used to isolation of compounds from L. officinale and spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) and HRMS (high resolution mass spectrometry) were used to identification of the isolated compounds. Also, to evaluate antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was carried out by broth micro-dil

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27

Rath, Jyoti Prakash, and Mukesh Kumar Raval. "Structure based screening of ligands against dTDP-6-deoxy-D-xylo-4-hexulose 3, 5-epimerase (RmlC): phytochemical as drug candidate for Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations 4, no. 2 (2017): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26510/2394-0859.pbe.2017.15.

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Objective: RmlC (dTDP-6-deoxy-D-xylo-4-hexulose 3, 5-epimerase) is a crucial enzyme for cell wall biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It’s absence in human host attest it as a valid target for drug designing. In the presented study an in-silico method is employed to find out the potential phytochemical inhibitors of RmlC.Methods: AutoDock 4.2 is used to study the binding affinity of ligands in the active site of the protein. The drug-likeness and oral toxicity evaluation is done using the online tools Molsoft and ProTox respectively.Results: Chrysophanol has binding affinity of -9.24 k

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28

Hazra, Moumita. "A rational pharmacotherapeutic study of the prevalent prescription patterns of delamanid, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and bedaquiline among the multi-drug resistant tuberculosis patients in global multi-centre tertiary care hospitals." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 10, no. 5 (2021): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20211649.

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Background: Delamanid, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole, is a bactericidal cell wall methoxy-mycolic and keto-mycolic acids biosynthesis inhibitor in actively replicating, dormant, and intracellular tuberculosis, and both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis and M. kansasii, decreasing hydrophobicity and facilitating better bacterial drug penetration. Delamanid promotes intracellular generation of microbiocidal nitrogen oxidative intermediaries including nitric oxide, toxic even to dormant M. tuberculosis. Ofloxacin, the racemic mixture and levofloxacin, the S-or levoro

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29

Zandi, Trevor A., and Craig A. Townsend. "Competing off-loading mechanisms of meropenem from an l,d-transpeptidase reduce antibiotic effectiveness." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 27 (2021): e2008610118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008610118.

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The carbapenem family of β-lactam antibiotics displays a remarkably broad spectrum of bactericidal activity, exemplified by meropenem’s phase II clinical trial success in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, a devastating disease for which β-lactam drugs historically have been notoriously ineffective. The discovery and validation of l,d-transpeptidases (Ldts) as critical drug targets of bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis, which are only potently inhibited by the carbapenem and penem structural classes, gave an enzymological basis for the effectiveness of the first antitubercular β-lactams. Deca

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30

Šudomová, Miroslava, Mohammad Shariati, Javier Echeverría, Ioana Berindan-Neagoe, Seyed Nabavi, and Sherif Hassan. "A Microbiological, Toxicological, and Biochemical Study of the Effects of Fucoxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid, on Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Enzymes Implicated in Its Cell Wall: A Link Between Mycobacterial Infection and Autoimmune Diseases." Marine Drugs 17, no. 11 (2019): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17110641.

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This study explored the antitubercular properties of fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid, against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Two vital enzymes involved in Mtb cell wall biosynthesis, UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM) and arylamine-N-acetyltransferase (TBNAT), were selected as drug targets to reveal the mechanism underlying the antitubercular effect of fucoxanthin. The obtained results showed that fucoxanthin showed a clear bacteriostatic action against the all Mtb strains tested, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 2.8 to 4.1 µM, along with a good

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31

Marra, Alberto, Alessandro Dondoni, Mauro Lo Conte та Angela Chambery. "Studies Toward the Synthesis of Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell-Wall Biosynthesis: The Assembly of Triazole-Linked 1,6-α-d-Oligomannosides via Click CuAAC". Synlett 2009, № 16 (2009): 2679–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1217751.

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32

Harathi, N., Madhusudana Pulaganti, C. M. Anuradha, and Suresh Kumar Chitta. "Inhibition of Mycobacterium-RmlA by Molecular Modeling, Dynamics Simulation, and Docking." Advances in Bioinformatics 2016 (February 14, 2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9841250.

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The increasing resistance to anti-tb drugs has enforced strategies for finding new drug targets against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In recent years enzymes associated with the rhamnose pathway in Mtb have attracted attention as drug targets. The present work is on α-D-glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase (RmlA), the first enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of L-rhamnose, of Mtb cell wall. This study aims to derive a 3D structure of RmlA by using a comparative modeling approach. Structural refinement and energy minimization of the built model have been done with molecular dynamics.

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33

Tam, Pui-Hang, and Todd L. Lowary. "Recent advances in mycobacterial cell wall glycan biosynthesis." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 13, no. 5-6 (2009): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.012.

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34

Besra, G. S., and P. J. Brennan. "THE MYCOBACTERIAL CELL WALL: ARABINOGALACTAN AND LIPOARABINOMANNAN BIOSYNTHESIS." Biochemical Society Transactions 25, no. 3 (1997): 419S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst025419s.

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35

Besra, G. S., and P. J. Brennan. "The mycobacterial cell wall: biosynthesis of arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan." Biochemical Society Transactions 25, no. 3 (1997): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0250845.

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36

Slayden, R. A., R. E. Lee, J. W. Armour, et al. "Antimycobacterial action of thiolactomycin: an inhibitor of fatty acid and mycolic acid synthesis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 12 (1996): 2813–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.12.2813.

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Thiolactomycin (TLM) possesses in vivo antimycobacterial activity against the saprophytic strain Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 and the virulent strain M. tuberculosis Erdman, resulting in complete inhibition of growth on solid media at 75 and 25 micrograms/ml, respectively. Use of an in vitro murine macrophage model also demonstrated the killing of viable intracellular M. tuberculosis in a dose-dependent manner. Through the use of in vivo [1,2-14C]acetate labeling of M. smegmatis, TLM was shown to inhibit the synthesis of both fatty acids and mycolic acids. However, synthesis of the shorter-c

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37

Beláňová, Martina, Petronela Dianišková, Patrick J. Brennan, et al. "Galactosyl Transferases in Mycobacterial Cell Wall Synthesis." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 3 (2007): 1141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01326-07.

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ABSTRACT Two galactosyl transferases can apparently account for the full biosynthesis of the cell wall galactan of mycobacteria. Evidence is presented based on enzymatic incubations with purified natural and synthetic galactofuranose (Galf) acceptors that the recombinant galactofuranosyl transferase, GlfT1, from Mycobacterium smegmatis, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3782 ortholog known to be involved in the initial steps of galactan formation, harbors dual β-(1→4) and β-(1→5) Galf transferase activities and that the product of the enzyme, decaprenyl-P-P-GlcNAc-Rha-Galf-Galf, serves as a dir

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38

Mikušová, Katarı́na, Tetsuya Yagi, Richard Stern, et al. "Biosynthesis of the Galactan Component of the Mycobacterial Cell Wall." Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, no. 43 (2000): 33890–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m006875200.

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39

Mikusová, Katarína, Milos Mikus, Gurdyal S. Besra, Ian Hancock, and Patrick J. Brennan. "Biosynthesis of the Linkage Region of the Mycobacterial Cell Wall." Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, no. 13 (1996): 7820–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.13.7820.

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40

Antane, Schuyler, Craig E. Caufield, William Hu, et al. "Pulvinones as bacterial cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 16, no. 1 (2006): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.09.021.

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41

MORITA, Yasu S., John H. PATTERSON, Helen BILLMAN-JACOBE, and Malcolm J. McCONVILLE. "Biosynthesis of mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol mannosides." Biochemical Journal 378, no. 2 (2004): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20031372.

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All mycobacterial species, including pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis, synthesize an abundant class of phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) that are essential for normal growth and viability. These glycolipids are important cell-wall and/or plasma-membrane components in their own right and can also be hyperglycosylated to form other wall components, such as lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan. We have investigated the steps involved in the biosynthesis of the major PIM species in a new M. smegmatis cell-free system. A number of apolar and polar PIM intermediates were labelled when this sys

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42

Scherman, Michael S., Katharine A. Winans, Richard J. Stern, Victoria Jones, Carolyn R. Bertozzi, and Michael R. McNeil. "Drug Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Wall Synthesis: Development of a Microtiter Plate-Based Screen for UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase and Identification of an Inhibitor from a Uridine-Based Library." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 1 (2003): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.1.378-382.2003.

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ABSTRACT A microtiter plate assay for UDP-galactopyranose mutase, an essential cell wall biosynthetic enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was developed. The assay is based on the release of tritiated formaldehyde from UDP-galactofuranose but not UDP-galactopyranose by periodate and was used to identify a uridine-based enzyme inhibitor from a chemical library.

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43

Lucas, Ricardo, Patricia Balbuena, James C. Errey, et al. "Glycomimetic Inhibitors of Mycobacterial Glycosyltransferases: Targeting the TB Cell Wall." ChemBioChem 9, no. 14 (2008): 2197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.200800189.

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44

Chatterjee, Delphi. "The mycobacterial cell wall: structure, biosynthesis and sites of drug action." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 1, no. 4 (1997): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-5931(97)80055-5.

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Müller, Anna, Anna Klöckner, and Tanja Schneider. "Targeting a cell wall biosynthesis hot spot." Natural Product Reports 34, no. 7 (2017): 909–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7np00012j.

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Katz, Alan, and Craig Caufield. "Structure-Based Design Approaches to Cell Wall Biosynthesis Inhibitors." Current Pharmaceutical Design 9, no. 11 (2003): 857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612033455305.

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Reck, Folkert, Stephen Marmor, Stewart Fisher, and Mark A. Wuonola. "Inhibitors of the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis enzyme MurC." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 11, no. 11 (2001): 1451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00251-7.

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Hao, Haihong, Guyue Cheng, Menghong Dai, Qinghua Wu, and Zonghui Yuan. "Inhibitors targeting on cell wall biosynthesis pathway of MRSA." Molecular BioSystems 8, no. 11 (2012): 2828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2mb25188d.

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Li, Jing, and Todd L. Lowary. "Sulfonium ions as inhibitors of the mycobacterial galactofuranosyltransferase GlfT2." MedChemComm 5, no. 8 (2014): 1130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4md00067f.

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Gao, Peng, Yan Guan, Danqing Song, and Chunling Xiao. "A cell-based screening system for detection of inhibitors toward mycobacterial cell wall core." Journal of Antibiotics 62, no. 6 (2009): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ja.2009.34.

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