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Shastin, Pavel, Vasilii Savinov, Andrei Kapustin, Anton Yuzakov, and Alexey Laishevtsev. "Mycoplasmosis of farm animals." BIO Web of Conferences 51 (2022): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20225103002.
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The article presents an overview characterizing the spread of Mycoplasma infections among various kinds of farm animals. It also demonstrates the urgency of the pathogen of the disease - Mycoplasma spp., its characteristics and structural features, which provide significant differences from other types of microorganisms. Most species of Mycoplasma spp. are strictly specific to the host, but some of them pose a danger to humans. Mycoplasmas in animals cause diseases ranging from acute forms of the disease to an asymptomatic course. With the development of pathology, damage to various organs and tissues is observed, which indicates a high tropism of the pathogen, which contributes to the development of a generalized form of pathology. The most susceptible is the respiratory and reproductive tract, as a result of which farms are inflicted with significant economic damage. At the same time, some of the mycoplasmas build a symbiotic relationship with the host organism. Attempts to use antimicrobial therapy, including in various combinations, do not always lead to a positive result, which is due to the development of antibiotic resistance of the pathogen. Thanks to the change in the genome, mycoplasmas have become the smallest bacteria capable of self-replication. Mycoplasmas are classified as parasites or symbionts of animals, insects and plants, while the disease itself is opportunistic. Diagnosis of the disease consists mainly of three methods: serological, molecular biological and bacteriological, which are often used simultaneously. The cultivation of mycoplasmas has its own characteristic difficulties and features due to the structure of bacteria.
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Lührmann, Anke, Ursula Deiters, Julia Skokowa, Michaela Hanke, Johannes E. Gessner, Peter F. Mühlradt, Reinhard Pabst, and Thomas Tschernig. "In Vivo Effects of a Synthetic 2-Kilodalton Macrophage-Activating Lipopeptide of Mycoplasma fermentans after Pulmonary Application." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 7 (July 2002): 3785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.7.3785-3792.2002.
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ABSTRACT Mycoplasmas can cause interstitial pneumonias inducing critical illness in humans and animals. Mycoplasma infections are characterized by an influx of neutrophils, followed by an accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes. The present study deals with the question of which mycoplasmal components cause this host reaction. The mycoplasma-derived, macrophage-activating lipopeptide 2S-MALP-2 was used to mimic the sequelae of a mycoplasma infection. To this end, 2S-MALP-2 was intratracheally instilled into the lungs of Lewis rats, and the bronchoalveolar lavage cells were examined at different times after different doses of 2S-MALP-2. Application of 2.5 μg induced a pronounced leukocyte accumulation in the bronchoalveolar space. At 24 h after 2S-MALP-2 administration, the majority of leukocytes consisted of neutrophils, followed by macrophages, peaking on days 2 and 3. Lymphocyte numbers, although amounting to only a few percent of the total bronchoalveolar lavage cells, also increased significantly, with maximal lymphocyte accumulation occurring by 72 h after instillation. The leukocyte count of the lung interstitium was increased on day 3 after treatment. After 10 days all investigated cell populations returned to control levels. Transient chemotactic activity for neutrophils was detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid early after 2S-MALP-2 application, followed by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 activity (MCP-1) in lung homogenates. MCP-1 was produced by bronchoalveolar lavage cells upon stimulation with 2S-MALP-2. Our data indicate that mycoplasmal lipoproteins and lipopeptides are probably the most relevant mycoplasmal components for the early host reaction. The primary target cells are likely to be the alveolar macrophages liberating chemokines, which attract further leukocytes.
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goltsov, Valery, Larisa Padilo, and Oksana Biryukova. "Comparative Therapy of Animal and Bird Diseases Caused by Mycoplasmas." BIO Web of Conferences 43 (2022): 02033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224302033.
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Mycoplasmas are the cause of many pathologies, both of various species of animals and birds. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of enrofloxacin, difloxacin, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, tylosin, tilmycosin, tilvalosin, tiamulin, florfenicol, lincomycin, spectinomycin and 2 combinations (spectinomycin and lincomycin) with the isolates of Myecoplasma sympathy were significantly different. Elevated MICs of tilmicosin were observed in both M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum isolates (MIC values> = 64 μg/ml), and this was observed in all isolates with high MICs of tylosin. The increase in the MIC of lincomycin was mainly associated with the increase in the MIC of tilmicosin. In vitro susceptibility testing of 50 M. gallisepticum strains isolated in Israel in the period of 1997-2010 carried out by a group of scientists led by Gerchman I. showed that acquired resistance to tylosin, as well as to tilmicosin, is present in 50 % of them. Moreover, 72 % (13/18) of the strains isolated from clinical specimens since 2006 showed acquired resistance to enrofloxacin, tylosin and tilmicosin. All isolates with MIC> = 0.63 μg/ml for tylosin and MIC> = 1.25 μg/ml for tilmycosin have one of these mutations, which indicates a significant role in reducing the sensitivity of M. gallisepticum to 16-membered macrolides. Fluoroquinolones, tilmicosin, tulathromycin, chlortetracycline, doxycycline and oxytetracycline are effective against Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma, which are the main causative agents of respiratory infections in lambs. Antimicrobial resistance of Mycoplasma bovis isolates to antibacterial drugs is not high. With the exception of tilmicosin, all isolates were highly susceptible to the tested antimicrobials (oxytetracycline and florfenicol). Tilmicosin and oxytetracycline are effective in treating respiratory diseases in young calves, even if they are affected by Mycoplasma spp. Tilmicosin is more effective in eliminating the clinical signs of mycoplasmosis. Treatment of mycoplasma respiratory syndrome with tulathromycin resulted in slightly higher (P = 0.009) therapeutic success (87.9 % and 80 %, respectively) than initial treatment with enrofloxacin (70.2 % and 62.5 %, respectively). Animals treated with tulathromycin also received fewer follow-up treatments and increased weight gain compared to animals treated with enrofloxacin. Tulatromycin was evaluated in the treatment of pneumonia in weaning pigs intranasally inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Tulatromycin was also quite effective. Use of broad-spectrum drugs, which include tilmicosin, is also promising. Therefore, the therapeutic efficacy of the analyzed drugs used for the treatment of mycoplasmosis, both in birds and animals (cattle, small ruminants, and pigs), depends both on the drugs used and on etiological agents. A significant role in the effectiveness of treatment with certain drugs is played by the infections accompanying mycoplasmosis.
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Nir-Paz, Ran, Marie-Christine Prévost, Pierre Nicolas, Alain Blanchard, and Henri Wróblewski. "Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma fermentans and Mycoplasma hyorhinis to Membrane-Active Peptides and Enrofloxacin in Human Tissue Cell Cultures." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 5 (May 2002): 1218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.5.1218-1225.2002.
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ABSTRACT Mycoplasmas, which are bacteria that are devoid of a cell wall and which belong to the class Mollicutes, are pathogenic for humans and animals and are frequent contaminants of tissue cell cultures. Although contamination of cultures with mycoplasma can easily be monitored with fluorescent dyes that stain DNA and/or with molecular probes, protection and decontamination of cultures remain serious challenges. In the present work, we investigated the susceptibilities of Mycoplasma fermentans and Mycoplasma hyorhinis to the membrane-active peptides alamethicin, dermaseptin B2, gramicidin S, and surfactin by growth inhibition and lethality assays. In the absence of serum, the four peptides killed mycoplasmas at minimal bactericidal concentrations that ranged from 12.5 to 100 μM, but in all cases the activities were decreased by the presence of serum. As a result, under standard culture conditions (10% serum) only alamethicin and gramicidin S were able to inhibit mycoplasma growth (MICs, 50 μM), while dermaseptin B2 and surfactin were ineffective. Furthermore, 8 days of treatment of HeLa cell cultures experimentally contaminated with either mycoplasma species with 70 μM enrofloxacin cured the cultures of infection, whereas treatment with alamethicin and gramicidin S alone was not reliable because the concentrations and treatment times required were toxic to the cells. However, combination of alamethicin or gramicidin S with 70 μM enrofloxacin allowed mycoplasma eradication after 30 min or 24 h of treatment, depending on the mycoplasma and peptide considered. HeLa cell cultures experimentally infected with mycoplasmas should prove to be a useful model for study of the antimycoplasma activities of antibiotics and membrane-active peptides under conditions close to those found in vivo.
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Dudek, Katarzyna, Dariusz Bednarek, Ewelina Szacawa, and Roger D. Ayling. "Screening of the Cervidae family in Poland for Mycoplasma species." Journal of Veterinary Research 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jvetres-2016-0059.
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Abstract Introduction: Several Mycoplasma species can cause severe diseases in ruminant hosts, some of which are the diseases listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The role of the Cervidae family in carrying and transmitting ruminant mycoplasma infections in Poland is unknown. Material and Methods: Antibody and antigen detection tests for the main mycoplasma species that can affect wild ruminants were performed on 237 samples (serum, nasal swab, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung) collected from 161 animals during 2011-2014. The samples were obtained from a cull of healthy population of deer which included: 96 red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus), 19 fallow deer (Dama dama), and 46 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Results: Serological screening tests revealed positive reactions to Mycoplasma bovis in one sample and to Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae in three samples; however, these three samples were negative by immunoblotting. Other antibody and antigen detection tests demonstrated negative results. Conclusion: Currently wild cervids in Poland do not play a significant role in transmitting mycoplasma infections to domestic animals, but they remain a potential risk.
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Nicholas, R. A. J., R. D. Ayling, and L. McAuliffe. "Vaccines for Mycoplasma Diseases in Animals and Man." Journal of Comparative Pathology 140, no. 2-3 (February 2009): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.08.004.
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Piec, Grazyna, Jelena Mirkovitch, Silvia Palacio, Peter F. Mühlradt, and Rolf Felix. "Effect of MALP-2, a Lipopeptide fromMycoplasma fermentans, on Bone Resorption In Vitro." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 6281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.12.6281-6285.1999.
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ABSTRACT Mycoplasmas may be associated with rheumatoid arthritis in various animal hosts. In humans, mycoplasma arthritis has been recorded in association with hypogammaglobulinemia. Mycoplasma fermentans is one mycoplasma species considered to be involved in causing arthritis. To clarify which mycoplasmal compounds contribute to the inflammatory, bone-destructive processes in arthritis, we used a well-defined lipopeptide, 2-kDa macrophage-activating lipopeptide (MALP-2) from M. fermentans, as an example of a class of macrophage-activating compounds ubiquitous in mycoplasmas, to study its effects on bone resorption. MALP-2 stimulated osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in murine calvaria cultures, with a maximal effect at around 2 nM. Anti-inflammatory drugs inhibited MALP-2-mediated bone resorption by about 30%. This finding suggests that MALP-2 stimulates bone resorption partially by stimulating the formation of prostaglandins. Since interleukin-6 (IL-6) stimulates bone resorption, we investigated IL-6 production in cultured calvaria. MALP-2 stimulated the liberation of IL-6, while no tumor necrosis factor was detectable. Additionally, MALP-2 stimulated low levels of NO in calvaria cultures, an effect which was strongly increased in the presence of gamma interferon, causing an inhibition of bone resorption. MALP-2 stimulated the bone-resorbing activity of osteoclasts isolated from long bones of newborn rats and cultured on dentine slices without affecting their number. In bone marrow cultures, MALP-2 inhibited the formation of osteoclasts. It appears that MALP-2 has two opposing effects: it increases the bone resorption in bone tissue by stimulation of mature osteoclasts but inhibits the formation of new ones.
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Baranowski, Eric, Sébastien Guiral, Eveline Sagné, Agnès Skapski, and Christine Citti. "Critical Role of Dispensable Genes in Mycoplasma agalactiae Interaction with Mammalian Cells." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 4 (February 1, 2010): 1542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01195-09.
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ABSTRACT Mycoplasmas are minimal bacteria whose genomes barely exceed the smallest amount of information required to sustain autonomous life. Despite this apparent simplicity, several mycoplasmas are successful pathogens of humans and animals, in which they establish intimate interactions with epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces. To identify biological functions mediating mycoplasma interactions with mammalian cells, we produced a library of transposon knockout mutants in the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae and used this library to identify mutants displaying a growth-deficient pheonotype in cell culture. M. agalactiae mutants displaying a 3-fold reduction in CFU titers to nearly complete extinction in coculture with HeLa cells were identified. Mapping of transposon insertion sites revealed 18 genomic regions putatively involved in the interaction of M. agalactiae with HeLa cells. Several of these regions encode proteins with features of membrane lipoproteins and/or were involved in horizontal gene transfer with phylogenetically distant pathogenic mycoplasmas of ruminants. Two mutants with the most extreme phenotype carry a transposon in a genomic region designated the NIF locus which encodes homologues of SufS and SufU, two proteins presumably involved in [Fe-S] cluster biosynthesis in Gram-positive bacteria. Complementation studies confirmed the conditional essentiality of the NIF locus, which was found to be critical for proliferation in the presence of HeLa cells and several other mammalian cell lines but dispensable for axenic growth. While our results raised questions regarding essential functions in mycoplasmas, they also provide a means for studying the role of mycoplasmas as minimal pathogens.
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Simecka, Jerry, Xiangle Sun, Nicole Dobbs, Sheetal Bodhankar, and Harlan Jones. "Dendritic cells are the major antigen presenting cells in inflammatory lesions of murine mycoplasma respiratory disease and contribute to disease severity (P3306)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2013): 134.6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.134.6.
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Abstract Mycoplasmas cause chronic respiratory diseases in animals and humans, and vaccine development has been problematic. T cell responses were shown to confer protection as well as promote immunopathology in murine mycoplasma pneumonia. Because T cells play a critical role, the role of antigen presenting cells (APC) was examined as they likely influence either an increase in disease severity or promote protective immunity. The roles of APC, such as dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages, in mycoplasma disease are currently unknown. In this study, we examined the ability pulmonary APC populations and their contribution to T cell responses during disease pathogenesis. Both macrophages and DC increased in the lungs of mice after infection. These cell populations showed different patterns of cytokine mRNA expression, supporting the idea that these cells have different impacts on immunity in response to infection. In fact, DC from the lungs of infected mice were most capable of stimulating mycoplasma-specific T helper (Th) cell responses in vitro. In vivo, DC cells were co-localized with Th cells in inflammatory lesions in the lungs of mycoplasma-infected mice. Intratracheal inoculation of mycoplasma antigen-pulsed DC resulted in increased disease severity after subsequent infection. Thus, DC appear to be the major APC population responsible for pulmonary T cell stimulation in mycoplasma-infected mice, and these DC likely contribute to responses impacting disease pathogenesis.
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Yancey, Anthony L., Harold L. Watson, Sam C. Cartner, and Jerry W. Simecka. "Gender Is a Major Factor in Determining the Severity of Mycoplasma Respiratory Disease in Mice." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 2865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.5.2865-2871.2001.
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ABSTRACT Gender is a significant factor in determining the susceptibility to and severity of pulmonary diseases in both humans and animals. Murine respiratory mycoplasmosis (MRM), due to Mycoplasma pulmonisinfection, is an excellent animal model for evaluation of the role of various host factors on the development of acute or chronic inflammatory lung diseases. MRM has many similarities to mycoplasma respiratory disease in humans. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether gender has a significant impact on lung disease due to M. pulmonis infection in mice. It was demonstrated that male mice consistently developed more severe disease in the lung parenchyma than did female mice. There was no gender difference in disease severity along the airways or any difference in mycoplasma numbers in lungs of male and female mice. Furthermore, surgical removal of reproductive organs reduced the severity of mycoplasma disease and the numbers of mycoplasma organisms recovered from lungs. Thus, gender plays a significant role in determining the severity of M. pulmonis disease. In fact, the gender of the host was a major factor in determining whether an acute or chronic inflammatory lung disease developed after infection with M. pulmonis.
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Stetsko, T. I. "RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CATTLE." Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 189–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2020-21-1.25.
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In the article a literature review of Bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) is presented. Respiratory diseases are considered to be one of the most harmful diseases of cattle, which cause great economic damage for the operators of the cattle industry. The BRD complex is a multifactorial and multi-etiological disease. The BRD complex is a multifactorial and multi-etiological disease. The main factors providing the BRD development are the management status of rearing cattle, the impact of the environment and pathogens. Without neglecting the importance of the first two factors, pathogenic microorganisms remain the major etiological factor of BRD. Respiratory tract infections in cattle are caused by viruses and bacteria, moreover the diseases often develop in an associated form. However, the bacterial factor in the etiology of respiratory diseases plays a main role.
Mannheimia haemolytica serotype 1 is the main pathogen of BRD, which can cause disease as a single etiologic agent and as in association with other pathogens (Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis). In most cases, fibrinous pneumonia or fatal acute pneumonia is often associated with Mannheimia haemolytica. Pasteurella multocida is considered to be a less virulent bacteria than Mannheimia haemolytica, and for a higher level of infection need to initiate the inflammatory process in the respiratory tract of animals. Pathogenic strains of Pasteurella multocida serogroup A are a significant etiologic factor of severe enzootic pneumonia in dairy calves.
Respiratory diseases caused by mycoplasma remain one of the serious infectious diseases of cattle. Mycoplasma bovis is the most invasive and dangerous mycoplasma for young cattle. This type of mycoplasma is usually present in the upper respiratory tract of clinically healthy calves who are bacterial carriers. When the zootechnical conditions of brieding and feeding the calves are disturbed and for other stress factors there is an active proliferation of mycoplasmas and they successfully colonize the lower respiratory tract of the animals, causing an inflammatory process in the lungs.
Other commensal bacteria of the upper respiratory tract, Histophilus somni, can cause pneumonia that usually occurs in subacute or chronic form. The pathogenic forms of this bacteria are often isolated together with Mannheimia hemolytica.
Other opportunistic bacteria (Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Chlamydiales spp., Fusobacterium necrophorum, Corynebacterium bovis) may be etiological factors for the development of BRD.
Depending on the etiologic agent, the clinical symptoms of calf bronchopneumonia have some specificity, herewith the degree of lung damage depends on the duration of the disease and the virulence of the pathogen.
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Woolard, Matthew D., Dorothy Hudig, Leslie Tabor, James A. Ivey, and Jerry W. Simecka. "NK Cells in Gamma-Interferon-Deficient Mice Suppress Lung Innate Immunity against Mycoplasma spp." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 10 (October 2005): 6742–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.10.6742-6751.2005.
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the 100-fold difference in mycoplasma levels in lungs of gamma interferon knockout (IFN-γ−/−) mice compared to those seen with wild-type BALB/c mice at 3 days postinfection. NK cells secreted IFN-γ; however, their cytotoxic granule extracts failed to kill mycoplasma. We found a conundrum: the clearance of organisms was as effective in NK-depleted IFN-γ−/− animals as in wild-type mice (with both IFN-γ and NK cells). NK+ IFN-γ−/− animals had high mycoplasma burdens, but, after NK-like cell depletion, mycoplasma numbers were controlled. Essentially, IFN-γ was important in animals with NK-like cells and unimportant in animals without NK cells, suggesting that IFN-γ counters deleterious effects of NK-like cells. Impairment of innate immunity in IFN-γ−/− mice was not due to NK-like cell killing of macrophages. The increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and neutrophils in lung fluids of NK+ IFN-γ−/− mice were reduced after NK cell depletion. In summary, in the murine model that resembles chronic human disease, innate immunity to mycoplasma requires IFN-γ when there are NK-like cells and the positive effects of IFN-γ counteract negative effects of NK-like cells. When imbalanced, NK-like cells promote disease. Thus, it was not the lack of IFN-γ but the presence of a previously unrecognized NK-like cell-suppressive activity that contributed to the higher mycoplasma numbers. It appears that pulmonary NK cells may contribute to the immunosuppressive environment of the lung, but when needed, these dampening effects can be counterbalanced by IFN-γ. Furthermore, there may be instances where perturbation of this regulatory balance contributes to the susceptibility to and severity of disease.
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Mesquita, João R., Ana C. Oliveira, Frederico Neves, Jose R. Mendoza, Maria F. Luz, Inês Crespo, Thays F. dos Santos, Sérgio Santos-Silva, Hugo Vilhena, and Patrícia F. Barradas. "Hemotropic Mycoplasma and Bartonella Species Diversity in Free-Roaming Canine and Feline from Luanda, Angola." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060735.
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Free-roaming dogs and cats represent potential reservoirs for zoonotic vector-borne pathogens shedding to the human population. Given the health impact of these pathogens, we searched free-roaming dogs and cats included in an animal population control program from Luanda, Angola, for Bartonella and hemotropic mycoplasma infection. We report the detection of Bartonella henselae (2/66; 3%), Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum (5/66; 7.5%) and Mycoplasma haemofelis (1/66; 1.5%) in cats. One dog was found positive for Mycoplasma haemocanis (1/20; 5%). This is the first report of Bartonella henselae infections in stray cats and of hemotropic mycoplasmas in cats and dogs from Angola. Despite the relatively small sample size, our results sustain the hypothesis of uncontrolled circulation of these agents in highly mobile synanthropic animal populations of Luanda. Population and vector control could contribute to reducing the likelihood for animal-to-animal and animal-to-human transmission.
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Dudek, Katarzyna, Umit Sevimli, Sergio Migliore, Amirreza Jafarizadeh, Guido R. Loria, and Robin A. J. Nicholas. "Vaccines for Mycoplasma Diseases of Small Ruminants: A Neglected Area of Research." Pathogens 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11010075.
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Mycoplasmas cause some of the most economically important diseases of sheep and goats, including diseases listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) such as contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and contagious agalactia (CA). Other important mycoplasma diseases include chronic respiratory and arthritic syndrome (CRAS) and atypical pneumonia, both present on all continents where small ruminants are farmed. Unfortunately, owing to a lack of investment, most commercial vaccines for these diseases are of poor quality, being mostly composed of killed bacteriocins of dubious or unknown efficacy. Several Mediterranean laboratories produce autogenous vaccines, but these can only be used on farms where outbreaks have been officially declared, and consequently have limited impact on disease nationally. Effective live vaccines are available, but their use is often restricted because of safety concerns. With the necessary safeguards in place, we argue for their greater use. This review examines reported vaccines for mycoplasma diseases of small ruminants and attempts to identify new candidate antigens that may enable the development of improved products. Vaccines for CCPP are covered elsewhere.
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Reynolds, Caryn Alice, and Michael R. Lappin. "“Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum” Infections in 21 Client-Owned Cats." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 43, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0430249.
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Medical records were reviewed for 21 clinically ill cats testing positive for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum” in their blood. Fever, anorexia, lethargy, and anemia were among the most common abnormalities recorded. Thirteen cats were anemic; seven had evidence of other diseases that could have been the primary cause of anemia or activated hemoplasmosis. For six cats, “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum” was the only recognizable cause of the anemia. Of these cats, anemia resolved in one cat without treatment and in three cats that were treated with doxycycline, with or without prednisone. Results of the study suggest that this hemoplasma species can be a primary pathogen in cats.
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Pereyre, Sabine, and Florence Tardy. "Integrating the Human and Animal Sides of Mycoplasmas Resistance to Antimicrobials." Antibiotics 10, no. 10 (October 7, 2021): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101216.
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Mycoplasma infections are frequent in humans, as well as in a broad range of animals. However, antimicrobial treatment options are limited, partly due to the lack of a cell wall in these peculiar bacteria. Both veterinary and human medicines are facing increasing resistance prevalence for the most commonly used drugs, despite different usage practices. To date, very few reviews have integrated knowledge on resistance to antimicrobials in humans and animals, the latest dating back to 2014. To fill this gap, we examined, in parallel, antimicrobial usage, resistance mechanisms and either phenotype or genotype-based methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, as well as epidemiology of resistance of the most clinically relevant human and animal mycoplasma species. This review unveiled common features and differences that need to be taken into consideration in a “One Health” perspective. Lastly, two examples of critical cases of multiple drug resistance are highlighted, namely, the human M. genitalium and the animal M. bovis species, both of which can lead to the threat of untreatable infections.
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HUDSON, A., and J. T. ELLIS. "Culture of Neospora caninum in the presence of a Mycoplasma Removal Agent results in the selection of a mutant population of tachyzoites." Parasitology 130, no. 6 (February 22, 2005): 607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182004007115.
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Mycoplasmas are common contaminants of eukaryotic cells grown in tissue culture. A commercially available Mycoplasma Removal Agent (MRA) was therefore assessed for its effect on tachyzoites of Neospora caninum, in order to determine its suitability for further use in parasite cell cultures. Analyses of tachyzoite and excreted-secreted proteins and antigens by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting show that MRA treatment results in the rapid selection of a mutant population that differs from the control and parental lines in its protein and antigen content. The treatment of N. caninum cultures with MRA is therefore not recommended for the eradication of Mycoplasma.
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Wendland, Lori D., Paul A. Klein, Elliott R. Jacobson, and Mary B. Brown. "Mycoplasma agassizii Strain Variation and Distinct Host Antibody Responses Explain Differences between Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays and Western Blot Assays." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 11 (September 1, 2010): 1739–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00215-10.
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ABSTRACT The precarious status of desert (Gopherus agassizii) and gopher (G. polyphemus) tortoises has resulted in conservation efforts that now include health assessment as an important component of management decision-making. Mycoplasmal upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) is one of very few diseases in chelonians for which comprehensive and rigorously validated diagnostic tests exist. In this study, serum samples obtained from eight Gopherus tortoises documented at necropsy to (i) be enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) seropositive using the PS6 antigen, (ii) be infected with Mycoplasma agassizii as indicated by direct isolation of the pathogen from the respiratory surfaces, and (iii) have histological lesions of mycoplasmal URTD were used to evaluate four distinct clinical isolates of M. agassizii as antigens for ELISA and Western blot analyses. Each animal sample reacted in the Western blot with its homologous M. agassizii strain, but recognition of heterologous M. agassizii strains was variable. Further, individual animals varied significantly with respect to the specific proteins recognized by the humoral immune response. An additional 114 Gopherus serum samples were evaluated using ELISA antigens prepared from the four distinct M. agassizii strains; A 405 values were significantly correlated (r 2 goodness of fit range, 0.708 to 0.771; P < 0.0001) for all antigens tested. The results confirm that strain variation is responsible for the observed differences between Western blot binding patterns. Thus, reliance on a single M. agassizii strain as an antigen in Western blot assays may provide false-negative results. This could have adverse consequences for the well-being of these environmentally sensitive hosts if false-negative animals were relocated to sites consisting of true-negative populations.
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Abed Alhussen, Mohammad, Hamdan Naef, and Yury Anatolyevich Vatnikov. "Effects of gentaminoseleferon on blood parameters during treatment of Mycoplasma dispar respiratory infection in calves." October-2020 13, no. 10 (2020): 2197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.2197-2202.
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Background and Aim: Respiratory diseases in young cattle are among the significant cattle pathologies that cause considerable economic damage globally. For the treatment of respiratory diseases, coformulated drugs that increase general nonspecific resistance, exhibit adaptogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, and normalize metabolic processes in animals are currently being used. The aim of our study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of the complex drug "gentaminoseleferon", used in the treatment of respiratory diseases in calves, especially in Mycoplasma dispar infection. Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into three groups. Calves with the first clinical signs of respiratory pathology were randomly divided into two groups. The first experimental group (n=5) was intramuscularly injected with sulfetrisan at a dose of 5-10 mL/animal once per day for 7 days. The second experimental group (n=5) was given gentaminoseleferon at a dose of 1 mL/10 kg of body weight once per day for 7 days. The drugs were not used in the control group, the "healthy animals (n=5)". Blood samples were taken 10 days before and after treatment and compared between the experimental and healthy calves. The changes in the hematological and biochemical parameters of blood and serum were evaluated. Results: During the recovery process of animals in the experimental groups, a normalization of the hematological and biochemical parameters of blood and serum was noted. Interestingly, in calves of the second experimental group, an increase in the total serum protein content by 2.2% (p<0.05) was recorded in comparison with the first group. The second group, furthermore, showed an increase in Vitamins A, E, and C concentrations by 13.5% (p<0.05), 11.9% (p<0.005), and 15.1% (p<0.0005), respectively, as well as in zinc and iron concentrations by 4.1% (p<0.05) and 9.3% (p<0.0001), respectively. These findings indicate a more pronounced decrease in the inflammatory process in the respiratory system and intensive restoration of metabolism, thereby establishing the high therapeutic efficacy of gentaminoseleferon. Conclusion: Gentaminoseleferon was proven highly effective in the treatment of calves with respiratory illnesses and in restoring homeostasis in the organisms of animals after treatment, as indicated by the normalization of morphological and biochemical blood parameters with a reduction in the recovery time.
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Hartmann, Katrin, and Michèle Bergmann. "Vector-borne diseases in cats in Germany." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 45, no. 05 (2017): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15654/tpk-160874.
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SummaryVector-borne diseases (VBDs) are caused by a wide range of pathogens, which are transmitted by a variety of vectors, such as ticks and fleas. As a result of climate changes, more vector-borne diseases are becoming endemic in Germany, not only in dogs, but also in cats. For some of the pathogens prevalence data still need to be investigated in Germany. However, natural infections with Bartonella, Anaplasma, haemotropic Mycoplasma and Borrelia species have already been described in German cats. Clinical relevance of these pathogens is not fully understood, and it is still unknown, why most infected cats stay asymptomatic and which predisposing factors contribute to the development of clinical signs in cats. Moreover, there is a risk of zoonotic transmission for some of the pathogens, e. g., for some Bartonella spp. infections that are associated with cat scratch disease in humans. Due to the increasing number of VBDs in cats in Germany, preventive measures, such as the use of acaricides and insecticides, should be performed on a regular base in order to reduce the risk of these infections.
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Hegde, Shivanand, Shrilakshmi Hegde, Martina Zimmermann, Martina Flöck, Joachim Spergser, Renate Rosengarten, and Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly. "Simultaneous Identification of Potential Pathogenicity Factors of Mycoplasma agalactiae in the Natural Ovine Host by Negative Selection." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 7 (April 27, 2015): 2751–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00403-15.
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Mycoplasmas possess complex pathogenicity determinants that are largely unknown at the molecular level.Mycoplasma agalactiaeserves as a useful model to study the molecular basis of mycoplasma pathogenicity. The generation andin vivoscreening of a transposon mutant library ofM. agalactiaewere employed to unravel its host colonization factors. Tn4001mod mutants were sequenced using a novel sequencing method, and functionally heterogeneous pools containing 15 to 19 selected mutants were screened simultaneously through two successive cycles of sheep intramammary infections. A PCR-based negative selection method was employed to identify mutants that failed to colonize the udders and draining lymph nodes in the animals. A total of 14 different mutants found to be absent from ≥95% of samples were identified and subsequently verified via a second round of stringent confirmatory screening where 100% absence was considered attenuation. Using this criterion, seven mutants with insertions in genes MAG1050, MAG2540, MAG3390,uhpT,eutD,adhT, and MAG4460 were not recovered from any of the infected animals. Among the attenuated mutants, many contain disruptions in hypothetical genes, implying their previously unknown role inM. agalactiaepathogenicity. These data indicate the putative role of functionally different genes, including hypothetical ones, in the pathogenesis ofM. agalactiae. Defining the precise functions of the identified genes is anticipated to increase our understanding ofM. agalactiaeinfections and to develop successful intervention strategies against it.
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Mayla Vasconcelos Adorno, Brunna, Anelise Salina, Sâmea Fernandes Joaquim, Felipe De Freitas Guimarães, Bruna Churocof Lopes, Benedito Menozzi, and Helio Langoni. "PRESENCE OF MOLLICUTES AND MYCOPLASMA BOVIS IN NASAL SWABS FROM CALVES AND IN MILK FROM COWS WITH CLINICAL MASTITIS." Veterinária e Zootecnia 28 (March 29, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2021.v28.520.
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Mycoplasma bovis is part of the bovine respiratory tract microbiota but is considered an opportunistic pathogen of extreme importance in respiratory diseases of calves. It causes to the herd several diseases such as mastitis, polyarthritis, pneumonia and endometritis. This pathogen is highly contagious and animals with mastitis are potential disseminators of infection to the herd since they release from 106 to 108 CFU per mL milk. Similarly, animals with pneumonia eliminate, through respiratory secretions, high microbial loads of the agent. The present study aimed to perform molecular detection of Mycoplasma bovis in 185 milk samples from cows with clinical mastitis, as well as in 50 nasal swab samples from healthy calves with or without signs of pneumonia and born from cows with mastitis, all belonging to four dairy farms in Paraná State, where cases of mastitis had beendiagnosed. DNA extraction from both secretions was carried out according to the thermolysis method. For polymerase chain reaction (PCR), generic primers were employed to amplify the Mollicutes DNA and positive samples were subjected to PCR with primersspecific for M. bovis. Positivity for M. bovis was 3.78% in milk samples, regardless of the farm, and 20% in nasal swabs.
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Guimaraes, Ana M. S., Manoel L. Javorouski, Marcelo Bonat, Oneida Lacerda, Bruna Balbinotti, Lucyenne G. P. B. Queiroz, Jorge Timenetsky, Alexander W. Biondo, and Joanne B. Messick. "Molecular detection of "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum" in a lion (Panthera leo) from a brazilian zoological garden." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 49, no. 3 (June 2007): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652007000300011.
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Although Mycoplasma haemofelis and "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum" infections have been reported in wild cats from United States, their presence among native and captive wild cats in Brazil is still unknown. A 12 year old healthy male lion (Panthera leo) from the Zoological Garden of Curitiba, Brazil was anesthetized for transportation and dental evaluation. A blood sample was obtained for a complete blood cell count (CBC) and PCR analysis. DNA was extracted and fragments of Mycoplasma haemofelis and "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum" 16S ribosomal RNA gene were amplified in PCR assays. CBC results were within reference intervals. A weak band of 192 pb for "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum" was observed, and no band was amplified from Mycoplasma haemofelis reaction. A weak PCR band associated with normal CBC results and without visible parasitemia or clinical signs may suggest a chronic subclinical infection with "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum". The lack of clinical signs may also represent the low pathogenicity of this organism; however, it is noteworthy that immune suppression caused by management and/or corticoids treatment may induce parasitemia and anemia in this animal. This detection suggests further studies in captive wild cats in Brazilian Zoological Gardens.
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Alanazi, Abdullah D., Abdulaziz S. Alouffi, Mohamed S. Alyousif, Mohammad Y. Alshahrani, Hend H. A. M. Abdullah, Sobhy Abdel-Shafy, Nichola Eliza Davies Calvani, Maryam Ansari-Lari, Alireza Sazmand, and Domenico Otranto. "Molecular Survey of Vector-Borne Pathogens of Dogs and Cats in Two Regions of Saudi Arabia." Pathogens 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010025.
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Dogs and cats play an important role as reservoirs of vector-borne pathogens, yet reports of canine and feline vector-borne diseases in Saudi Arabia are scarce. Blood samples were collected from 188 free-roaming dogs and cats in Asir (70 dogs and 44 cats) and Riyadh (74 dogs), Saudi Arabia. The presence of Anaplasma spp., Bartonella spp., hemotropic Mycoplasma spp., Babesia spp., and Hepatozoon spp. was detected using a multiplex tandem real-time PCR. PCR-positive samples were further examined with specific conventional and real-time PCR followed by sequencing. Dogs from Riyadh tested negative for all pathogens, while 46 out of 70 dogs (65.7%) and 17 out of 44 cats (38.6%) from Asir were positive for at least one pathogen. Positive dogs were infected with Anaplasma platys (57.1%), Babesia vogeli (30%), Mycoplasma haemocanis (15.7%), and Bartonella henselae (1.4%), and cats were infected with Mycoplasma haemofelis (13.6%), Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum (13.6%), B. henselae (9.2%), and A. platys (2.27%), all of which are reported for the first time in Saudi Arabia. Co-infection with A. platys and B. vogeli was detected in 17 dogs (24.28%), while coinfections were not detected in cats. These results suggest that effective control and public awareness strategies for minimizing infection in animals are necessary.
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Chu, Hong Wei, Joyce M. Honour, Catherine A. Rawlinson, Ronald J. Harbeck, and Richard J. Martin. "Effects of Respiratory Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection on Allergen-Induced Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness and Lung Inflammation in Mice." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 3 (March 2003): 1520–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.3.1520-1526.2003.
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ABSTRACT Airway mycoplasma infection may be associated with asthma pathophysiology. However, the direct effects of mycoplasma infection on asthma remain unknown. Using a murine allergic-asthma model, we evaluated the effects of different timing of airway Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection on bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), lung inflammation, and the protein levels of Th1 (gamma interferon [IFN-γ]) and Th2 (interleukin 4 [IL-4]) cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. When mycoplasma infection occurred 3 days before allergen (ovalbumin) sensitization and challenge, the infection reduced the BHR and inflammatory-cell influx into the lung. This was accompanied by a significant induction of Th1 responses (increased IFN-γ and decreased IL-4 production). Conversely, when mycoplasma infection occurred 2 days after allergen sensitization and challenge, the infection initially caused a temporary reduction of BHR and then increased BHR, lung inflammation, and IL-4 levels. Our data suggest that mycoplasma infection could modulate both physiological and immunological responses in the murine asthma model. Our animal models may also provide a new means to understand the role of infection in asthma pathogenesis and give evidence for the asthma hygiene hypothesis.
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Chen, Ya-Lei, Shao-Ning Wang, Wen-Jen Yang, Yi-Jiun Chen, Hsi-Hsun Lin, and David Shiuan. "Expression and Immunogenicity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Heat Shock Protein Antigen P42 by DNA Vaccination." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 3 (March 2003): 1155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.3.1155-1160.2003.
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ABSTRACT Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of swine enzootic pneumonia, a chronic nonfatal disease affecting pigs of all ages. The goal of this study was to design DNA vaccines by constructing plasmid pcDNA3/P42, carrying the heat shock protein gene P42 of M. hyopneumoniae, and to evaluate the immune responses elicited in BALB/c mice. The expression of P42 was first examined in transfected NIH 3T3 cells by reverse transcription-PCR to ensure that the construct was functional. The humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by the plasmid were further evaluated in BALB/c mice through intramuscular injection. Both immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a levels were 64 times those of the control groups during the first 8 weeks. The levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, and gamma interferon mRNAs in the immunized animals were elevated, and the proliferation of spleen cells was also enhanced in the immunized animals. The results indicate that pcDNA3/P42 DNA immunization induces both Th1 and Th2 immune responses. In addition, antiserum from the immunized animals was found to inhibit the growth of M. hyopneumoniae. The present study reveals that DNA vaccination could be a new strategy against infection by M. hyopneumoniae and may have potential for developing vaccines for other infectious diseases as well.
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Xue, Shujiang, Kangseok Seo, Miaosen Yang, Chengdu Cui, Meng Yang, Siyu Xiang, Zongbin Yan, et al. "Mycoplasma suis Alpha-Enolase Subunit Vaccine Induces an Immune Response in Experimental Animals." Vaccines 9, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): 1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121506.
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Recombinant protein technology has emerged as an excellent option for vaccine development. However, prior to our study, the immune induction ability of recombinant Mycoplasma suis alpha-enolase (rMseno) in animals remained unclear. The purpose of this study was to develop a rMseno protein subunit vaccine and to determine its ability to elicit an immunological response. To accomplish this, we cloned the gene into pET-15b, expressed it in BL21 cells, and purified it. Following the establishment of immunity, the immunogenicity and potential for protection of rMseno were evaluated in mice and piglets. The results demonstrate that anti-M. suis serum recognized the pure rMseno protein in both mice and piglets as evidenced by high levels of specific anti-rMseno antibodies, significantly increased levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines, and significantly increased T lymphocyte proliferation index. Piglets also had significantly increased levels of specific IgG1, IgG2a, CD4+, and CD8+ cells. The rMseno findings demonstrated a robust immunological response in mice and piglets, affording partial clinical protective efficacy in piglets.
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Reinhardt, A. K., C. M. Bébéar, M. Kobisch, I. Kempf, and A. V. Gautier-Bouchardon. "Characterization of Mutations in DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV Involved in Quinolone Resistance of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Mutants Obtained In Vitro." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 2 (February 2002): 590–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.2.590-593.2002.
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ABSTRACT Mycoplasma gallisepticum enrofloxacin-resistant mutants were generated by stepwise selection in increasing concentrations of enrofloxacin. Alterations were found in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the four target genes encoding DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from these mutants. This is the first description of such mutations in an animal mycoplasma species.
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Przyborowska-Zhalniarovich, P., Y. Zhalniarovich, and K. Wasowicz. "Estimation of the prevalence of respiratory diseases in pigs in north-eastern Poland: Survey of pulmonary lesions in pigs at a slaughterhouse." Veterinární Medicína 66, No. 6 (May 31, 2021): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/188/2020-vetmed.
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A total of 29 520 animals, from 164 batches of pigs belonging to an identical number of herds, were involved in the study. The considered population of pigs were limited to the region of north-eastern Poland involving six voivodeships. From each herd, samples of blood were collected to evaluate the antibody titres to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Aujeszky’s disease virus and swine influenza virus. At an abattoir, the lung lesions of each batch were scored and the enzootic pneumonia-like lesion average value was calculated. Lesions, indicative of enzootic pneumonia, were found in 57.8% of the lungs. For all lungs, the enzootic pneumonia-like lesion average value was 1.74, ranging from 0.42 to 3.56 among the 164 batches. In the examined pig population, 57.8% were considered suffering from swine respiratory disease, the majority of the affected pigs came from the Podlaskie (21.7%) and Greater Poland (17.25%) voivodeships. In the most affected voivodeships, 88.37% and 85.16% of the farms were considered as disease-susceptible for Greater Poland and Podlaskie, respectively. The findings indicate that, in pigs in north-eastern Poland, the major pathogens causing pneumonia-like lesions are Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (68.9%) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (44%).
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Magalhães, Bárbara S. N., Virginia Léo A. Pereira, Thomas S. Dias, Leandro S. Machado, Mariane M. Silva, Elmiro R. Nascimento, Flavya Mendes-de-Almeida, and Nádia Regina P. Almosny. "Investigation of Mycoplasma spp. in birds of the Rio de Janeiro Zoo by isolation and PCR." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 40, no. 3 (March 2020): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6447.
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ABSTRACT: Brazil is one of the countries with the most abundant avifauna in the world. The confinement of birds associated with close contact with other animals and humans favor the spread of agents of respiratory diseases. Among them, mycoplasmas can cause asymptomatic or apparent disease that manifests in birds by coughing, sneezing, rales, conjunctivitis, ocular and nasal discharge. Several described mycoplasmas cause disease in birds, especially Mycoplasma gallisepticum(MG) andMycoplasma synoviae(MS). The diagnosis ofMycoplasmaspp. can be done by clinical observation and laboratory analysis. Molecular diagnosis by PCR was boosted by its speed, sensitivity, and low cost of agent isolation techniques that take up to 21 days to complete. This study aimed to verify the occurrence ofMycoplasmaspp. in birds of the Rio de Janeiro Zoo (Rio Zoo), by isolation and PCR. Of the total 635 birds from the Rio Zoo, 81 were studied for detection ofMycoplasmaspp., when taken for routine health assessment exams. These birds belonged to the following orders: Psittaciformes (45), Accipitriformes (18), Galliformes (7), Piciformes (5), Strigiformes (4), Falconiformes (1) and Cariamiformes (1), all individuals already identified by microchip or leg-ring. There was no isolation of mycoplasmas in any of the samples tested, whereas, in the PCR, 62.96% (51/81) were positive, with 1.96% (1/51) identified as MG and 19.61% (10/51) as MS, representing 1.23% (1/81) and 12.34% (10/81) of the total population studied. PCR was shown to be a more effective technique than isolation in the detection ofMycoplasmaspp. in birds. It was possible to detect mycoplasmas in birds from Riozoo with no clinical respiratory signs, with higher MS prevalence than MG. The positivities forMycoplasmaspp., MS, and MG were different among the orders studied, being the highest occurrence in birds of prey, followed by Galliformes and Piciformes. The presence of MG and MS in birds of Rio de Janeiro Zoo confirms the circulation of these agents and the need for further studies on the dissemination of mycoplasmas in zoos for the epidemiological analysis of these bacteria in these places.
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McGowin, Chris L., Rae Ann Spagnuolo, and Richard B. Pyles. "Mycoplasma genitalium Rapidly Disseminates to the Upper Reproductive Tracts and Knees of Female Mice following Vaginal Inoculation." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 2 (December 7, 2009): 726–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00840-09.
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ABSTRACT Mycoplasma genitalium is an emerging sexually transmitted infection and in women is associated with notable reproductive tract syndromes such as cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility. Investigations into the causal relationships of M. genitalium infections and clinical disease have been hindered largely by the lack of a well-established small-animal model of genital tract infection. To establish a murine model, female Swiss Webster mice were conditioned with either progesterone or estradiol and then inoculated intravaginally with M. genitalium type strain G37 or a contemporary Danish strain, M2300. Persistent lower tract infection was observed at up to 77 days postinoculation (d.p.i.). Upper reproductive tract colonization was observed as early as 3 d.p.i., with long-term infection observed in estradiol-treated (65%) and progesterone-treated (18%) animals. In the upper tract, more than 90% of M. genitalium PCR-positive samples were from the uterus and oviducts. Ultimately, gross hydrosalpinx was observed 21 days to 10 weeks p.i. in approximately 60% of infected animals, suggesting the presence of tubal occlusion. In addition, dissemination of M. genitalium to the knee tissues was observed as early as 7 d.p.i., with persistent infection detected at up to 28 d.p.i. Mice infected with M. genitalium also developed specific antibodies to the major antigenic outer membrane protein MgPa, elongation factor Tu, pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α, and DnaK (Hsp70), indicating persistent infection despite robust humoral responses to infection. These findings provide strong experimental evidence that M. genitalium can establish long-term infection of reproductive tract and joint tissues, with preliminary evidence of pathological reproductive tract outcomes.
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Mihai, Iuliana, Elena Velescu, and Oana-Irina Tanase. "Epidemiological Observations on Infectious Pathology of Goats in the Northeast Area of Romania." “Agriculture for Life, Life for Agriculture” Conference Proceedings 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/alife-2018-0069.
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Abstract The goat flock in our country is steadily increasing, so that if 1072013 animals were reported in 2007, they were 1804478 in December 2016 that reflecting the growing interest of breeders for this species. This paper aims to highlight the dynamics of infectious pathology in the goat population in the Northeast region of Romania during 2014-2017, the factors that led to the emergence of diseases, as well as the prevention and control measures. The most common diseases are those of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive and locomotors apparatus produced by infectious pathogens such as Pasteurella spp., Artrithis Encephalitis Virus, Orf Virus, Mycoplasma agalactiae, Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum. Research has led to establishment of the prevalence of infectious diseases in goats, so the results show that the most affected breeds are specialized breeds: Saanen and French Alpine, kids being more sensitive compared to adult animals. Knowledge of the epidemiological situation is the basis for proposing specific control and / or prevention plans that allow the design, management and evaluation of goat health programs.
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BIDJEH Kebkiba. "Epidemiology and risk factors of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the Republic of Chad." International Journal of Life Science Research Archive 2, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 047–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijlsra.2022.2.2.0032.
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Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is a bacterial infection of goats. It is caused by a bacterium belonging to the Mycoplasmataceae family and the Mycoplasma genus. Causative agent of the disease is Mycplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp). This disease causes significant economic losses in Asia and Africa. Because of the very high morbidity and mortality and its socio-economic impact, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is on the OIE list of notifiable diseases. This disease affects mainly goats and occasionally sheep, but also wild ruminants. Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is characterized by cough, dyspnoea and very high mortality and morbidity, fibrinous pleuropneumonia, unilateral lung hepatization and accumulation of pleural fluid in the thoracic cavity. Animals are infected by inhalation of dropes expelled by sick animals. Direct contact is essential for infection to occur. The porosity of borders shared with other countries and the lack of financial resources allocated to the national animal disease surveillance system make it difficult to control cross-border livestock movements. This exposes the national herd to various infectious diseases, including contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. Cross-border movements linked to the international trade in animals, to transhumance, as well as to insecurity due to existing hotbeds of tension in African countries, lead to massive movements of herders and animals in search of pastures and water. All of this constitutes risk factors for the introduction and spread of viral and bacterial infections in the countries. The objective of this manuscript is to summarize the epidemiology and risk factors of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Chad based on bibliographical data.
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Franco, Mariane F., Natália C. Gaeta, Mario A. R. Alemán, Priscilla A. Mellville, Jorge Timenetsky, Mário F. A. Balaro, and Lilian Gregory. "Bacteria isolated from the lower respiratory tract of sheep and their relationship to clinical signs of sheep respiratory disease." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39, no. 10 (October 2019): 796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6315.
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ABSTRACT: Respiratory diseases are among the most important diseases in sheep flocks. Herein was studied the bacterial etiology of respiratory disease and the clinical signs of 99 female and male sheep breed in the states of São Paulo (SP) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. After physical examination of animals, tracheobronchial flushing samples were obtained. The usual bacteria and Mycoplasma spp. were searched, as well as their association with the clinical status and clinical signs of sheep with respiratory disease. The main observed signs were: tachypnea (75%), increase of rectal temperature (09.4%), mucopurulent/purulent nasal discharge (21.9%), cough (25%), dyspnea (31.2%), changes of lung sounds at auscultation (87.5%) and chest percussion (28.1%) in pneumonic sheep. Non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria and Bacillus sp. were the most isolated bacteria. Microorganisms of the Mollicutes class were molecularly (PCR) detected in 33.3% of the animals. In addition, the specific detection of M. mycoides subsp. capri was described for the first time in sheep from the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Vangroenweghe, F., L. Suls, E. Van Driessche, D. Maes, and E. De Graef. "Health advantages of transition to batch management system in farrow-to-finish pig herds." Veterinární Medicína 57, No. 2 (February 27, 2012): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5254-vetmed.
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Sow batch management systems have become more popular due to advantages in labour planning, piglet batch sizes, all-in all-out practices and health management. The present study investigated the potential health advantages of 10 selected farrow-to-finish pig herds before and after transition from a one week batch management system to a four or five week batch management system. Five different animal categories (gilts, sows, piglets, growers and finishers) were sampled at three time points (T0, T1 and T2) before and after transition to a four or five week batch management system. Different matrices of the animals were collected: blood, nasal swabs and faeces. Several economically important diseases were monitored through serology: Lawsonia intracellularis, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSv), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; and PCR-testing: Pasteurella multocida dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) and Brachyspira species, especially the major pathogenic Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Following serological analysis, the percentage of positive animals per category and sampling occasion were calculated. Health improvement based on serology was defined as the reduction in the percentage of positive animals for a specific disease in a specified animal category. All samples were negative for P. multocida DNT and B. hyodysenteriae. Little to no improvement could be observed for PRRSv. For L. intracellularis an improvement could be observed in piglets (71%) and growers (56%; P < 0.05). For both of the respiratory pathogens, M. hyopneumoniae and A. pleuropneumoniae, significant improvement was observed in finishers (34 and 24%, respectively). In growers, only M. hyopneumoniae showed a significant improvement (34%). In conclusion, the transition from a one week batch management system to a four or five week batch management system in the present herds resulted in a reduction of the percentage of seropositive animals for three of the monitored economically important diseases: L. intracellularis, M. hyopneumoniae and A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Maksimović, Zinka, Maid Rifatbegović, Guido Ruggero Loria, and Robin A. J. Nicholas. "Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae: A Most Variable Pathogen." Pathogens 11, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121477.
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Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, a well-established respiratory pathogen of sheep and goats, has gained increased importance recently because of its detection in wild ruminants including members of the Cervidae family. Despite its frequent isolation from apparently healthy animals, it is responsible for outbreaks of severe respiratory disease which are often linked to infections with multiple heterologous strains. Furthermore, M. ovipneumoniae is characterized by an unusually wide host range, a high degree of phenotypic, biochemical, and genomic heterogeneity, and variable and limited growth in mycoplasma media. A number of mechanisms have been proposed for its pathogenicity, including the production of hydrogen peroxide, reactive oxygen species production, and toxins. It shows wide metabolic activity in vitro, being able to utilize substrates such as glucose, pyruvate, and isopropanol; these patterns can be used to differentiate strains. Treatment of infections in the field is complicated by large variations in the susceptibility of strains to antimicrobials, with many showing high minimum inhibitory concentrations. The lack of commercially available vaccines is probably due to the high cost of developing vaccines for diseases in small ruminants not presently seen as high priority. Multiple strains found in affected sheep and goats may also hamper the development of effective vaccines. This review summarizes the current knowledge and identifies gaps in research on M. ovipneumoniae, including its epidemiology in sheep and goats, pathology and clinical presentation, infection in wild ruminants, virulence factors, metabolism, comparative genomics, genotypic variability, phenotypic variability, evolutionary mechanisms, isolation and culture, detection and identification, antimicrobial susceptibility, variations in antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, vaccines, and control.
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Blanco-Fuertes, Miguel, Florencia Correa-Fiz, Lorenzo Fraile, Marina Sibila, and Virginia Aragon. "Altered Nasal Microbiota Composition Associated with Development of Polyserositis by Mycoplasma hyorhinis." Pathogens 10, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050603.
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Fibrinous polyserositis in swine farming is a common pathological finding in nursery animals. The differential diagnosis of this finding should include Glaesserella parasuis (aetiological agent of Glässer’s disease) and Mycoplasma hyorhinis, among others. These microorganisms are early colonizers of the upper respiratory tract of piglets. The composition of the nasal microbiota at weaning was shown to constitute a predisposing factor for the development of Glässer’s disease. Here, we unravel the role of the nasal microbiota in the subsequent systemic infection by M. hyorhinis, and the similarities and differences with Glässer’s disease. Nasal samples from farms with recurrent problems with polyserositis associated with M. hyorhinis (MH) or Glässer’s disease (GD) were included in this study, together with healthy control farms (HC). Nasal swabs were taken from piglets in MH farms at weaning, before the onset of the clinical outbreaks, and were submitted to 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (V3–V4 region). These sequences were analyzed together with sequences from similar samples previously obtained in GD and HC farms. Animals from farms with disease (MH and GD) had a nasal microbiota with lower diversity than those from the HC farms. However, the composition of the nasal microbiota of the piglets from these disease farms was different, suggesting that divergent microbiota imbalances may predispose the animals to the two systemic infections. We also found variants of the pathogens that were associated with the farms with the corresponding disease, highlighting the importance of studying the microbiome at strain-level resolution.
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Vasiliev, R. M. "Influence of genital Mycoplasmosis in cows on indicators of cellular immunity of their offspring." Issues of Legal Regulation in Veterinary Medicine, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2782-6252.2022.2.51.
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Obtaining healthy offspring with good productive qualities is an urgent task in the conditions of modern animal husbandry. Any diseases of pregnant animals affect the fetus to varying degrees. In this regard, of particular interest is the study of the state of cellular immunity of calves in the presence of genital mycoplasmosis in their mothers. Studies were carried out on 7–9-day old calves obtained from cows with genital mycoplasmosis and healthy cows. The presence of genital mycoplasmosis was confirmed by a PCR test for Mycoplasma spp., followed by serological identification of M. bovigenitalium. In calves, the absolute content of lymphocytes, the relative and absolute content of T- and B-lymphocytes were determined. The results of the study show that genital mycoplasmosis in mother cows leads to a deficiency of cellular immunity in their calves, which is manifested by a significant decrease in both the absolute and relative content of lymphocytes, as well as an imbalance in their subpopulations.
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Nakashima, Kazuo, and Nobuo Murata. "Destructive Plant Diseases Caused by Mycoplasma-like Organisms in Asia." Outlook on Agriculture 22, no. 1 (March 1993): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709302200110.
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Ferraz, Alexsander, Camila Moura de Lima, Eugênia Tavares Barwaldt, Tanize Angonesi de Castro, Márcia De Oliveira Nobre, and Leandro Quintana Nizoli. "Prevalência de Hemoparasitoses em Cães na Região Sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil." Ensaios e Ciência C Biológicas Agrárias e da Saúde 25, no. 5-esp. (March 14, 2022): 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2021v25n5-esp.p609-612.
Full textAbstract:
As hemoparasitoses são doenças que acometem os cães com bastante frequência, devido a exposição a ectoparasitos como carrapatos, que são vetores de diversos agentes, como Babesia spp., Erlichia spp., Anaplasma spp. e Mycoplasma spp. Os sinais clínicos destas afecções costumam ser inespecíficos, e incluem, febre, apatia, anorexia e alterações hematológicas, como anemia e trombocitopenia, o que pode dificultar o diagnóstico. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de hemoparasitoses em cães, a partir de amostras de sangue, recebidas no Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, durante o ano de 2020. Foram recebidas neste período, 191 amostras e analisadas através da técnica de esfregaço sanguíneo corado com panótico rápido. Observou-se que 10,5% das amostras (20/191) estavam positivas para hemoparasitos, sendo Babesia o gênero mais prevalente, diagnosticada em 5,8% das amostras (11/191). Foram observados ainda, Anaplasma platys, presente em 5,2% (10/191) e Mycoplasma spp. em 0,5% (1/191) das amostras. Os resultados encontrados neste trabalho, evidenciam a importância da realização de exames complementares, como o esfregaço sanguíneo corado, pois o diagnóstico precoce e definitivo do agente e a adoção de medidas preventivas no controle do vetor são de extrema importância para a saúde e bem-estar dos animais. Palavras-chave: Carrapatos. Diagnóstico. Esfregaço Sanguíneo. Parasitos. Abstract Hemoparasitosis are diseases that affect dogs quite frequently, due to exposure to ectoparasites such as ticks, which are vectors of several agents, such as Babesia spp., Erlichia spp., Anaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma spp. The clinical signs of these conditions are usually nonspecific, and include fever, apathy, anorexia and hematological changes, such as anemia and thrombocytopenia, which can make diagnosis difficult. Thus, the objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of hemoparasitosis in dogs, from blood samples, received at the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases of the Veterinary Faculty of the Federal University of Pelotas, during the year 2020. During this period, 191 samples were received and analyzed using the blood smear technique with rapid panotic. It was observed that 10.5% of the samples (20/191) were positive for hemoparasites, with Babesia being the most prevalent genus, diagnosed in 5.8% of the samples (11/191). Also observed, Anaplasma platys, present in 5.2% (11/191) and Mycoplasma spp. in 0.5% of the samples. The results found in this work show the importance of carrying out complementary exams, such as the stained blood smear, as the early and definitive diagnosis of the agent and the adoption of preventive measures in the control of the vector are extremely important for the health and welfare of the animals. Keywords: Ticks. Diagnosis. Blood Smear. Parasites.
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Ferraz, Alexsander, Camila Moura de Lima, Eugênia Tavares Barwaldt, Tanize Angonesi de Castro, Márcia De Oliveira Nobre, and Leandro Quintana Nizoli. "Prevalência de Hemoparasitoses em Cães na Região Sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil." Ensaios e Ciência C Biológicas Agrárias e da Saúde 25, no. 5-esp (March 14, 2022): 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2021v25n5-espp609-612.
Full textAbstract:
As hemoparasitoses são doenças que acometem os cães com bastante frequência, devido a exposição a ectoparasitos como carrapatos, que são vetores de diversos agentes, como Babesia spp., Erlichia spp., Anaplasma spp. e Mycoplasma spp. Os sinais clínicos destas afecções costumam ser inespecíficos, e incluem, febre, apatia, anorexia e alterações hematológicas, como anemia e trombocitopenia, o que pode dificultar o diagnóstico. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de hemoparasitoses em cães, a partir de amostras de sangue, recebidas no Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, durante o ano de 2020. Foram recebidas neste período, 191 amostras e analisadas através da técnica de esfregaço sanguíneo corado com panótico rápido. Observou-se que 10,5% das amostras (20/191) estavam positivas para hemoparasitos, sendo Babesia o gênero mais prevalente, diagnosticada em 5,8% das amostras (11/191). Foram observados ainda, Anaplasma platys, presente em 5,2% (10/191) e Mycoplasma spp. em 0,5% (1/191) das amostras. Os resultados encontrados neste trabalho, evidenciam a importância da realização de exames complementares, como o esfregaço sanguíneo corado, pois o diagnóstico precoce e definitivo do agente e a adoção de medidas preventivas no controle do vetor são de extrema importância para a saúde e bem-estar dos animais. Palavras-chave: Carrapatos. Diagnóstico. Esfregaço Sanguíneo. Parasitos. Abstract Hemoparasitosis are diseases that affect dogs quite frequently, due to exposure to ectoparasites such as ticks, which are vectors of several agents, such as Babesia spp., Erlichia spp., Anaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma spp. The clinical signs of these conditions are usually nonspecific, and include fever, apathy, anorexia and hematological changes, such as anemia and thrombocytopenia, which can make diagnosis difficult. Thus, the objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of hemoparasitosis in dogs, from blood samples, received at the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases of the Veterinary Faculty of the Federal University of Pelotas, during the year 2020. During this period, 191 samples were received and analyzed using the blood smear technique with rapid panotic. It was observed that 10.5% of the samples (20/191) were positive for hemoparasites, with Babesia being the most prevalent genus, diagnosed in 5.8% of the samples (11/191). Also observed, Anaplasma platys, present in 5.2% (11/191) and Mycoplasma spp. in 0.5% of the samples. The results found in this work show the importance of carrying out complementary exams, such as the stained blood smear, as the early and definitive diagnosis of the agent and the adoption of preventive measures in the control of the vector are extremely important for the health and welfare of the animals. Keywords: Ticks. Diagnosis. Blood Smear. Parasites.
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Elmahallawy, Ehab Kotb, Stefania Zanet, Marco Poggi, Khalaf F. Alsharif, Ahmad Agil, Anna Trisciuoglio, and Ezio Ferroglio. "Feline Leishmaniosis in Northwestern Italy: Current Status and Zoonotic Implications." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 10 (October 2, 2021): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8100215.
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Leishmaniasis remains one of the major neglected tropical diseases. The epidemiological profile of the disease comprises a wide range of hosts, including dogs and cats. Despite several studies about feline Leishmaniosis, the role of cats in disease epidemiology and its clinical impact is still debated. The present study raises awareness about the impact of leishmaniasis in cats from an endemic region in of Northwestern Italy (Liguria). A total number of 250 serum and 282 blood samples were collected from cats, then assessed for Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) serologically using western blot (WB) and molecularly using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We also tested the association of Leishmania infection with some infectious agents like haemotropic Mycoplasma, Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) together with the hematobiochemical status of the examined animals. Interestingly, all tested animals were asymptomatic and out of 250 examined serum samples, 33 (13.20%) samples (confidence interval (CI) 95% 9.56–17.96%) were positive at WB for L. infantum, whereas of the 282 blood samples, 80 (28.36%) returned a positive PCR (CI 95% 23.43–33.89%). Furthermore, there was a statistical association between PCR positivity for L. infantum and some hematological parameters besides FIV infection as well as a direct significant correlation between Mycoplasma infection and WB positivity. Taken together, the present findings report high prevalence of L. infantum among cats, which reinforces the significance of such positive asymptomatic animals and confirms the very low humoral response in this species. In addition, the laboratory values provide evidence that infection by the parasite is linked to alteration of some hematological parameters and is correlated to some infectious agents. These data are of interest and suggest future research for accurate diagnosis of such zoonosis.
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Vasiliev, R. M. "Immuno-biochemical status of cows with genital mycoplasmosis." Issues of Legal Regulation in Veterinary Medicine, no. 1 (April 17, 2022): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2782-6252.2022.1.35.
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Intensive livestock management implies the maximum use of the productive qualities of animals, the realization of their potential is hindered by diseases of various origins, especially those that are accompanied by a long chronic course. Among them, genital mycoplasmosis of cattle attracts special attention. The task of our research was to study the state of protein metabolism in healthy people and patients with genital mycoplasmosis of the blood. Based on the results of the PCR test for Mycoplasma spp., two groups of cows were formed. In both groups of animals, the level of total protein, the absolute and relative content of albumin and globulin fractions, the total amount of immunoglobulins and their relative content in the globulin fraction were determined. It has been established that genital mycoplasmosis in cows is accompanied by the development of dysproteinemia, which is manifested by moderate hyperproteinemia, a relative decrease in albumin content and an absolute and relative increase in the amount of globulins. In addition, in sick animals, a decrease in the amount of immunoglobulins is observed, against the background of a sharp decrease in their relative content in the globulin fraction of the protein.
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Gogoi-Tiwari, Jully, Harish Kumar Tiwari, Nadeeka K. Wawegama, Chintha Premachandra, Ian Duncan Robertson, Andrew David Fisher, Frank Karanja Waichigio, Pete Irons, and Joshua W. Aleri. "Prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis Infection in Calves and Dairy Cows in Western Australia." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 7 (July 11, 2022): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9070351.
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Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) can cause a multitude of diseases in cattle, with detrimental effects on the farm economy and the welfare of both adult and young cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of M. bovis in adult cows and calves in the south-west region of Western Australia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 29 dairy farms with 699 apparently healthy adult lactating cows and 495 young calves during 2019–2020. Nasal swabs and blood samples collected from the animals and bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were assessed for M. bovis-specific proteins and antibodies by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Mycoplasma immunogenic lipase A- Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (MilA ELISA). A seroprevalence of 42.5% (95% CI: 38.9–46.2) and 61% (95% CI: 56.6–65.2) was found in adult lactating cows and calves, respectively. The herd-level seroprevalence of M. bovis ranged from 4% (95% CI: 07–19.5) to 92% (95% CI: 75.0–97.8) in adult lactating cows and 25% (95% CI: 10.2–49.5) to 87% (95% CI: 67.9–95.5) for calves in these farms. None of the BTM and nasal swab samples were positive for M. bovis, indicating an absence of any current active infections on the farms. The female calves and pure Holstein–Friesian animals are twice as likely to be seropositive for M. bovis compared to male calves (OR 2.4; 95% CI: 1.7–3.5) and Holstein–Friesian crossbred calves (OR 2.4; 95% CI: 1.7–3.5). The high seroprevalence in both adult and young cattle in the southwest dairy farms of Western Australia warrants more effective farm biosecurity measures and further evaluation of the current prevention and management measures practiced on the farms.
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Lambert, Linda C., Hoa Q. Trummell, Ashvani Singh, Gail H. Cassell, and Robert J. Bridges. "Mycoplasma pulmonis Inhibits Electrogenic Ion Transport across Murine Tracheal Epithelial Cell Monolayers." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.1.272-279.1998.
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ABSTRACT Murine chronic respiratory disease is characterized by persistent colonization of tracheal and bronchial epithelial cell surfaces byMycoplasma pulmonis, submucosal and intraluminal immune and inflammatory cells, and altered airway activity. To determine the direct effect of M. pulmonis upon transepithelial ion transport in the absence of immune and inflammatory cell responses, primary mouse tracheal epithelial cell monolayers (MTEs) were apically infected and assayed in Ussing chambers. M. pulmonis-infected MTEs, but not those infected with a nonmurine mycoplasma, demonstrated reductions in amiloride-sensitive Na+ absorption, cyclic AMP, and cholinergic-stimulated Cl− secretion and transepithelial resistance. These effects were shown to require interaction of viable organisms with the apical surface of the monolayer and to be dependent upon organism number and duration of infection. Altered transport due to M. pulmonis was not merely a result of epithelial cell death as evidenced by the following: (i) active transport of Na+ and Cl−, albeit at reduced rates; (ii) normal cell morphology, including intact tight junctions, as demonstrated by electron microscopy; (iii) maintenance of a mean transepithelial resistance of 440 Ω/cm2; and (iv) lack of leakage of fluid from the basolateral to the apical surface of the monolayer. Alteration in epithelial ion transport in vitro is consistent with impaired pulmonary clearance and altered airway function in M. pulmonis-infected animals. Furthermore, the ability of M. pulmonis to alter transport without killing the host cell may explain its successful parasitism and long-term persistence in the host. Further study of the MTE-M. pulmonis model should elucidate the molecular mechanisms which mediate this reduction in transepithelial ion transport.
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Dias-Alves, Andrea, Oscar Cabezón, Nicole Borel, Jorge Ramón López-Olvera, Gregorio Mentaberre, Santiago Lavín, and Xavier Fernández Aguilar. "Molecular Detection and Identification of Chlamydiaceae in the Eyes of Wild and Domestic Ruminant Hosts from Northern Spain." Pathogens 10, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030383.
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Infections by Chlamydiae are associated with ocular disease in humans and animals. In this study, the presence and diversity of Chlamydia spp. was assessed in diseased and healthy eyes of domestic sheep and wild ruminants that share mountain habitats in northern Spain. The presence of Chlamydia spp. was tested by real-time PCR in 1786 conjunctival swabs collected from both eyes of 893 animals from mountain habitats in northern Spain, and chlamydial species were identified in the positive samples by ArrayTube microarray methods. Chlamydial DNA was detected in 0.6% (CI95% 0.2–1.3) of the Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) and 1.4% (CI95% <0.01–8.1) of the sheep (Ovis aries) sampled, with Chlamydia pecorum the only chlamydial species identified. No association of C. pecorum with ocular disease or co-infection with Mycoplasma conjunctivae was found. Further studies on the pathogenesis of infectious keratoconjunctivitis are needed to better understand the ecology of C. pecorum and its possible role as a ruminant pathogen at the wildlife–livestock interface.
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Fong, Ignatius W., Brian Chiu, Esther Viira, Dan Jang, and James B. Mahony. "De Novo Induction of Atherosclerosis byChlamydia pneumoniae in a Rabbit Model." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 6048–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.11.6048-6055.1999.
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ABSTRACT Chlamydia pneumoniae, a bacterial respiratory tract pathogen, has been associated with atherosclerosis in humans. C. pneumoniae infection of the respiratory tracts of rabbits fed a noncholesterol diet induced changes of atherosclerosis of the aorta in 6 (26.1%) of 23 animals after a single inoculum at 3 months. Multiple inocula given three times within 6 weeks resulted in grade III atherosclerosis in 8 (34.8%) of 23 rabbits, with an additional 5 (21.7%) showing increased myxoid changes in the intima-media junction and exhibiting 8 (34.8%) focal periaortitis. Control animals inoculated with carrier broth (n = 24), HEp-2 cells (n = 12), or another respiratory pathogen,Mycoplasma pneumoniae (n = 32), produced no changes of atherosclerosis after 3 months. The histological changes were dissimilar (fewer foam cells) from those of rabbits fed a 0.5% cholesterol diet but were highly similar to or indistinguishable from changes in rabbits fed a 0.15% cholesterol diet (similar to that of humans). Proinflammatory cytokines and tissue growth factors were more consistently detected in cholesterol-induced aortic lesions than those induced by C. pneumoniae. These data are compatible with de novo induction of atherogenesis by C. pneumoniae in rabbits and suggest that C. pneumoniae may be important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in humans.
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Peixoto, Renato Mesquita, Alice Andrioli, Raymundo Rizaldo Pinheiro, Francisco Selmo Fernandes Alves, Vanderlan Warlington Souza Dos Santos, Maximiana Mesquita De Souza, Dalva Alana Aragão De Azevedo, Edgar Marques Damasceno, and Maria Fátima da Silva Teixeira. "Mycoplasma agalactiae in Dairy Goat Flocks Bred in State of Ceará in Association with Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46, no. 1 (February 27, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.86091.
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Background: Contagious agalactia is an infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae (M. agalactiae) that occurs in small ruminants leading to productive and economic losses. Due to the similarity of clinical signs presented in Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE), which is a viral disease, a differential diagnosis is important. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of anti-Mycoplasma agalactiae antibodies in dairy goat flocks in Ceará State and possible correlation with CAE.Materials, Methods & Results: The research was performed in four mesoregions in Ceará State (Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza-MRF; Northeast Ceará - NeC; North Ceará - NC; Sertões in Ceará - SC), from which 16 productions located in 10 cities with the highest representativeness for goat milk production within the State or mesoregion were sampled. A total of 417 females and 69 males (486 animals) of breeds with dairy production aptitude, pure or crossbreed, maintained in semi-intensive or intensive systems, were tested. Blood serum was obtained by venipuncture of the jugular vein with vacuum pressure syringe followed by centrifugation at 1,500 g for 10min. Antibodies against the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) were detected with micro technique of agarose gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and Western Blot (WB). The anti-Mycoplasma agalactiae antibodies were detected with commercial kit of enzymatic immunoassay (IDEXX Laboratories™). Seroprevalence of M. agalactiae in dairy goat flocks in Ceará State was 0.62% (3/486). From the total of 16 visited productions, 18.75% (3/16) had seropositive animals for M. agalactiae located in MRF, NC and SC mesoregions. CAE was diagnosed in 56.25% (9/16) of productions with AGID and in 81.25% (13/16) with WB. In addition, 5.2% (25/486) of animals were seropositive for CAE with AGID and 16.6% (80/486) with WB. Animals that reacted positive for M. agalactiae were all females of pure breed with milk production aptitude in distinct mesoregions submitted to intensive rearing system. None of these animals was positive in neither test (AGID or WB) for CAE. Therefore, no correlation of results obtained in diagnosis of M. agalactiae by ELISA and CAEV by AGID or WB (P < 0.05) was identified. However, two out of three productions that were positive for M. agalactiae presented positive results for CAEV with frequencies of 10% and 20%.Discussion: Seroprevalence of M. agalactiae in Ceará State was low in comparison with other Brazilian states and even other countries. However, the presence of the pathogen in more than one mesoregion indicates that the disease occurs in different locations within the State. Therefore, flocks in Ceará are susceptible to the infection, which may be favored by uncontrolled commerce that occurs with deficient surveillance, associated with the importation of animals to improve flock genetic quality. The presence of the pathogen in dairy goats may contribute to significant losses in the local production. On the other hand, CAE was diagnosedin nearly all productions proving the dissemination of this lentivirus infection among dairy goat flocks in Ceará State. Although an association between these diseases was not identified, the presence of a retrovirus in the organism may favor co-infection with another micro-organism, promoting the deficiency in the immune system of the host. In conclusion, M. agalactiae is present in different mesoregions of the Ceará State and control measures should be adopted in short term to prevent pathogen dissemination and, consequently reduce economic and productive losses in the local dairy goat production. No correlation was identified between the prevalence of infection by CAEV and M. agalactiae in this study.Keywords: correlation, diagnosis, caprine lentivirus, mycoplasmosis.
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Krzysztoń-Russjan, Jolanta, Jakub Chudziak, Małgorzata Bednarek, and Elżbieta Lidia Anuszewska. "Development of New PCR Assay with SYBR Green I for Detection of Mycoplasma, Acholeplasma, and Ureaplasma sp. in Cell Cultures." Diagnostics 11, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11050876.
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Mycoplasma, Acholeplasma, and Ureaplasma sp. are atypical bacteria responsible for in vitro cell culture contaminations that can warp the results. These bacteria also cause human and animal infections and may lead to chronic diseases. In developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in this study a quantitative PCR with SYBR Green I fluorochrome was applied to facilitate the Mycoplasma, Acholeplasma, and Ureaplasma sp. DNA detection and identification. Screening Test-1 v.1 (triplex qPCR) allowed for the detection of 11 species. Test-1 v.2 (three single qPCRs) pre-identified three subgroups, allowing for the reduction of using single qPCRs in Test-2 for species identification. The range of both tests was consistent with pharmacopeial requirements for microbial quality control of mammal cells and included detection of M. arginini, M. orale, M. hyorhinis, M. fermentans, M. genitalium, M. hominis, M. pneumoniae, M. salivarium, M. pirum, A. laidlawii, and U. urealyticum. Limit of detection values varied between 125–300 and 50–100 number of copies per milliliter in Test-1 and Test-2, respectively. Test-1 and Test-2 showed fully concordant results, allowed for time-saving detection and/or identification of selected species from Mycoplasma, Acholeplasma, and Ureaplasma in tested cell cultures.
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Persson Waller, Karin, Kerstin Dahlgren, Giulio Grandi, Maya Louise Holding, Katarina Näslund, Anna Omazic, Hein Sprong, Karin Ullman, and Mikael Leijon. "A Disease Outbreak in Beef Cattle Associated with Anaplasma and Mycoplasma Infections." Animals 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13020286.
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An outbreak of disease in a Swedish beef cattle herd initiated an in-depth study to investigate the presence of bacteria and viruses in the blood of clinically healthy (n = 10) and clinically diseased cattle (n = 20) using whole-genome shotgun sequencing (WGSS). The occurrence of infectious agents was also investigated in ticks found attached to healthy cattle (n = 61) and wild deer (n = 23), and in spleen samples from wild deer (n = 30) and wild boars (n = 10). Moreover, blood samples from 84 clinically healthy young stock were analysed for antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia divergens. The WGSS revealed the presence of at least three distinct Mycoplasma variants that were most closely related to Mycoplasma wenyonii. Two of these were very similar to a divergent M. wenyonii variant previously only detected in Mexico. These variants tended to be more common in the diseased cattle than in the healthy cattle but were not detected in the ticks or wild animals. The DNA of A. phagocytophilum was detected in similar proportions in diseased (33%) and healthy (40%) cattle, while 70% of the deer, 8% of ticks collected from the cattle and 19% of the ticks collected from deer were positive. Almost all the isolates from the cattle, deer and ticks belonged to Ecotype 1. Based on sequencing of the groEL-gene, most isolates of A. phagocytophilum from cattle were similar and belonged to a different cluster than the isolates from wild deer. Antibodies against A. phagocytophilum were detected in all the analysed samples. In conclusion, uncommon variants of Mycoplasma were detected, probably associated with the disease outbreak in combination with immune suppression due to granulocytic anaplasmosis. Moreover, A. phagocytophilum was found to be circulating within this cattle population, while circulation between cattle and deer occurred infrequently.