Relevant bibliographies by topics / Mycoplasma diseases in plants

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Mycoplasma diseases in plants'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Mycoplasma diseases in plants"

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Shastin, Pavel, Vasilii Savinov, Andrei Kapustin, Anton Yuzakov, and Alexey Laishevtsev. "Mycoplasmosis of farm animals." BIO Web of Conferences 51 (2022): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20225103002.

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The article presents an overview characterizing the spread of Mycoplasma infections among various kinds of farm animals. It also demonstrates the urgency of the pathogen of the disease - Mycoplasma spp., its characteristics and structural features, which provide significant differences from other types of microorganisms. Most species of Mycoplasma spp. are strictly specific to the host, but some of them pose a danger to humans. Mycoplasmas in animals cause diseases ranging from acute forms of the disease to an asymptomatic course. With the development of pathology, damage to various organs and tissues is observed, which indicates a high tropism of the pathogen, which contributes to the development of a generalized form of pathology. The most susceptible is the respiratory and reproductive tract, as a result of which farms are inflicted with significant economic damage. At the same time, some of the mycoplasmas build a symbiotic relationship with the host organism. Attempts to use antimicrobial therapy, including in various combinations, do not always lead to a positive result, which is due to the development of antibiotic resistance of the pathogen. Thanks to the change in the genome, mycoplasmas have become the smallest bacteria capable of self-replication. Mycoplasmas are classified as parasites or symbionts of animals, insects and plants, while the disease itself is opportunistic. Diagnosis of the disease consists mainly of three methods: serological, molecular biological and bacteriological, which are often used simultaneously. The cultivation of mycoplasmas has its own characteristic difficulties and features due to the structure of bacteria.
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Mugunthan, Susithra Priyadarshni, Ganapathy Kannan, Harish Mani Chandra, and Biswaranjan Paital. "Infection, Transmission, Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development against Mycoplasma gallisepticum." Vaccines 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020469.

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Mycoplasma sp. comprises cell wall-less bacteria with reduced genome size and can infect mammals, reptiles, birds, and plants. Avian mycoplasmosis, particularly in chickens, is primarily caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae. It causes infection and pathology mainly in the respiratory, reproductive, and musculoskeletal systems. MG is the most widely distributed pathogenic avian mycoplasma with a wide range of host susceptibility and virulence. MG is transmitted both by horizontal and vertical routes. MG infection induces innate, cellular, mucosal, and adaptive immune responses in the host. Macrophages aid in phagocytosis and clearance, and B and T cells play critical roles in the clearance and prevention of MG. The virulent factors of MG are adhesion proteins, lipoproteins, heat shock proteins, and antigenic variation proteins, all of which play pivotal roles in host cell entry and pathogenesis. Prevention of MG relies on farm and flock biosecurity, management strategies, early diagnosis, use of antimicrobials, and vaccination. This review summarizes the vital pathogenic mechanisms underlying MG infection and recapitulates the virulence factors of MG–host cell adhesion, antigenic variation, nutrient transport, and immune evasion. The review also highlights the limitations of current vaccines and the development of innovative future vaccines against MG.
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Liu, B., DT White, KB Walsh, and PT Scott. "Detection of phytoplasmas in dieback, yellow crinkle, and mosaic diseases of papaya using polymerase chain reaction techniques." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 3 (1996): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960387.

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Oligonucleotide primers complementary to regions specific to plant-pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms (phytoplasmas) were used in polymerase chain reactions on tissue samples from dieback, yellow crinkle, and mosaic affected papaya plants. The primer pair P068/P069, which hybridise to internal regions of the 16s rRNA gene, amplified an approximately 560 bp product in dieback, yellow crinkle and mosaic affected papaya. The primer pair P3/P7, which hybridise to the spacer region between the 16s and 23s rRNA genes, amplified an approximately 300 bp fragment in yellow crinkle and mosaic affected papaya, with no product from dieback affected plants. No PCR product was obtained with either set of primers from healthy plants. An identical Alu I restriction enzyme profile was obtained with all three 560 bp products. This study provides the first evidence for the association of phytoplasmas with papaya mosaic and Australian papaya dieback.
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Hidanah, Sri, Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum, Retno Sri Wahjuni, and Arimbi Arimbi. "Implementation of Meniran Extract (Phyllanthus Niruri Linn) on the Performance of Broiler Chickens Infected by Mycoplasma gallisepticum Caused Chronic Respiratory Disease." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 6 (December 3, 2017): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1138.

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Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of chicken is a disease that has great economic losses in poultry industry in the world. The losses are mainly due to the decrease of body weight gain, feed efficiencies, hatchabilities and increase conversion of the feed, of embryo mortality. The main causative agent of Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) is Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Mycoplasma gallisepticum attacks the respiratory tract, especially in young broiler chickens with age ranged 3-5 weeks. CRD treatment usually uses macrolide antibiotics, because it has proven effective to inhibit protein synthesis. However, it is not recommended to continuously given because the chicken can be resistant to the medicineand leave a harmful reside to consumers. The development of herbal medicine utilization currently is mostly implemented for the treatment of diseases that infected livestock. Meniran plants (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) is one of the plants that can be used as prevention and alternative treatment caused by Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD). Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) has the content of bioactive compounds that have antibacterial activity, including terpenoids,alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The purpose of this study is to test and evaluate the effectiveness of Meniran extract (Phyllanthus Niruri Linn) on the performance of broiler chickens infected by Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD), seen from the feed conversion.Keywords: Meniran, Mycoplasma galisepticum, Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD), performance of Broiler Chickens, Feed Conversion
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Tanne, E., L. Kuznetsova, J. Cohen, S. Alexandrova, and A. Gera. "Phytoplasmas as Causal Agents of Celosia Disease in Israel." HortScience 35, no. 6 (October 2000): 1103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.6.1103.

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Recently, yellows diseases have become more common in Israel, and phytoplasmas have been detected in some of these diseased crops. Commercial fields of two celosia species (Celosia plumosa L. and C. cristata L.) also have exhibited yellows symptoms and total crop failure. Typical mycoplasma-like bodies were observed in infected but not in healthy plants. The same plants were analyzed for the presence of phytoplasma by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using the universal oligonucleotide pair r16SF2/r16SR2, followed by nested PCR using group-specific primers. Restriction analyses performed with these products indicated that two different types of phytoplasmas are infecting celosia. PCR-RFLP analysis of one type revealed a restriction pattern typical of aster yellows. Similar analysis of the second type indicated possible relatedness, though not identity, to the pattern of phytoplasmas of the Western-X group. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of phytoplasma infection in celosia.
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Korobkova, K., and V. Patyka. "Recent data on the causative agent of pale green dwarf (Acholeplasma laidlawii var. granulum incertae sedis) in Ukraine: pathogenicityand virulence factors and host reactions." Agricultural Science and Practice 2, no. 1 (April 15, 2015): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp2.01.030.

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Contemporary state of the distribution of mycoplasma diseases of cultivated crops in Ukraine was analyzed. The changes of the physiological state of plant cells under the impact of mollicutes were investigated. It was demonstrated that there is temporary increase in the activity of peroxidase, catalase, polyphenoloxidase, phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase at the early stages of interaction. The adhesive properties are changed in the mollicutes under the impact of plant lectin; there is synthesis of new polypeptides. It was determined that the phytopathogenic acholeplasma is capable of producing a complex of proteolytic enzymes into the culture me- dium. It was concluded that when plant cells are infected with acholeplasma, a number of signaling interactions and metabolic transformations condition the recognition of pathogenesis and ensure the aggregate response of a plant to stress in the form of defense reactions. It was assumed that some specifi cities of the biology of phy- topathogenic acholeplasma determine their avoiding the immune mechanisms of plants and promote long-term persistence of mollicutes.
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Kollar, A., and E. Seemüller. "Base Composition of the DNA of Mycoplasma-Like Organisms Associated with Various Plant Diseases." Journal of Phytopathology 127, no. 3 (November 1989): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1989.tb01127.x.

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Rossini, M. N., A. L. Giayetto, D. L. Vera, and S. Frayssinet. "First Report in Argentina of Apple stem pitting virus Causing Pear Vein Yellows Disease in Pear." Plant Disease 94, no. 4 (April 2010): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-4-0488a.

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Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) is an important latent virus of apple trees transmitted by grafting. In pear trees, ASPV is associated with pear vein yellows and pear necrotic spot diseases. Symptoms consist of chlorotic leaf banding and red mottling and flecking along the veins and necrotic spotting in some cultivars may also occur (4). During the spring of 2007, chlorotic leaf banding was observed in Bartlett pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees from one orchard in Bahía Blanca (Buenos Aires Province) and in Anjou, Packham, Abate Fetel, and Bartlett pears in another orchard in General Roca (Río Negro Province). The percentage of symptomatic plants was 10% in both cases. Pooled samples consisting of eight leaves per tree, 25 samples from Bahía Blanca and 25 samples from General Roca, were tested by double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA with a polyclonal antiserum from BIOREBA AG (Reinach, Switzerland). Five samples from Bahía Blanca and ten from General Roca were positive by DAS-ELISA. Only four positive samples by DAS-ELISA were also positive by immunocapture-reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using virions trapped in a microcentrifuge tube (3). A fragment of 370 bp was amplified with specific primers from each of these four samples. Amplicons were cloned and the nucleotide sequences were determined for one clone of each sample (GenBank Accession Nos. GQ356781, GQ356782, GQ356783, and GQ356784). All sequences had the highest identities with coat protein genes of ASPV. One of them was 94% identical with the coat protein gene of isolate PA66 isolate from Germany (GenBank Accession No. D21829.1) (1). Losses in pear by ASPV have not been demonstrated yet in Argentina. However, when the virus is present with other virus or virus-like diseases, a synergistic effect may occur and growth reduction may exceed 50% (2). Because of the mild symptoms in pear plants, nurserymen or growers must take care when they select material for propagation, in part because laws requiring virus-free propagation material do not exist in Argentina. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ASPV in pears in Argentina. References: (1) W. Jelkmann. J. Gen. Virol. 75:1535, 1994. (2) A. L. Jones and H. S. Aldwinckle. Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1990. (3) W. Menzel et al. J. Virol. Methods 99:81, 2002. (4) M. Németh. Virus, Mycoplasma and Rickettsia Disease of Fruit Trees. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1986.
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Prasad, Durga, Shashikant Sharma, Ruhi Sheikh, Vaish navi, Anisha Jee, and Jyotindra Tiwari. "Breeding Strategies for Historically Important Plant Pathogens -A Holistic Approach." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2022): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1106.024.

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Fungi, bacteria, mycoplasma, Spiroplasma, virus, viroid, phanerogamic plant parasites, and other macro pests are all agents, which lead to suffering of plants, this effects the tropic levels above producers who are feeding on them for survival. Science of pathology shouldn’t be confined to humans itself (I mean understanding human diseases), it’s equally important that the science of plant pathology must be given equal importance as medicine. We have seen many epiphytotic in past, Irish famine which led to death of approx 1 million people and migration of 1.5 million Irish, chestnut blight, Dutch elm disease, lethal yellowing of coconut (in Caribbeans and south America), powdery mildew, downy mildew (Europe especially UK and France), rusts and etc. These incidents in past made us realize how important its to have concern towards crop protection orelse people die out of food or this may disturb ecology by eliminating a plant species which was about to happen in elm and chestnut. Hence its responsibility of plant pathologists to serve humanity the way doctors serve human health. Hence emerged methods to deal with plant pathogens and human being in course of history discovered different methods of controlling pathogens which include agronomic cultural methods, botanical sand etc. and then make chemical method as science advanced, chemistry revolutionized however chemicals were used in ancient antiquity i.e., Homer suggested use of Sulphur far back in 1000 BC and Tillet and Prevost suggested use of copper sulphate for smuts. However, after World War 2 the use of chemicals increased in accelerated rate. Apart from using chemicals (Sulphur for PM, Bordeaux mixture for DM, Copper Sulphate for Smut – which were using in past in history). Keeping all these apart, in 19th century ending till 20th century middle emergence of science of genetics and improvements in plant breeding gave us new technology to make disease resistant plants. And in 20th century ending, improvements in biotechnology, and coming together of plant breeding and biotechnology enabled us further to make disease resistant plants easily. The 5th generation breeding which includes markers and biotechnology as enabled us in pyramiding genes, MABC enabled us to transfer genes governing biotic stress resistance from wild plants into agronomically desirable cultivated plants (introgression), the best classic example being transfer of Xa21, xa5 and xa13 genes into Pusa Basmati – 1 making it Improved Pusa Basmati – 1. Even the conventional breeding methods are still in major use to develop disease resistance plants i.e., selection, introduction, hybridization and etc. The review article is made in very holistic manner which includes all major historic important pathogens and breeding strategies employed to improve them and it includes rusts, Panama wilt, Coffee rust, bacterial blight of rice and etc.
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Pranay, K., A. Roy, and T. K. Aher. "Characterization of p30 membrane protein gene of Mycoplasma agalactiae isolates by polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease enzyme assay." African Journal of Microbiology Research 12, no. 14 (April 14, 2018): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2016.8182.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mycoplasma diseases in plants"

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Bianchini, Luciana. "Identificação molecular de isolados do fitoplasma do enfezamento vermelho do milho coletados no Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11135/tde-07082002-142005/.

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A partir de meados da década de 80, com a expansão da cultura do milho para além das épocas tradicionais de cultivo, quer pela prática da safrinha ou por plantios irrigados, vem ocorrendo um aumento na incidência de doenças a secundária. Dentro deste contexto, o enfezamento vermelho do milho, relatado no país primeiramente em 1970, vem ocorrendo de forma freqüente, apresentando altos índices de ocorrência, muitas vezes com comprometimento total da produção. As plantas infectadas apresentam uma sintomatologia complexa facilmente confundida com viroses. O sintoma mais característico é o avermelhamento foliar. Além do avermelhamento as plantas apresentam redução na altura, perfilhamento basal e axilar, espigas extranumerárias e colmos afinados. Essa doença é causada por um procarioto não cultivável em meio de cultura, habitante exclusivo do floema, denominado fitoplasma, veiculado de forma persistente e propagativa pela cigarrinha Dalbulus maidis. Devido às características do patógeno, a única forma de controle promissora é a utilização de variedades tolerantes/resistentes. Para eficiência na obtenção destas variedades é necessário um diagnóstico correto e conhecimento sobre a variabilidade metodologia mais eficiente tanto para diagnose correta como para investigar essa variabilidade tem sido o PCR. O PCR, utilizando oligonucleotídeos baseados no gene 16SrDNA seguido da análise de RFLP, proporciona uma identificação mente a classificação de fitoplasmas é fundamentada no perfil molecular obtido por análise de RFLP de fragmentos do gene 16SrDNA amplificados. Com base nestas considerações, o trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar molecularmente isolados do fitoplasma associado ao enfezamento vermelho do milho, coletados em quatro regiões produtoras de milho do estado de São Paulo. A sintomatologia para cada amostra de milho foi anotada. Foram usados dois pares de oligonucleotídeos universais para fitoplasmas em duplo PCR, um par de oligonucleotídeo especificamente desenvolvido para detecção do fitoplasma do enfezamento vermelho do milho, além de oligonucleotídeos para detecção de fitoplasmas pertencentes a grupos específicos. Após amplificação e eletroforese, 29 isolados foram selecionados para a identificação através de RFLP. Fragmentos de DNA foram submetidos à digestão com diferentes enzimas de restrição com o objetivo de identificar/classificar o fitoplasma. Os padrões de bandas obtidos após a eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida foram comparados com os padrões atuais para classificação dos fitoplasmas. Todos os isolados analisados apresentaram idênticos padrões de bandas, para cada enzima de restrição, considerada individualmente. Não houve diferenciação de acordo com a região geográfica de coleta ou de acordo com intensidade de sintomas apresentados. Todos os isolados foram identificados como pertencentes ao grupo I e subgrupo B da classificação molecular atualmente adotada para estes microorganismos.
Since the middle 80s, an increase in year round cropping of maize resulted in a spread of secondary diseases in the crop’s major production areas. In this context, maize busy stunt, firstly appointed in Brazil in 1970, is occurring more frequently, often with total damage of production. Infected plants show a complex symptomatology, easily confounded with virus-caused diseases. The most characteristic symptom is leaf reddening. Besides the reddening diseased plants show stunting, often developing tillering. This disease is caused by a phytoplasma, a wall- less prokaryote, uncultivable, phloem inhabitant. This pathogen is transmitted by the leafhopper Dalbulus maidis, a in persistent and propagative manner. Due to the pathogen’s characteristics, the best control measure is the use of tolerant/resistant plants. For efficiency in breeding, accurate procedures of detection and an investigation of the pathogen’s genetic variability are necessary. The more accurate manner is using PCR. PCR, using 16SrDNA based primers pairs and followed by RFLP analysis, offers a safe identification of the pathogen. Today the phytoplasma classification is based in molecular patterns obtained by RFLP analysis of amplified 16SrDNA gene fragments. This work’s objective was the molecular characterization of maize bushy stunt phytoplasma strains collected in four corn production areas in São Paulo state, Brazil. The simptomatology to every maize sample was saved. Two primer pairs in nested PCR and a specific primer pair developed to MBS detection were used, besides group specific phytoplasma primers pairs. After amplification and electrophoresis, 29 samples were selected. These selected samples were digested with different restriction enzymes to identify/classify the phytoplasma. The fragment’s sizes obtained by electrophoresis through 4,5% polyacrilamide gel were compared with the reference’s classification patterns. All analyzed samples showed identical fragment-size patterns, for each restriction enzyme considered individually. There was no difference between these samples according to geographic collect region or according to symptoms. All strains were identified as belonging to group I and subgroup B of molecular classification.
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Punyapornwithaya, Veerasak. "Molecular epidemiology of mycoplasma mastitis outbreak." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2010/v_punyapornwithaya_042110.pdf.

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Cook, Beth Susannah. "Development of genetic tools for functional genomic analysis of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618285.

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Manhart, Lisa Elaine. "Epidemiology of Mycoplasma genitalium in women /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10876.

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Robinson, Sally Rae. "Isolation, characterisation and molecular typing of feline mycoplasma species." Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/5512.

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The exact role of mycoplasma in feline ocular and respiratory disease is not yet understood. The results of previous studies are contradictory in this regard. There is some evidence to suggest that M. felis has a pathogenic role in such diseases, but it is inconclusive.
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and anatomical distribution of mycoplasmas in a population of shelter cats, to determine which species were present, and establish the association of their presence with ocular or respiratory disease.
The prevalence of mycoplasma in the 110 cats examined was 71.8%, as determined by in vitro culture. Mycoplasma was most commonly isolated from the pharynx, followed by the bronchus and conjunctiva. In infected cats, mycoplasmas were likely to be isolated from multiple anatomical sites.
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify part of the 16S rRNA gene, and the mutation scanning technique non-isotopic single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) was utilised to delineate mycoplasma isolates based on nucleotide sequence variation. PCR-SSCP proved to be a useful method to screen large numbers of samples for variation and to group them according to species.
The species of mycoplasma identified by nucleotide sequencing were M. felis and M. gateae. It was not determined whether it was possible to differentiate between M. gateae and M. arginini based on SSCP profile results with the target DNA region used due to their almost identical nucleotide sequence. This group of M. gateae/M. arginini served as a useful non-pathogenic comparison group to M. felis.
There was no statistically significant difference between M. felis and the M. gateae/M. arginini group with respect to prevalence or anatomic distribution. There was no evidence of any association of mycoplasma with disease linked to any of the anatomic locations studied.
Mycoplasmas were isolated from the lower respiratory tract in 42.7% of cats. The isolation of mycoplasmas from the lower respiratory tract of healthy cats has been reported once, but this is the first report of M. felis being isolated from this location in healthy cats. This finding indicates that the isolation of mycoplasmas from the lower respiratory tract is not sufficient evidence to implicate a role in respiratory disease.
Mycoplasmas were not significantly involved in ocular or respiratory disease in the population of cats studied. More likely, they are commensal organisms in the conjunctiva, pharynx and bronchus. Whether they are capable of playing an opportunistic role in disease, or what conditions may facilitate such a role remains to be determined.
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Brewster, Veronica Rose. "Towards an eradication strategy for mycoplasma hypneumoniae from the UK pig herd." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701680.

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Roberts, S. J. "Bacterial diseases of woody ornamental plants." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375533.

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Olsen, Mary W. "Diseases of Urban Plants in Arizona." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144807.

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26 pp.
Geographically, Arizona can be divided roughly into four areas, southwest, central, southeast, and northern. These regions correspond with four climatic zones, allowing a large and diverse number of plants to be grown for landscaping purposes. But, interestingly, in this desert environment many of the parasitic diseases in landscape plants are caused by a limited number of plant pathogens. This publication discusses some of those diseases that are sufficiently important to the urban plants in all areas Arizona.
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Taylor, Kathryn, and Danielle Ellis. "Mycoplasma-like Organisms as the Causal Agent for Macrophylla Decline." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220516.

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Previous literature concerning citrus and other tree crops led us to ask if there was molecular evidence for mycoplasma -like organisms (MLOs) as the causal agent of Macrophylla decline and two other decline diseases, citrus blight and lemon sieve tube necrosis. We had molecular probes available to us that were either specific for MLOs of tree diseases and others that were universal for all known types of MLOs. We used a polymerase chain reaction (MLO) to determine if MLOs were present in the vascular tissues of decline and healthy citrus. I all trials performed, the trees were negative for MLO-PCR products. In addition, we attempted to transmit putative MLO 's from decline affected trees to Vinca rosea MLO-nurse plants. We were unable to affect this type of transfer. In addition, our attempts to identify MLO's in phloem tissue gave us negative results. We have since revised our hypothesis. We are currently pursuing the hypothesis that these decline disorders are the result of a rootstock scion incompatibility, that we may be able to avoid culturally, while maintaining these valuable combinations.
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Persson, Anja M. "Molecular characterisation of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC /." Uppsala : Dept. of Veterinary Microbiology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences ([Institutionen för veterinärmedicinsk mikrobiologi], Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2002. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2002/91-576-6364-5.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Mycoplasma diseases in plants"

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1931-, Hiruki C., ed. Tree mycoplasmas and mycoplasma diseases. Edmonton, Alta., Canada: University of Alberta Press, 1988.

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1931-, Hiruki C., ed. Tree mycoplasma and mycoplasma diseases. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1988.

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Raychaudhuri, S. P. Mollicute diseases of plants. New York: International Science Publisher, 1993.

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Karl, Maramorosch, ed. Plant diseases of viral, viroid, mycoplasma, and uncertain etiology. Boulder: Westview Press, 1992.

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Karl, Maramorosch, and Raychaudhuri S. P. 1915-, eds. Mycoplasma diseases of crops: Basic and applied aspects. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988.

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Németh, Mária V. Virus, mycoplasma, and rickettsia diseases of fruit trees. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1986.

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Regional Workshop on Plant Mycoplasma (3rd 1987 Indian National Science Academy). Plant diseases caused by fastidious prokaryotes: IIIrd Regional Workshop on Plant Mycoplasma. Edited by Raychaudhuri S. P. 1915- and Varma Anupam. New Delhi: Today & Tomorrow's, 1989.

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S, Summanwar Arvind, and Indian Agricultural Research Institute. Regional Station, Pune., eds. Researches on virus/virus like and mycoplasmal diseases of plants, 1940-1990. Pune, Maharashtra, India: Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, 1993.

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Roger, Miles, and Nicholas Robin, eds. Mycoplasma protocols. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 1998.

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Maramorosch, Karl, and S. P. Raychaudhuri, eds. Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3808-9.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mycoplasma diseases in plants"

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Banttari, Ernest E. "The Occurrence and Interaction of Plant Viruses and Mollicutes in Plants and Insect Vectors." In Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops, 193–208. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3808-9_11.

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Oldfield, George N. "Ecological Associations of Spiroplasma Citri with Insects, Plants, and other Plant Mycoplasmas in the Western United States." In Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops, 175–91. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3808-9_10.

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Sinha, R. C. "Purification and Properties of Mycoplasma-Like Organisms from Diseased Plants." In Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops, 29–50. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3808-9_2.

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Liss, Alan. "Prospects for Rapid Identification of Spiroplasmas in Plants and Animals." In Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops, 103–11. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3808-9_5.

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Plavsic, B., K. Krivokapic, and Z. Eric. "Kinetin Treatment of Stolbur Diseased Plants and Possibility of Its Application in Chemotherapy." In Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops, 417–30. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3808-9_22.

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Davis, R. E., and I. M. Lee. "Trends in Research on Plant Mycoplasmas." In Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops, 113–29. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3808-9_6.

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Arora, Y. K., and R. C. Sinha. "Plant Pathogenic Mycoplasmas: Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics." In Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops, 3–28. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3808-9_1.

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Maramorosch, Karl. "Non-Chemical Control of Plant Mycoplasma Diseases." In Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops, 431–49. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3808-9_23.

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Hiruki, C. "Rapid and Specific Detection Methods for Plant Mycoplasmas." In Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops, 77–101. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3808-9_4.

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Hiruki, C. "Fluorescence Microscopy of Yellows Diseases Associated with Plant Mycoplasma-Like Organisms." In Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops, 51–76. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3808-9_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mycoplasma diseases in plants"

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Siromeatnicov, Iulia, Eugenia Cotenco, and Dana Paladi. "Linii și combinații hibride de persectivă pentru obținerea soiurilor de tomate cu rezistență sporită la agenții patogeni." In Scientific International Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Perspectives". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/ppap2023.62.

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The investigated researches were oriented towards studying the dynamics of development and evolution of diseases in tomato culture with the assessment of resistance comparative of plants to pathogens visualized in field conditions (Alternaria sp.; Stolbur disease mycoplasma and Tomato mosaic virus (TMV). The research results show us that the effects caused by the disease Alternaria sp., in tomato lines cultured by seedlings were contaminated with the percentage value of 68,7%, at the same time for the parental forms cultured by seeds this disease constituted maximum values of 89.1%. The difference between perspective lines and parental forms is 20.4%. The maximum size of the values obtained in parental forms exceeds by 21.6% the outlook lines for the Stolbur disease mycoplasma.
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Ramirez-Corbera, AS, JA Hernández-Beriain, A. Rosas, and E. Girona. "THU0075 Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and rheumatoid arthritis." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, Annals of the rheumatic diseases ARD July 2001. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2001.952.

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Balanetchi, Ludmila, Consuela Adam, Rodica Selevestru, Ianos Adam, Diana Rotaru-Cojocari, Liuba Neamtu, and Svetlana Sciuca. "Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumonia infection in children respiratory diseases." In ERS International Congress 2021 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2021.pa1962.

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Kitajima, S., M. Kawano, H. Mutoh, I. Koni, H. Mabuchi, M. Matsumoto, and T. Seya. "THU0094 Experimental mycoplasma fermentans infection in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts induces m161ag expression." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, Annals of the rheumatic diseases ARD July 2001. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2001.971.

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Senanayake, M. M. V., and N. M. T. De Silva. "Identifying Medicinal Plants and Their Fungal Diseases." In 2022 6th SLAAI International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (SLAAI-ICAI). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/slaai-icai56923.2022.10002624.

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Michtchenko, A., A. V. Budagovsky, and O. N. Budagovskaya. "Optical Diagnostics Fungal and Virus Diseases of Plants." In 2015 12th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computing Science and Automatic Control (CCE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceee.2015.7357968.

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Anguelov, Roumen, Jean Lubuma, and Yves Dumont. "Mathematical analysis of vector-borne diseases on plants." In 2012 IEEE 4th International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (PMA). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2012.6524808.

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Singh, Mukesh Kumar, Madhup Agrawal, Mukund Pratap Singh, Vishan Kumar Gupta, and Kunti Mishra. "Edge Detection Based Segmentation of Wheat Plants Diseases." In 2023 Seventh International Conference on Image Information Processing (ICIIP). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciip61524.2023.10537702.

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Agrawal, Navin Kumar, and Ajeet Kumar Sharma. "Detection of Diseases in Plants using Convolutional Neural Networks." In 2021 10th International Conference on System Modeling & Advancement in Research Trends (SMART). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smart52563.2021.9676299.

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Sadigova, E. E., and T. H. Garagozov. "Selection of antibiotics suppressing bacterial and mycoplasma contamination of the original explants during in vitro microclonal propagation of grape." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.211.

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The research was conducted for the selection of antibiotics and determination of their effects on obtaining donor plants in vivo, improvement of morphogenesis and creation of plant collections with qualitative characteristics for in vitro microclonal propagation.
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Reports on the topic "Mycoplasma diseases in plants"

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Yogev, David, Ricardo Rosenbusch, Sharon Levisohn, and Eitan Rapoport. Molecular Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma agalactiae and its Application in Diagnosis and Control. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573073.bard.

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Mycoplasma bovis and M. agalactiae are two phylogenetically related mycoplasmas which cause economically significant diseases in their respective bovine or small ruminant hosts. These organisms cause persistent asymptomatic infections that can result in severe outbreaks upon introduction of carrier animals into susceptible herds. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying mycoplasma-host interaction, variation in virulence, or of the factors enabling avoidance of the host immune system. In recent years it has become apparent that the ability of pathogenic microorganisms to rapidly alter surface antigenic structures and to fine tune their antigenicity, a phenomena called antigenic variation, is one of the most effective strategies used to escape immune destruction and to establish chronic infections. Our discovery of a novel genetic system, mediating antigenic variation in M. bovis (vsp) as well as in M. agalactiae (avg) served as a starting point for our proposal which included the following objectives: (i) Molecular and functional characterization of the variable surface lipoproteins (Vsp) system of M. bovis and comparison with the Vsp-counterpart in M. agalactiae (ii) Determination of the role of Vsp proteins in the survival of M. bovis when confronted by host defense factors, (iii) Assessment of Vsp-based genetic and antigenic typing of M. bovis and M. agalactiae for epidemiology of infection and (iv) Improvement of diagnostic tests for M. bovis and M. agalactiae based on the vsp-and vsp-analogous systems. We have carried out an extensive molecular characterization of the vsp system and unravelled the precise molecular mechanism responsible for the generation of surface antigenic variation in M. bovis. Our data clearly demonstrated that the two pathogenic mycoplasma species possess large gene families encoding variable lipoprotein antigens that apparently play an important role in immune evasion and in pathogen-host interaction during infection. Phase variable production of these antigens was found to be mediated by a novel molecular mechanism utilizing double site-specific DNA inversions via an intermediate vsp configuration. Studies in model systems indicate that phase variation of VspA is relevant in interaction between M. bovis and macrophages or monocytes, a crucial stage in pathogenesis. Using an ELISA test with captured VspA as an antigen, phase variation was shown to occur in vivo and under field conditions. Genomic rearrangements in the avg gene family of M. agalactiae were shown to occur in vivo and may well have a role in evasion of host defences and establishment of chronic infection. An epidemiological study indicated that patterns of vsp-related antigenic variation diverge rapidly in an M. bovis infected herd. Marked divergence was also found with avg-based genomic typing of M. agalactiae in chronically infected sheep. However, avg-genomic fingerprints were found to be relatively homogeneous in different animals during acute stages of an outbreak of Contagious Agalactiae, and differ between unrelated outbreaks. These data support the concept of vsp-based genomic typing but indicate the necessity for further refinement of the methodology. The molecular knowledge on these surface antigens and their encoding genes provides the basis for generating specific recombinant tools and serological methods for serodiagnosis and epidemiological purposes. Utilization of these methods in the field may allow differentiating acutely infected herds from chronic herds and disease-free herds. In addition the highly immunogenic nature of these lipoproteins may facilitate the design of protective vaccine against mycoplasma infections.
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Jordan, Ramon L., Abed Gera, Hei-Ti Hsu, Andre Franck, and Gad Loebenstein. Detection and Diagnosis of Virus Diseases of Pelargonium. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568793.bard.

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Pelargonium (Geranium) is the number one pot plant in many areas of the United States and Europe. Israel and the U.S. send to Europe rooted cuttings, foundation stocks and finished plants to supply a certain share of the market. Geraniums are propagated mainly vegetatively from cuttings. Consequently, viral diseases have been and remain a major threat to the production and quality of the crop. Among the viruses isolated from naturally infected geraniums, 11 are not specific to Pelargonium and occur in other crops while 6 other viruses seem to be limited to geranium. However, several of these viruses are not sufficiently characterized to conclude that they are distinct agents and their nomenclature and taxonomy are confusing. The ability to separate, distinguish and detect the different viruses in geranium will overcome obstacles te developing effective detection and certification schemes. Our focus was to further characterize some of these viruses and develop better methods for their detection and control. These viruses include: isolates of pelargonium line pattern virus (PLPV), pelargonium ringspot virus (PelRSV), pelargonium flower break virus (PFBV), pelargonium leaf curl (PLCV), and tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV). Twelve hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies specific to a geranium isolate of TomRSV were produced. These antibodies are currently being characterized and will be tested for the ability to detect TomRSV in infected geraniums. The biological, biochemical and serological properties of four isometric viruses - PLPV, PelRSV, and PFBV (and a PelRSV-like isolate from Italy called GR57) isolated from geraniums exhibiting line and ring pattern or flower break symptoms - and an isolate ol elderbeny latent virus (ELV; which the literature indicates is the same as PelRSV) have been determined Cloned cDNA copies of the genomic RNAs of these viruses were sequenced and the sizes and locations of predicted viral proteins deduced. A portion of the putative replicase genes was also sequenced from cloned RT-PCR fragments. We have shown that, when compared to the published biochemical and serological properties, and sequences and genome organizations of other small isometric plant viruses, all of these viruses should each be considered new, distinct members of the Carmovirus group of the family Tombusviridae. Hybridization assays using recombinant DNA probes also demonstrated that PLPV, PelRSV, and ELV produce only one subgenomic RNA in infected plants. This unusual property of the gene expression of these three viruses suggests that they are unique among the Carmoviruses. The development of new technologies for the detection of these viruses in geranium was also demonstrated. Hybridization probes developed to PFBV (radioactively-labeled cRNA riboprobes) and to PLPV (non-radioactive digoxigenin-labeled cDNAs) were generally shown to be no more sensitive for the detection of virus in infected plants than the standard ELISA serology-based assays. However, a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay was shown to be over 1000 times more sensitive in detecting PFBV in leaf extracts of infected geranium than was ELISA. This research has lead to a better understanding of the identity of the viruses infecting pelargonium and to the development of new tools that can be used in an improved scheme of providing virus-indexed pelargonium plants. The sequence information, and the serological and cloned DNA probes generated from this work, will allow the application of these new tools for virus detection, which will be useful in domestic and international indexing programs which are essential for the production of virus-free germplasm both for domestic markets and the international exchange of plant material.
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Whitham, Steven A., Amit Gal-On, and Tzahi Arazi. Functional analysis of virus and host components that mediate potyvirus-induced diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7591732.bard.

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The mechanisms underlying the development of symptoms in response to virus infection remain to be discovered in plants. Insight into symptoms induced by potyviruses comes from evidence implicating the potyviral HC-Pro protein in symptom development. In particular, recent studies link the development of symptoms in infected plants to HC-Pro's ability to interfere with small RNA metabolism and function in plant hosts. Moreover, mutation of the highly conserved FRNK amino acid motif to FINK in the HC-Pro of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) converts a severe strain into an asymptomatic strain, but does not affect virus accumulation in cucurbit hosts. The ability of this FINK mutation to uncouple symptoms from virus accumulation creates a unique opportunity to study symptom etiology, which is usually confounded by simultaneous attenuation of both symptoms and virus accumulation. Our goal was to determine how mutations in the conserved FRNK motif affect host responses to potyvirus infection in cucurbits and Arabidopsis thaliana. Our first objective was to define those amino acids in the FRNK motif that are required for symptoms by mutating the FRNK motif in ZYMV and Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Symptom expression and accumulation of resulting mutant viruses in cucurbits and Arabidopsis was determined. Our second objective was to identify plant genes associated with virus disease symptoms by profiling gene expression in cucurbits and Arabidopsis in response to mutant and wild type ZYMV and TuMV, respectively. Genes from the two host species that are differentially expressed led us to focus on a subset of genes that are expected to be involved in symptom expression. Our third objective was to determine the functions of small RNA species in response to mutant and wild type HC-Pro protein expression by monitoring the accumulation of small RNAs and their targets in Arabidopsis and cucurbit plants infected with wild type and mutant TuMV and ZYMV, respectively. We have found that the maintenance of the charge of the amino acids in the FRNK motif of HC-Pro is required for symptom expression. Reduced charge (FRNA, FRNL) lessen virus symptoms, and maintain the suppression of RNA silencing. The FRNK motif is involved in binding of small RNA species including microRNAs (miRNA) and short interfering RNAs (siRNA). This binding activity mediated by the FRNK motif has a role in protecting the viral genome from degradation by the host RNA silencing system. However, it also provides a mechanism by which the FRNK motif participates in inducing the symptoms of viral infection. Small RNA species, such as miRNA and siRNA, can regulate the functions of plant genes that affect plant growth and development. Thus, this binding activity suggests a mechanism by which ZYMVHC-Pro can interfere with plant development resulting in disease symptoms. Because the host genes regulated by small RNAs are known, we have identified candidate host genes that are expected to play a role in symptoms when their regulation is disrupted during viral infections. As a result of this work, we have a better understanding of the FRNK amino acid motif of HC-Pro and its contribution to the functions of HC-Pro, and we have identified plant genes that potentially contribute to symptoms of virus infected plants when their expression becomes misregulated during potyviral infections. The results set the stage to establish the roles of specific host genes in viral pathogenicity. The potential benefits include the development of novel strategies for controlling diseases caused by viruses, methods to ensure stable expression of transgenes in genetically improved crops, and improved potyvirus vectors for expression of proteins or peptides in plants.
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Freeman, Stanley, and Daniel Legard. Epidemiology and Etiology of Colletotrichum Species Causing Strawberry Diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7695845.bard.

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Diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. are one of the most important limitations on international strawberry production, affecting all vegetative and fruiting parts of the plant. From 1995 to 1997, C. acutatum infections reached epidemic levels in Israeli strawberry nurseries, causing extensive loss of transplants in fruit-bearing fields and additional reductions in yield. Although C. acutatum also occurs on strawberry in Florida, recent crown rot epidemics have been primarily caused by C. gloeosporioides. Little is known about the basic epidemiology of these important diseases on strawberry. The source of initial inoculum for epidemics in Israel, Florida (other US states including California) and the rest of the world is not well understood. Subspecies relationships between Colletotrichum isolates that cause the different diseases on strawberry (i.e. attack different tissues) are also not well understood. Objectives of this proposal were to detennine the potential of infested soil, strawberry debris and other hosts as sources of primary inoculum for strawberry diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. in Israel and Florida. In addition, traditional (ie. morphological characteristics, benomyl sensitivity, vegetative compatibility grouping) and DNA based methods were used to investigate the etiology of these diseases in order to resolve epidemiologically important subspecies variation. In Israel it was found that C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum infecting strawberry could remain viable in sterilized soil for up to one year and in methyl-bromide fumigated soil for up to 4 months; inoculum in mummified fruit remained viable for at least 5 months under field conditions whereas that in infected crowns was not recovered. Therefore, the contribution of these inocula to disease epidemics should be considered. The host range and specificity of C. acutatum from strawberry was examined on pepper, eggplant, tomato, bean and strawberry under greenhouse conditions. The fungus was recovered from all plant species over a three-month period but caused disease symptoms only on strawberry. C. acutatum was also isolated from healthy looking, asymptomatic plants of the weed species, Vicia and Conyza, growing in infected strawberry fruiting fields. Isolates of C. acutatum originating from strawberry and anemone infected both plant species in artificial inoculations. The habitation of a large number of plant species including weeds by C. acutatum suggests that although it causes disease only on strawberry and anemone in Israel, these plants may serve as a potential inoculum source for strawberry infection and pennit survival of the pathogen between seasons. In Florida, isolates of Colletotrichum spp. from diseased strawberry fruit and crowns were evaluated to detennine their etiology and the genetic diversity of the pathogens. Only C. acutatum was recovered from fruit and C. gloeosporioides were the main species recovered from crowns. These isolates were evaluated at 40 putative genetic loci using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Genetic analysis of RAPD markers revealed that the level of linkage disequilibrium among polymorphic loci in C. gloeosporioides suggested that they were a sexually reproducing population. Under field conditions in Florida, it was detennined that C. gloeosporioides in buried crowns survived
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Bar-Joseph, Moshe, William O. Dawson, and Munir Mawassi. Role of Defective RNAs in Citrus Tristeza Virus Diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575279.bard.

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This program focused on citrus tristeza virus (CTV), the largest and one of the most complex RNA-plant-viruses. The economic importance of this virus to the US and Israeli citrus industries, its uniqueness among RNA viruses and the possibility to tame the virus and eventually turn it into a useful tool for the protection and genetic improvement of citrus trees justify these continued efforts. Although the overall goal of this project was to study the role(s) of CTV associated defective (d)-RNAs in CTV-induced diseases, considerable research efforts had to be devoted to the engineering of the helper virus which provides the machinery to allow dRNA replication. Considerable progress was made through three main lines of complementary studies. For the first time, the generation of an engineered CTV genetic system that is capable of infecting citrus plants with in vitro modified virus was achieved. Considering that this RNA virus consists of a 20 kb genome, much larger than any other previously developed similar genetic system, completing this goal was an extremely difficult task that was accomplished by the effective collaboration and complementarity of both partners. Other full-length genomic CTV isolates were sequenced and populations examined, resulting in a new level of understanding of population complexities and dynamics in the US and Israel. In addition, this project has now considerably advanced our understanding and ability to manipulate dRNAs, a new class of genetic elements of closteroviruses, which were first found in the Israeli VT isolate and later shown to be omnipresent in CTV populations. We have characterized additional natural dRNAs and have shown that production of subgenomic mRNAs can be involved in the generation of dRNAs. We have molecularly cloned natural dRNAs and directly inoculated citrus plants with 35S-cDNA constructs and have shown that specific dRNAs are correlated with specific disease symptoms. Systems to examine dRNA replication in protoplasts were developed and the requirements for dRNA replication were defined. Several artificial dRNAs that replicate efficiently with a helper virus were created from infectious full-genomic cDNAs. Elements that allow the specific replication of dRNAs by heterologous helper viruses also were defined. The T36-derived dRNAs were replicated efficiently by a range of different wild CTV isolates and hybrid dRNAs with heterologous termini are efficiently replicated with T36 as helper. In addition we found: 1) All CTV genes except of the p6 gene product from the conserved signature block of the Closteroviridae are obligate for assembly, infectivity, and serial protoplast passage; 2) The p20 protein is a major component of the amorphous inclusion bodies of infected cells; and 3) Novel 5'-Co-terminal RNAs in CTV infected cells were characterized. These results have considerably advanced our basic understanding of the molecular biology of CTV and CTV-dRNAs and form the platform for the future manipulation of this complicated virus. As a result of these developments, the way is now open to turn constructs of this viral plant pathogen into new tools for protecting citrus against severe CTV terms and development of virus-based expression vectors for other citrus improvement needs. In conclusion, this research program has accomplished two main interconnected missions, the collection of basic information on the molecular and biological characteristics of the virus and its associated dRNAs toward development of management strategies against severe diseases caused by the virus and building of novel research tools to improve citrus varieties. Reaching these goals will allow us to advance this project to a new phase of turning the virus from a pathogen to an ally.
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Hoitink, Harry A. J., Yitzhak Hadar, Laurence V. Madden, and Yona Chen. Sustained Suppression of Pythium Diseases: Interactions between Compost Maturity and Nutritional Requirements of Biocontrol Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568755.bard.

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Several procedures were developed that predict maturity (stability) of composts prepared from municipal solid wastes (MSW). A respirometry procedure, based O2 uptake by compost, predicted (R2=0.90) the growth response of ryegrass in composts and an acceptable level of maturity. Spectroscopic methods (CPMAS13-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy) showed that the stabilizing compost contained increasing levels of aromatic structures. All procedures predicted acceptable plant growth after approximately 110 days of composting. MSW compost suppressed diseases caused by a broad spectrum of plant pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum. A strain of Pantoea agglomerans was identified that caused lysis of hyphae of R. solani. Evidence was obtained, suggesting that thermophilic biocontrol agents also might play a role in suppression. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that the longevity of the suppressive effect against Pythium root rot was determined by the concentration of readily biodegradable carbohydrate in the substrate, mostly present as cellulose. Bacterial species capable of inducing biocontrol were replaced by those not effective as suppression was lost. The rate of uptake of 14C-acetate into microbial biomass in the conducive substrate was not significantly different from that in the suppressive substrate although specific activity was higher. The suppressive composts induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumjber roots to Pythium root rot and to anthracnose in the foliage. Composts also increased peroxidase activity in plants by the conducive substrate did not have these effects. In summary, the composition of the organic fraction determined bacterial species composition and activity in the substrate, which in turn regulated plant gene expression relative to biological control.
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Hoitink, Harry A. J., Yitzhak Hadar, Laurence V. Madden, and Yona Chen. Sustained Suppression of Pythium Diseases: Interactions between Compost Maturity and Nutritional Requirements of Biocontrol Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568746.bard.

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Several procedures were developed that predict maturity (stability) of composts prepared from municipal solid wastes (MSW). A respirometry procedure, based O2 uptake by compost, predicted (R2=0.90) the growth response of ryegrass in composts and an acceptable level of maturity. Spectroscopic methods (CPMAS13-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy) showed that the stabilizing compost contained increasing levels of aromatic structures. All procedures predicted acceptable plant growth after approximately 110 days of composting. MSW compost suppressed diseases caused by a broad spectrum of plant pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum. A strain of Pantoea agglomerans was identified that caused lysis of hyphae of R. solani. Evidence was obtained, suggesting that thermophilic biocontrol agents also might play a role in suppression. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that the longevity of the suppressive effect against Pythium root rot was determined by the concentration of readily biodegradable carbohydrate in the substrate, mostly present as cellulose. Bacterial species capable of inducing biocontrol were replaced by those not effective as suppression was lost. The rate of uptake of 14C-acetate into microbial biomass in the conducive substrate was not significantly different from that in the suppressive substrate although specific activity was higher. The suppressive composts induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumjber roots to Pythium root rot and to anthracnose in the foliage. Composts also increased peroxidase activity in plants by the conducive substrate did not have these effects. In summary, the composition of the organic fraction determined bacterial species composition and activity in the substrate, which in turn regulated plant gene expression relative to biological control.
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Chen, Yona, Jeffrey Buyer, and Yitzhak Hadar. Microbial Activity in the Rhizosphere in Relation to the Iron Nutrition of Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7613020.bard.

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Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the soil, but since it forms insoluble hydroxides at neutral and basic pH, it often falls short of meeting the basic requirements of plants and microorganisms. Most aerobic and facultative aerobic microorganisms possess a high-affinity Fe transport system in which siderophores are excreted and the consequent Fe complex is taken up via a cognate specific receptor and a transport pathway. The role of the siderophore in Fe uptake by plants and microorganisms was the focus of this study. In this research Rhizopus arrhizus was found to produce a novel siderophore named Rhizoferrin when grown under Fe deficiency. This compound was purified and its chemical structure was elucidated. Fe-Rhizoferrin was found to alleviate Fe deficiency when applied to several plants grown in nutrient solutions. It was concluded that Fe-Rhizoferrin is the most efficient Fe source for plants when compared with other among microbial siderophores known to date and its activity equals that of the most efficient synthetic commercial iron fertilizer-Fe EDDHA. Siderophores produced by several rhizosphere organisms including Rhizopus Pseudomonas were purified. Monoclonal antibodies were produced and used to develop a method for detection of the siderophores produced by plant-growth-promoting microorganisms in barley rhizosphere. The presence of an Fe-ferrichrome uptake in fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. was demonstrated, and its structural requirements were mapped in P. putida with the help of biomimetic ferrichrome analogs. Using competition experiments, it was shown that FOB, Cop B and FC share at least one common determinant in their uptake pathway. Since FC analogs did not affect FOB or Cop-mediated 55Fe uptake, it could be concluded that these siderophores make use of a different receptor(s) than FC. Therefore, recognition of Cop, FOB and FC proceeds through different receptors having different structural requirements. On the other hand, the phytosiderophores mugineic acid (MA and DMA), were utilized indirectly via ligand exchange by P. putida. Receptors from different biological systems seem to differ in their structural requirements for siderophore recognition and uptake. The design of genus- or species-specific drugs, probes or chemicals, along with an understanding of plant-microbe and microbe-microbe relationships as well as developing methods to detect siderophores using monoclonal antibodies are useful for manipulating the composition of the rhizosphere microbial population for better plant growth, Fe-nutrition and protection from diseases.
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Rodriguez, Russell J., and Stanley Freeman. Gene Expression Patterns in Plants Colonized with Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Gene Disruption Mutants of Colletotrichum. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592112.bard.

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Fungal plant pathogens are responsible for extensive annual crop and revenue losses throughout the world. To better understand why fungi cause diseases, we performed gene-disruption mutagenesis on several pathogenic Colletotrichum species and demonstrated that pathogenic isolates can be converted to symbionts expressing non-pathogenic lifestyles. One group of nonpathogenic mutants confer disease protection against pathogenic species of Col!etotrichum, Fusarium and Phytophthora; drought tolerance; and growth enhancement to host plants. These mutants have been defined as mutualists and disease resistance correlates to a decrease in the time required for hosts to activate defense systems when exposed to virulent fungi. A second group of non-pathogenic mutants did not confer disease resistance and were classified as commensals. In addition, we have demonstrated that wildtype pathogenic Colletotrichum species can express non-pathogenic lifestyles, including mutualism, on plants they colonize asymptomatically. We have been using wildtype and isogenic gene disruption mutants to characterize gene expression patterns in plants colonized with a pathogen, mutualist or commensal. The US group is contrasting genes expressed during colonization by mutuahstic and commensal mutants of C. magna and a pathogenic wildtype C. coccodes on tomato. The Israeli group is characterizing genes expressed during asymptomatic colonization of tomato by wildtype C. acutatum and a non-pathogenic mutant.To accomplish this we have been utilizing suppressive subtraction hybridization, microarray and sequencing strategies. The expected contribution of this research to agriculture in the US and Israel is: 1) understanding how pathogens colonize certain hosts asymptomatic ally will shed light on the ecology of plant pathogens which has been described as a fundamental deficiency in plant pathology; 2) identifying genes involved in symbiotically conferred disease resistance will help explain why and how pathogens cause disease, and may identify new candidate targets for developing genetically modified disease resistant crop plants.
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10

Davis, Robert E., Edna Tanne, James P. Prince, and Meir Klein. Yellow Disease of Grapevines: Impact, Pathogen Molecular Detection and Identification, Epidemiology, and Potential for Control. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568792.bard.

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Grapevine yellows diseases characterized by similar symptoms have been reported in several countries including Israel, the United States, France, Italy, Spain, Germany and Australia. These diseases are among the most serious known in grapevine, but precise knowledge of the pathogens' identities and modes of their spread is needed to devise effective control stratgegies. The overall goals of this project were to develop improved molecular diagnostic procedures for detection and identification of the presumed mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) pathogens, now termed phytoplasmas, and to apply these procedures to investigate impact and spread and potential for controlling grapevine yellows diseases. In the course of this research project, increased incidence of grapevine yellows was found in Israel and the United States; the major grapevine yellows phytoplasma in Israel was identified and tis 16S rRNA gene characterized; leafhopper vectors of this grapevine yellows phytoplasma in Israel were identified; a second phytoplasma was discovered in diseased grapevines in Israel; the grapevine yellows disease in the U.S. was found to be distinct from that in Israel; grapevine yellows in Virginia, USA, was found to be caused by two different phytoplasmas; both phytoplasmas in Virginia grapevines were molecularly characterized and classified; commercial grapevines in Europe were discovered to host a phytoplasma associated with aster yellow disease in the USA, but this phytoplasma has not been found in grapevine in the USA; the Australian grapevine yellows phytoplasma was found to be distinct from the grapevine phytoplasmas in Israel, the United States and Europe and was described and named "Candidatus phytoplasma australiense", and weed host plants acting as potential reservoirs of the grapevine phytoplasmas were discovered. These and other findings from the project should aid in the design and development of strategies for managing the grapevine yellows disease problem.
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