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Journal articles on the topic 'Mycoplasma diseases in plants'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 July 2024

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1

Shastin, Pavel, Vasilii Savinov, Andrei Kapustin, Anton Yuzakov, and Alexey Laishevtsev. "Mycoplasmosis of farm animals." BIO Web of Conferences 51 (2022): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20225103002.

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The article presents an overview characterizing the spread of Mycoplasma infections among various kinds of farm animals. It also demonstrates the urgency of the pathogen of the disease - Mycoplasma spp., its characteristics and structural features, which provide significant differences from other types of microorganisms. Most species of Mycoplasma spp. are strictly specific to the host, but some of them pose a danger to humans. Mycoplasmas in animals cause diseases ranging from acute forms of the disease to an asymptomatic course. With the development of pathology, damage to various organs and tissues is observed, which indicates a high tropism of the pathogen, which contributes to the development of a generalized form of pathology. The most susceptible is the respiratory and reproductive tract, as a result of which farms are inflicted with significant economic damage. At the same time, some of the mycoplasmas build a symbiotic relationship with the host organism. Attempts to use antimicrobial therapy, including in various combinations, do not always lead to a positive result, which is due to the development of antibiotic resistance of the pathogen. Thanks to the change in the genome, mycoplasmas have become the smallest bacteria capable of self-replication. Mycoplasmas are classified as parasites or symbionts of animals, insects and plants, while the disease itself is opportunistic. Diagnosis of the disease consists mainly of three methods: serological, molecular biological and bacteriological, which are often used simultaneously. The cultivation of mycoplasmas has its own characteristic difficulties and features due to the structure of bacteria.

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2

Mugunthan, Susithra Priyadarshni, Ganapathy Kannan, Harish Mani Chandra, and Biswaranjan Paital. "Infection, Transmission, Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development against Mycoplasma gallisepticum." Vaccines 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020469.

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Mycoplasma sp. comprises cell wall-less bacteria with reduced genome size and can infect mammals, reptiles, birds, and plants. Avian mycoplasmosis, particularly in chickens, is primarily caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae. It causes infection and pathology mainly in the respiratory, reproductive, and musculoskeletal systems. MG is the most widely distributed pathogenic avian mycoplasma with a wide range of host susceptibility and virulence. MG is transmitted both by horizontal and vertical routes. MG infection induces innate, cellular, mucosal, and adaptive immune responses in the host. Macrophages aid in phagocytosis and clearance, and B and T cells play critical roles in the clearance and prevention of MG. The virulent factors of MG are adhesion proteins, lipoproteins, heat shock proteins, and antigenic variation proteins, all of which play pivotal roles in host cell entry and pathogenesis. Prevention of MG relies on farm and flock biosecurity, management strategies, early diagnosis, use of antimicrobials, and vaccination. This review summarizes the vital pathogenic mechanisms underlying MG infection and recapitulates the virulence factors of MG–host cell adhesion, antigenic variation, nutrient transport, and immune evasion. The review also highlights the limitations of current vaccines and the development of innovative future vaccines against MG.

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3

Liu, B., DT White, KB Walsh, and PT Scott. "Detection of phytoplasmas in dieback, yellow crinkle, and mosaic diseases of papaya using polymerase chain reaction techniques." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 3 (1996): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960387.

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Oligonucleotide primers complementary to regions specific to plant-pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms (phytoplasmas) were used in polymerase chain reactions on tissue samples from dieback, yellow crinkle, and mosaic affected papaya plants. The primer pair P068/P069, which hybridise to internal regions of the 16s rRNA gene, amplified an approximately 560 bp product in dieback, yellow crinkle and mosaic affected papaya. The primer pair P3/P7, which hybridise to the spacer region between the 16s and 23s rRNA genes, amplified an approximately 300 bp fragment in yellow crinkle and mosaic affected papaya, with no product from dieback affected plants. No PCR product was obtained with either set of primers from healthy plants. An identical Alu I restriction enzyme profile was obtained with all three 560 bp products. This study provides the first evidence for the association of phytoplasmas with papaya mosaic and Australian papaya dieback.

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4

Hidanah, Sri, Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum, Retno Sri Wahjuni, and Arimbi Arimbi. "Implementation of Meniran Extract (Phyllanthus Niruri Linn) on the Performance of Broiler Chickens Infected by Mycoplasma gallisepticum Caused Chronic Respiratory Disease." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 6 (December 3, 2017): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1138.

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Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of chicken is a disease that has great economic losses in poultry industry in the world. The losses are mainly due to the decrease of body weight gain, feed efficiencies, hatchabilities and increase conversion of the feed, of embryo mortality. The main causative agent of Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) is Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Mycoplasma gallisepticum attacks the respiratory tract, especially in young broiler chickens with age ranged 3-5 weeks. CRD treatment usually uses macrolide antibiotics, because it has proven effective to inhibit protein synthesis. However, it is not recommended to continuously given because the chicken can be resistant to the medicineand leave a harmful reside to consumers. The development of herbal medicine utilization currently is mostly implemented for the treatment of diseases that infected livestock. Meniran plants (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) is one of the plants that can be used as prevention and alternative treatment caused by Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD). Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) has the content of bioactive compounds that have antibacterial activity, including terpenoids,alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The purpose of this study is to test and evaluate the effectiveness of Meniran extract (Phyllanthus Niruri Linn) on the performance of broiler chickens infected by Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD), seen from the feed conversion.Keywords: Meniran, Mycoplasma galisepticum, Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD), performance of Broiler Chickens, Feed Conversion

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5

Tanne, E., L. Kuznetsova, J. Cohen, S. Alexandrova, and A. Gera. "Phytoplasmas as Causal Agents of Celosia Disease in Israel." HortScience 35, no. 6 (October 2000): 1103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.6.1103.

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Recently, yellows diseases have become more common in Israel, and phytoplasmas have been detected in some of these diseased crops. Commercial fields of two celosia species (Celosia plumosa L. and C. cristata L.) also have exhibited yellows symptoms and total crop failure. Typical mycoplasma-like bodies were observed in infected but not in healthy plants. The same plants were analyzed for the presence of phytoplasma by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using the universal oligonucleotide pair r16SF2/r16SR2, followed by nested PCR using group-specific primers. Restriction analyses performed with these products indicated that two different types of phytoplasmas are infecting celosia. PCR-RFLP analysis of one type revealed a restriction pattern typical of aster yellows. Similar analysis of the second type indicated possible relatedness, though not identity, to the pattern of phytoplasmas of the Western-X group. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of phytoplasma infection in celosia.

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6

Korobkova, K., and V. Patyka. "Recent data on the causative agent of pale green dwarf (Acholeplasma laidlawii var. granulum incertae sedis) in Ukraine: pathogenicityand virulence factors and host reactions." Agricultural Science and Practice 2, no. 1 (April 15, 2015): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp2.01.030.

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Contemporary state of the distribution of mycoplasma diseases of cultivated crops in Ukraine was analyzed. The changes of the physiological state of plant cells under the impact of mollicutes were investigated. It was demonstrated that there is temporary increase in the activity of peroxidase, catalase, polyphenoloxidase, phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase at the early stages of interaction. The adhesive properties are changed in the mollicutes under the impact of plant lectin; there is synthesis of new polypeptides. It was determined that the phytopathogenic acholeplasma is capable of producing a complex of proteolytic enzymes into the culture me- dium. It was concluded that when plant cells are infected with acholeplasma, a number of signaling interactions and metabolic transformations condition the recognition of pathogenesis and ensure the aggregate response of a plant to stress in the form of defense reactions. It was assumed that some specifi cities of the biology of phy- topathogenic acholeplasma determine their avoiding the immune mechanisms of plants and promote long-term persistence of mollicutes.

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7

Kollar, A., and E. Seemüller. "Base Composition of the DNA of Mycoplasma-Like Organisms Associated with Various Plant Diseases." Journal of Phytopathology 127, no. 3 (November 1989): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1989.tb01127.x.

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8

Rossini, M. N., A. L. Giayetto, D. L. Vera, and S. Frayssinet. "First Report in Argentina of Apple stem pitting virus Causing Pear Vein Yellows Disease in Pear." Plant Disease 94, no. 4 (April 2010): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-4-0488a.

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Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) is an important latent virus of apple trees transmitted by grafting. In pear trees, ASPV is associated with pear vein yellows and pear necrotic spot diseases. Symptoms consist of chlorotic leaf banding and red mottling and flecking along the veins and necrotic spotting in some cultivars may also occur (4). During the spring of 2007, chlorotic leaf banding was observed in Bartlett pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees from one orchard in Bahía Blanca (Buenos Aires Province) and in Anjou, Packham, Abate Fetel, and Bartlett pears in another orchard in General Roca (Río Negro Province). The percentage of symptomatic plants was 10% in both cases. Pooled samples consisting of eight leaves per tree, 25 samples from Bahía Blanca and 25 samples from General Roca, were tested by double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA with a polyclonal antiserum from BIOREBA AG (Reinach, Switzerland). Five samples from Bahía Blanca and ten from General Roca were positive by DAS-ELISA. Only four positive samples by DAS-ELISA were also positive by immunocapture-reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using virions trapped in a microcentrifuge tube (3). A fragment of 370 bp was amplified with specific primers from each of these four samples. Amplicons were cloned and the nucleotide sequences were determined for one clone of each sample (GenBank Accession Nos. GQ356781, GQ356782, GQ356783, and GQ356784). All sequences had the highest identities with coat protein genes of ASPV. One of them was 94% identical with the coat protein gene of isolate PA66 isolate from Germany (GenBank Accession No. D21829.1) (1). Losses in pear by ASPV have not been demonstrated yet in Argentina. However, when the virus is present with other virus or virus-like diseases, a synergistic effect may occur and growth reduction may exceed 50% (2). Because of the mild symptoms in pear plants, nurserymen or growers must take care when they select material for propagation, in part because laws requiring virus-free propagation material do not exist in Argentina. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ASPV in pears in Argentina. References: (1) W. Jelkmann. J. Gen. Virol. 75:1535, 1994. (2) A. L. Jones and H. S. Aldwinckle. Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1990. (3) W. Menzel et al. J. Virol. Methods 99:81, 2002. (4) M. Németh. Virus, Mycoplasma and Rickettsia Disease of Fruit Trees. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1986.

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9

Prasad, Durga, Shashikant Sharma, Ruhi Sheikh, Vaish navi, Anisha Jee, and Jyotindra Tiwari. "Breeding Strategies for Historically Important Plant Pathogens -A Holistic Approach." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2022): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1106.024.

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Fungi, bacteria, mycoplasma, Spiroplasma, virus, viroid, phanerogamic plant parasites, and other macro pests are all agents, which lead to suffering of plants, this effects the tropic levels above producers who are feeding on them for survival. Science of pathology shouldn’t be confined to humans itself (I mean understanding human diseases), it’s equally important that the science of plant pathology must be given equal importance as medicine. We have seen many epiphytotic in past, Irish famine which led to death of approx 1 million people and migration of 1.5 million Irish, chestnut blight, Dutch elm disease, lethal yellowing of coconut (in Caribbeans and south America), powdery mildew, downy mildew (Europe especially UK and France), rusts and etc. These incidents in past made us realize how important its to have concern towards crop protection orelse people die out of food or this may disturb ecology by eliminating a plant species which was about to happen in elm and chestnut. Hence its responsibility of plant pathologists to serve humanity the way doctors serve human health. Hence emerged methods to deal with plant pathogens and human being in course of history discovered different methods of controlling pathogens which include agronomic cultural methods, botanical sand etc. and then make chemical method as science advanced, chemistry revolutionized however chemicals were used in ancient antiquity i.e., Homer suggested use of Sulphur far back in 1000 BC and Tillet and Prevost suggested use of copper sulphate for smuts. However, after World War 2 the use of chemicals increased in accelerated rate. Apart from using chemicals (Sulphur for PM, Bordeaux mixture for DM, Copper Sulphate for Smut – which were using in past in history). Keeping all these apart, in 19th century ending till 20th century middle emergence of science of genetics and improvements in plant breeding gave us new technology to make disease resistant plants. And in 20th century ending, improvements in biotechnology, and coming together of plant breeding and biotechnology enabled us further to make disease resistant plants easily. The 5th generation breeding which includes markers and biotechnology as enabled us in pyramiding genes, MABC enabled us to transfer genes governing biotic stress resistance from wild plants into agronomically desirable cultivated plants (introgression), the best classic example being transfer of Xa21, xa5 and xa13 genes into Pusa Basmati – 1 making it Improved Pusa Basmati – 1. Even the conventional breeding methods are still in major use to develop disease resistance plants i.e., selection, introduction, hybridization and etc. The review article is made in very holistic manner which includes all major historic important pathogens and breeding strategies employed to improve them and it includes rusts, Panama wilt, Coffee rust, bacterial blight of rice and etc.

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10

Pranay, K., A. Roy, and T. K. Aher. "Characterization of p30 membrane protein gene of Mycoplasma agalactiae isolates by polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease enzyme assay." African Journal of Microbiology Research 12, no. 14 (April 14, 2018): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2016.8182.

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11

Alminaite, A., R. E. Davis, D. Valiunas, and R. Jomantiene. "First Report of a Group 16SrI, Subgroup B, Phytoplasma in Diseased Epilobium hirsutum in the Region of Tallin, Estonia." Plant Disease 86, no. 10 (October 2002): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.10.1177a.

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Symptoms of phyllody of flowers and general plant yellowing indicating possible phytoplasma infection were observed in diseased plants of hairy willow-weed (Epilobium hirsutum L., family Onagraceae) growing in a meadow at Harku Village near Tallin, Estonia. DNA was extracted from diseased E. hirsutum using a Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Fermentas AB, Vilnius, Lithuania) and used as a template in nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Ribosomal (r) DNA was initially amplified in PCR primed by phytoplasma universal primer pair P1/P7 (4) and reamplified in PCR primed by nested primer pair 16SF2n/16SR2 (F2n/R2) (1) as previously described (2). Products of 1.8 kbp and 1.2 kbp were obtained in PCR primed P1/P7 and F2n/R2, respectively, from all four symptomatic plants examined. These data indicated that the diseased E. hirsutum plants were infected by a phytoplasma, termed epilobium phyllody (EpPh) phytoplasma. The 16S rDNA amplified in PCR primed by nested primer pair F2n/R2 was subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using restriction endonucleases AluI, MseI, HpaI, HpaII, HhaI, RsaI, HinfI, and HaeIII (Fermentas AB). On the basis of the collective RFLP profiles, EpPh phytoplasma was classified in group 16SrI (aster yellows phytoplasma group), subgroup B (aster yellows phytoplasma subgroup), according to the phytoplasma classification scheme of Lee et al. (3). The 1.8-kbp rDNA product of P1/P7-primed PCR, which included 16S rDNA, 16S-23S intergenic spacer region, and the 5′ -end of 23S rDNA, was cloned in Escherichia coli using the TOPO TA Cloning Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Ca) according to manufacturer's instructions and sequenced. The sequence was deposited in the GenBank database as Accession No. AY101386. This nucleotide sequence shared 99.8% sequence similarity with a comparable rDNA sequence (GenBank Accession No. AF322644) of aster yellows phytoplasma AY1, a known subgroup 16SrI-B strain. The EpPh phytoplasma sequence was highly similar (99.9%) to operons rrnA (GenBank Accession No. AY102274) and rrnB (GenBank Accession No. AY102273) from Valeriana yellows (ValY) phytoplasma infecting Valeriana officinalis plants in Lithuania. ValY phytoplasma was found to exhibit rRNA interoperon sequence heterogeneity (D. Valiunas, unpublished data). To our knowledge, this is the first report to reveal E. hirsutum as a host of phytoplasma and to demonstrate the occurrence of a plant pathogenic mollicute in the northern Baltic region. References: (1) D. E. Gundersen and I.-M. Lee. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 35:144, 1996. (2) R. Jomantiene et al. HortScience 33:1069, 1998. (3) I.-M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:1153, 1998. (4) B. Schneider et al. Phlogenetic classification of plant pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms or phytoplasmas. Page 369 in: Molecular and Diagnostic Procedures in Mycoplasmology, Vol 1, R. Razin, and J. G. Tully eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1995.

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12

Kingsley, C. Anyika, T. Ikpa Livinus, Igomu Elayoni, I. Ankeli Paul, D. Luka Pam, I. Ogbu Kenneth, S. Bata Ishaku, P. Mayowa Olabode, and A. Rayyanu Usman. "Novel Alleles 8 and 9 Strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides circulating in South East Nigeria and Comparison with Vaccine Reference Strain T1/44." African Journal of Microbiology Research 16, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2021.9605.

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13

Jomantiene, R., R. E. Davis, A. Alminaite, D. Valiunas, and R. Jasinskaite. "First Report of Oat as Host of a Phytoplasma Belonging to Group 16SrI, Subgroup A." Plant Disease 86, no. 4 (April 2002): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.4.443b.

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Diseased plants of oat (Avena sativa L.) exhibiting abnormal proliferation of spikelets were observed in the field in Raseniai, Lithuania. The possible association of a phytoplasma with the disease, termed oat proliferation (OatP), was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplification of phytoplasmal ribosomal (r) RNA gene (rDNA) sequences from template DNA extracted from the diseased oats. DNA extractions and nested PCRs were conducted as previously described (2). In the nested PCRs, the first reaction was primed by phytoplasma-universal primer pair P1/P7, and the second (nested) PCR was primed by primer pair R16F2n/R16R2 (F2n/R2). Phytoplasmal rDNA was amplified in the nested PCR, indicating that the plants contained a phytoplasma, designated oat proliferation (OatP) phytoplasma. The OatP phytoplasma was identified and classified according to the system of Lee et al. (2) through restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of 16S rDNA amplified in the PCR primed by F2n/R2. On the basis of collective RFLP patterns of the 16S rDNA, the OatP phytoplasma was classified as a member of group 16SrI (group I, aster yellows phytoplasma group). The RFLP patterns of the 16S rDNA were indistinguishable from those of 16S rDNA from tomato big bud (BB) phytoplasma and other phytoplasmas classified in group I, subgroup A (subgroup I-A, tomato big bud phytoplasma subgroup). The 1.8-kbp rDNA product of PCR primed by primer pair P1/P7 was cloned, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The sequence was deposited in GenBank under Accession No. AF453416. Results from putative restriction site analysis of the cloned and sequenced rDNA were in excellent agreement with the results from enzymatic RFLP analysis of uncloned rDNA from OatP-diseased oat plants. Sequence similarity between the 1.8-kbp rDNA of OatP phytoplasma and that of BB phytoplasma (GenBank No. AF222064) was 99.2%; 9 of the 14 base changes were in the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region. The base differences in rDNA may signal that the OatP and BB phytoplasmas are mutually distinct in their biologies. Phytoplasmas classified in subgroup I-A have previously been reported in a broad range of plant species in North America and Europe, although there are no previous definitive reports of oat as a host of a subgroup I-A phytoplasma (3,4). In 1977, Fedotina (1) reported electron microscopy of a mycoplasma-like organism (phytoplasma) in pseudorosette-diseased oat plants in Siberia, but the identity of that phytoplasma remains unknown. Subgroup I-A phytoplasma strains are geographically widespread and have been found in numerous plant species (3,4). The discovery reported here, of a subgroup I-A phytoplasma in diseased oats in Lithuania, provokes questions concerning possible impacts of this phytoplasma on oat cultivation in central Europe and other regions. References: (1) V. L. Fedotina. Arch. Phytopathol. Pflanzenschutz 13:177, 1977. (2) I.-M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:1153, 1998. (3) C. Marcone et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50:1703, 2000. (4) D. Valiunas et al. Plant Dis. 85:804, 2001.

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14

Vechi, Giovana, Adrielli Tenfen, Ariela Maína Boeder, Lorena Hernandez-Gómez, Caio Maurício Mendes de Córdova, Franco Delle Monache, and Valdir Cechinel Filho. "Chemical Composition and Antimycoplasmic Activity of Eugenia mattosii Leaves, Stems and Isolated Compounds." Natural Product Communications 14, no. 1 (January 2019): 1934578X1901400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1901400111.

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The Eugenia genus is rich in bioactive substances with biological potential. Mollicutes are bacteria without cell walls, which are responsible for various human and animal diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and antimollicute activity of Eugenia mattosii. Leaves and stems were extracted with methanol, partitioned into fractions of different polarities, and submitted to column chromatography in order to isolate major compounds. Identification and quantification of isolated substances in extracts and fractions were performed by UPLC-PDA/ESI+ - QTOF. Methanolic extracts, ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions and isolated substances were screened for antimycoplasmic activity against five Mycoplasma strains. The methanolic extracts of leaves and stems showed moderate antimycoplasmic activity (MICs = 250-500 μg.mL-1). The fractions exhibited better effect, with MICs = 125-1000 μg.mL-1, especially the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves, which presented MICs of 125-250 μg.mL-1 for all strains tested. Phytochemical analyses evidenced the presence of some phenolic compounds, including pinostrobin, cryptostrobin and catechin, the first showing promising antimycoplasmic activity. Quantification of the compounds demonstrated higher concentrations of pinostrobin and cryptostrobin in the chloroform fraction. In conclusion, E. mattosii presented antimycoplasmic activity related, at least in part, to the presence of pinostrobin.

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Thompson, D., M. McCann, M. MacLeod, D. Lye, M. Green, and D. James. "First Report of Plum Pox Potyvirus in Ontario, Canada." Plant Disease 85, no. 1 (January 2001): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.1.97c.

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Plum pox potyvirus (PPV) causes plum pox (sharka) disease, which is considered the most serious disease of stone fruits including peach, plum, nectarine, and apricot (2). The disease may cause losses as high as 80 to 100% of some crops (2). A survey was initiated in the Niagara region of Ontario, Canada, after it was reported that PPV was detected in Pennsylvania (1). The initial survey focused on Prunus material imported into Canada from the Pennsylvania region. Where imported trees could be identified, every tree was sampled. In cases where the imported trees were growing in mixed blocks with plants from other sources, 25% of the trees were sampled and tested as composites of four trees. PPV was detected in three symptomless Fantasia nectarine (Prunus persica var. nectarina) trees by triple-antibody sandwich (TAS) ELISA using the REAL Durviz kit (Valencia, Spain), which contains the universal PPV monoclonal 5B. PPV infection was confirmed by western blot analyses (a PPV polyclonal antibody and PPV 5B monoclonal were used as primary antibodies), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and TC/RT-PCR. In western blot analyses, the coat protein subunit sizes of the Canadian PPV isolates were estimated at 32 kDa based on electrophoretic mobility in 12% SDS-PAGE. RFLP analysis of the 243-bp fragment amplified using PPV specific primers P1 and P2 (4) indicated the presence of RsaI and AluI enzyme restriction sites, which is characteristic of PPV D strains. In RT-PCR analysis using D and M specific primers (3), only the D specific primers amplified a fragment 198 bp in size. This data provided conclusive evidence that the PPV isolates detected in Canada were PPV D, similar to the strain detected in Pennsylvania. The survey is continuing and is being expanded to determine the extent of spread and the exact distribution of the virus. References: (1) L. Levy et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 90:46, 2000. (2) M. Nemeth. Virus, Mycoplasma, and Rickettsia Diseases of Fruit Trees. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest. (3) A. Olmos et al. J. Virol. Methods 68:127–137, 1997. (4) T. Wetzel et al. J. Virol. Methods 33:355–365, 1991.

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16

Saeed, E. M., and M. T. Cousin. "The Genetic Relationship Between Mycoplasma-like Organisms Causing Diseases in the Sudan and Different Continents Revealed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Amplification of the 16S rRNA Gene Followed by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis." Journal of Phytopathology 143, no. 1 (January 1995): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1995.tb00193.x.

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17

Taylor, Stephanie N. "Mycoplasma genitalium." Current Infectious Disease Reports 7, no. 6 (December 2005): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-005-0047-4.

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18

Yassin, M. H., Y. Alghamdi, E. H. Mohamed, S. A. Mostafa, A. Merghani, H. H. Amer, S. H. Alotaibi, M. M. Soliman, H. Nasr-eldeen, and M. M. Hassan. "Genotoxicity effects of medicinal plants extracts against bacterial species, Mycoplasma hominis." Journal of Environmental Biology 42, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/2/mrn-1663.

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Aim: To assess the antimicrobial activity and genotoxicity of three medicinal plants used by Saudi Arabian people as traditional medicine against Mycoplasma hominis. Methodology: Different concentrations of Syzygium aromaticum (clove), Vachellia nilotica (acacia), and Thyme vulgaris (thyme) extracts were used as antimicrobial agents against M. hominis, and their lethal effects on Mycoplasma genome DNA were analyzed using repetitive element PCR(Rep-PCR). Results: The aqueous extracts of clove and Acacia at 3.125 mg ml-1 were found to be active antimicrobials against three tested Mycoplasm. Thyme extract exhibited antimicrobial activity at 12.5 mg ml-1. Moreover, this extract revealed potent lethal activities as growth turbidity decreased with increasing concentration or exposure time as compared to untreated Mycoplasma. The results of Rep-PCR clearly indicate that changes occured in the number of genetic bands in treated Mycoplasma at certain concentrations as compared to untreated Mycoplasma. Interpretation: These results indicate the possibility of using these extracts as a source of antibacterial compounds for treating infections caused by Mycoplasma. Key words: Antimicrobial activity, Genotoxicity, Mycoplasma hominis, Medicinal plants, S. aromaticum

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19

Manhart, Lisa E. "Mycoplasma genitalium." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 27, no. 4 (December 2013): 779–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2013.08.003.

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20

Morvan, G. "VIRUS AND MYCOPLASMA DISEASES OF APRICOT." Acta Horticulturae, no. 293 (September 1991): 537–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1991.293.66.

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21

Jensen, J. S. "S09.4 Mycoplasma Genitalium." Sexually Transmitted Infections 89, Suppl 1 (July 2013): A16.3—A17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0050.

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Tong, CY William, Esse Menson, Jean-Pierre Lin, and Ming Lim. "Prevalence of mycoplasma encephalitis." Lancet Infectious Diseases 11, no. 6 (June 2011): 425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70130-x.

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Garo, B., and les membres du Gericco. "Infections a Mycoplasma pneumoniae." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 18 (May 1988): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(88)80303-2.

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Dallo, Shatha F., and Joel B. Baseman. "Cross-hybridization between the cytadhesin genes of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium and genomic DNA of Mycoplasma gallisepticum." Microbial Pathogenesis 8, no. 5 (May 1990): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0882-4010(90)90096-9.

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Credi, R. "Occurrence of Anomalous Mycoplasma-like Organisms in Grapevine Yellows-diseased Phloem." Journal of Phytopathology 142, no. 3 (November 1994): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1994.tb04544.x.

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Hammerschlag, Margaret R. "Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 14, no. 2 (April 2001): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-200104000-00012.

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Hammerschlag, Margaret R. "Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infections*." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 11, no. 3 (March 2002): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019048-200203000-00005.

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Chernov, Vladislav M., Olga A. Chernova, Alexey A. Mouzykantov, Natalija B. Baranova, Oleg V. Gorshkov, Maxim V. Trushin, Tatiana N. Nesterova, and Anastasia A. Ponomareva. "Extracellular Membrane Vesicles and Phytopathogenicity ofAcholeplasma laidlawiiPG8." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/315474.

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For the first time, the phytopathogenicity of extracellular vesicles ofAcholeplasma laidlawiiPG8 (a ubiquitous mycoplasma that is one of the five common species of cell culture contaminants and is a causative agent for phytomycoplasmoses) inOryza sativaL. plants was studied. Data on the ability of extracellular vesicles ofAcholeplasma laidlawiiPG8 to penetrate from the nutrient medium into overground parts ofOryza sativaL. through the root system and to cause alterations in ultrastructural organization of the plants were presented. As a result of the analysis of ultrathin leaf sections of plants grown in medium withA. laidlawiiPG8 vesicles, we detected significant changes in tissue ultrastructure characteristic to oxidative stress in plants as well as their cultivation along with bacterial cells. The presence of nucleotide sequences of some mycoplasma genes within extracellular vesicles ofAcholeplasma laidlawiiPG8 allowed a possibility to use PCR (with the following sequencing) to perform differential detection of cells and bacterial vesicles in samples under study. The obtained data may suggest the ability of extracellular vesicles of the mycoplasma to display in plants the features of infection from the viewpoint of virulence criteria—invasivity, infectivity—and toxigenicity—and to favor to bacterial phytopathogenicity.

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Rand, Kenneth. "1307. The Mycoplasma Conundrum." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S741—S742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1499.

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Abstract Background Lockdown for Covid 19 between March 15 - 30, 2020 lead to sudden closures of schools, public gatherings, all but essential businesses, and stay-at-home orders. Between then and the end of April 2020, literally all enveloped respiratory viruses declined to virtually undetectable levels, suggesting a successful interruption of transmission. Weekly percentage positivity rates for M. pneumoniae and all other respiratory viruses from BioFire Syndromic Trends for weeks ending 3/7/2020- 4/24/2020. Weekly percentage positive rates are shown, with the Rhinovirus/Enterovirus rate divided by 3 and the M. pneumoniae rate multiplied by 10 to fit on the same scale. Methods We used the percentage positivity rates from BioFire Syndromic Trends and from GenMark Diagnostics to examine the post lockdown response of M. pneumoniae versus other respiratory viruses on the Respiratory Virus Panel (RP 2.0) Results As has been reported (Nawrocki J., et al, OFID 2021) and as shown in Figure 1, there was a rapid drop in the positivity rate for all enveloped respiratory viruses by 85.6% from an average rate of 2.014% positive for the week ending 3/14/20 to 0.29% for the week ending 4/18/20, while the positivity rate for M. pneumoniae actually increased by 44% from 0.536 % to 0.772%. The increase in M. pneumoniae positivity rate from its baseline of 0.51 ± 0.38 between 1/25/20 - 3/21/20 vs 0.71 ± 0.09 between 3/28/20 - 4/25/20 was significantly higher by t test, p=0.00574. Data from GenMark was available only monthly but also showed an upward rise from march to April, 2020. Conclusion It is well documented that M. pneumoniae is transmitted through respiratory mechanisms, yet lockdown measures sufficient to dramatically reduce ordinary respiratory virus transmission had no comparable effect on transmission of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It is also well known that M. pneumoniae persists in the respiratory tract as long as months after an infection. Therefore, it is possible that this reservoir continued to be a source of transmission for M. pneumoniae, even though lockdown measures effectively interrupted the enveloped respiratory viruses. Disclosures Kenneth Rand, M.D., BioFire Diagnostics (Advisor or Review Panel member, Research Grant or Support)

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Taylor-Robinson, David. "Thoughts about Mycoplasma hominis." Sexually Transmitted Infections 96, no. 7 (May 4, 2020): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2020-054479.

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Llácer, G. "VIRUS, VIROIDS AND MYCOPLASMA DISEASES OF APRICOTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 384 (December 1995): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1995.384.81.

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Dallo, Shatha F., John R. Norton, Chung-Jey Su, and Joel B. Baseman. "Homologous regions shared by adhesin genes of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium." Microbial Pathogenesis 6, no. 1 (January 1989): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0882-4010(89)90009-0.

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Hu, P. C., U. Schaper, A. M. Collier, W. A. Clyde, M. Horikawa, Y. S. Huang, and M. F. Barile. "A Mycoplasma genitalium protein resembling the Mycoplasma pneumoniae attachment protein." Infection and Immunity 55, no. 5 (1987): 1126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.55.5.1126-1131.1987.

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Atmar, Robert L. "Chlamydia species and Mycoplasma pneumoniae." Current Infectious Disease Reports 1, no. 1 (February 1999): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-999-0013-7.

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Davis, Robert E., and James P. Prince. "Molecular diagnosis of mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs) in plants." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 48, no. 1 (July 1994): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02825355.

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Mao, Xin-Ru, Rui-Cheng Wang, Rong-Jiao Li, Cai-Rong Zhou, Xian-Kai Chen, Can-Can Cheng, and Xiao-Mao Yin. "An Observational Study: Is N-Acetylcysteine Helpful in Performance Improvement of Mycoplasma IST2 Testing through Sample Homogenization?" Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2020 (July 3, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1391698.

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Background. Culture is still the gold standard for the detection of genital mycoplasma which could cause urogenital infections in humans. Mycoplasma IST2 is a commercial kit widely used for the detection of M. hominis and Ureaplasma species. Its accuracy was partially impaired because clinical specimens are usually mixed with purulent or transparent mucus. We aimed to solve this problem through sample homogenization by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment. Methods. Twenty-two endocervical swab samples were collected from 22 female patients with suspected mycoplasma infection, while 11 of these specimens were with purulent or transparent mucus. Mycoplasma IST2 testing kit was used for mycoplasma culture and AST for the control group and NAC-treated group. Results. Genital mycoplasma was detected in 15 of 22 samples for both groups. The colony number in 6 out of 11 purulent specimens (54.5%) was more than 104 CFU/ml of genital mycoplasma for the NAC-treated group, while only one of 11 (9.1%) for the control group. For the nonpurulent specimens, no significant difference had been found in colony counting of genital mycoplasma between the control group and NAC-treated group (P>0.05). The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing for the NAC-treated group were highly similar to those for the control group. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate that NAC is helpful in sample homogenization and NAC treatment can improve the detection efficiency of mycoplasma with Mycoplasma IST2 testing.

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Inchley, Christopher Stephen, Are Stuwitz Berg, Afsaneh Vahdani Benam, Anne Katrine Kvissel, Truls Michael Leegaard, and Britt Nakstad. "Mycoplasma Pneumoniae." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 36, no. 10 (October 2017): 930–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000001628.

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Vizarraga, David, Sergi Torres-Puig, David Aparicio, and Oscar Q. Pich. "The Sialoglycan Binding Adhesins of Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae." Trends in Microbiology 29, no. 6 (June 2021): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2021.01.011.

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Hooton, T. M. "Gonorrhea, chlamydia and mycoplasma." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2, no. 1 (February 1989): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-198902010-00005.

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Meyer Sauteur, Patrick M., Annemarie M. C. van Rossum, and Cornelis Vink. "Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 27, no. 3 (June 2014): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qco.0000000000000063.

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Assunção, Patricia, Nuno T. Antunes, Ruben S. Rosales, Carlos Poveda, Jose B. Poveda, and Hazel M. Davey. "Flow Cytometric Determination of the Effects of Antibacterial Agents on Mycoplasma agalactiae, Mycoplasma putrefaciens, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum, and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Large Colony Type." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 8 (August 2006): 2845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01582-05.

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ABSTRACT Flow cytometry together with SYBR green I and propidium iodide was used to study the effects of enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, and tylosin on four mycoplasma species. Inhibition of mycoplasma growth could be detected by as early as 3 h after the start of treatment. The strongest effect was observed with enrofloxacin- and ciprofloxacin-treated cells.

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Burka, O. A., and N. F. Ligirda. "Mycoplasma genitalia – a mysterious destroyer." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 6(132) (July 30, 2018): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2018.132.10.

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Mycoplasma genitalium is a common cause of cervicitis and non-gonococcal urethritis. Today, this causative agent is already associated with inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs and sexually acquired reactive arthritis. The only diagnostic method is a nucleic acid amplification (NAAT) test that detects specific DNA (PCR) or M. genitalium RNA. Several treatment regimens are proposed, depending on the uncomplicated or complicated course of M. genitalium infection and the determination of macrolide resistance. Key words: Mycoplasma genitalium, sexually transmitted infections, inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, cervicitis, non-gonococcal urethritis.

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CUNHA, Regina Ayr Florio da, Kioko TAKEI, Adelaide José VAZ, and Caio ROSENTHAL. "Detection of mycoplasmas in urethral swabs from HIV-1 infected patients and control individuals using culture techniques and polymerase chain reaction." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 40, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651998000100001.

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The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of certain mycoplasma species, i.e., Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma penetrans, in urethral swabs from HIV-1 infected patients compared to swabs from a control group. Mycoplasmas were detected by routine culture techniques and by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique, using 16SrRNA generic primers of conserved region and Mycoplasma penetrans specific primers. The positivity rates obtained with the two methods were comparable. Nevertheless, PCR was more sensitive, while the culture techniques allowed the quantification of the isolates. The results showed no significant difference (p < 0.05) in positivity rates between the methods used for mycoplasma detection.

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Simecka, Jerry, and Adam Odeh. "CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells dampen inflammatory responses in murine mycoplasma pneumonia and are associated with promotion of IL-17 AND IFN-γ production, but not IL-10 or TGF-β. (P3055)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2013): 187.3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.187.3.

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Abstract Mycoplasmas cause respiratory diseases characterized by persistent infection and chronic airway inflammation. Mycoplasma lung disease is immunopathologic, with Th cells determining disease severity and resistance to infection. Th2 cell responses promote immunopathology; Th1 cells confer resistance to infection. However, little is known about the role of Treg cells in mycoplasma respiratory diseases. We hypothesized Treg cells control the severity of the inflammatory lesions and may also promote persistence of infection, as found in other diseases. To examine this, mice, given anti-CD25 antibody to deplete Treg cells, had increased disease severity due to Mycoplasma pulmonis infection. There was however no affect on mycoplasma numbers recovered from the lungs. Treg cells promote the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-17 mycoplasma-specific CD4+ T cell responses in vitro. We were unable to detect significant changes in IL-10 and TGF-β production. In addition, Treg cell depletion increased Th2 (IL-13) responses. Populations of Treg cells from lymph nodes had increased expression of IFN-γ or IL-17 after infection. Thus, Treg cells play an important role in controlling damaging immune responses in mycoplasma respiratory infection but do not influence the level of mycoplasma infection. It appears that Treg cells dampen mycoplama inflammatory disease through a novel mechanism mediated production of IFN-γ and IL-17.

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Guimaraes, Ana M. S., Manoel L. Javorouski, Marcelo Bonat, Oneida Lacerda, Bruna Balbinotti, Lucyenne G. P. B. Queiroz, Jorge Timenetsky, Alexander W. Biondo, and Joanne B. Messick. "Molecular detection of "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum" in a lion (Panthera leo) from a brazilian zoological garden." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 49, no. 3 (June 2007): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652007000300011.

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Although Mycoplasma haemofelis and "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum" infections have been reported in wild cats from United States, their presence among native and captive wild cats in Brazil is still unknown. A 12 year old healthy male lion (Panthera leo) from the Zoological Garden of Curitiba, Brazil was anesthetized for transportation and dental evaluation. A blood sample was obtained for a complete blood cell count (CBC) and PCR analysis. DNA was extracted and fragments of Mycoplasma haemofelis and "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum" 16S ribosomal RNA gene were amplified in PCR assays. CBC results were within reference intervals. A weak band of 192 pb for "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum" was observed, and no band was amplified from Mycoplasma haemofelis reaction. A weak PCR band associated with normal CBC results and without visible parasitemia or clinical signs may suggest a chronic subclinical infection with "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum". The lack of clinical signs may also represent the low pathogenicity of this organism; however, it is noteworthy that immune suppression caused by management and/or corticoids treatment may induce parasitemia and anemia in this animal. This detection suggests further studies in captive wild cats in Brazilian Zoological Gardens.

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K., Manimaran, Balakrishnan S., Sangeetha A., Dhanalakshmi, M.K., and Sivakumar T. "Molecular Prevalence of Mycoplasma capri in Thanjavur region." Issue 1 (September - October) 1, no. 1 (October 17, 2020): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51128/jfas.2020.a007.

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Goat rearing has emerged as a significant resource in rural areas even under unfavorable environmental conditions. Goat population in India has grown over the past few decades and stands at 148.88 million during 2019 (Census, 2019) owing to their greater socio-economic relevance. Goats, while being generally resistant to diseases, are highly susceptible to respiratory diseases, which account for almost 50% mortality amongst them. Irrespective of the etiology, the infectious respiratory diseases of sheep and goats contribute to 5.6% of the total diseases of small ruminants and is responsible for around 28.7 % mortality. Pneumonia has been noticed as one of the most frequently encountered condition and is responsible for around 28.7% mortality. Amongst various infections, Mycoplasmosis is one of the most dreaded diseases of goats. The present study was undertaken to detect the Mycoplasma capri infection in cauvery delta region of Tamil Nadu. All the collected tissue materials were subjected to isolation and PCR assay with Mycoplasma group specific primers (GPO- 1 and MGSO) which yielded 715 bp product and Mycoplasma capri specific primers (P 4 and P 6) which gave an amplicons of 195 bp products. The findings indicate that the PCR assay is very simple and useful method for detecting the mycoplasma infection directly from the tissue materials in a very short span. Keywords: Mycoplasma capri, PCR, Infection, detection and tissue materials

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Machado, Lais Del Prá Netto, Jéssica Andrade Paes, Priscila Souza dos Santos, and Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira. "Evidences of differential endoproteolytic processing on the surfaces of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare." Microbial Pathogenesis 140 (March 2020): 103958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103958.

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Waites, Ken B., D. M. Crabb, and Lynn B. Duffy. "Comparative In Vitro Susceptibilities of Human Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas to a New Investigational Ketolide, CEM-101." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 5 (March 2, 2009): 2139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00090-09.

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ABSTRACT MICs were determined for an investigational ketolide, CEM-101, and azithromycin, telithromycin, doxycycline, levofloxacin, clindamycin, and linezolid against 36 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 5 Mycoplasma genitalium, 13 Mycoplasma hominis, 15 Mycoplasma fermentans, and 20 Ureaplasma isolates. All isolates, including two macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae isolates, were inhibited by CEM-101 at ≤0.5 μg/ml, making CEM-101 the most potent compound tested.

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Kirby, Tony. "Mycoplasma genitalium: a potential new superbug." Lancet Infectious Diseases 18, no. 9 (September 2018): 951–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30506-1.

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Cools, Piet, and Elizaveta Padalko. "Emerging macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium." Lancet Infectious Diseases 20, no. 11 (November 2020): 1222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30462-x.

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