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Journal articles on the topic 'Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Persson, Anja, Karin Jacobsson, Lars Frykberg, Karl-Erik Johansson, and François Poumarat. "Variable Surface Protein Vmm of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony Type." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 13 (2002): 3712–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.13.3712-3722.2002.

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ABSTRACT A variable surface protein, Vmm, of the bovine pathogen Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type (M. mycoides SC) has been identified and characterized. Vmm was specific for the SC biotype and was expressed by 68 of 69 analyzed M. mycoides SC strains. The protein was found to undergo reversible phase variation at a frequency of 9 × 10−4 to 5 × 10−5 per cell per generation. The vmm gene was present in all of the 69 tested M. mycoides SC strains and encodes a lipoprotein precursor of 59 amino acids (aa), where the mature protein was predicted to be 36 aa and was anchored to the membrane by only the lipid moiety, as no transmembrane region could be identified. DNA sequencing of the vmm gene region from ON and OFF clones showed that the expression of Vmm was regulated at the transcriptional level by dinucleotide insertions or deletions in a repetitive region of the promoter spacer. Vmm-like genes were also found in four closely related mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum, M. capricolum subsp . capripneumoniae, Mycoplasma sp. bovine serogroup 7, and Mycoplasma putrefaciens. However, Vmm could not be detected in whole-cell lysates of these species, suggesting that the proteins encoded by the vmm-like genes lack the binding epitope for the monoclonal antibody used in this study or, alternatively, that the Vmm-like proteins were not expressed.

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2

Bischof, Daniela F., Carole Janis, Edy M. Vilei, Giuseppe Bertoni, and Joachim Frey. "Cytotoxicity of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony Type to Bovine Epithelial Cells." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 1 (2007): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00938-07.

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ABSTRACT The cytotoxicities of various strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type (SC), the agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), were measured in vitro using embryonic calf nasal epithelial (ECaNEp) cells. Strains isolated from acute cases of CBPP induced high cytotoxicity in the presence of glycerol, concomitant with the release of large amounts of toxic H2O2 that were found to be translocated into the cytoplasms of the host cells by close contact of the Mycoplasma strains with the host cells. Currently used vaccine strains also showed high cytotoxicity and high H2O2 release, indicating that they are attenuated in another virulence attribute. Strains isolated from recent European outbreaks of CBPP with mild clinical signs, which are characterized by a defect in the glycerol uptake system, released small amounts of H2O2 and showed low cytotoxicity to ECaNEp cells. M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC strain PG1 released large amounts of H2O2 but was only slightly cytotoxic. PG1 was found to have a reduced capacity to bind to ECaNEp cells and was unable to translocate H2O2 into the bovine cells, in contrast to virulent strains that release large amounts of H2O2. Thus, an efficient translocation of H2O2 into host cells is a prerequisite for the cytotoxic effect and requires an intact adhesion mechanism to ensure a close contact between mycoplasmas and host cells.

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Janis, Carole, Carole Lartigue, Joachim Frey, et al. "Versatile Use of oriC Plasmids for Functional Genomics of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 6 (2005): 2888–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.6.2888-2893.2005.

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ABSTRACT Replicative oriC plasmids were recently developed for several mollicutes, including three Mycoplasma species belonging to the mycoides cluster that are responsible for bovine and caprine diseases: Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony type, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides large-colony type, and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum. In this study, oriC plasmids were evaluated in M. capricolum subsp. capricolum as genetic tools for (i) expression of heterologous proteins and (ii) gene inactivation by homologous recombination. The reporter gene lacZ, encoding β-galactosidase, and the gene encoding spiralin, an abundant surface lipoprotein of the related mollicute Spiroplasma citri, were successfully expressed. Functional Escherichia coli β-galactosidase was detected in transformed Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum cells despite noticeable codon usage differences. The expression of spiralin in M. capricolum subsp. capricolum was assessed by colony and Western blotting. Accessibility of this protein at the cell surface and its partition into the Triton X-114 detergent phase suggest a correct maturation of the spiralin precursor. The expression of a heterologous lipoprotein in a mycoplasma raises potentially interesting applications, e.g., the use of these bacteria as live vaccines. Targeted inactivation of gene lppA encoding lipoprotein A was achieved in M. capricolum subsp. capricolum with plasmids harboring a replication origin derived from S. citri. Our results suggest that the selection of the infrequent events of homologous recombination could be enhanced by the use of oriC plasmids derived from related mollicute species. Mycoplasma gene inactivation opens the way to functional genomics in a group of bacteria for which a large wealth of genome data are already available and steadily growing.

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Ayling, R. D., S. Bisgaard-Frantzen, J. B. March, K. Godinho, and R. A. J. Nicholas. "Assessing the In Vitro Effectiveness of Antimicrobials against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small-Colony Type To Reduce Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Infection." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 12 (2005): 5162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.12.5162-5165.2005.

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ABSTRACT In vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for 21 antimicrobials against 41 isolates of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony type, the cause of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Of the antimicrobials used most widely in Africa, oxytetracycline and tilmicosin were effective, while the isolates were resistant to tylosin. These results provide a baseline for monitoring antimicrobial resistance.

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5

Vilei, Edy M., Jacques Nicolet, and Joachim Frey. "IS1634, a Novel Insertion Element Creating Long, Variable-Length Direct Repeats Which Is Specific for Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small-Colony Type." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 4 (1999): 1319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.4.1319-1323.1999.

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ABSTRACT A new insertion sequence, IS1634, has been identified in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoidessmall-colony type (SC). IS1634 shows structural and functional similarities to IS1549 of Mycobacterium smegmatis and with it seems to form a new class or family of insertion sequences. IS1634 has a size of 1,872 bp, including two 13-bp terminal inverted repeats. It contains an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a product of 533 amino acids which shows similarity to the transposase of IS1549 and to a lesser extent to the transposases of IS elements of the IS4family. IS1634 is present at about 30 copies in the genome of all 22 different field strains of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC tested. Characteristic of IS1634 are the long and variable-length direct repeats at the sites of insertion which were found to reach up to about 500 bp. IS1634 is specific to M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC and is not present in any of the other members of the M. mycoidescluster. Neither was it found in other closely relatedMycoplasma species of ruminants.

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6

Nascimento, Elmiro R., Al J. DaMassa, Richard Yamamoto, and M. Graça F. Nascimento. "Plasmids in Mycoplasma species isolated from goats and sheep and their preliminary typing." Revista de Microbiologia 30, no. 1 (1999): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37141999000100006.

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One-hundred-five (105) clinical isolates of mycoplasma from caprine origin and one isolate from ovine were surveyed for plasmids, which were present in thirty-three (31%) of them. These mycoplasmas originated from 13 herds. Ten of them were symptomatic for mycoplasmal disease (mastitis, polyarthritis, septicemia) and three herds were asymptomatic, i.e., clinically normal. Twenty-eight isolates were Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides LC (large colony or caprine biotype), four were Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and one was Mycoplasma cottewii. The isolated plasmids were linearized by EcoRI, EcoRV, EcoRI and EcoRV or BamHI and EcoRV, and were of five sizes (1.1, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9 Kbp). Based on restriction enzyme digestion and size of the linearized supercoiled extrachromosomal DNA, five plasmid types were recovered (p1II, p2III, p2V, p3I, and p4IV). The small size of these DNA elements probably exclude replicative forms of DNA virus, which are equal or larger than 8.0 Kbp.

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Bischof, Daniela F., Edy M. Vilei, and Joachim Frey. "Genomic differences between type strain PG1 and field strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony type." Genomics 88, no. 5 (2006): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2006.06.018.

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8

Abdo, El-Mostafa, Jacques Nicolet, Raymond Miserez, et al. "Humoral and bronchial immune responses in cattle experimentally infected with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type." Veterinary Microbiology 59, no. 2-3 (1998): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(97)00184-3.

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9

Kusiluka, L. J. M., W. D. Semuguruka, R. R. Kazwala, B. Ojeniy, and N. F. Friis. "Demonstration of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, Small Colony type in Outbreaks of Caprine Pleuropneumonia in Eastern Tanzania." Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 41, no. 3 (2000): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03549639.

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10

Cheng, X., J. Nicolet, R. Miserez, et al. "Characterization of the gene for an immunodominant 72 kDa lipoprotein of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type." Microbiology 142, no. 12 (1996): 3515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/13500872-142-12-3515.

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11

Hamsten, Carl, Georgina Tjipura-Zaire, Laura McAuliffe, et al. "Protein-Specific Analysis of Humoral Immune Responses in a Clinical Trial for Vaccines against Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 5 (2010): 853–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00019-10.

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ABSTRACT Specific humoral immune responses in a clinical trial on cattle for vaccines against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) were investigated. The trial included a subunit vaccine consisting of five recombinant putative variable surface proteins of the infectious agent Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type (M. mycoides SC) compared to the currently approved attenuated vaccine strain T1/44 and untreated controls. Humoral immune responses to 65 individual recombinant surface proteins of M. mycoides SC were monitored by a recently developed bead-based array assay. Responses to the subunit vaccine components were found to be weak. Animals vaccinated with this vaccine were not protected and had CBPP lesions similar to those of the untreated controls. In correlating protein-specific humoral responses to T1/44-induced immunity, five proteins associated with a protective immune response were identified by statistical evaluation, namely, MSC_1046 (LppQ), MSC_0271, MSC_0136, MSC_0079, and MSC_0431. These five proteins may be important candidates in the development of a novel subunit vaccine against CBPP.

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12

Naseem, Shamoon, Jochen Meens, Joerg Jores, et al. "Phage display-based identification and potential diagnostic application of novel antigens from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type." Veterinary Microbiology 142, no. 3-4 (2010): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.071.

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13

Jores, Joerg, Jochen Meens, Falk F. R. Buettner, Bodo Linz, Jan Naessens, and Gerald F. Gerlach. "Analysis of the immunoproteome of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type reveals immunogenic homologues to other known virulence traits in related Mycoplasma species." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 131, no. 3-4 (2009): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.04.016.

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14

Li, Yuan, Jiuqing Xin, Yulong Gao, Jianhua Zhang, Robin A. J. Nicholas, and Yiqing Lin. "Strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type isolated in China between 1953 and 1960 show close similarity to strains of the Africa/Australia cluster." Veterinary Journal 179, no. 1 (2009): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.08.021.

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15

March, John B., Jason Clark, and Malcolm Brodlie. "Characterization of Strains of Mycoplasma mycoidessubsp. mycoides Small Colony Type Isolated from Recent Outbreaks of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Botswana and Tanzania: Evidence for a New Biotype." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 4 (2000): 1419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.4.1419-1425.2000.

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Four strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp.mycoides small colony type (MmmSC) isolated from recent outbreaks of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in Africa have been investigated. One Botswanan strain, M375, displayed numerous and significant phenotypic differences from both contemporary field isolates and older field and vaccine strains (African, Australian, and European strains dating back to 1936). Differences include altered morphology, reduced capsular polysaccharide production, high sensitivity to MmmSC rabbit hyperimmune antisera in vitro, and unique polymorphisms following immunoblotting. While insertion sequence analysis using IS1634 clearly indicates a close evolutionary relationship to west African strains, hybridization with IS1296 shows the absence of a band present in all other strains of MmmSC examined. The data suggest that a deletion has occurred in strain M375, which may explain its altered phenotype, including poor growth in vitro and a relative inability to cause septicemia in mice. These characteristics are also exhibited byMycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae(causal agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia [CCPP]), against which M375 antiserum exhibited some activity in vitro (unique among the various MmmSC antisera tested). These findings may have evolutionary implications, since CCPP is believed to be lung specific and without a septicemic phase (unlike CBPP). Since M375 was isolated from a clinical case of CBPP, this novel biotype may be fairly widespread but not normally isolated due to difficulty of culture and/or a potentially altered disease syndrome. Bovine convalescent antisera (obtained from contemporary naturally infected cattle in Botswana) were active against strain M375 in an in vitro growth inhibition test but not against any other strains of MmmSC tested. There exists the possibility therefore, that strain M375 may possess a set of protective antigens different from those of other strains of MmmSC (including vaccine strains). These findings have implications for the control of the current CBPP epidemic in Africa.

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Monnerat, Marie-Pierre, François Thiaucourt, Jose B. Poveda, Jacques Nicolet, and Joachim Frey. "Genetic and Serological Analysis of Lipoprotein LppA in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp.capri." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6, no. 2 (1999): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.6.2.224-230.1999.

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ABSTRACT The genes encoding the 62-kDa lipoproteins from theMycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoideslarge-colony type (LC) strain Y-goat and the M. mycoidessubsp. capri strain PG3 were cloned and analyzed by sequencing. These two lipoproteins have been named LppA[MmymyLC] and LppA[Mmyca], and their corresponding genes have been namedlppA[MmymyLC] and lppA[Mmyca], respectively. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of these two lipoproteins showed a very high degree of similarity between these two mycoplasmas. Given the sequence data, LppA seems to fulfill the same structural functions as the previously described major lipoproteins P72 of M. mycoides subsp. mycoidessmall-colony type and P67 of the Mycoplasma species bovine group 7. Based on lppA gene sequences of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC and M. mycoides subsp. capri type strains, a specific PCR assay was developed so that it amplified this gene in all field strains of the two species analyzed in this study but not in the other members of the M. mycoides cluster. Analysis of the PCR-amplifiedlppA genes with frequently cutting restriction enzymes showed a certain degree of genetic variability which, however, did not cluster the two subspecies. This PCR therefore allows a rapid identification of M. mycoides subsp. mycoidesLC and M. mycoides subsp. capri but does not distinguish between these two closely related subspecies. LppA was expressed in Escherichia coli K-12 and used for the production of polyclonal mouse antiserum. Antibodies against recombinant LppA[MmymyLC] reacted with a 62-kDa protein in allM. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC and M. mycoides subsp. capri type strains and field strains tested but not with the other members of the M. mycoidescluster, thus showing the antigenic specificity of LppA and further supporting the concept that a close relationship exists between these two mycoplasmas.

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Rurangirwa, Fred R., Patrick S. Shompole, Anderson N. Wambugu, and Travis C. McGuire. "Monoclonal Antibody Differentiation ofMycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small-Colony Strains Causing Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia from Less Important Large-Colony Strains." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 7, no. 3 (2000): 519–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.7.3.519-521.2000.

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ABSTRACT Monoclonal antibody (MAb) PK-2 inhibited the in vitro growth of nine Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoidessmall-colony strains. In contrast to the results with polyclonal antisera, growth inhibition by MAb PK-2 was specific for M. mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony strains and constituted a reliable means of distinguishing them from other mycoplasmas.

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18

BANGA, HS, and PP GUPTA. "Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides (large-colony type) for sheep udder." Australian Veterinary Journal 65, no. 11 (1988): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1988.tb14270.x.

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19

Nayak, N. C., and M. K. Bhowmik. "Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (large colony type) for goat kids." Small Ruminant Research 5, no. 1-2 (1991): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4488(91)90040-w.

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20

Manso-Silván, Lucía, Xavier Perrier, and François Thiaucourt. "Phylogeny of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster based on analysis of five conserved protein-coding sequences and possible implications for the taxonomy of the group." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 10 (2007): 2247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64918-0.

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A phylogenetic tree of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster was inferred from a set of concatenated sequences from five housekeeping genes (fusA, glpQ, gyrB, lepA and rpoB). The relevance of this phylogeny was reinforced by detailed analysis of the congruence of the phylogenies derived from each of the five individual gene sequences. Two subclusters were distinguished. The M. mycoides subcluster comprised M. mycoides subsp. mycoides biotypes Small Colony (SC) and Large Colony (LC) and M. mycoides subsp. capri. The latter two groups could not be clearly separated, which supports previous proposals that they be united into a single taxonomic entity. The Mycoplasma capricolum subcluster included M. capricolum subsp. capricolum, M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae and Mycoplasma sp. bovine group 7 of Leach, a group of strains that remains unassigned. This group constituted a distinct branch within this cluster, supporting its classification as a subspecies of M. capricolum. Mycoplasma cottewii and Mycoplasma yeatsii clustered in a group that was distinct from Mycoplasma putrefaciens and they were all clearly separated from the M. mycoides cluster. In conclusion, this approach has allowed us to assign phylogenetic positions to all members of the M. mycoides cluster and related species and has proved the need to adjust the existing taxonomy. Furthermore, this method may be used as a reference technique to assign an unequivocal position to any particular strain related to this cluster and may lead to the development of new techniques for rapid species identification.

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Dudek, Katarzyna, Dariusz Bednarek, and Ewelina Szacawa. "Mycoplasma Mycoides Subsp. Mycoides Small Colony Variant and Mycoplasma Agalactiae Antibodies in Ruminants in Poland." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 56, no. 4 (2012): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10213-012-0080-7.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to determine Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony variant (MmmSC) and Mycoplasma agalactiae antibodies in ruminants from different provinces/regions of Poland. Eight hundred and ten bovine serum samples were examined for MmmSC antibodies by the use of competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) and complement fixation test (CFT). ELISA was also used for M. agalactiae antibody detection in 951 serum samples of sheep and goats. The first screening serological examination of MmmSC antibodies using c-ELISA revealed two (0.25%) positive and 135 (16.92%) doubtful results. The second examination revealed only 52 doubtful results, whereas the rest samples were negative. To compare, the final confirmatory examination by CFT gave 100% of seronegative results. The examination performed in small ruminants demonstrated only one doubtful result, which was finally defined as negative following the second ELISA, whereas the remaining samples were negative. To conclude, the present serological study showed the lack of infections in Polish domestic ruminant caused by two mycoplasmas.

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Shahram, Masoud, Robin A. J. Nicholas, Roger J. Miles, Ann P. Wood, and Donovan P. Kelly. "Kinetics of substrate oxidation and hydrogen peroxide production by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Large Colony (LC) type and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri." Research in Veterinary Science 87, no. 3 (2009): 364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.04.012.

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Pilo, Paola, Edy M. Vilei, Ernst Peterhans, et al. "A Metabolic Enzyme as a Primary Virulence Factor of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 19 (2005): 6824–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.19.6824-6831.2005.

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ABSTRACT During evolution, pathogenic bacteria have developed complex interactions with their hosts. This has frequently involved the acquisition of virulence factors on pathogenicity islands, plasmids, transposons, or prophages, allowing them to colonize, survive, and replicate within the host. In contrast, Mycoplasma species, the smallest self-replicating organisms, have regressively evolved from gram-positive bacteria by reduction of the genome to a minimal size, with the consequence that they have economized their genetic resources. Hence, pathogenic Mycoplasma species lack typical primary virulence factors such as toxins, cytolysins, and invasins. Consequently, little is known how pathogenic Mycoplasma species cause host cell damage, inflammation, and disease. Here we identify a novel primary virulence determinant in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony (SC), which causes host cell injury. This virulence factor, released in significant amounts in the presence of glycerol in the growth medium, consists of toxic by-products such as H2O2 formed by l-α-glycerophosphate oxidase (GlpO), a membrane-located enzyme that is involved in the metabolism of glycerol. When embryonic calf nasal epithelial cells are infected with M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC in the presence of physiological amounts of glycerol, H2O2 is released inside the cells prior to cell death. This process can be inhibited with monospecific anti-GlpO antibodies.

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Totté, Philippe, Arshad Mather, Lina Reslan, et al. "Identification of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony Genes Coding for T-Cell Antigens." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 8 (2010): 1211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00132-10.

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ABSTRACT Genes of the Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony biotype (MmmSC) coding for proteins capable of eliciting protective T-cell memory responses have potential for incorporation into a recombinant subunit vaccine against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). Here we used lymphocytes from cattle that had completely recovered from infection to screen products of MmmSC genes for recognition by CD4+ effector memory (Tem) and central memory (Tcm) T lymphocytes. Six MmmSC genes (abc, gapN, glpO, lppA, lppB, and ptsG) were expressed as histidine-tagged recombinant polypeptides, or synthetic overlapping peptides, before inclusion in proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) assays. Only two MmmSC antigens, LppA and PtsG, consistently induced recall proliferation from immune CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ production in all animals tested. Moreover, LppA and PtsG were shown to possess epitopes recognized by both short-lived CD4+ Tem and long-lived CD4+ Tcm cells.

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Gaurivaud, P. "Variability of a glucose phosphotransferase system permease in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony." Microbiology 150, no. 12 (2004): 4009–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27247-0.

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Gutierrez, C., J. L. Rodriguez, J. A. Montoya, and A. Fernandez. "Clinico-pathological and haematological findings in goat kids experimentally infected simultaneously with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (large colony-type)." Small Ruminant Research 31, no. 3 (1999): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4488(98)00151-5.

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March, John B., Catherine D. Jepson, Jason R. Clark, Makrina Totsika, and Michael J. Calcutt. "Phage Library Screening for the Rapid Identification and In Vivo Testing of Candidate Genes for a DNA Vaccine against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony Biotype." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 1 (2006): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.74.1.167-174.2006.

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ABSTRACT A new strategy for rapidly selecting and testing genetic vaccines has been developed, in which a whole genome library is cloned into a bacteriophage λ ZAP Express vector which contains both prokaryotic (Plac) and eukaryotic (PCMV) promoters upstream of the insertion site. The phage library is plated on Escherichia coli cells, immunoblotted, and probed with hyperimmune and/or convalescent-phase antiserum to rapidly identify vaccine candidates. These are then plaque purified and grown as liquid lysates, and whole bacteriophage particles are then used directly to immunize the host, following which PCMV-driven expression of the candidate vaccine gene occurs. In the example given here, a semirandom genome library of the bovine pathogen Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony (SC) biotype was cloned into λ ZAP Express, and two strongly immunodominant clones, λ-A8 and λ-B1, were identified and subsequently tested for vaccine potential against M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC biotype-induced mycoplasmemia. Sequencing and immunoblotting indicated that clone λ-A8 expressed an isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-inducible M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC biotype protein with a 28-kDa apparent molecular mass, identified as a previously uncharacterized putative lipoprotein (MSC_0397). Clone λ-B1 contained several full-length genes from the M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC biotype pyruvate dehydrogenase region, and two IPTG-independent polypeptides, of 29 kDa and 57 kDa, were identified on immunoblots. Following vaccination, significant anti-M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC biotype responses were observed in mice vaccinated with clones λ-A8 and λ-B1. A significant stimulation index was observed following incubation of splenocytes from mice vaccinated with clone λ-A8 with whole live M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC biotype cells, indicating cellular proliferation. After challenge, mice vaccinated with clone λ-A8 also exhibited a reduced level of mycoplasmemia compared to controls, suggesting that the MSC_0397 lipoprotein has a protective effect in the mouse model when delivered as a bacteriophage DNA vaccine. Bacteriophage-mediated immunoscreening using an appropriate vector system offers a rapid and simple technique for the identification and immediate testing of putative candidate vaccines from a variety of pathogens.

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Rodríguez, J. L., C. Gutiérrez, D. L. Brooks, A. J. Damassa, J. Orós, and A. Fernández. "A Pathological and Immunohistochemical Study of Goat Kids Undergoing Septicaemic Disease Caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Large Colony Type)." Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B 45, no. 1-10 (1998): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1998.tb00777.x.

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Rice, P., B. M. Houshaymi, R. A. J. Nicholas, and R. J. Miles. "A rapid biochemical test to aid identification of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony (SC) strains." Letters in Applied Microbiology 30, no. 1 (2000): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00674.x.

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30

Poumarat, F., and M. Solsona. "Molecular epidemiology of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides biotype Small Colony, the agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia." Veterinary Microbiology 47, no. 3-4 (1995): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(95)00115-8.

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31

Wise, Kim S., Mark F. Foecking, Kerstin Röske, et al. "Distinctive Repertoire of Contingency Genes Conferring Mutation- Based Phase Variation and Combinatorial Expression of Surface Lipoproteins in Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum of the Mycoplasma mycoides Phylogenetic Cluster." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 13 (2006): 4926–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00252-06.

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ABSTRACT The generation of surface variation among many divergent species of Mollicutes (mycoplasmas) occurs through stochastic expression patterns of diverse lipoprotein genes. The size and wide distribution of such variable gene sets in minimal (∼0.6- to 1.4-Mb) mycoplasmal genomes suggest their key role in the adaptation and survival of these wall-less monoderms. Diversity through variable genes is less clearly established among phylogenetically similar mycoplasmas, such as the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster of ruminant pathogens, which vary widely in host range and pathobiology. Using (i) genome sequences from two members of this clade, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony biotype (SC), (ii) antibodies to specific peptide determinants of predicted M. capricolum subsp. capricolum gene products, and (iii) analysis of the membrane-associated proteome of M. capricolum subsp. capricolum, a novel set of six genes (vmcA to vmcF) expressing distinct Vmc (variable M. capricolum subsp. capricolum) lipoproteins is demonstrated. These occur at two separate loci in the M. capricolum subsp. capricolum genome, which shares striking overall similarity and gene synteny with the M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC genome. Collectively, Vmc expression is noncoordinate and combinatorial, subject to a single-unit insertion/deletion in a 5′ flanking dinucleotide repeat that governs expression of each vmc gene. All vmc genes share modular regions affecting expression and membrane translocation. In contrast, vmcA to vmcD genes at one locus express surface proteins with highly structured size-variable repeating domains, whereas vmcE to vmcF genes express products with short repeats devoid of predicted structure. These genes confer a distinctive, dynamic surface architecture that may represent adaptive differences within this important group of pathogens as well as exploitable diagnostic targets.

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de la Fe, Christian, Patricia Assunção, Pedro Saavedra, Sebastiana Tola, Carlos Poveda, and José B. Poveda. "Field trial of two dual vaccines against Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (large colony type) in goats." Vaccine 25, no. 12 (2007): 2340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.050.

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33

Dupuy, Virginie, Lucía Manso-Silván, Valérie Barbe, et al. "Evolutionary History of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Using Next Generation Sequencing of Mycoplasma mycoides Subsp. mycoides “Small Colony”." PLoS ONE 7, no. 10 (2012): e46821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046821.

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34

Antunes, N. T., M. M. Tavío, P. Assunção, et al. "In vitro susceptibilities of field isolates of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides large colony type to 15 antimicrobials." Veterinary Microbiology 119, no. 1 (2007): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.08.013.

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35

Assuncao, P., C. Fe, N. T. Antunes, R. S. Rosales, C. M. Ruiz de Galarreta, and J. B. Poveda. "Use of flow cytometry for enumeration of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides large-colony type in broth medium." Journal of Applied Microbiology 100, no. 4 (2006): 878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02858.x.

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36

Wise, K. S., M. J. Calcutt, M. F. Foecking, et al. "Complete Genome Sequences of Mycoplasma leachii Strain PG50T and the Pathogenic Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony Biotype Strain Gladysdale." Journal of Bacteriology 194, no. 16 (2012): 4448–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00761-12.

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37

Assunção, Patricia, Nuno T. Antunes, Ruben S. Rosales, Carlos Poveda, Jose B. Poveda, and Hazel M. Davey. "Flow Cytometric Determination of the Effects of Antibacterial Agents on Mycoplasma agalactiae, Mycoplasma putrefaciens, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum, and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Large Colony Type." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 8 (2006): 2845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01582-05.

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ABSTRACT Flow cytometry together with SYBR green I and propidium iodide was used to study the effects of enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, and tylosin on four mycoplasma species. Inhibition of mycoplasma growth could be detected by as early as 3 h after the start of treatment. The strongest effect was observed with enrofloxacin- and ciprofloxacin-treated cells.

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Neiman, Maja, Carl Hamsten, Jochen M. Schwenk, Göran Bölske, and Anja Persson. "Multiplex Screening of Surface Proteins from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony for an Antigen Cocktail Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 11 (2009): 1665–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00223-09.

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ABSTRACT A recombinant antigen cocktail enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for diagnosis of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) was developed after careful selection of antigens among one-third of the surface proteome proteins of the infectious agent Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony (M. mycoides SC). First, a miniaturized and parallelized assay system employing antigen suspension bead array technology was used to screen 97 bovine sera for humoral immune responses toward 61 recombinant surface proteins from M. mycoides SC. Statistical analysis of the data resulted in selection of eight proteins that showed strong serologic responses in CBPP-affected sera and minimal reactivity in negative control sera, with P values of <10−6. Only minor cross-reactivity to hyperimmune sera against other mycoplasmas was observed. When applied in an ELISA, the cocktail of eight recombinant antigens allowed a fivefold signal separation between 24 CBPP-affected and 23 CBPP-free sera from different geographical origins. No false-positive results and only two false-negative results were obtained. In conclusion, the selected recombinant mycoplasma antigens qualified as highly specific markers for CBPP and could be employed in both a suspension bead array platform and a cocktail ELISA setting. This set of proteins and technologies therefore offers a powerful combination to drive and further improve serological assays toward reliable, simple, and cost-effective diagnosis of CBPP.

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Rice, P., B. M. Houshaymi, E. A. M. Abu-Groun, R. A. J. Nicholas, and R. J. Miles. "Rapid screening of H2O2 production by Mycoplasma mycoides and differentiation of European subsp. mycoides SC (small colony) isolates." Veterinary Microbiology 78, no. 4 (2001): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00305-9.

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40

Stipkovits, L., Á. Dán, Erika Varga, et al. "Screening of Hungarian Cattle Herds for Mycoplasma mycoides Subspecies Mycoides Small Colony Infection with Negative Results." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48, no. 4 (2000): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.48.2000.4.1.

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At abattoirs and farms, 1248 sera were collected from animals representing 121 farms, and examined by complement fixation test using Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony type (MmmSC) antigen. All sera were negative except seven from four farms, giving ++ reactions in the serum dilution of 1:10. On retesting, these sera and additional 30 sera collected repeatedly in both farms gave negative results. In isolation attempts, 953 lung samples collected from slaughtered cattle at the same abattoirs, and 326 nasal swabs collected from 11 herds proved to be negative for the presence of MmmSC, but M. bovis was isolated frequently. In the small farms 23.95% of the animals had pleurisy and/or pneumonia while in the large herds 34.69% had lesions. DNA extracted from 50 nasal swabs and 430 lung samples was examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using M. mycoides cluster-specific primers. DNA from further 325 lung samples was tested by the more specific M. mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony/large colony/capri specific primers and 196 samples by nested PCR specific for MmmSC. All gave negative results. The detection level of cluster-specific primers and the more specific primers was 33.4 pg of DNA, whereas that of nested PCR was 0.33 pg.

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Kiarie, M. N., F. R. Rurangirwa, L. E. Perryman, D. P. Jasmer, and T. C. McGuire. "Monoclonal antibodies to surface-exposes proteins of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (small-colony strain), which causes contagious bovine pleuropneumonia." Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology 3, no. 6 (1996): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.3.6.746-752.1996.

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42

Rodríguez, J. L., J. B. Poveda, J. Orós, P. Herráez, M. A. Sierra, and A. Fernández. "High Mortality in Goats Associated with the Isolation of a Strain of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Large Colony Type)." Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B 42, no. 1-10 (1995): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1995.tb00752.x.

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43

March, J. B., and M. Brodlie. "Comparison of the virulence of European and African isolates of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony type." Veterinary Record 147, no. 1 (2000): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.147.1.20.

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44

Mitchell, John D., Quintin A. McKellar, and Declan J. McKeever. "Evaluation of antimicrobial activity against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony using an in vitro dynamic dilution pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model." Journal of Medical Microbiology 62, no. 1 (2013): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.045971-0.

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45

Miltiadou, Dubravka R., Arshad Mather, Edy M. Vilei, and Dion H. Du Plessis. "Identification of genes coding for B cell antigens of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony (MmmSC) by using phage display." BMC Microbiology 9, no. 1 (2009): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-9-215.

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46

Dedieu, Laurence, Philippe Totte, Valerie Rodrigues, Edy M. Vilei, and Joachim Frey. "Comparative analysis of four lipoproteins from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony identifies LppA as a major T-cell antigen." Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 33, no. 4 (2010): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2008.08.011.

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47

Waite, Emma R., and John B. March. "Effect of HEPES buffer systems upon the pH, growth and survival of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony (MmmSC) vaccine cultures." FEMS Microbiology Letters 201, no. 2 (2001): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10771.x.

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Cheng, X., J. Nicolet, F. Poumarat, J. Regalla, F. Thiaucourt, and J. Frey. "Insertion element IS 1296 in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony identifies a European clonal line distinct from African and Australian strains." Microbiology 141, no. 12 (1995): 3221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/13500872-141-12-3221.

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Srivastava, N. C., V. P. Singh, J. Sunder, V. P. Singh, and F. Thiaucourt. "Isolation of Mycoplasma mycoides small colony type from contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in India." Veterinary Record 147, no. 18 (2000): 520–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.147.18.520.

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Kusiluka, L. J. M., B. Ojeniyi, N. F. Friis, B. Kokotovic, and P. Ahrens. "Molecular analysis of field strains of Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae and Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides, small colony type isolated from goats in Tanzania." Veterinary Microbiology 82, no. 1 (2001): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00352-2.

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