Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mycorhize à arbuscules'
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Kadum, Hindi Abdalla. "Études ultrastructurales de l'association endomycorhizienne à vésicules et arbuscules (glomus mosseae) avec les racines du soja (glycine max (l. ) merrill) et intervention des microorganismes dans les résidus racinaires." Nancy 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NAN10199.
Full textGensous, Simon. "Les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules des maquis miniers de la Nouvelle Calédonie : Diversité, rôle dans l'adaptation des plantes à la contrainte ultramafique et interaction avec des rhizobactéries promotrices de la croissance." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NCAL0062/document.
Full textIn New Caledonia (NC), restoration of open-cat mining sites is far from being mastered. It still needs work, to be improved, especially in plants - soil - microorganisms relationships. These works have focus on description of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) diversity and role in the adaptation of plants to ultramafic constraint, with plant growth promoting rhibzobacteria (PGPR). The diversity of AMF is analyzed on two plant genera with species on ultramafic soils, nickel hyperaccumulat ing or not, and on volcano-sedimentary soils. The analysis of this diversity shows that community composition is contrasted between the two types of soil. Some of AMF taxa seem to be specific to ultramafic soils and some even to be specific to nickel hyperaccumulator species. For the role in adaptation of plants to ultramafic constraints, greenhouse experiments on three endemic species (Alphitonia meocaledonica, Carpolepis laurifolia and Costularia comosa) have shown that naturally brings mycorrhiza improved growth, mineral nutrition, water and Ca /Mg ration. Phosphorus additions seem to change these effects with different consequences on growth according to the host plant. Finally, the use of PGPR alone or with AMF showed that the effect depends on host plant species and bacterial strain, but usually leads to improved growth and plant nutrition. These studies have shown the importance of AMF in ultramafic soils NC
Kosuta, Sonja. "Des facteurs diffusibles, produits par les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules, induisent des réponses symbiotiques au niveau des racines de Medicago truncatula." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30029.
Full textZerbib, Jérémie. "Relations trophiques ente la plante cultivée et les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules. Importance des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules sur la production végétale (en termes de quantité et qualité)." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK078.
Full textIn its environment, the plant interacts constantly with microorganisms. It is confronted with a variety of beneficial, neutral or pathogenic microorganisms, which are highly dependent on the carbon resources that the plant releases into the soil, giving them a supply of nutrients and energy necessary for their development. The arbuscular mycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis formed by 80% of terrestrial plants from the Ordovician period, i.e. about 450 million years ago. The research presented in this manuscript was focused on two main goals: (i) to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying trophic relationships in the mycorrhizal plant, and (ii) to study the impact of mycorhization on plant production, both in terms of quantity and quality. We investigated the mycorrhizal response of wheat landraces in order to understand if there were differences in a semi-controlled environment (greenhouses) or in an uncontrolled environment (field), and / or depending on the community of mycorrhizal fungi. Our results showed that mycorrhization and the nature of endogenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can affect yield, even in wheat varieties with low mycorrhizal ability. We also highlighted the importance of choosing the criteria used to measure this potential gain. In a second line of research, we were interested in the impact of arbuscular mycorrhiza on the development of Micro-Tom tomato, and the trophic exchanges during the interaction. Multivariate analysis revealed behavioral differences between plants at mature green fruit and red ripening stages depending on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal strain, as well as potential interaction event between two arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus trains. Our results confirm that the arbuscules are not the only sites of exchange in arbuscular mycorrhiza. The third axis of this work focused on the potential impact of seed production methods of ancient tomato varieties in drought condition, both on the endogenous community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the field, on the tolerance of the plant to water stress and on crop production in terms of fruit yield and quality. The experimental site was located in the Potager de santé (seed farm managed by Pascal Poot). Our results show no difference, under conditions of water stress in the field, between varieties regularly cultivated on this site and commercial varieties. Then, one may wonder if other factors related to the exploitation site, such as the beneficial microorganisms interacting with the roots of the plants could be at the origin of the increased tolerance to water stress. Work is underway in the laboratory to study this hypothesis. All of this work paves the way for new research aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of trophic exchanges during arbuscular mycorrhizae and the valuation of the ecosystem services rendered by arbuscular mycorrhizae in the field
Boudarga, Khadija. "Étude des mycorhizes de l'eucalyptus camaldulensis : Application pratique à la mycorhization de vitroplants." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10042.
Full textJeanmaire, Christine. "Etude cytophysiologique des mycorhizes à vesicules et arbuscules : approche ultrastructurale et fonctionnelle." Nancy 1, 1991. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1991_0070_JEANMAIRE.pdf.
Full textPivato, Barbara. "Ecology of arbuscular mycorrhizas : interactions plant - fungal genotypes and mycorrhizas - bacteria." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS006.
Full textIn the first part of the thesis, possible effect of the plant genotype on the genetic diversity and structure of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community was assessed. Results indicated a similar diversity of AM fungi in the four Medicago species used. However, the abundance of AM fungi differed significantly upon the plant species, indicating preferential associations between AM fungal and plant genotypes. The second part of the thesis was based on the hypothesis that the long joint evolution of AM fungi and plants did not occur independently of the associated bacteria. To test this hypothesis, the genetic structure of bacterial communities associated with mycorrhizal and non mycorrhizal roots of M. Truncatula was compared. The bacterial communities differed significantly between mycorrhizal and non mycorrhizal roots, these differences being explained by sequences belonging to Oxalobacteraceae and Comamonadaceae families. Six bacterial isolates representative of the populations belonging to Oxalobacteraceae and Comamonadaceae were tested together with two reference strains (Collimonas fungivorans Ter331 and Pseudomonas fluorescens C7R12) for their effect on mycorrhization. One strain belonging to Oxalobacteraceae (Collimonas sp. J5B4) and P. Fluorescens C7R12 promoted both AM fungal growth and mycorrhization, partially confirming our hypothesis that bacteria preferentially associated with mycorrhizal roots would be beneficial to the symbiosis. Finally, the characterization of the promoting effect of P. Fluorescens C7R12 showed that it was fungal specific and that the pattern of colonization of bacterial cells on mycorrhizal and non mycorrhizal roots differed
Derelle, Damien. "Effets des associations de plantes sur la symbiose mycorhizienne et réponse spécifique des plantes à la mycorhization." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066015.
Full textLe, Marquer Morgane. "Etude de peptides sécrétés par le champignon mycorhizien à arbuscules Rhizophagus irregularis." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30267.
Full textArbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a beneficial association established between members of an ancient subphylum of fungi, the Glomeromycotina, and the roots of the majority of terrestrial plants. AM fungi provide water and minerals (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus) to their host plant in exchange for organic carbon in the form of hexoses and lipids. Recent studies have shown that certain proteins secreted by AM fungi are important symbiosis regulators (Kloppholz et al., 2011, Tsuzuki et al., 2016). Our aim was to identify new fungal proteins involved in the establishment of symbiosis. Proteins predicted to be preferentially secreted by the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis in the roots were identified at the beginning of my thesis (Kamel et al., 2017). We noticed that some of them had a structure resembling the sex pheromone precursors of Ascomycota. These proteins are known to be processed in the secretory pathway into small peptides which are then secreted. Their recognition by a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) leads to cell fusion of two opposite sex types. In the case of R. irregularis, only clonal reproduction has been described. However, recent genomic data question its status as an asexual organism (Ropars et al., 2016). A large part of my thesis was dedicated to the functional characterization of this type of processed peptides in R. irregularis. We show that two of them are actually produced and secreted by R. irregularis. Treatments with synthetic forms of these peptides revealed that one of them stimulated the colonization of M. truncatula but was also perceived by the fungus itself, inducing the transcription of its own precursor gene and of a GPCR gene. This symbiosis-stimulating peptide is composed of only three amino acids and can be produced from three different protein precursors. Using reverse genetics (HIGS and VIGS), we confirmed the importance of these precursors in the symbiosis establishment. [...]
Sanon, Arsène Alain. "Le concept de niche écologique associé à la co-existence des espèces végétales : mise en évidence du rôle de la symbiose mycorhizienne et de sa microflore associée dans la structuration de la strate herbacée en milieu tropical." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10004/document.
Full textSahelian ecosystems have been studied to define the role of mycorrhizal symbiosis and mycorrhizospheric flora in plant communities’ structuration. The study concerns three main levels of soil – microorganisms – plant systems evolution: (i) the implication of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) like Agent-mediated coexistence processes in an herbaceous weakly disturbed ecosystem; (ii) the study of the impact of AMF like Agent-mediated allelopathic effect of exotic fast growing trees [Gmelina arborea Roxb, Eucalyptus camaldulensis] on endogenous organisms (herbaceous and soil microbial communities) and lastly, (iii) the study of soil invasion by an exotic herbaceous plant [Amaranthus viridis] on soil microbial community (AMF, total bacteria, rhizobia) structure and function, on C, N, P availability in soil and, on the regeneration of five sahelian Acacia species. The results indicate that (i) the presence and abundance of AMF in soils, associated with P availability, could strongly mediate plant species coexistence processes and thus, determine plant species partitioning in terrestrial ecosystems; (ii) AMF’s are biological agents which optimize plant growth, restore degraded lands and promote plant biodiversity and finally, (iii) Amaranthus viridis, a very weakly mycotrophic plant species, alters soil chemistry and promotes a reduction in soil mycorrhizal and rhizobial communities after its invasion, thus compromising the survival of Acacia seedlings. Furthermore an increase in soil mycorrhizal propagules could make it possible to mitigate significantly the depressive effect of the invasive plant on the re-establishment of these Acacia species
Daher, Zeina. "Implication des plastes de racines dans la symbiose mycorhizienne à arbuscules : caractérisation cellulaire et moléculaire." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOS021.
Full textDespite the recognized importance of non-photosynthetic plastids in a wide array of plant processes, root plastids involvement in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS) remains to be explored. Using electronic microscopy, we have clearly identified in cortical cells of M. Truncatula roots four main types of plastids with a predominance of amyloplasts. Whereas AM-colonized cortical cells had a proliferation of plastids without internal membrane and plastids with internal tubular membrane at the expense of amyloplasts. The metabolism of these plastids is involved in the synthesis of mycorradicin that we measure accumulation by HPLC in mycorrhizal roots. The latter accumulation is concomitant with the increase of arbuscules. The study of the root plastid proteome then proved fundamental allowing us using GeLC-MS/MS, to establish the first repertory of a root plastidome. These new candidates might play a role in the sentinel function that plastids may use in plants versus biotic and abiotic stress. The qualitative comparison of non-/mycorrhizal root plastidomes highlighted 29 plastid proteins identified as induced or up-regulated in response to the AMS. These proteins are involved for their great majority in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. The stimulation of lipid metabolism in mycorrhizal roots confirms the results of our ultrastructural observations for existence of a shift of the metabolism of carbohydrates to a more pronounced lipid metabolism. Plastids are key organelles for maintaining functional AMS
Zézé, Adolphe. "Isolement de séquences répétées du génome d'un champignon endomycorhizogène à arbuscules scutellospora castanea : application à la détection in planta." Dijon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995DIJOS027.
Full textEssiane, Ondo Olivier. "Caractérisation d'une collection de variétés anciennes de blé pour leur réponse à la mycorhization et impact sur la qualité du grain." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS071/document.
Full textWheat (kind Tritucum aestivum, Poaceae family) is a very important cereal ofagronomic interest. Some very ancient varieties are set aside for recent varieties often selected to meet a consumer intensive cultivation of pesticides. Organic farming production system assuming a reduction of synthetic chemical inputs in order to preserve the ecosystem can be defined as a practice where the use of synthetic fertilizers, chemical pesticides and genetically modified organisms is prohibited. This practice is gaining more and more popularity and the amount of land cultivated in this way has increased by 60% between 2000 and 2004. Constraints associated with the production of organic grains include lower yields due to nutrient deficiencies in the soil and weed competition. During the past 90 years, the international efforts in wheat breeding have focused on increasing yield and quality parameters The establishment of a wheat database based on morphological, taxonomic and ecological criteria and the introduction of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), known to help in the selection and induce an increase in yield and quality of production with a perspective to increase production in an agriculture that respects the environment, could be an integral part of an appropriate strategy. However, mycorrhizal effects on yield and quality of production are not always predictable and the mechanisms that regulate these qualitative parameters are largely unknown. Field screening of 53 ancient wheat varieties showed differences in their ability to interact with endogenous mycorrhizal fungi. Among the analysed plants, only five varieties were mycorrhized for all samples at tillering. All samples were mycorrhized at the heading stage for all varieties. Nineteen showed a decrease in the number of mycorrhized samples at the ears maturity. Inoculation with a laboratory inoculum during a greenhouse experiments in pots, containing either the wheat field soil or Ò EpoissesÓ soil, showed that all wheat varieties form mycorrhizal symbiosis. Between varieties tested, recent wheat varieties used in organic farming were better in forming symbiosis than the old, but the mycorrhizal effect on plant yield is seen only for old varieties. Demonstrating a variety effect on the development and 6 expression of symbiosis. The benefits of mycorrhizal symbiosis are more pronounced for the qualitative phenomena as the seed viability. The addition of a commercial inoculum in a similar greenhouse experiment modified these observations. This inoculum helped to improve wheat development but also the seed quality of some varieties, demonstrating both the importance of the plant genome in the beneficial expression of the symbiosis and the impossibility of indigenous mycorrhizal fungi to ensure optimal development of symbiosis. The previously observed field varietal effect was confirmed even after adding an exogenous inoculum as, excepted for one variety, inoculation has improved yield. This was especially noticeable in the variety that was most productive, stressing the importance to develop crossing strategies to increase the wheat response to mycorrhiza
Vandenkoornhuyse, Philippe. "Approche de la diversité inter- et intraspécifique des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10316.
Full textArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are an important group of microorganisms in the rhizosphere because of their ubiquity in terrestrial ecosystems and the symbiotic association that they form with more than 80 % of plant species. Mycorrhizas improve plant mineral nutrition as weIl as resistance to environmental stress. However, little is known on the diversity of these fungi in soil, either at an inter or intraspecific level, and on the relationship between diversity and function. The objectives of the thesis were (1) to set up molecular tools to study the diversity of AM fungi and (2) to caracterise the populations of AM fungi in 3 soils amended with different levels of sewage sludge using these tools. First, species richness and spore abondance were estimated. The same 6 species were found in the three soils. Spore abundance was lower in the plot which received the highest sludge amendment, which could be related to the modification of soil parameters due to the amendments (heavy metals, pH,. . . ). Two molecular techniques (PCR fingerprinting using a microsatellite primer, analysis of the small sub-unit ribosomal DNA using PCR) were developped, validated and applied with isolates of Glomus mosseae from collection cultures. These techniques were used to study the populations of the 2 most abundant species found in the studied soils (Glomus geosporum-like and Glomus claroideum ). A high intraspecific variability was observed for both species and for both of them the populations of the three soils were genetically different. A high structuration of the populations was observed, although the samples were only distant of a few meters. The mechanisms involved in the high diversity remains to be explained, but data analysis suggests a clonal reproduction and also recombination events. Finally, the host-plant as weIl as the soil influence the intraspecific diversity of G. Claroideum
Sanon, Arsène Alain Berthelin Jacques. "Le concept de niche écologique associé à la co-existence des espèces végétales mise en évidence du rôle de la symbiose mycorhizienne et de sa microflore associée dans la structuration de la strate herbacée en milieu tropical /." S. l. : S. l. : Nancy 1 ; Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (Sénégal), 2009. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2009_0004_SANON.pdf.
Full textBuée, Marc. "Mise en évidence d'un facteur racinaire impliqué dans la croissance des champignons mycorhiciens à arbuscules." Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30194.
Full textPons, Simon. "Les hormones dans la symbiose mycorhizienne : étude de la production et des effets d'hormones végétales par les champignons endomycorhiziens." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30293.
Full textArbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is a mutualistic association established between the roots of most of land plants and soil fungi of the Glomeromycete subphylum. This interaction is beneficial for both partners: the fungus provides the plant with minerals (mainly phosphorus and nitrogen) and in return obtains carbon molecules (in the form of lipids and oses), which are essential for its survival. This interaction is initiated by a molecular dialogue, involving chitinic molecules from fungal origin and phytohormones secreted by the plant, the strigolactones. Once the symbiosis is established, it is controlled by plant hormones, which promote or inhibit its maintenance. Interestingly, although many soil bacterial and fungal species have been able to produce plant hormones to modulate their interactions with plants, few studies describe the ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to biosynthesize such molecules. Furthermore, genes encoding two putative phytohormone receptors - Cytokinins and Ethylene - have however been identified in certain endomycorrhizal fungi. The first objective of this work was to identify plant hormones in the model endomycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. As this fungus is an obligate biotroph, unable to develop in the absence of a plant partner, we used Rhizophagus irregularis germinating spores in axenic conditions in order to avoid any contamination from the plant. Using sensitive and precise biochemical analysis methods, we have demonstrated the presence of four phytohormones in fungal extracts: an auxin (indole-3-acetic acid), a cytokinin (isopentenyl-adenosine), a gibberellic acid (GA4) and ethylene. Our experiments further suggest that, like in most fungi, R. irregularis uses a KMBA-dependent pathway to biosynthesize ethylene. The second objective was to determine the origin of biosynthesis of these hormones. They can either be metabolized by the fungus, or can be imported during symbiotic exchanges with the plant. To demonstrate a possible fungal biosynthesis, we initiated isotopic labelling experiments, by germinating spores in the presence of labelled carbon sources. A third objective was to initiate work on the effects of cytokinins and ethylene on R. irregularis, since it has putative receptors for these two phytohormones. Biochemical evidence for the presence of hormones in R. irregularis is an important discovery for the community. This discovery opens up new perspectives to understand their roles and regulations during the symbiosis. These could have a direct impact on the physiology of endomycorrhizal fungi, contribute to the plant-fungus or inter-plant molecular dialogue, via the mycelial network, but also influence the microbial communities in the soil. These results will further encourage the study of plants in their natural microbiome and will provide a better understanding of how this common hormonal language, has contributed to this symbiosis through the evolution, that started when plants colonized the land and interacted with soil fungi
Jacquot-Plumey, Emmanuelle. "Impact de boues de station d'épuration urbaine sur les champignons mycorhizogènes à arbuscules : contribution au développement d'un test d'écotoxicité." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOS011.
Full textRoussel, Hélène. "Expression de gènes de la plante associée à l'endomycorhization." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOS082.
Full textLouarn, Johann. "Exploitation des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules pour la protection du tournesol contre Orobanche cumana." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2602/.
Full textParasitic weeds such as broomrapes (Orobanche spp. ) can cause severe damage on crop plants, and efficient and sustainable control methods are needed. The aim of our work was to determine whether symbiotic micro-organisms called arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can be used as a biocontrol method to protect sunflower against Orobanche cumana. We first observed that mycorrhization of sunflower plants reduced significantly their infection by Orobanche cumana. We then showed that mycorrhizal sunflower root exudates induced lower Orobanche cumana seed germination than non-mycorrhizal root exudates. Moreover, we demonstrated for the first time that AM fungi alone could produce inhibitors of Orobanche seed germination. Finally, we set up a novel in vitro system in which the early stages of sunflower root infestation by Orobanche cumana can be monitored. This system could be used to investigate possible effects of mycorrhizal fungi on these different stages
Tollot, Marie. "Recherche de gènes fongiques codant des facteurs de transcription liés à l'établissement de la symbiose mycorhizienne à arbuscules : identification et caractérisation du gène GintSTE de Glomus intraradices." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOS006.
Full textThe transcription factor GintSTE, the first STE12 homologue to be identified in a mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradices), is similar to other STE12 proteins from filamentous fungi and seems to be conserved among the Glomeromycota. GintSTE is induced during spore germination and its expression increases in extraradical fungal structures upon penetration of the rhizodermis. Moreover, GintSTE can restore invasive growth of an ste12Δ yeast mutant as well as penetration of host tissues by a clste12Δ mutant of the hemibiotrophic plant pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, suggesting that symbiotic and pathogenic fungi may share common determinants for invasion of plant tissues. GintSTE could thus be involved in the control of the early symbiotic morphogenesis and in particular in the process of penetration of plant tissues by AM fungi. Sequences targeted by GintSTE have been identified from reverse one-hybrid yeast experiments. They contain regulating elements closely related to those recognized by STE12 in yeast (PRE, Pheromone Responsive Element) which are able to interact with a recombinant GintSTE protein in vitro. The organization of PRE sites indicate that GintSTE may simultaneously regulate the expression of distinct genes by interacting with distal regulating modules of enhancer type. Homologues of the yeast STE12-regulated genes involved in plasma membrane and cell wall synthesis, morphogenesis control or stress responses could be regulated by GintSTE in G. Intraradices
Weissenhorn, Ingrid. "Les mycorhizes à arbuscules dans des sols pollués par des métaux lourds : tolérance aux métaux et rôle dans leur transfert aux plantes." Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10009.
Full textKoller, Robert Scheu Stefan Robin Christophe. "Amoebae in the rhizosphere and their interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi effects on assimilate partitioning and nitrogen availability for plants /." S. l. : S. l. : S. n. ; S. n, 2008. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2008_KOLLER_R.pdf.
Full textThèse soutenue en co-tutelle. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.
Malbreil, Mathilde. "La biologie du champignon mycorhizien à arbuscules Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM 197198 à la lumière de la génomique et de la transcriptomique." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2670/.
Full textThe biology of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198 enlighten by genomics and transcriptomics. Glomeromycota are mutualistic fungi associated with plant roots. The vast majority of plant species are able to form a symbiosis with these organisms. This association improves plant nutrition via a better water and mineral recruitment from the soil. In return, the fungus receives carbon compounds. Symbiosis establishment is achieved by a step by step development, led by signal exchanges. My work was focused on describing genetic programs supporting the fungal development of Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198, during symbiosis establishment. The fungus was grown in several conditions representing key point of its development, and RNA were sequenced by illumina. RNAseq data obtained were then used to define the gene models on the genome assembly. R. Irregularis has a haploid and homocaryotic genome (Tisserant*, Malbreil* et al. , 2013). Strigolactones (plant signal molecules) affect the expression of around 300 genes during the pre-symbiotic development, in a sequential manner. By studying the R. Irregularis transcriptomes in association with 3 phylogenetically distant plants, we report that a set of 262 genes are highly induced whatever the host is. These results allowed refining the number of candidate genes possibly playing an important role in the symbiotic development. Finally, by coupling metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches, two molecules (propionyl- and butyryl-carnitine) could be identified and might play a role in late steps of symbiosis establishment
Repetto, Ombretta. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal impact on proteome and populations of nuclei in pea (Pisum sativum) grown in cadmium contaminated soil." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOS012.
Full textIn the first part, the effects of cadmium (Cd) applied either at planting (Cd1) or 15 days later (Cd2) were studied in 2 pea genotypes (Cd-sensitive VIR4788 and Cd-tolerant VIR7128) inoculated or not with the AM fungus Glomus mosseae BEG12. The G. Mosseae development was inhibited by Cd1. Alleviation of the Cd-induced growth reduction by AM was more pronounced in VIR4788. Mycorrhizal symbiosis modulates the expression of root proteins involved in Cd-responses of VIR4788. Changes in ploidy levels represent pea responses towards Cd which are modulated by the symbiotic interaction in VIR4788. In the second part, Cd effects on root growth, mitotic index as well as chromosomal morphology of apical meristems were studied in VIR4788, VIR7128 and cv. Frisson. Increasing Cd concentrations decreased root growth, mitotic index and caused chromosome irregularities
Calonne, Maryline. "Impact des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques sur le métabolisme lipidique et le transport du phosphore chez le champignon mycorhizien à arbuscules Rhizophagus irregularis." Thesis, Littoral, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DUNK0311/document.
Full textPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the major persistent organic pollutant frequently found in the polluted soils and are harmful for human health and its environment. To clean-up the PAHs polluted soils, phytoremediation assisted by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could represent an innovative, ecological and cost-effective alternative. The use of mycorrhizas, as phytoremediation tool, has several advantages including increased tolerance to the pollutant toxicity, improved water and mineral nutrition as well as a better pollutant dissipation. Few studies have described the impact of PAHs on the AMF development related with lipid peroxidation and total lipid content disturbance. However, so far neither the target action of these pollutants on the metabolism, nor the role of these lipid changes in PAH tolerance and in their dissipation have been studied. Therefore, the present work aims firstly to improve our understanding of the PAHs impact on the CMA lipid metabolism. Thanks to radiolabeling experiments with [1-¹⁴C] acetate, our results showed a disruption of the membrane lipid biosynthesis pathways in the AMF extraradical mycelium, grown in the presence of PAHs. Secondly, it was highlighted that the PAHs affectef the phosphate nutrition. Finally, the mycorrhizas abilities to degrade and to bioaccumulate the benzo[a]pyrene, were pointed out. The involvement of extraradical mycelium storage lipid (triacyglycerols) metabolism in the membrane regeneration, the fight against the PAH induced-oxidative stress and the PAH metabolism/bioaccumulation is discussed
Lenoir, Ingrid. "Intérêt de la symbiose mycorhizienne à arbuscules dans la phytoremédiation des sols historiquement contaminés par les hydrocarbures : de la protection à la dissipation." Thesis, Littoral, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DUNK0398/document.
Full textArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-assisted phytoremediation is one of innovative method for the remediation of polluted soils due to its relevance to sustainable development. This phytotechnology presents benefits both in the protection of plants against the phytotoxicity of organic pollutants such as hydrocarbons and in their dissipation. However, its efficiency remains to be proved in the aged multi-polluted soils and the mechanisms of degradation and tolerance implemented by the mycorrhizal symbiosis are poorly known. Thus, the thesis aims firstly to study in the symbiotic partners Medicago truncatula/Rhizophagus irregularis cultivated in vitro, the expression of genes potentially involved in the tolerance to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) frequently detected in polluted soils. Expressions of genes encoding for antioxidant, pollutant, detoxification and DNA repairing enzymes were measured by real time PCR. Our results showed a positive correlation between the induction of antioxidant systems (genes and enzymes) and the production of H₂O₂ induced by the accumulation of B[a]P in non-mycorrhizal root and the AMF. In contrast, when the roots are colonized by the AMF, this one would act as a physical barrier limiting the accumulation of B[a]P and H₂O₂ production of in the roots and would cause the repression of root antioxidant systems. The second objective of the thesis consisted of evaluating the contribution of the arbuscular mycorrhizal amendment in the degradation of two types of hydrocarbons : the PAH and the alkanes, present in an aged multi-polluted soils (site of Union). The study was carried out in microcosms in the presence of non-inoculated or inoculated wheat (Triticul aestivum) by R. irregularis. A positive contribution of the mycorrhizal inoculation in the hydrocarbon biodegradation after 16 weeks of culture was demonstrated. This better degradation is related especially to the simulation of the bacterial microflora but also to the plant metabolic abilities
Ortega, Larrocea Pilar. "Effet de l'irrigation par des eaux usées sur les mycorhizes à arbuscules : apports du fond cosmologique et des amas de galaxies dans le domaine des rayons X." Toulouse 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU30185.
Full textMustafa, Ghalia. "Protection du blé contre l'oïdium par des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules : mécanismes et optimisation." Thesis, Littoral, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DUNK0388/document.
Full textThe use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could be an innovative alternative to chemicals against fungal plant diseases. Our work aimed at studying the possible protective effect of arbuscular mycorrhization in the bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) against Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), a biotrophic fungi responsible of wheat powdery mildew, a disease affecting the aerial plant organs. Wheat mycorrhizal inoculation by Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), under controlled and optimized conditions, allowed us to obtain concomitantly a micorrhizal rate of 38%, a significant increase of plant biomass and a protection level against Bgt estimated at 78%. These results suggest the induction of systemic wheat defense reactions resulting from mycorrhization (Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance - MIR). This protection is linked to an accumulation of phenolic compounds and hydrogen peroxide at the Bgt penetration sites in epidermal leaf cells of mycorrhized wheat plants. Up-regulations of POX, PAL, NPR1 and CH11 genes encoding for defense markers were also pointed out in leaves of mycorrhizal wheat in the absence of Bgt infection. Moreover, our study highlighted the importance of taking into account various parameters to optimize the use of AMF as biocontrol agents. The highest protection against powdery mildew was obtained with a 5-fold reduced phosphorus input compared to that recommended in the field and with the mycorrhizal inoculum Fm, in both a moderately susceptible or a more resistant cultuva
Laparre, Jérôme. "Élaboration d'une stratégie analytique pour l'identification de métabolites clés impliqués dans la symbiose mycorhizienne entre Rhizophagus irregularis-Medicago truncatula." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1725/.
Full textThe arbuscular mycorrhizal (MA) symbiosis is a mutualist interaction between soil fungi (Glomeromycota) and roots of most plant species. During symbiosis AM fungi provide plants with minerals and water, and obtain in return photoassimilates to carry out its life cycle. If some symbiotic signals involved in the early stages of the AM symbiosis have been characterized in recent years, our knowledge is very limited on regulatory molecules exchanged between the symbiotic partners in planta. In this context, we have developed an analytical strategy in order to identify key metabolites involved in mycorrhizal symbiosis. We associate a differential analysis of the metabolome of mycorrhizal roots and not mycorrhizal an analysis of the expression of genes specific mycorrhizal symbiosis. The analysis of metabolic coupling the high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and high resolution mass spectrometry (Q-TOF) analysis with statistical unsupervised type OPLS-DA, has highlighted 71 metabolites at least 10 times more prevalent in mycorrhizal roots. Among these metabolites fifty had never been identified as characteristics mycorrhization, including propionyl-carnitine. As for the transcriptomic analysis, it was to select among these those screened metabolites may have a role in regulating the symbiosis signals reflected by their activity on the transcriptome MA of the fungus. We conducted an analysis of the expression of specific genes on the symbiosis of spores of Rhizophagus irregularis stimulated by root extracts fractionated by HPLC. The complementarity of the two analysis (transcriptomics and metabolic), more metabolites present in mycorrhizal roots and detected in HPLC fractions that modulate the expression of fungal genes were identified as potential candidates
Bourles, Alexandre. "Les rhizobactéries des sols ultramafiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie : Caractérisation, rôle dans l'adaptation des plantes à la contrainte édaphique et interaction avec les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NCAL0002.
Full textIn New caledoia, a tropical archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, one third of the main island is covered by ultramafic solis that contribute to the development of a unique flora. Interaction with soils microorganisms, particularly rhizobacteria, is an essential adaptation in plants found on ultramafic soils. The objective of this thesis is to understand the role of these rhizobacteria isolated from New Caledonia ultramafic soils in the adpatation of plants to soils constraints. This thesis focuses on bacteria belonging to the genera Burkholdelria and Curtobacterium isolated from New Caledonian ultramafic soils. This work is divided into three objectives, (1) The characterization of the bacterial isolates, (2) The Evaluation of the adaptive response of bacteria to metal stress and (3) The evaluation of the plant growth promoting effect. This work highlights the existence of original taxa subordinated to ultramafic soils with particular mechanisms of resistance to metals involving in the adapatation of plants to soils stress. Mechanisms of resistance to metals depending on the bacterial species considered have been identified and are responsible of alleviation of metal in plants. Co-inoculation trials with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have shown beneficial effects on the development of mycorrhizal improving the plant growth. In addiction, the results obtained make interesting conclusions on the adpatation of plant species in ultramafic soils for improving ecological restoration program. Moreover, the interaction of the rhizobacteria with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi seems to be a promising way to restore degraded mining sites in New Caledonia
Wahl, Anne-Lena. "Importance des interactions entre plantes et mycorhizes dans le maintien de la productivité des écosystèmes pastoraux montagnards soumis à des forçages climatiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAS038/document.
Full textEven though arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are present from foothills to all alpine habitats, research on their role in mountain ecosystems remains incomplete. The main objective of this dissertation was to investigate interactions between AMF and plants along altitudinal gradients under both, natural conditions and simulated future climate change conditions.A novel framework is suggested for the functioning of the AMF-plant relationship along altitudinal gradients based on the stress gradient hypothesis. The first hypothesis expects the AMF-relationship to shift along the mutualism–parasitism continuum following changing environmental stress along the altitudinal gradient. The relationship might be most mutualistic at the subalpine zone. In a second hypothesis, this shift along the mutualism-parasitism continuum is predicted to be different under climate change conditions, and the most mutualistic expression of the AMF-plant relationship expected in the montane and alpine zone. Studies to validate the presented hypotheses will help to identify important mechanisms underlying plant-AMF interaction and with that the mediation of plant-plant interactions by AMF. In the scope of this thesis, the framework was addressed in field experiment as well as under controlled conditions in a climate chamber experiment.From a literature review and from a field experiment along a dry inner-alpine altitudinal gradient this thesis proposes the following conclusions: First, AMF are also ubiquitous in mountain ecosystems, but a decrease in their abundance with increasing altitude is dependent on the overall climatic context. Second, their relationship to plants is however strongly dependent on the host plant species as well as the biotic and abiotic context. Third, a shift of the AMF-relationship along with altitude is expected but will quite possibly also depend on the plant species identity. Fourth, to fully assess the suggested working hypotheses for AMF-plant interactions field studies must be conducted at different spatial scales and covering different mountain systems.It is particularly important to understand and investigate the drivers of AMF plant relationship in mountain ecosystems to be able to make sound predictions for AMF-plant interactions under future climate change conditions. The presented field and climate chamber experiments on climate change show that temperature is an important factor because it aggravates the conditions of drought in lowland and a threshold is surpassed. It becomes also clear that whether AMF mitigate climate change effects for plants or not is dependent on the plant species. Altogether this thesis contributes to current research questions in ecology, climate change mitigation and plant–soil interactions, because it addresses the role of AMF in mountain grassland ecosystem, investigates the effects of climate change and provides a new framework concerning the functioning of the AMF-plant relationship ranging from parasitism to mutualism
Destinoble, Antony. "Effet de la symbiose mycorhizienne arbusculaire sur la composition minérale du poireau cultivé en présence de carbonate de calcium." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27852.
Full textKaumbu, Jean Marc Kyalamakasa. "Sélection précoce des espèces forestières et potentiel mycorhizien arbusculaire en vue de la reforestation de la forêt claire dégradée du Haut-Katanga, en République Démocratique du Congo." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68940.
Full textIn the Katanga province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo), the anthropogenic pressure is exerted on the Miombo woodland (MW) with the expansion of the agricultural lands and the increased demand for charcoal, due to the demographic growth. The restorationof agricultural and forest fallows has become essential to reverse this decline and sustainably manage the degraded MW. The main objective of this thesis was to study the development of seedlings and the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the MW of UpperKatanga, DRC. Its specific objectives were to: (i) assess the development and mycorrhizalstatus of MW species, with respect to their successional status (early (ES) or late (LS) tree species); (ii) determine the arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum potential (AMIP) in degradedMW; and (iii) describe the diversity and community structure of AMF associated with amultipurpose forest tree (Pterocarpus tinctorius Welw also named Mninga maji in Swahili,Mukula in Bemba).First, the development of the seedlings was evaluated, for two pioneer tree species(Combretum collinum and P. tinctorius) and six late species (Brachystegia boehmii, B.longifolia, B. spiciformis, B. wangermeana, Julbernardia globiflora and J. paniculata), 1, 2and 4 years after planting. Then, the AMIP was estimated in degraded MW by baitingCrotalaria juncea seedlings. The relationship between AMIP and vegetation indix wase stablished with Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) and linear regressions. Finally, the diversity and the structure of the AMF community in the roots of P. tinctorius were characterized in the agricultural and forest fallow of three sites, by amplification, cloning of the 28S gene of the large subunit (LSU) of the ribosomal DNA and Sanger sequencing. The results showed that the early successional tree species, ES (Chipya) had early growthand were 3 to 40 times more productive than to LS (tree species characteristic of MW). ESspecies were colonized by AMF, whereas LS species were colonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi. In degraded MW, the density of some trees had a positive influence on AMIP,particularly woody legumes acting synergistically with the abundance of annual grasses.Woody legumes were more colonized and would act as AMF plant refuges. Molecular diversity of 30 operational taxonomic units (UTOs) of AMF was associated with P. tinctorius (one of the mycotrophic woody legumes), in the agricultural and forest fallows of three sites studied. The community richness and structure of the AMF were driven by the density ofwoody species colonized by AMF evenly distributed in plant species. The AMF communitywas dominated by species of the genera Rhizophagus and Sclerocystis, and were strongly associated with some chemical properties of the soil (pH, acidity, total aluminium and totaliron) and the density of some trees. Thus, the results highlight a variability of growth and biomass depending on the successional status (ecological groups). Also, the AMIP and the AMF communities were mainly driven by tree density and soil properties. We suggest there forestation of degraded MW with the native species (P. tinctorius, B. spiciformis and C.collinum) in mono-specific plantations or under agroforestry management with food crops.
Kuznetsova, Elena Vladislavovna. "Characterization of Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) genes implicated in arbuscular mycorrhiza formation and function." Thesis, Dijon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DIJOS023/document.
Full textThe arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association results from a successful interaction between the genomes of the two symbiotic partners. In this context, the aim of my research was to better characterize the role of the late stage symbiosis-related pea genes PsSym36, PsSym33 and PsSym40 in the functional AM (i) by investigating the effect of mutations in the three genes on fungal and plant gene responses and (ii) by creating conditions for the localization of two of the genes, PsSym36 and PsSym40, on the pea genetic map for future map-based cloning. The expression of a subset of ten fungal and eight plant genes,previously reported to be activated during mycorrhiza development, was compared in Glomus intraradices-inoculated roots of wild type and Pssym36, Pssym33 and Pssym40 mutant pea plants. Most of the fungal genes were down-regulated in roots of the Pssym36 mutant where arbuscule formation is defective, and several were upregulated with more rapid fungal development in roots of the Pssym40 mutant. Microdissection of mycorrhizal PsSym40 roots corroborated preferential expression of the three G. intraradices genes SOD, DESAT and PEPISOM in arbuscule-containing cells. Inactivation of PsSym36 also resulted in down regulation of plant genes whilst mutation of the PsSym33 and PsSym40 genes affected plant gene responses in a more time-dependent way. Results thus indicate an implication of the investigated pea SYM genes in the modulation of plant and fungal molecular interactions linked to signaling, nutrient exchange or stress response regulation during AM symbiosis formation and functioning. Conditions for localization of the PsSym36 and PsSym40 genes on the pea genetic map were developed for their future map-based cloning. Based on the molecular markers obtained, it was possible to conclude that localization of the PsSym40 gene most likely resides outside the linkage groups I, II, III or V of the genetic map of pea
Формирование арбускулярной микоризы (АМ) является результатом успешного взаимодействия между геномами двух симбиотических партнёров. Целью моего исследования являлось изучение роли поздних симбиотических генов гороха PsSym36, PsSym33 и PsSym40 в формировании функционального АМ симбиоза. Для этого было проведено исследование эффекта мутаций в генах PsSym36, PsSym33 и PsSym40 на экспрессию грибных и растительных генов, предположительно (по литературным данным) вовлечённых в процессы формирования АМ, а так же проведена работа по локализации генов PsSym36 и PsSym40 на генетической карте гороха для последующего более точного картирования и позиционного клонирования данных генов. Экспрессия десяти грибных и восьми растительных генов была определена в корнях растений дикого типа и PsSym36, PsSym33 и PsSym40 мутантов, инокулированных G. intraradices. В корнях PsSym36 мутанта, имеющего дефект развития арбускул, большая часть грибных генов была супрессирована, в то время как в корнях PsSym40 мутанта, для которого характерна более быстрая по сравнению с диким типом микоризация, был отмечен более высокий уровень экспрессии грибных генов. Использование метода микродиссекций позволило выделить клетки, содержащие арбускулы, из микоризованных корней мутанта PsSym40 и подтвердить, что гены G. intraradices SOD, DESAT и PEPISOM преимущественно экспрессируются в клетках, содержащих арбускулы. Мутация в гене PsSym36 также привела к подавлению экспрессии большинства вовлечённых в анализ растительных генов, тогда как мутации в генах PsSym33 и PsSym40 оказали влияние на ксперессию растительных генов в меньшей степени. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о роли исследуемых SYM генов гороха в контролировании растительно-грибных молекулярных взаимодействий, связанных с сигналингом, обменом питательными веществами и стрессовыми реакциями в процессе формирования и функционирования АМ симбиоза. Проведённое генетическое картирование не привело к локализации генов PsSym36 и PsSym40 на генетической карте гороха. Однако разработка и использование молекулярных маркеров для картирования позволили исключить локализацию гена PsSym40 в I, II, III и V группах сцепления с высокой долей вероятности
Vannier, Nathan. "The clonal plant microbiota : assembly rules, heritability and influence on host phenotype." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B027/document.
Full textPlants live in association with a wide diversity of microorganisms forming the microbiota. The plant microbiota provides a variety of key functions that influence many aspects of plant's life comprising establishment, growth and reproduction. The present thesis aims at determining the assembly rules of the plant microbiota and its consequences for plant phenotype, adaptation and evolution. To fulfill this objective, we used different experimental approaches using either clonal plants as model organisms or grassland mesocosms for community-wide analyses. Our results demonstrated i) that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi induce important phenotypic variations in clonal plants traits involved in space exploration and resources exploitation. These changes depended on the identity of the symbionts and altered the plants ability to produce plastic responses to environmental heterogeneity. ii) Plants have evolved a mechanism allowing the transmission of a part of their microbiota to their progeny, ensuring thus their habitat quality. iii) The plant community context is a major factor structuring local plant microbiota assembly. Particular plant species identity in the neighborhood increase or decrease the microbiota diversity and ultimately determine the focal plant performance. This thesis overall demonstrates the importance of symbiotic microorganisms in the understanding of the plant adaptation and evolution. From the knowledges acquired we developed a novel understanding of symbiotic interactions in clonal plants by extending the holobiont theory to the meta-holobiont theory
Peyret, Guzzon Marine. "Etudes moléculaires de la diversité des communautés et populations de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules (Glomeromycota)." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS065/document.
Full textThe arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, which appeared at the same time as land plants, 460 million years ago, is a mutualistic beneficial association between most land plants, including those cultivated, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF, from the Glomeromycota phylum, are widespread soil microorganisms needing a photosynthetic host to complete their life cycle (obligate symbionts). The great potential of plant mineral nutrition improvement and crop production increased during this symbiosis, make AMF an asset in the context of an increase in the demand of world food crop production. The control of that symbiosis by ecology engineering in order to improve ecosystem services, especially in agroecosystems, needs to better understand the mechanisms regulating its dynamic. Therefore, we studied community and population diversity of AMF under influences of different agricultural practices at several spatial scales using genetic fingerprinting methods: high-throughput sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results show that AMF diversity is structured by land use type (grassland vs. arable fields), cultural practices (soil disturbance, fertilizations, culturing systems) as well as environmental factors (e.g. soil pH). In conclusion, those different factors have to taken in account in AMF ecosystemic service managing
Koller, Robert. "Amoebae in the rhizosphere and their interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi : effects on assimilate partitioning and nitrogen availability for plants." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL080N/document.
Full textPlants interact with multiple root symbionts for fostering uptake of growth-limiting nutrients. In turn, plants allocate a variety of organic resources in form of energy-rich rhizodeposits into the rhizosphere, stimulating activity, growth and modifying diversity of microorganisms. The aim of my study was to understand how multitrophic rhizosphere interactions feed back to plant N nutrition, assimilate partitioning and growth. Multitrophic interactions were assessed in a single-plant microcosm approach, with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intraradices) and bacterial feeding protozoa (Acanthamoeba castellanii) as model root symbionts. Stable isotopes enabled tracing C (13C) and N (15N) allocation in the plant and into the rhizosphere. Plant species identity is a major factor affecting plant-protozoa interactions in terms of N uptake and roots and shoot morphology. Plants adjusted C allocation to roots and into the rhizosphere depending on litter quality and the presence of bacterial grazers for increasing plant growth. The effect of protozoa on the structure of microbial community supplied with both, plant C and litter N, varied with litter quality added to soil. AM-fungi and protozoa interact to complement each other for plant benefit in C and N acquisition. Protozoa re-mobilized N from fast growing rhizobacteria and by enhancing microbial activity. Hyphae of AM fungi acted as pipe system, translocating plant derived C and protozoan remobilized N from source to sink regions. Major perspectives of this work will be to investigate whether (i) multitrophic interactions in our model system can be generalized to other protozoa-mycorrhiza-plant interactions (ii) these interactions are depending on plant phenology and plant community composition
Campagnac, Estelle. "Etude in vitro de l'impact de deux fongicides inhibiteurs de la biosynthèse des stérols (IBS) sur le métabolisme stérolique des deux partenaires de la symbiose mycorhizienne arbusculaire : évaluation du stress oxydant induit dans la symbiose." Littoral, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DUNK0225.
Full textThe aim of this work was on one hand to study the impact of two fungicides IBS (fenpropimorph, fenhexamid) on sterol metabolism of non-target organisms, transformed roots / arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Glomus intraradices grown in vitro, and on the other hand to examine oxidative stress induced by applying the two IBS on symbiosis. Differential effects between fenpropimorph and fenhaxamid were shown. The phytotoxicity of fenpropimorph was underscored by the significant reduction in root growth and appeared to be due to (i) the replacement of the normal ∆5-stérols by usual sterols : 9ß,19cyclopropylstérols, ∆8,14-stérols, ∆8-stérols et ∆7-stérols (ii) and the induction of an oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities). However no impact on the sterol profile and root development was detected with fenhexamid, while a significant oxidative stress was highlighted in roots. A propective effect of mycorhization was noticed on the lipid peroxidation of roots after application of the two fungicides. Moreover, our results suggest that a normal composition of phytosterols is essential to the development of symbiosis. The fongitoxicity of fenpropimorph on the development of G. Intraradices was shown by a reduced fungal development, a decrease of sterol content and the increase of a precursor, the squalene. This suggests the inhibition of an unknown target enzyme in fungi, the squalene epoxydase
Pierart, Antoine. "Rôle des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules et des bioamendements dans le transfert et la bioaccessibilité de Cd, Pb et Sb vers les végétaux cultivés en milieu urbain." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30148/document.
Full textUrban agriculture (UA) and pollution are two worlds more inter-connected every day, creating one of the main challenges of sustainable cities as persistent metal(loid) contamination increases as much as the interest for urban agriculture. Biofertilizers and bioamendments used in UA (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, compost, and biochar) can influence the mobility of contaminants in soil. This study aims to better understand the fate of anthropic or geogenic, major (Cd, Pb) and emerging (Sb), inorganic contaminants in soil-plant-biofertilizer systems and their human bioaccessibility. While contaminant mobility in soil is affected by biofertilizers, their origin influences also their bioaccessibility. The fungal community seems crucial in this phenomenon but is impacted by compost addition. Hence, using these biofertilizers in contaminated soils has to be thought wisely because of the multiple interactions affecting contaminant's phytoavailability
Duhamel, Marie. "Évolution de la coopération et conséquences d'une baisse de diversité de plantes sur la diversité des symbiontes racinaires." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00867233.
Full textDoidy, Joan. "The Medicago truncatula sucrose transporter family." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-151723.
Full textViollet, Amandine. "Influence du système de sécrétion de type III bactérien dans les interactions plante-Pseudomonas spp. fluorescents non pathogènes." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00596562.
Full textHayek, Soukayna. "Mycorrhiza-induced resistance against Thielaviopsis basicola in the ornemental crop Petunia hybrida." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808074.
Full textLecomte, Julie. "Étude de l’interaction entre le champignon mycorhizien Glomus irregulare et les bactéries du sol." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4986.
Full textIn this study, we isolated and cultivated bacterial cells intimately associated with Glomus irregulare spores in a natural soil Agrostis stolonifera rhizosphere. Sequencing of the 29 morphotypes isolated revealed the presence of only seven bacterial taxa (Variovorax paradoxus, Microbacterium ginsengiosoli, Sphingomonas sp., Bacillus megaterium, B. simplex, B. cereus and Kocuria rhizophila). These seven isolates were cultivated in vitro on the mycelium of G. irregulare to allow microscopic observation of growth and attachment to the mycelium in absence of nutritive sources other than those derived from the fungal mycelium. All isolates but B. cereus were able to grow on the experimental system and to attach to the mycelium to form biofilm-like structures on their surface. However, B. simplex formed these structures more quickly, in 15 days, than the remaining isolates that have formed them only after 30 days (K. rhizophila and B. megaterium) or 45 days (V. paradoxus, M. ginsengiosoli and Sphingomonas sp.). In addition, PCR-DGGE was used to compare bacterial diversity. The bacterial biodiversity associated with spores of G. irregulare that were isolated and cultured in vitro was significantly lower than that present on the spore surface, while total soil bacterial diversity was much higher. The bacteria associated with mycorrhizal fungi probably have an important role in the ability of plants to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses to which they are submitted.
Balaji, Boovaraghan. "Use of Ri T-DNA transformed roots of pea mutants and a non-host (lupin) in studying precolonization and colonization stages of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis /." 1996. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=736576141&sid=12&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textArpin, Pascal. "Étude comparative des propagules extraracinaires et intraracinaires du champignon mycorhizien Glomus irregulare." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8921.
Full textSpore germination is an essential developmental stage in the life cycle of many filamentous fungi. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form a number of different infectious propagules that increase their potential to colonize roots. Among them are extraradical and intraradical spores. The spore cell wall plays a major role in the survival of these propagules by being a physical and osmotic barrier. Because a cell can make considerable adjustments to the composition and structure of its wall in response to environmental conditions, it is possible that intraradical and extraradical spore walls show different mechanical and osmotic properties affecting their survival and germination. However, in contrast to the knowledge on the genetics and molecular composition of AMF cell wall, little is known about its mechanical properties. Information on the germination of AMF under hypertonic conditions is scarce, and experimental designs and methodologies have generally not allowed the direct effects of high external osmotic pressure on fungal germination to be separated from plant-mediated effects. This study had the goal to address two important sets of questions regarding the behavior of mycorrhizal spores. We first determined the relationship between cell wall composition, structure and mechanical properties of the model fungus Glomus irregulare. Micro-indentation was used to quantitatively measure the cell wall mechanical properties. Cell wall composition (chitin and glomalin content) was studied by immunofluorescence whereas optical microscopy was used to measure the cell wall thickness. Glomalin local density and wall thickness were both significantly higher for extraradical spore walls while chitin local density and rigidity were unaffected by origin of spores. High variability in results prevented us from identifying a primary factor responsible for overall wall strength during compression. Decreases of chitin and glomalin concentrations were correlated to the development of the fungal wall throughout its life-cycle. There was also differential association within the wall layers: The chitin and glomalin polymers were localized mostly in the outer and inner walls, respectively. In the second part of our work, we explored the direct effects of fertilizers, in relation to their water activity (aw), on spore germination and cellular turgor pressure. Spores were exposed to three fertilizers with different aw and spore germination and cytorrhysis of spores were assessed after different times of incubation. Water activities of the fertilizers were used as indicators of their osmotic pressures. Osmotic shock exposure of the Glomus irregulare spores to fertilizers at aw values between 0.982 and 0.882 caused gradual changes in cytorrhysis and germination. With the increase of external turgor pressure, cytorrhysis increased while the rate of germination decreased. These effects were most pronounced at high nutrient concentrations. The present investigation, while likely representing a significant step forward in understanding the mechanical and osmotic properties of AMF spores, also confirms that they might depend on many, as yet unidentified factors. Future research should examine differences in the physiology to discern reasons for such differences in spore properties.
Boon, Eva. "The evolution of inter-genomic variation in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8689.
Full textBackground: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are root-inhabiting fungi whose hyphal networks form symbioses with plants. Previous studies have revealed extremely high levels of genetic variation for some loci, which has lead to the proposition that AMF contain thousands of genetically divergent nuclei that share the same cytoplasm, i.e. they are heterokaryotic coenocytes. No reproductive stage has as yet been observed in AMF, yet evidence is accumulating that the observed high levels of diversity could be maintained by the exchange of nuclei between hyphal systems and (meiotic) recombination. AMF spores contain varying fractions of this heterogeneous population of nuclei, which migrate directly from the parent mycelium. To our knowledge, AMF are the only organisms that never pass through a single nucleus stage in their life cycle, which allows nuclei to diverge into genetically distinct nuclei within the same cytoplasm. Thus, estimating genetic diversity in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a major challenge, not only for ecologists in the field but also for molecular biologists in the lab. It is unclear what the extent of polymorphism is in AMF genomes. The present thesis investigates different aspects of this peculiar genome organization. Results The second chapter in this thesis confirms the extensive intra-isolate polymorphism that was previously observed for large subunit rDNA (in G. irregulare DAOM-197198) and the polymerase1-like gene, PLS (in G. etunicatum), and shows that this polymorphism is transcribed. In the third chapter I report the presence of a bottleneck of genetic variation at sporulation for the PLS locus, in G. etunicatum. Analyses in the fourth chapter, based on a conservative network-based clustering approach and five novel single copy genomic markers, reveal extensive genome-wide patterns of diversity in two different AMF species (G. irregulare and G. diaphanum). Conclusions The results from this thesis provide additional evidence in favor of genome differentiation between nuclei in the same isolate for AMF. Thus, at least three members of the Glomus genus, G. irregulare, G. diaphanum and G. etunicatum appear to be organisms whose genome organization cannot be described by a single genome sequence: genetically differentiated nuclei in AMF form a pangenome.
Dupont, Sarah. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities of 31 durum wheat cultivars (Triticum turgidum var. durum) under field conditions in Eastern Canadian province of Quebec." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22245.
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