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Arastehfar, Amir, Brian L. Wickes, Macit Ilkit, David H. Pincus, Farnaz Daneshnia, Weihua Pan, Wenjie Fang, and Teun Boekhout. "Identification of Mycoses in Developing Countries." Journal of Fungi 5, no. 4 (September 29, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof5040090.
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Extensive advances in technology offer a vast variety of diagnostic methods that save time and costs, but identification of fungal species causing human infections remains challenging in developing countries. Since the echinocandins, antifungals widely used to treat invasive mycoses, are still unavailable in developing countries where a considerable number of problematic fungal species are present, rapid and reliable identification is of paramount importance. Unaffordability, large footprints, lack of skilled personnel, and high costs associated with maintenance and infrastructure are the main factors precluding the establishment of high-precision technologies that can replace inexpensive yet time-consuming and inaccurate phenotypic methods. In addition, point-of-care lateral flow assay tests are available for the diagnosis of Aspergillus and Cryptococcus and are highly relevant for developing countries. An Aspergillus galactomannan lateral flow assay is also now available. Real-time PCR remains difficult to standardize and is not widespread in countries with limited resources. Isothermal and conventional PCR-based amplification assays may be alternative solutions. The combination of real-time PCR and serological assays can significantly increase diagnostic efficiency. However, this approach is too expensive for medical institutions in developing countries. Further advances in next-generation sequencing and other innovative technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based diagnostic tools may lead to efficient, alternate methods that can be used in point-of-care assays, which may supplement or replace some of the current technologies and improve the diagnostics of fungal infections in developing countries.
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Frickmann, Hagen, Ulrike Loderstaedt, Paul Racz, Klara Tenner-Racz, Petra Eggert, Alexandra Haeupler, Ralf Bialek, and Ralf Matthias Hagen. "Detection of Tropical Fungi in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue: Still an Indication for Microscopy in Times of Sequence-Based Diagnosis?" BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/938721.
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Introduction. The aim of the study was the evaluation of panfungal PCR protocols with subsequent sequence analysis for the diagnostic identification of invasive mycoses in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples with rare tropical mycoses.Materials and Methods. Five different previously described panfungal PCR/sequencing protocols targeting 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA gene fragments as well as internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 fragments were evaluated with a collection of 17 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples of patients with rare and/or tropical invasive mycoses, comprising chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis, mycetoma/maduromycosis, and rhinosporidiosis, in a proof-of-principle analysis.Results. The primers of the panfungal PCRs readily and predominantly reacted with contaminating environmental fungi that had deposited on the paraffin blocks. Altogether three sequence results of histoplasmosis and mycetoma samples that matched the histological assessment were associated with sample age <10 years and virtually without PCR inhibition.Conclusions. The high risk of amplifying environmental contaminants severely reduces the usefulness of the assessed panfungal PCR/sequencing protocols for the identification of rare and/or tropical mycoses in stored formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Histological assessment remains valuable for such indications if cultural differentiation is impossible from inactivated sample material.
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Rubinstein, Héctor, Blanca Marticorena, Diana Masih, Noemi Borletto, Raul Vega, Haydee Varengo, and Ricardo Negroni. "Isolation of human fungi from soil and identification of two endemic areas of Cryptococcus neoformans and Coccidioides immitis." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 31, no. 1 (February 1989): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651989000100001.
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The present study was carried out in two different areas of Province of Cordoba, Argentina, where there was a suspicious of endemic mycosis. The previous data were the presence of a clinical case of pulmonary cryptococcosis in one area (Alta Gracia) and the previous findings of a high incidence of coccidioidin and cryptococcin reactors in the population of the second one (Villa Dolores). In both areas soil samples for fungi were studied and Cryptococcus neoformans was found in 2/25 samples from Alta Gracia. In Villa Dolores Coccidioides immitis was isolated in 2/40 samples, and C. neoformans in 1/40 samples. Delayed hypersensitivity test with cryptococcin was determined in the population from Alta Gracia and it was found to be 5.3%. Positive cutaneous tests with coccidioidin (33.8%) and cryptococcin (31.9%) in Villa Dolores were obtained. With these findings two endemic areas of systemic mycoses in Cordoba, Argentina were delimited.
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Bhattacharjee, Barnamoy, Atanu Chakravarty, and Debadatta Dhar Chanda. "Clinico-Mycological Study of Superficial Mycoses in a Tertiary Health Care Centre of Southern Assam." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 5 (June 3, 2021): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210554.
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Background-Superficial Mycosis, which is the most common fungal infection affecting human beings, includes Dermatophytosis and Dermatomycoses, which are the infections of superficial keratinized layer of skin, nail & hair by Dermatophytes and non Dermatophytic moulds or yeasts respectively. This clinical entity is very common in hot, humid tropical climate of India with prevalence ranging from 30-60% but its precise case magnitude and epidemiology in North eastern India cannot be stated as there are only few studies conducted. So, this study is undertaken to 1) Find the prevalence of Superficial Mycosis in a tertiary health care centre of Southern Assam. 2) Study the clinical profile of the cases 3) Isolate and identify the causative agents of Superficial mycosis. Materials & Method- The study has been conducted on 250 samples from clinically suspected and untreated cases of superficial mycosis from Aug 2017 to Dec 2018. 2 separate sets of samples from edge of skin lesion/nail /hair were collected, of which 1 sample was subjected to direct microscopy with (10-40) % KOH and the other part was subjected to 2 sets of fungal culture in SDA tubes at 25°C and 37°C & followed for 3 weeks. In Culture positive cases, fungal identification was based on colony morphology, pigment production & LPCB mount. For confirmation of isolates, Slide Culture and biochemical tests were done. Result-Out of total 250 samples,115 samples (46%) showed presence of fungal elements in KOH examination, of which 73 were culture positive and of the KOH negative samples 10 samples were culture positive, thus making the prevalence 33.2% (83/250). Clinically, Tinea corporis was the most common form of both superficial mycosis & Dermatophytosis and Pityriasis Versicolor has been found the most common Dermatomycosis. Males(21-50yrs) were affected by superficial mycosis more than Females(16-30yr). Trichophyton mentagrophyte was the mostly isolated agent causing superficial mycosis. Keywords: Superficial mycoses, prevalence, Assam, Slide Culture, Urease.
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SAMPAIO, Jéssica Soares, Luís Fernando Albarello GELLEN, and Maria de Assis Cruz ALEXANDRE. "IDENTIFICATION OF Cryptococcus neoformans IN EXTRACTORS OF Columba Livia THAT FREQUENT THE PUBLIC HOSPITAL OF PALMAS - TO." Periódico Tchê Química 16, no. 31 (January 20, 2019): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n31.2019.248_periodico31_pgs_242_249.pdf.
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In Brazil, the mycoses have been winning great epidemiological importance, due to the progressive rate of morbidity and mortality. In many places, the pigeon has already reached urban pest conditions because of its overpopulation becoming a worldwide problem, which poses serious public health risks. Among the main causes of mycosis from pigeons, we highlight Cryptococcus spp. this species is the main cause of cryptococcosis, which occurs from the inhalation of fungal propagules that disperse through the air. This work aimed at the identification of Cryptococcus neoformans in excreta of Columba livia who attend the Public Hospital of Palmas (HPP) to verify transmission risks. The results were based on the identification of the most frequent points of the pigeon as in the chemotherapy sector (A) and in the emergency sector (B and C). The methodology for identification of C. neoformans was supported by the evaluation of macroscopic culture, microscopy and biochemical test. Of 30 samples identified, 3.3% at point A, 13.3% at point B, and 3.3% at point C were positive being observed, therefore, the presence of C. neoformans in a large percentage in the HPP emergency sector, which makes it an environment conducive to the propagation of yeast.
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da Cunha, Keith Cássia, Deanna A. Sutton, Josepa Gené, Javier Capilla, Josep Cano, and Josep Guarro. "Molecular Identification andIn VitroResponse to Antifungal Drugs of Clinical Isolates of Exserohilum." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56, no. 9 (June 25, 2012): 4951–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00488-12.
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ABSTRACTExserohilumis an agent of human and animal mycoses. Although classification has been based on a few subtle morphological differences, three species of clinical interest have been traditionally accepted. In this study, by using a multigene sequence analysis, we have demonstrated thatExserohilum longirostratumandE. mcginnisiiare probable synonyms ofE. rostratum. The isolates tested were mainly from the nasal region. Antifungal susceptibility testing demonstrated high activity of the eight agents tested against this fungus.
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Zachepylo, S. V. "MODERN MICROBIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN DIAGNOSIS OF MYCOSES IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICAL PRACTICE." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 21, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.21.1.172.
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The review article highlights the latest approaches to solve one of the important problems of modern otorhinolaryngology, the diagnosis of opportunistic mycoses of the upper respiratory tract and ear. Opportunistic mycoses of the ENT organs in recent decades have posed a significant challenge for modern clinical medicine not only in Ukraine but also throughout the world. According to the scientific literature, the share of fungal lesions of the ear and upper respiratory tract in the structure of chronic inflammation of these organs makes up 22.1%. The main causative agents of mycotic lesions of the ENT organs are opportunistic fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Рenicillium, Mucor and yeast-like fungi of the genus Сandida, which are characterized by a low level of pathogenicity and are a part of the resident microflora of the macroorganism. Classical methods of microbiological diagnosis have certain limitations in the identification of micromycetes. Therefore, the use of more reliable, fast and accurate methods in clinical practice will contribute to the timely and effective treatment of fungal diseases of the ENT organs. This review presents an analysis of modern microbiological diagnostic technologies, such as biochemical detection of microorganisms using identification plate test systems (ARI RapID, CrystalTM), semi-automatic and automatic microbiological identification using analyzers VITEK, VITEK 2, Walk Away. Identification of fungal pathogens can also be performed by performing direct protein profiling using mass spectrometry, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. These methods with the highest level of reliability enable to identify the pathogen, as well as to assess its sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. The combination of classical and modern microbiological technologies should become a standard for the diagnosis of fungal diseases, including the upper respiratory tract and ear.
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Schmidt, Volker, Linus Klasen, Juliane Schneider, Jens Hübel, and Michael Pees. "Characterization of Metarhizium viride Mycosis in Veiled Chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus), Panther Chameleons (Furcifer pardalis), and Inland Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps)." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 55, no. 3 (December 21, 2016): 832–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02206-16.
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ABSTRACT Metarhizium viride has been associated with fatal systemic mycoses in chameleons, but subsequent data on mycoses caused by this fungus in reptiles are lacking. The aim of this investigation was therefore to obtain information on the presence of M. viride in reptiles kept as pets in captivity and its association with clinical signs and pathological findings as well as improvement of diagnostic procedures. Beside 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (small subunit [SSU]) and internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS-1), a fragment of the large subunit (LSU) of 28S rDNA, including domain 1 (D1) and D2, was sequenced for the identification of the fungus and phylogenetic analysis. Cultural isolation and histopathological examinations as well as the pattern of antifungal drug resistance, determined by using agar diffusion testing, were additionally used for comparison of the isolates. In total, 20 isolates from eight inland bearded dragons ( Pogona vitticeps ), six veiled chameleons ( Chamaeleo calyptratus ), and six panther chameleons ( Furcifer pardalis ) were examined. Most of the lizards suffered from fungal glossitis, stomatitis, and pharyngitis or died due to visceral mycosis. Treatment with different antifungal drugs according to resistance patterns in all three different lizard species was unsuccessful. Sequence analysis resulted in four different genotypes of M. viride based on differences in the LSU fragment, whereas the SSU and ITS-1 were identical in all isolates. Sequence analysis of the SSU fragment revealed the first presentation of a valid large fragment of the SSU of M. viride . According to statistical analysis, genotypes did not correlate with differences in pathogenicity, antifungal susceptibility, or species specificity.
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Martinez, K. V., P. A. Pereira, C. G. S. Nascimento, R. N. Leandro, V. M. Giundice, E. S. Garcia, L. P. R. Silva, et al. "Identification of the etiological agents that cause superficial cutaneous mycoses in southern Brazil." Scientific Electronic Archives 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/13920201078.
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Superficial skin ringworm is a fungal disease that affects external tissues such as nails, skin and hair of humans and animals. The infection can be transmitted directly, through contact with another infected individual or animal, or indirectly, through contaminated materials, these mycoses being potentially contagious. The main objective of the present study was to identify the etiologic agents of potentially contagious cutaneous superficial mycoses present in southern Brazil, correlating with the gender and the most affected sites of the patients.The study period corresponded from January 2011 to June 2019. Prior to the collection, an interview was conducted with patients to obtain epidemiological information. The collected material was scraped from lesions on the skin and nails and hair epilated. The patients were received at the Clinical Analysis Laboratory (LACT) of the UFRGS School of Pharmacy and at the Rio Grande do Sul State Laboratory (LACEN-RS). Subsequently, with the report of the mycological examination, patients treated at LACT were referred to the Dermatology Service of the State of Rio Grande do Sul for medical care and therapy. During the study period, 6010 nail and skin scrapes were obtained and hair, of which 4560 (76%) were negative and 1450 (24%) positive on mycological examination. The most isolated species were T. rubrum (54%), Candida spp. (19%), T. mentagrophytes (14%) and Malassezia spp. (5%). The Female (70%) were the most affected, and nails (72%) were the most affected followed by skin (27%) and hair (1%). With the data obtained on isolated fungal species, we still have much to work with the community developing educational and preventive measures in conjunction with public policies, to try to reduce the risk of contamination by reaching mainly individuals in a higher state of social vulnerability.
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Channe, Nirmal, and Supriya S. Tankhiwale. "Study of Dermatophytosis in a Tertiary Care Centre in Central India." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 8 (February 22, 2021): 484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/106.
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BACKGROUND Mycoses are assuming greater significance both in developed and developing countries particularly due to advent of immunosuppressive drugs and diseases. Dermatophytosis is most common type of cutaneous fungal infections seen in man, though in past few decades non-dermatophytes are also assuming importance. Present study is undertaken to know the pattern of dermatophytosis from our region. METHODS An observational study was conducted on 150 samples of patients with complaints of superficial mycoses. Samples were processed for microscopy on potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount and culture on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) with and without cycloheximide and chloramphenicol. Any growth was identified by conventional technique. RESULTS One hundred and fifty samples consisting of 86 skin and 64 nails were studied. Most samples were seen in rainy season and males were predominantly affected. Adults from age of 21 - 50 years were most commonly affected. Most common clinical presentation was tinea corporis (70.93 %). In dermatophytic causes, T. mentagrophytes (36.21 %), T. tonsurans (27.59 %) followed by T. rubrum (15.52 %) were common isolates. In non-dermatophytic causes, candida spp. followed by aspergillus spp. were commonest isolates. CONCLUSIONS Tinea corporis is found to be the commonest presentation. Along with dermatophytes, non-dermatophytic fungi are also emerging as the cause of superficial mycoses. In non-dermatophytic fungi, candida is the commonest species, which is now a days showing drug resistance; hence, identification of causative agent is important for correct and prompt treatment. KEY WORDS Dermatophytosis, Non-Dermatophytic Fungi, Dermatophytic Fungi
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Perfect, John R. "Molecular targets for new antifungal drugs." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 1187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-377.
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Fungal infections in man and animals have a significant impact on health. However, there are only a few antifungal agents available for treatment of invasive mycoses. Further understanding of fungal molecular pathogenesis in collaboration with biochemistry and molecular modeling strategies should be able to develop new selective fungicidal agents. An example of this approach is Cryptococcus neoformans, which is reviewed in this discussion, as a model system for identification of antifungal molecular targets. Key words: antifungals, fungi, treatment, cryptococcosis, molecular biology, targets.
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Subhashini, Ramakrishnan, and Muthusamy Jeyam. "COMPUTATIONAL IDENTIFICATION OF PUTATIVE DRUG TARGETS IN MALASSEZIA GLOBOSA BY SUBTRACTIVE GENOMICS AND PROTEIN CLUSTER NETWORK APPROACH." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 9 (July 22, 2017): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i9.20609.
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Objective: Yeast commonly causes superficial mycoses similar to the dermatophytes. Superficial mycoses were reported with an estimated incidence of ∼140,000,000 cases/year worldwide and most frequently caused by Malassezia globosa and Malassezia furfur. Treatment available for these conditions is limited and with side effects. Moreover, termination of the treatment may result in the reoccurrence of the disease. The objective of this research was to identify the putative drug targets using computational approaches.Methods: The analysis of genome sequence improves the understanding of diseases which leads to better treatment. Comparison of the genome of the pathogen with the host at the molecular level is suitable for performing the sequence based prediction of protein-protein interaction network, which also forms the basis of drug target identification leading to the discovery of new drugs for the improved treatment.Results: Out of 100 pathways of M. globosa, 95 were common to the host and 5 were unique to the pathogen. Total common and unique targets from common pathways are 1704 and 300, respectively. A unique target from unique pathways and 147 from common pathways were non-homologous targets. From this, 46 targets were screened out as essential and processed in the next phase to identify the clustered targets which resulted with three clusters based on their biological role and subcellular location.Conclusion: In this study, putative drug targets were identified in M. globosa using in silico approaches of subtractive genomics and cluster network which will help in the next level of drug discovery such as lead identification for the novel targets.
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Falcone, Marco, Ercole Concia, Ido Iori, Giuliana Lo Cascio, Antonino Mazzone, Federico Pea, Francesco Violi, and Mario Venditti. "Identification and management of invasive mycoses in internal medicine: a road-map for physicians." Internal and Emergency Medicine 9, no. 5 (May 29, 2014): 501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11739-014-1077-4.
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LAMAGNI, T. L., B. G. EVANS, M. SHIGEMATSU, and E. M. JOHNSON. "Emerging trends in the epidemiology of invasive mycoses in England and Wales (1990–9)." Epidemiology and Infection 126, no. 3 (June 2001): 397–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268801005507.
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Invasive fungal infections are becoming an increasing public health problem owing to the growth in numbers of susceptible individuals. Despite this, the profile of mycoses remains low and there is no surveillance system specific to fungal infections currently existing in England and Wales. We analysed laboratory reports of deep-seated mycoses made to the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre between 1990 and 1999 from England and Wales. A substantial rise in candidosis was seen during this period (6·76–13·70 reports per million population/year), particularly in the older age groups. Rates of cryptococcosis in males fluctuated over the decade but fell overall (1·05–0·66 per million population/year), whereas rates of female cases gradually rose up until 1998 (0·04–0·41 per million population/year). Reports of Pneumocystis carinii in men reduced substantially between 1990 and 1999 (2·77–0·42 per million population/year) but showed little change in women. Reports of aspergillosis fluctuated up until 1996, after which reports of male and female cases rose substantially (from 0·08 for both in 1996 to 1·92 and 1·69 per million population/year in 1999 for males and females respectively), largely accounted for by changes in reporting practice from one laboratory. Rates of invasive mycoses were generally higher in males than females, with overall male-to-female rate ratios of 1·32 (95% CI 1·25–1·40) for candidosis, 1·30 (95% CI 1·05–1·60) for aspergillosis, 3·99 (95% CI 2·93–5·53) for cryptococcosis and 4·36 (95% CI 3·47–5·53) for Pneumocystis carinii. The higher male than female rates of reports is likely to be a partial reflection of HIV epidemiology in England and Wales, although this does not fully explain the ratio in infants and older age groups. Lack of information on underlying predisposition prevents further identification of risk groups affected. Whilst substantial under-reporting of Pneumocystis carinii and Cryptococcus species was apparent, considerable numbers of superficial mycoses were mis-reported indicating a need for clarification of reporting guidelines. Efforts to enhance comprehensive laboratory reporting should be undertaken to maximize the utility of this approach for surveillance of deep-seated fungal infections.
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Santana-Neto, PL, CMR Albuquerque, APP Silva, VM Svedese, and EALA Lima. "Natural occurrence of the Fusarium solani on Tityus stigmurus (Thorell, 1876) (Scorpiones: Buthidae)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 70, no. 1 (February 2010): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842010000100021.
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Members of the Fusarium solani species complex are agents of human mycoses, also affecting plants and other animals. Nevertheless, this fungus has not been reported on scorpions. Ten specimens of Tityus stigmurus collected in the field and showing their surface covered by white mycelia were used to assess fungus presence in the animal after its death. Identification of the fungi was based upon the cultural and morphological characteristics. The fungus was isolated from chelicerae and intersegmental regions. Infected individuals had their behaviour modified by reducing feeding and locomotion. None of the infected individuals survived. It is likely that this fungus may have a role in the regulation of field scorpion populations.
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Nichols, Larry, Rebecca Z. Ocque, and Ivonne Daly. "Zygomycosis Associated with HIV Infection and Liver Transplantation." Pathology Research International 2011 (January 23, 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/545981.
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Zygomycosis is an increasing threat to patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Zygomycosis (formerly called mucormycosis) is the fungal infection with Mucor, Rhizopus, or other species that share a common morphology of large empty pauciseptate hyphae with rare random-angle branching and a collapsed “twisted ribbon” appearance. Morphology allows a specific diagnosis on frozen section or smear prior to growth and identification of the fungi in culture which makes it improtant because treatment is different than that for more common mycoses such as candidiasis and aspergillosis. We present an informative and illustrative case of zygomycosis in a patient with HIV infection and liver transplantation.
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Endrawati, Dwi, Eko Sugeng Pribadi, Agustin Indrawati, and Eni Kusumaningtyas. "MOLECULAR TECHNIQUE FOR DERMATOPHYTE IDENTIFICATION ISOLATED FROM PETS IN JAKARTA AND BOGOR." Jurnal Veteriner 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2021.22.1.56.
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Dermatophytosis is one of the superficial mycoses which causes skin health problems in pet animals. This study conducted molecular characterization using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) on specimens obtained from patients suspected of dermatophytosis in several clinics in DKI Jakarta Province and Bogor City. Fifty samples of skin scrapings from patients suspected of clinically dermatophytosis were collected and analyzed by conventional and molecular techniques. The Research aimed to identify dermatophyte that were isolated from pet animals using PCR-RFLP technique. The primers of ITS 1, ITS 4, Chytin Synthase, and cutting enzymes of Dde1 were used in this Research. Four specimens off 50 spesimens were tested positive using direct and culture PCR examination techniques. Based on the sequencing results, Microsporum canis was identified in four spesimens. Specimens that were positive for dermatophytes followed by RFLP using the Dde 1 enzyme. The results of the study showed that molecular techniques were a reliable way to determine the high-precision dermatophytes in diagnosing dermatophytosis. The Results also showed that molecular arrangement of B1 isolate was different from three other isolates.
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Leinberger, D. M., U. Schumacher, I. B. Autenrieth, and T. T. Bachmann. "Development of a DNA Microarray for Detection and Identification of Fungal Pathogens Involved in Invasive Mycoses." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 4943–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.43.10.4943-4953.2005.
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Stylianou, Marios, Hanna Uvell, José Pedro Lopes, Per-Anders Enquist, Mikael Elofsson, and Constantin F. Urban. "Novel High-Throughput Screening Method for Identification of Fungal Dimorphism Blockers." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 20, no. 2 (October 3, 2014): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057114552954.
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Invasive mycoses have been increasing worldwide, with Candida spp. being the most prevalent fungal pathogen causing high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Only few antimycotics exist, often with severe side effects. Therefore, new antifungal drugs are urgently needed. Because the identification of antifungal compounds depends on fast and reliable assays, we present a new approach based on high-throughput image analysis to define cell morphology. Candida albicans and other fungi of the Candida clade switch between different growth morphologies, from budding yeast to filamentous hyphae. Yeasts are considered proliferative, whereas hyphae are required for invasion and dissemination. Thus, morphotype switching in many Candida spp. is connected to virulence and pathogenesis. It is, consequently, reasonable to presume that morphotype blockers interfere with the virulence, thereby preventing hazardous colonization. Our method efficiently differentiates yeast from hyphal cells using a combination of automated microscopy and image analysis. We selected the parameters length/width ratio and mean object shape to quantitatively discriminate yeasts and hyphae. Notably, Z′ factor calculations for these parameters confirmed the suitability of our method for high-throughput screening. As a second stage, we determined cell viability to discriminate morphotype-switching inhibitors from those that are fungicidal. Thus, our method serves as a basis for the identification of candidates for next-generation antimycotics.
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Osman, Marwan, Baptiste Bidon, Cynthia Abboud, Ayate Zakaria, Baraa Hamze, Marcel El Achcar, Hassan Mallat, et al. "Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility of Aspergillus clinical isolates in Lebanon." Future Microbiology 16, no. 1 (January 2021): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2020-0141.
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Aim: We sought to provide first insights into the epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility patterns of the aspergilli in Lebanon. Materials & methods: After species identification, antifungal susceptibility was investigated according to EUCAST recommendations. CYP51A gene was sequenced in resistant isolates and its expression level was evaluated by Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Results: Among the 73 Aspergillus isolates studied (mostly from ears), the predominant species was Aspergillus niger (54.8%). The overall drug resistance was highest for amphotericin B (38.4%), followed by itraconazole (31.5%), posaconazole (30.1%) and voriconazole (23.3%). In addition, CYP51A gene mutations were not the major cause of azole resistance among these isolates. Conclusion: Our findings indicate the paramount need for an integral One Health strategy and a national reference center for invasive mycoses and antifungals.
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Guevara-Suarez, Marcela, Deanna A. Sutton, José F. Cano-Lira, Dania García, Adela Martin-Vicente, Nathan Wiederhold, Josep Guarro, and Josepa Gené. "Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility of Penicillium-Like Fungi from Clinical Samples in the United States." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 8 (June 8, 2016): 2155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00960-16.
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Penicilliumspecies are some of the most common fungi observed worldwide and have an important economic impact as well as being occasional agents of human and animal mycoses. A total of 118 isolates thought to belong to the genusPenicilliumbased on morphological features were obtained from the Fungus Testing Laboratory at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio (United States). The isolates were studied phenotypically using standard growth conditions. Molecular identification was made using two genetic markers, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and a fragment of the β-tubulin gene. In order to assess phylogenetic relationships, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference assessments were used. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed according to CLSI document M38-A2 for nine antifungal drugs. The isolates were identified within three genera, i.e.,Penicillium,Talaromyces, andRasamsonia. The most frequent species in our study werePenicillium rubens,P. citrinum, andTalaromyces amestolkiae. The potentin vitroactivity of amphotericin B (AMB) and terbinafine (TRB) and of the echinocandins againstPenicilliumandTalaromycesspecies might offer a good therapeutic alternative for the treatment of infections caused by these fungi.
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Popov, S. V., I. Yu Shmelkov, and S. V. Khaidukov. "Analysis of regulatory T lymphocytes in fungal infections." Medical Immunology (Russia) 22, no. 6 (January 10, 2021): 1055–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-aor-2047.
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Morbidity and mortality rates in invasive mycoses determine the need to improve methods for their timely diagnosis by assessment the patients’ immune status. Evaluation of individual immune status allows the clinician to predict the development and course of fungal infections. At the same time, identification of opportunistic mycosis in immunocompetent patients should require a search for some hidden immune deficiency. Determining the cause of such immune defects can help develop an effective strategy for both etiotropic and immune therapy of patients with invasive mycoses. Currently, the functions of regulatory T lymphocytes that support immunological tolerance in fungal infections remain to be incompletely studied. In this review, we present experimental works which suggest that the regulatory T lymphocytes are able to suppress immune responses to fungi by stimulating the immunosuppressive environment. It was shown that regulatory T lymphocytes use Toll-like receptor 2 to achieve immunosuppression in Candida infections. The balance between the number and function of regulatory T lymphocytes is essential for elimination of fungal pathogens and protection against post-infectious immunopathological conditions. It was found that the regulatory T lymphocytes provide protection at an early stage of Candida infection, since, due to IL-2 suppression, they enhance Th17 differentiation and clearance of fungi. Moreover, at the later stages of infection, the regulatory T lymphocytes have an inhibitory effect. The balance between Th17 and regulatory T lymphocytes in mucosal lining is considered the main factor for distinguishing between commensal carriage and Candida albicans infection. The study is presented which indicate that disseminated candidiasis associated with expansion of regulatory T lymphocytes stimulates a Th17-cell response that controls the course of the disease. The mechanisms that control regulatory T lymphocytes homeostasis are essential for providing effective protection against pathogens, as well as for controlling the immunopathological conditions associated with Candida infection. The review presents data that have established the role of TGF-β1 in increasing the viability of regulatory T lymphocytes, which is correlated with the pronounced immunomodulating role of these cells at the later phase of Candida infections of the mucous membrane. It has been also demonstrated that the pulmonary regulatory Tlymphocytes are induced during cryptococcal infection, which predominantly suppresses Th2 cells, thereby supporting its course. Expansion of the regulatory T lymphocytes upon administration of IL-2/antiIL-2 complex during cryptococcal infection led to a decrease in IgE production and a decrease in allergic airway inflammation. It should be noted that refinement of prognostic value of the regulatory T lymphocytes in human fungal infections may substantiate the basic principles of targeted immunotherapy.
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Medina, Narda, Juan Carlos Soto-Debrán, Danila Seidel, Isin Akyar, Hamid Badali, Aleksandra Barac, Stéphane Bretagne, et al. "MixInYeast: A Multicenter Study on Mixed Yeast Infections." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7010013.
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Invasive candidiasis remains one of the most prevalent systemic mycoses, and several studies have documented the presence of mixed yeast (MY) infections. Here, we describe the epidemiology, clinical, and microbiological characteristics of MY infections causing invasive candidiasis in a multicenter prospective study. Thirty-four centers from 14 countries participated. Samples were collected in each center between April to September 2018, and they were sent to a reference center to confirm identification by sequencing methods and to perform antifungal susceptibility testing, according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). A total of 6895 yeast cultures were identified and MY occurred in 150 cases (2.2%). Europe accounted for the highest number of centers, with an overall MY rate of 4.2% (118 out of 2840 yeast cultures). Of 122 MY cases, the most frequent combinations were Candida albicans/C. glabrata (42, 34.4%), C. albicans/C. parapsilosis (17, 14%), and C. glabrata/C. tropicalis (8, 6.5%). All Candida isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B, 6.4% were fluconazole-resistant, and two isolates (1.6%) were echinocandin-resistant. Accurate identification of the species involved in MY infections is essential to guide treatment decisions.
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Campa, D., A. Tavanti, F. Gemignani, C. S. Mogavero, I. Bellini, F. Bottari, R. Barale, S. Landi, and S. Senesi. "DNA Microarray Based on Arrayed-Primer Extension Technique for Identification of Pathogenic Fungi Responsible for Invasive and Superficial Mycoses." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 46, no. 3 (December 26, 2007): 909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01406-07.
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Salazar, Sara B., Rita S. Simões, Nuno A. Pedro, Maria Joana Pinheiro, Maria Fernanda N. N. Carvalho, and Nuno P. Mira. "An Overview on Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Candidiasis and Underlying Resistance Mechanisms in Clinical Strains." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6010023.
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Fungal infections and, in particular, those caused by species of the Candida genus, are growing at an alarming rate and have high associated rates of mortality and morbidity. These infections, generally referred as candidiasis, range from common superficial rushes caused by an overgrowth of the yeasts in mucosal surfaces to life-threatening disseminated mycoses. The success of currently used antifungal drugs to treat candidiasis is being endangered by the continuous emergence of resistant strains, specially among non-albicans Candida species. In this review article, the mechanisms of action of currently used antifungals, with emphasis on the mechanisms of resistance reported in clinical isolates, are reviewed. Novel approaches being taken to successfully inhibit growth of pathogenic Candida species, in particular those based on the exploration of natural or synthetic chemicals or on the activity of live probiotics, are also reviewed. It is expected that these novel approaches, either used alone or in combination with traditional antifungals, may contribute to foster the identification of novel anti-Candida therapies.
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Li, Chen, Xiurong Ding, Zhizhong Liu, and Juanjuan Zhu. "Rapid identification of Candida spp. frequently involved in invasive mycoses by using flow-through hybridization and Gene Chip (FHGC) technology." Journal of Microbiological Methods 132 (January 2017): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2016.11.019.
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Novitskaya, I. V., E. V. Prokhvatilova, A. V. Toporkov, D. V. Viktorov, M. Ya Kulakov, E. V. Savina, V. G. Pushkar’, et al. "DIAGNOSTIC POTENTIAL OF THE ERYTHROCYTIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN DIAGNOSTICUM FOR INDICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS (DEEP) MYCOSES." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 3 (January 1, 2017): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2017-3-75-79.
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Mlinarić Missoni, Emilija, and Bruno Baršić. "Two Rare Cases Of Central Nervous System Opportunistic Mycoses / Oportunističke Mikoze Središnjega Živčanog Sustava – Prikaz Dvaju Bolesnika." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 63, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2241.
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Abstract This article presents two cases of opportunistic mycoses (OMs) of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus nidulans, respectively. The patients were hospitalised in local hospitals between 2009 and 2011 because of unspecific symptoms (fever, headache, and/or weight lost). Duration of symptoms varied from 4 days to over 2 weeks. The patients were treated with antibiotics and symptomatically. OM was not suspected in any of them. The patients became critically ill with symptoms of CNS involvement and were transferred to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the University Hospital for Infectious diseases (UHID) in Zagreb. None of the patients belonged to the high-risk population for developing OMs. They were not HIV-infected, had no transplantation of bone marrow or solid organ, and were not on severe immunosuppressive chemotherapy. Fungi were isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples and, in one patient, from aspirate of cerebral abscess. Isolation and mycological identification of all fungal isolates and in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of these isolates were done at the Reference Centre for Mycological Diagnostics of Systemic and Disseminated Infections (RCMDSDI) in Zagreb. The patient with cryptococcal meningitis was treated with amphotericin B and fluconazole and the patient with cerebral aspergilloma with voriconazole.
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Avagyan, Simona A., and Anastasiya V. Derevnina. "Features of the formation of professional allergodermatoses at the present stage." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology 60, no. 11 (December 3, 2020): 710–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-11-710-712.
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Introduction. All over the world, the great socio-economic importance of occupational skin diseases is recognized, among which occupational allergic dermatoses account for a significant share. An important factor affecting the effectiveness of preventive measures is the identification of groups and risk factors for the development of the disease. In this regard, the importance of measures aimed at reducing the incidence of pro-allergic dermatoses is obvious. The aim of study is to characterize the severity of the clinical course in patients with occupational eczema, depending on the influence of concomitant pathologies (atopy, mycoses). Materials and methods. The data of the results of examinations of 70 patients who were hospitalized in the clinic department of dermatology of Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health for the last 3 years are provided. Results. In patients with a history of atopy and concomitant mycotic infection, the clinical picture is widespread with pronounced inflammatory manifestations, there is a more frequent exacerbation and torpidity to the therapy. The time of manifestation from the beginning of work with industrial allergens is reduced. Conclusions. Identification of patients with atopy (pollinosis, bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis), patients with mycotic infections as risk groups for the development of occupational allergodermatoses and their inclusion in preventive programs can improve the effectiveness of medical examinations and prevent them from developing severe forms of occupational skin pathology, reduce the disability of patients.
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Hue, Francois-Xavier, Michel Huerre, Marie Ange Rouffault, and Claude de Bievre. "Specific Detection of Fusarium Species in Blood and Tissues by a PCR Technique." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 8 (1999): 2434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.8.2434-2438.1999.
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Fusarium species are opportunistic nosocomial pathogens that often cause fatal invasive mycoses. We designed a primer pair that amplifies by PCR a fragment of a gene coding for the rRNA ofFusarium species. The DNAs of the main Fusariumspecies and Neocosmospora vasinfecta but not the DNAs from 11 medically important fungi were amplified by these primers. The lower limit of detection of the PCR system was 10 fg of Fusarium solani DNA by ethidium bromide staining. To test the ability of this PCR system to detect Fusarium DNA in tissues, we developed a mouse model of disseminated fusariosis. Using the PCR, we detected Fusarium DNA in mouse tissues and in spiked human blood. Furthermore, F. solani, Fusarium moniliforme, and Fusarium oxysporum were testing by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The bands produced by RAPD analysis were purified, cloned, and sequenced. The information was used to design primer pairs that selectively amplified one or severalFusarium species. The method developed may be useful for the rapid detection and identification of Fusarium species both from culture and from clinical samples.
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Richini-Pereira, Virgínia Bodelão, Rosângela Maria Pires de Camargo, Eduardo Bagagli, and Silvio Alencar Marques. "White piedra: molecular identification of Trichosporon inkin in members of the same family." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 45, no. 3 (June 2012): 402–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822012000300025.
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INTRODUCTION: White piedra is a superficial mycosis caused by the genus Trichosporon and characterized by nodules on hair shaft. METHODS: The authors report a family referred to as pediculosis. Mycological culture on Mycosel® plus molecular identification was performed to precisely identify the etiology. RESULTS: A Trichosporon spp. infection was revealed. The molecular procedure identified the agent as Trichosporon inkin. CONCLUSIONS: White piedra and infection caused by T. inkin are rarely reported in Southern Brazil. The molecular tools are essentials on identifying the Trichosporon species.
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Manzoni, Paolo. "Therapy and prophylaxis in newborn patients." Reviews in Health Care 4, no. 1S (July 10, 2013): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/rhc.v4i1s.858.
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Fluconazole is the most used drug for antifungal prophylaxis in neonatal population. Despite its effectiveness, sometimes fungal infections occur also in newborn patients undergoing fluconazole prophylaxis: this is mainly due both to biofilm formation in patients who carry a central venous catheter (CVC), a common condition among premature babies, and to the occurrence of an infection by a Candida subspecies with intrinsic resistance to fluconazole (e.g.: C. glabrata and C. krusei). A number of antifungal agents are approved for pediatric use, and their limits and advantages are analyzed in this article, but only micafungin is authorized for use in neonatal patients. Further trials are required in order to assess whether additional drugs could have a similar indication for neonatal use. A big issue is the correct identification of the most effective dosing regimen, because the drug pharmacokinetics is peculiar and somewhat unpredictable in newborn patients. In addition to fluconazole prophylaxis, other measures could be taken to prevent fungal infections in at-risk neonates, such as increasing hygienic measures, encouraging breast-feeding, removing CVCs, using probiotics, and decreasing or avoiding the use of drugs promoting the development of systemic mycoses.
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Linder, Kathleen A., and Carol A. Kauffman. "Current and New Perspectives in the Diagnosis of Blastomycosis and Histoplasmosis." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7010012.
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The diagnosis of blastomycosis and histoplasmosis can be difficult for clinicians who rarely see infections caused by these environmentally restricted dimorphic fungi. Historically, the diagnosis of blastomycosis has been established by culture and sometimes by histopathologic identification. Currently, antigen detection in urine and serum has been shown to aid in the rapid diagnosis of blastomycosis, and newer antibody assays are likely to contribute to our diagnostic capability in the near future. The gold standard for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis has been culture of the organism from involved tissues, aided in some patients by histopathological verification of the typical yeast forms in tissues. Antigen detection has contributed greatly to the ability of clinicians to rapidly establish the diagnosis of histoplasmosis, especially in severely ill and immunocompromised patients, and antibody testing for Histoplasma capsulatum provides important adjunctive diagnostic capability for several forms of both acute and chronic histoplasmosis. For both of these endemic mycoses, novel molecular tests are under active investigation, but remain available in only a few reference laboratories. In this review, we provide a synopsis of diagnostic test options that aid in establishing whether a patient has blastomycosis or histoplasmosis.
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Jain, Ekta, Rajpal Singh Punia, Jagdish Chander, and Mala Bhalla. "Clinico-morphological Profile of Cutaneous Fungal Infections: An Experience from a Tertiary Care Government Hospital in North India." Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 8, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): A56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apalm.2953.
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Background: Cutaneous fungal infections are predominantly seen in hot tropical countries like India. In the past decade, there has been an escalation in recurrent and chronic fungal infections. Skin biopsy may play a critical role in rapid identification of these infections.
Methods: Fifteen cases of cutaneous fungal infections over a period of 6 years were included. Formalin-fixed tissue was subjected to hematoxylin and eosin and histochemical staining including Gomori Methanamine Silver and Periodic Acid Schiff . Results of KOH smear test and fungal culture were included wherever available. The clinico-morphological patterns in various cutaneous fungal infections was evaluated.
Results: Most patients were between 25 to 40 years of age and commonly presented as skin ulceration, followed by nodular swelling and multiple discharging sinuses. Candidiasis and Mycetoma infections were the commonest infections. Others included: Cryptococcosis, Dermatophytosis, Chromoblastomycosis and Mucormycosis. The predominant histopathologic patterns were perivascular and interstitial inflammation. Eleven cases were confirmed by KOH examination and culture.
Conclusion: The morphologic spectrum of cutaneous fungal infections is varied. Initial presentations of these fungal infections may be indicative of the onset of a life-threatening systemic mycoses. Thus, the histopathologic evaluation of skin tissue specimens is critical for their rapid and accurate diagnosis.
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Singla, Pooja, Priyadarshini Sahu, Pratibha Mane, and Prakriti Vohra. "Mixed dermatophytic infections: a learning perspective and report of ten cases." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 6, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20190126.
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Background: Isolation of two or more than two pathogenic fungi from the same body site in a patient is considered as a rare entity and very few cases have been reported in literature. These types of infections are called as mixed/ combined fungal infections. Author are enumerating ten cases of superficial mycoses in which two different dermatophytes were grown from the same focus.Methods: From clinically suspected cases of dermatophytosis, skin and hair samples were collected from the affected sites and examined by standard mycological procedures. Microscopy was done by using 10% KOH wet mount. Culture was put on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar with cyclohexamide medium. Growth was identified by lactophenol cotton blue mount.Results: Mixed dermatophytes were obtained from tinea corporis (five cases), tinea capitis (four cases) and tinea cruris (one case) patients. Fungal combinations from given cases involved two different species of genus Trichophyton which were as follows: T. violaceum+T. tonsurans, T. verrucosum+T. tonsurans, T. violaceum (violet) and T. violaceum (white), T. mentagrophytes+T. Violaceum, T. rubrum+T. tonsurans, T. violaceum+T. rubrum, T. rubrum+T. mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum+T. mentagrophytes, T. mentagrophytes+T. tonsurans, Malassezia+T. mentagrophytes.Conclusions: Inspite of the frequent occurrence of dermatophytic infections worldwide, reports on mixed dermatophytes are very few. With proper sample collection and proper identification procedures, more cases can be identified and added to the existing literature.
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Shao, Jin, Yinggai Song, Yabin Zhou, Zhe Wan, Ruoyu Li, and Jin Yu. "Diagnostic value of fluorescein-labeled chitinase staining in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues of fungal disease." Medical Mycology 58, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myz035.
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Abstract Common histopathologic techniques are used to diagnose fungal infections, but the diagnostic identification of mycoses in tissue specimens is often difficult, particularly when fungi rarely occur in a specimen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of fluorescein-labeled chitinase staining to formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. We studied 79 archival FFPE tissues from patients diagnosed with fungal disease, including 38 cases of sporotrichosis and 41 cases of other fungal infections. The tissue sections were subjected to periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, Gomori's methenamine silver (GMS) staining, and fluorescein-labeled chitinase staining to detect fungal elements. Culture- and/or hematoxylin-eosin-positive samples were used to estimate the diagnostic sensitivity of each staining method, with the results showing that PAS, GMS, and fluorescein-labeled chitinase staining had sensitivities of 50.6, 70.9, and 68.4%, respectively. The three staining results were the same for all fungal infections except for sporotrichosis and chromoblastomycosis. Fluorescein-labeled chitinase staining exhibited high sensitivity in cases of sporotrichosis and poor performance in detecting muriform cells of chromoblastomycosis. On the whole, the sensitivity of fluorescein-labeled chitinase staining was greater than that of PAS and similar to that of GMS staining. Therefore, the results of our study suggest that fluorescein-labeled chitinase staining is a potentially useful diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of fungal infections.
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Valencia, Yorlady, Diego H. Cáceres, Catalina de Bedout, Luz E. Cano, and Ángela Restrepo. "Frequency of Invasive Fungal Disease in Adults: Experience of a Specialized Laboratory in Medellín, Colombia (2009–2015)." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6010039.
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Invasive fungal diseases (IFD) contribute significantly to worldwide morbidity and mortality, but their frequency is not well-described in some countries. The present work describes the frequency of IFD in a specialized laboratory in Colombia. A retrospective, descriptive study was implemented between March 2009 and December 2015. Results: 13,071 patients with clinical suspicion of IFD were referred during the study period, from which 33,516 biological samples were processed and analyzed using 14 laboratory methods. Diagnosis was confirmed in 1425 patients (11%), distributed according to the mycoses of interest analyzed here: histoplasmosis in 641/11,756 patients (6%), aspergillosis in 331/10,985 patients (3%), cryptococcosis in 239/8172 patients (3%), pneumocystosis in 111/1651 patients (7%), paracoccidioidomycosis in 60/10,178 patients (0.6%), and invasive candidiasis in 48/7525 patients (0.6%). From the first year of the study period to the last year, there was a 53% increase in the number of cases of IFD diagnosed. Our laboratory experienced a high frequency of IFD diagnosis, possibly attributable to the availability of a greater range of diagnostic tools. Frequency of IFD in this study was atypical compared with other studies, probably as a result of the single laboratory-site analysis. This demonstrates that implementing educational strategies helps to create a high index of clinical suspicion, while the availability and utilization of appropriate diagnostic assays assure greater reliability in identification of these cases.
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Cesar-Ribeiro, Caio. "Lightsticks cause adverse effects on behavior and mortality of marine mysids Promysis atlantica." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 49, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 632–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol49-issue4-fulltext-2651.
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Lightsticks baits are discharged into the ocean after their use in longline fishing. The traditional Brazilian community of Costa dos Coqueiros, Bahia, uses lightsticks as a medicine for rheumatism, vitiligo, and mycoses. It may affect marine life when its content leak into the ocean. This study assessed the toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) of lightsticks constituents on marine mysids Promysis atlantica. The internal solution was dissolved in seawater with ethanol. The lethal concentration of the contaminant that causes mortality in 50% of the exposed population (LC50) after 3h was 0.001%, demonstrating that lightstick is exceptionally toxic because low concentrations cause mortality to mysids P. atlantica. Due to lightsticks' high toxicity, the TIE baseline was 0.005% SSE (stock solution ethanol), and the selected endpoints were behavior and lethality. The sample submitted to aeration presented a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in toxicity (0.005% SSE) because the volatile compounds caused the toxic effect. The sodium thiosulfate treatment induced an insignificant decrease in toxicity. Thus, a new assay was conducted considering aeration and sodium thiosulfate. This combination reduced lightstick toxicity compared to the baseline lightstick, suggesting that volatile compounds and oxidants were responsible for toxicity; even in low concentrations, lightstick can promote significant behavior changes and deleterious effects. It is recommended to create new mechanisms to inspect fishing vessels, thus avoiding the improper disposal of attractors at sea and common garbage.
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Novikova, I. I., and Yu D. Shenin. "Isolation, identification, and antifungal activity of a Gamair complex formed by Bacillus subtilis M-22, a producer of a biopreparation for plant protection from mycoses and bacterioses." Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 47, no. 9 (November 8, 2011): 817–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0003683811090031.
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Brito, Murilo de Oliveira, Meliza Arantes de Souza Bessa, Ralciane de Paula Menezes, Denise Von Dolinger de Brito Röder, Mário Paulo Amante Penatti, João Paulo Pimenta, Paula Augusta Dias Fogaça de Aguiar, and Reginaldo dos Santos Pedroso. "Isolation of Cryptococcus species from the external environments of hospital and academic areas." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, no. 06 (June 30, 2019): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.10849.
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Introduction: Fungi of the genus Cryptococcus are cosmopolitan and may be agents of opportunistic mycoses in immunocompromised and sometimes immunocompetent individuals. Cryptococcus species are frequently isolated from trees and bird excreta in the environment and infection occurs by inhalation of propagules dispersed in the air. The aim was to investigate Cryptococcus species in bird excreta and tree hollows located in a university hospital area and in an academic area of a university campus.
Methodology: A total of 40 samples of bird excreta and 41 samples of tree hollows were collected. The identification of the isolates was done by classical methodology and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
Results: Twenty (62.5%) isolates of Cryptococcus were found in bird excreta and 12 (37.5%) in tree hollows. C. laurentii (currently Papiliotrema laurentii) was the most frequent species in both samples, being found in 5 samples of excreta and in 8 tree hollows. The diversity of species found in excreta (C. laurentii, C. albidus [currently Naganishia albida], C. liquefaciens [currently N. liquefaciens], C. friedmanii [currently N. friedmannii] and others) was higher than in tree hollows (C. laurentii, C. flavescens [currently Papiliotrema flavescens], and other yeasts).
Conclusion: Many Cryptococcus species were isolated from excreta and tree hollows, and this fact is important for understanding the environmental epidemiology of those emerging pathogens for public health, as a way to implement surveillance actions and control of cryptococcosis.
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Keller, Petra, Christoph Müller, Isabel Engelhardt, Ekkehard Hiller, Karin Lemuth, Holger Eickhoff, Karl-Heinz Wiesmüller, Anke Burger-Kentischer, Franz Bracher, and Steffen Rupp. "An Antifungal Benzimidazole Derivative Inhibits Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Reveals Novel Sterols." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 10 (July 27, 2015): 6296–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00640-15.
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ABSTRACTFungal infections are a leading cause of morbidity and death for hospitalized patients, mainly because they remain difficult to diagnose and to treat. Diseases range from widespread superficial infections such as vulvovaginal infections to life-threatening systemic candidiasis. For systemic mycoses, only a restricted arsenal of antifungal agents is available. Commonly used classes of antifungal compounds include azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. Due to emerging resistance to standard therapies, significant side effects, and high costs for several antifungals, there is a need for new antifungals in the clinic. In order to expand the arsenal of compounds with antifungal activity, we previously screened a compound library using a cell-based screening assay. A set of novel benzimidazole derivatives, including (S)-2-(1-aminoisobutyl)-1-(3-chlorobenzyl)benzimidazole (EMC120B12), showed high antifungal activity against several species of pathogenic yeasts, includingCandida glabrataandCandida krusei(species that are highly resistant to antifungals). In this study, comparative analysis of EMC120B12 versus fluconazole and nocodazole, using transcriptional profiling and sterol analysis, strongly suggested that EMC120B12 targets Erg11p in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway and not microtubules, like other benzimidazoles. In addition to the marker sterol 14-methylergosta-8,24(28)-dien-3β,6α-diol, indicating Erg11p inhibition, related sterols that were hitherto unknown accumulated in the cells during EMC120B12 treatment. The novel sterols have a 3β,6α-diol structure. In addition to the identification of novel sterols, this is the first time that a benzimidazole structure has been shown to result in a block of the ergosterol pathway.
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Leme, Fabio Caetano Oliveira, Marcos Mendes de Barros Negreiros, Fernando Akira Koga, Sandra de Moraes Gimenes Bosco, Eduardo Bagagli, and Vidal Haddad Junior. "Evaluation of pathogenic fungi occurrence in traumatogenic structures of freshwater fish." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 44, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822011005000007.
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INTRODUCTION: Fungal infections in human skin, such as sporotrichosis, can occur after fish induced trauma. This work aimed to identify fungi in freshwater fish that are pathogenic to humans. METHODS: Extraction of dental arches from Serrassalmus maculatus (piranha) and Hoplias malabaricus (wolf fish), stings from Pimelodus maculatus (mandis catfish), dorsal fin rays from Plagioscion spp. (corvina) and Tilapia spp., for culture in Mycosel agar. Some cultures were submitted to DNA extraction for molecular identification by sequencing ITS-5.8S rDNA. RESULTS: Cultures identified most yeast as Candida spp., while sequencing also permitted the identification of Phoma spp. and Yarrowia lipolytica. CONCLUSIONS: While the search for S. schenckii was negative, the presence of fungus of the genera Phoma and Candida revealed the pathogenic potential of this infection route. The genus Phoma is involved in certain forms of phaeohyphomycosis, a subcutaneous mycosis caused by dematiaceous fungi, with reports of infections in human organs and systems. Traumatizing structures of some freshwater fish present pathogenic fungi and this may be an important infection route that must be considered in some regions of Brazil, since there are a large number of a fisherman in constant contact with traumatogenic fish.
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Dhakad, Megh S., Ravinder Kaur, Ritu Goyal, Preena Bhalla, and Richa Dewan. "Epidemiological profile of candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients in a tertiary care hospital." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 4858. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20205153.
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Background: Clinical research in fungal infections is largely a neglected area in health care settings in India. Candida species cause diseases ranging from mucosal infections to systemic mycoses depending on host’s immune status. Aim of this study was to evaluate the clinico-epidemiological profile of candidiasis, and their correlation with an immunological profile in HIV/AIDS patients.Methods: Clinical details and investigations of 200 symptomatic, confirmed HIV-positive patients, suspected of having candidiasis were recorded and analyzed. Relevant clinical samples depending on the organ system involved were collected and subjected to direct microscopy, culture isolation and serology. Identification and speciation of the isolates was done by biochemical methods as per standard recommended procedures. CD4-count was determined by flow cytometry using Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorter Count system.Results: Patients ranged from 17-65 years with a mean age of 33.83±9.07 years. Most common clinical presentations were seen to be white oral patches (82%), weight loss (79%), fever (67%), loss of appetite (53%), headache (51.5%), cough (38.5%) and diarrhea (30%). Gastrointestinal system (35%) was the most commonly involved system. The CD4-counts ranged from 16-1033 cells/μl. 93 (46.5%) patients had CD4-counts <200 cells/μl, while CD4-count <100 cells/μl was seen in 40 (20%) and CD4-count <50 cells/μl in 20 (10%). Candidiasis was detected in 60% of the patients. Yeasts isolated were C. albicans (82.51%), C. tropicalis (6.29%), C. krusei (4.89%), C. parapsilosis (3.49%), and C. glabrata (2.79%).Conclusions: C. albicans was predominant species and presence of oral candidiasis is a matter of concern. Early and accurate diagnosis of candidiasis is one of the keys helps for the success of effective HIV/AIDS disease management.
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Oikonomopoulou, Zacharoula, Sameer Patel, Jacquie Toia, and William Muller. "265. Clinical Epidemiology of Invasive Fungal Infection with Aspergillus and Mucor Species in a Tertiary Children’s Hospital." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.340.
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Abstract Background Patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and patients with hematologic malignancies are at increased risk for acquiring invasive fungal infection (IFI) due to immune system impairment from chemotherapy. Affected patients require prolonged antifungal therapy with the risk of associated toxicity and extended hospitalization due to delay of accurate diagnosis. There is a lack of effective serologic biomarkers and hesitancy to proceed with tissue diagnosis due to thrombocytopenia or other associated risks. Mortality in oncology patients with invasive mycoses is high, with pediatric mortality rates of 30–40% at 12 weeks following diagnosis. Methods All patients that were admitted to Lurie Children’s Hospital between January 2014 and December 2018 and received voriconazole, ambisome, posaconazole and isavuconazole were identified. The following data were retrospectively collected: CT chest and sinus, (1,3)-β-d-Glucan and Aspergillus galactomannan, ANC and ALC at diagnosis, blood next-generation sequencing, tissue 18s rRNA, fungal culture, duration of neutropenia and lymphopenia, site of infection, time between underlying diagnosis and development of IFI, surgical intervention and associated mortality. Results A total of 94 unique patients that received voriconazole were identified. There were 8 proven cases of invasive Aspergillus infection the past 5 years, 50% male, mean age 14 years. Only 25% of patients had positive serum Aspergillus galactomannan and 37.5% had positive β-d-Glucan. Seven cases were due to Aspergillus fumigatus and one case was due to Aspergillus flavus. There were 9 patients with mucormycosis and all but one were culture positive. Three patients with Mucor had mold identification in blood next-generation sequencing prior to surgery. Mucor associated mortality was 22.2%. Conclusion The majority of pediatric patients with invasive aspergillosis did not have characteristic chest CT imaging findings and serum Aspergillus galactomannan was usually negative.The was no associated mortality in invasive Aspergillus cases, whereas the mortality rate of invasive mucormycosis was 22.2%. Although we have a small sample size, this is significantly lower compared with published literature. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Baghirova, A. A., and Kh M. Kasumov. "Antifungal macrocycle antibiotic amphotericin B — its present and future. Multidisciplinary perspective for the use in the medical practice." Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 67, no. 4 (2021): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20216704311.
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This review is devoted to a broad analysis of the results of studies of the effect of macrocyclic antifungal polyene antibiotic amphotericin B on cell membranes. A multi-prolonged study of polyenes showed that some of them can have not only antifungal, but also antiviral and antitumor action. Fungal pathology develops especially quickly and in this case leads to invasive aspergillosis, which contributes to the complication of coronavirus infection in the lungs and even secondary infection with invasive aspergillosis in the context of a global pandemic. The treatment of an invasive form of bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is directly related to the immunomodulatory and immunostimulating properties of the macrocyclic polyene drug amphotericin B. The article presents experimental data on the study of the biological activity and membrane properties of amphotericin B and the effect of its chemically modified derivatives, as well as liposomal forms of amphotericin B on viral, bacterial and fungal infections. The mechanism of action of amphotericin B and its analogues is based on their interaction with cellular and lipid membranes, by forming ion channels of molecular size in them. The importance of these studies is that polyenes are sensitive to membranes that contain sterols of a certain structure. The analysis showed that pathogenic fungal cells containing ergosterol were 10-100 times more sensitive to polyene antibiotics than host cell membranes containing cholesterol. The high sterol selectivity of the action of polyenes opens up broad prospects for the use of polyene antifungal drugs in practical medicine and pharmacology in the treatment of invasive mycoses and the prevention of atherosclerosis. In this connection, it should be noted that polyene antibiotics are the main tool in the study of the biochemical mechanism of changes in the permeability of cell membranes for energy-dependent substrates. Chemical and genetic engineering transformation of the structure of polyene antibiotic molecules opens up prospects for the identification and creation of new biologically active forms of the antibiotic that have a high selectivity of action in the treatment of pathogenic infections.
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Seredin, T. M., L. I. Gerasimova, E. G. Kozar, I. A. Engalycheva, and E. V. Baranova. "HARMFULNESS OF MYCOSISS ON CULTURE OF GARLIC WINTER-ANNUAL IN THE CONDITIONS OF MOSCOW REGION." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2018-6-84-90.
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One of stressful factors the reducing harvest and quality of bulbs of garlic winter (Allium sativum L.) defeat is diseases of various etiology. Studying of influence of factors of the external environment and stability of a genotype on prevalence of diseases on landings of garlic winter and degree of their injuriousness in the conditions of the Moscow region was the purpose of researches; assessment of collection and selection samples of garlic winter and identification among them steady against the most economically significant diseases. Object of researches were grades and collection samples of garlic of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, winter from collections, and other selection institutions. Field experiments and assessment were carried out on a natural infectious background for a number of years. It is as a result established that in the conditions of the Moscow region during vegetation of a plant of garlic winter mainly are surprised mushroom diseases (mycoses) among which the dominating position is taken by fusariosis (micromycetes of the sort Fusarium spp). Defeat of garlic fusariosis is shown annually and with different intensity, depending on weather conditions. The analysis of literature and results of our researches show that number and a ratio of types of Fusarium spp. in a pathogenic complex changes in last years. The types which are earlier not noted on the culture of garlic in the Moscow region (since 2009 – F. avenacium, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and F. semitectum are registered; since 2017 – F. gibbosum and F. nivale). In a complex with highly aggressive types of F. solani and F. oxysporum they enhance injuriousness of fuzariosis withering and rots. Mushrooms of the sort Alternaria and other micromycetes of the sorts Stemfillium, Pythium, Embilisia, Verticillum, Cladosporium in the conditions of the Moscow region meet mainly in a complex Fusarium. Gray rot (the activator – Botrytis allii L.) it is more often shown in storage time and transportations of bulbs of garlic. These micromycetes enhance injuriousness of fusariosis and increase losses of a harvest of garlic winter, especially, in the conditions of sharp fluctuations of average daily temperatures and humidity of the soil during the different periods of vegetation. Results of long-term assessment are given in article, grades and perspective collection samples of garlic winter the steadiest against defeat with diseases in the conditions of the changing climate of a zone of Non-Black Earth Region are allocated.
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Lu, Kit, Dionissios Neofytos, Amanda Blackford, Amy Seung, and Judith E. Karp. "Invasive Fungal Infections in Adults with Newly Diagnosed AML Undergoing Intensive Chemotherapy: Characterization, Risk Factors, and Outcomes in a Single Institution." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 4254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.4254.4254.
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Abstract Abstract 4254 Background: Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) undergoing chemotherapy treatment. However, the epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes of IFI in these patients have been poorly described. Methods: A single-center retrospective analysis was performed to study the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical outcomes, and mortality predictors of IFIs in AML patients undergoing intensive, multi-agent induction timed sequential therapy (TST) between January 2005 and June 2010. Newly diagnosed AML patients, with exception of acute promyelocytic leukemia, were studied. IFIs were defined using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) criteria. Results: 254 consecutive patients (57% male; median age 54, range 20–78) were analyzed. 123 (48%) of patients had an IFI; of which, 15 patients (12%) had a proven candidal infection, and 108 patients (88%) had a mould infection (5 proven/probable (5%) and 103 (95%) possible mould infections). 237 (93%) patients received antifungal therapy during their treatment course (median day 8, range day -15 to 30). Of those, 63 (27%) received monotherapy (46% liposomal amphotericin, 44% voriconazole) and the rest received multiple antifungal agents. Significant risk factors and trends for developing +IFI shown from univariate analyses are listed in Table 1. Prolonged neutropenia, duration of mucositis, and concurrent bacterial infections did not significantly affect the development of +IFI. Using multivariate analyses, mortality was impacted by patients’ baseline organ function (p=0.002 [1.3,3.1]), specifically, by bilirubin < 2 mg/dL (p=0.003 [1.38,4.57]) and creatinine < 1.5 mg/dL (p=0.01 [1.23,5.4]). Patients with +IFI did not significantly impact overall survival. However, patients with candidal IFIs had a significantly lower overall survival compared to patients with mould IFIs and no IFI (HR 2.01 [1.06, 3.8]) (Figure 1). Candida colonization prior to or during the first week of chemotherapy, and development of mucositis were associated with the development of candidal IFIs (p=0.07). Conclusion: IFIs, particularly mould infections, remain a significant problem in patients with AML. Although overall survival did not appear to be significantly affected by mould infections, patients with candidal infections were more likely to die. Identification of risk factors for each type of IFIs may help to develop effective targeted preventive antifungal strategies. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Bashiruddin, J. B., T. K. Taylor, and A. R. Gould. "A PCR-based Test for the Specific Identification of Mycoplasma Mycoides Subspecies mycoides SC." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 6, no. 4 (October 1994): 428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879400600405.
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The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to develop a test for the detection of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides SC in the tissues of animals infected with contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). Two sets of primers were designed; one set (MC323/MC358) to amplify a ∼1.5-kbp DNA fragment from all the members of the M. mycoides ‘Cluster’ and the other set (MM450/MM451) specifically amplified a 574-bp DNA fragment from M. mycoides subspecies. The PCR products could be differentiated further by digestion with the restriction enzyme AsnI. Enzyme digestion of amplification products from M. m. mycoides SC produced 2 fragments, whereas the other 2 M. mycoides subspecies, M. m. mycoides LC and M. m. capri, produced 3 fragments. This test was shown to be very sensitive, being able to detect between 10 and 100 organisms. Cattle were experimentally infected with the Gladysdale strain of M. m. mycoides SC, and samples of serum and mucus were taken periodically, as were postmortem samples of lung, lymph node, pleural fluid, synovial fluid, and tracheal swabs. Complement fixation test on serum samples, culture of postmortem tissues, and histopathologic examination confirmed disease. DNA was extracted from postmortem samples and amplified by PCR using primers MM450 and MM451. Digestion of products using AsnI allowed the specific identification of M. m. mycoides SC. This test could confirm CBPP in 48 hours and was thus capable of giving a more rapid result than the traditional methods of culture, isolation, and identification using biochemical and serological techniques.
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Toyotome, Takahito, Masahiko Takino, Masahiro Takaya, Maki Yahiro, and Katsuhiko Kamei. "Identification of Volatile Sulfur Compounds Produced by Schizophyllum commune." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7060465.
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Schizophyllum commune is a causative agent of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, and basidiomycosis. Diagnosis of these diseases remains difficult because no commercially available tool exists to identify the pathogen. Unique volatile organic compounds produced by a pathogen might be useful for non-invasive diagnosis. Here, we explored microbial volatile organic compounds produced by S. commune. Volatile sulfur compounds, dimethyl disulfide (48 of 49 strains) and methyl ethyl disulfide (49 of 49 strains), diethyl disulfide (34 of 49 strains), dimethyl trisulfide (40 of 49 strains), and dimethyl tetrasulfide (32 of 49 strains) were detected from headspace air in S. commune cultured vials. Every S. commune strain produced at least one volatile sulfur compound analyzed in this study. Those volatile sulfur compounds were not detected from the cultures of Aspergillus spp. (A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus), which are other major causative agents of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis. The last, we examined H2S detection using lead acetate paper. Headspace air from S. commune rapidly turned the lead acetate paper black. These results suggest that those volatile sulfur compounds are potent targets for the diagnosis of S. commune and infectious diseases.
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Riit, Taavi, Leho Tedersoo, Rein Drenkhan, Eve Runno-Paurson, Harri Kokko, and Sten Anslan. "Oomycete-specific ITS primers for identification and metabarcoding." MycoKeys 14 (August 31, 2016): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.14.9244.
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