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1

Ndiaye, Seyni, Minhui Zhang, Mouhamed Fall, Nicolas M. Ayessou, Qi Zhang, and Peiwu Li. "Current Review of Mycotoxin Biodegradation and Bioadsorption: Microorganisms, Mechanisms, and Main Important Applications." Toxins 14, no. 11 (2022): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110729.

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi. Food/feed contamination by mycotoxins is a great threat to food safety. The contamination can occur along the food chain and can cause many diseases in humans and animals, and it also can cause economic losses. Many detoxification methods, including physical, chemical, and biological techniques, have been established to eliminate mycotoxins in food/feed. The biological method, with mycotoxin detoxification by microorganisms, is reliable, efficient, less costly, and easy to use compared with physical and chemical ones. However, it is impor
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2

Schiefer, H. B. "Mycotoxicoses of domestic animals and their diagnosis." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 68, no. 7 (1990): 987–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y90-150.

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Mycotoxins have been named "agents in search of a disease," and the considerable progress in analytical methodology over the last 10 years has not changed this very much. The following are factors that contribute to the difficulty of making a diagnosis: (1) nonspecificity of lesions; (2) masking of mycotoxic effects by secondary effects, e.g., through immunosuppression; (3) late appearance of a lesion, e.g., bone marrow damage or neoplasia; (4) interaction of several mycotoxins or presence of other toxicants or deficiency states; (5) species variation in the response to the mycotoxin(s); (6) d
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3

Gruber-Dorninger, Christiane, Anneliese Müller, and Roy Rosen. "Multi-Mycotoxin Contamination of Aquaculture Feed: A Global Survey." Toxins 17, no. 3 (2025): 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17030116.

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Plant-based materials are increasingly being used as ingredients of aquaculture feed. These materials are prone to mycotoxin contamination, as mycotoxigenic fungi infest crop plants in the field and agricultural products during storage. As mycotoxins can cause toxic effects in aquatic animals, their occurrence in feedstuffs should be monitored. To this end, we performed an extensive global survey of mycotoxin contamination in aquaculture feed and plant-based feed raw materials. We collected samples of compound feed for fish (n = 226) and shrimps (n = 61), maize (n = 3448), maize DDGS (n = 149)
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4

Zhang, Kai, and Melissa Phillips. "Opinion: Multi-Mycotoxin Reference Materials." Foods 11, no. 17 (2022): 2544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11172544.

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The analysis of mycotoxins in food and feed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry is considered advantageous because the hyphenated technology enables simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins. Multi-mycotoxin analysis requires special consideration of quality control parameters to ensure proper evaluation of data quality for all target mycotoxins in method development and routine sample analysis. Mycotoxin matrix reference materials, especially certified reference materials, are stable and homogeneous matrices with certified traceability, concentrations, and uncer
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Ilesanmi, A. I., O. A. Bubu-Davies, I. A. Dan-Ologe, and O. M. G. Abu. "Impacts of mycotoxin on cultured fish." Journal of Aquatic Sciences 38, no. 1 (2023): 89–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jas.v38i1.8.

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that could cause toxic responses when ingested by animals. The extent of production varies with geographic location, feed storage practices and processing methods. In the tropics, improper bagging, transport, storage and use of feeds with inferior quality of ingredients are ways in which mycotoxin is produced and is a great challenge that threatens life of culture fish. Mycotoxins in feeds are a problem of significant concern as farmers are taking steps to overcome the challenge of feed supply. The effects result in teratogenic
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6

Puvača, Nikola, Dragana Ljubojević Pelić, and Vincenzo Tufarelli. "Mycotoxins Adsorbents in Food Animal Production." Journal of Agronomy, Technology and Engineering Management (JATEM) 6, no. 5 (2023): 944–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.55817/gyic7602.

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Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by molds, pose a significant threat to food animal production, as they can lead to adverse health effects, reduced productivity, and economic losses. In response to this challenge, mycotoxin adsorbents have emerged as a promising solution to mitigate the harmful effects of mycotoxins in livestock. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the positive influence of mycotoxin adsorbents in food animal production. The review discusses the mechanisms by which mycotoxin adsorbents function, including adsorption, binding, and inactivation of mycot
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7

Wang, Wenjie, Xinle Liang, Yudong Li, Pinmei Wang, and Nancy P. Keller. "Genetic Regulation of Mycotoxin Biosynthesis." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 1 (2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9010021.

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Mycotoxin contamination in food poses health hazards to humans. Current methods of controlling mycotoxins still have limitations and more effective approaches are needed. During the past decades of years, variable environmental factors have been tested for their influence on mycotoxin production leading to elucidation of a complex regulatory network involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis. These regulators are putative targets for screening molecules that could inhibit mycotoxin synthesis. Here, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms of hierarchical regulators, including pathway-specific regulators
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8

SINPHITHAKKUL, PIYALUK, AMNART POAPOLATHEP, NARUMOL KLANGKAEW, et al. "Occurrence of Multiple Mycotoxins in Various Types of Rice and Barley Samples in Thailand." Journal of Food Protection 82, no. 6 (2019): 1007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-456.

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ABSTRACT The prevalence of mycotoxins is often increased by climatic conditions prevailing in tropical regions. Therefore, consumers in tropical countries such as Thailand have a higher risk of mycotoxin exposure. Existing reports have revealed mycotoxin contamination in rice. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in barley and nine types of rice sold in Thailand and to assess consumer health risk. A total of 300 samples collected from various markets in Thailand were analyzed for the presence of 16 mycotoxins using a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effectiv
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9

Al-Jaal, Belqes, Aishah Latiff, Sofia Salama, et al. "Analysis of Multiple Mycotoxins in the Qatari Population and Their Relation to Markers of Oxidative Stress." Toxins 13, no. 4 (2021): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13040267.

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Mycotoxins are naturally occurring food toxins worldwide that can cause serious health effects. The measurement of mycotoxin biomarkers in biological fluids is needed to assess individuals’ exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of mycotoxins in the Qatari population. Serum samples from 412 adults and urinary samples from 559 adults were analyzed for the presence of mycotoxin biomarkers. Multimycotoxin approaches have been applied, using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry methods. Samples were further analyzed for the oxidative stress markers and compared with re
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10

Kazemi, Davar, Arash Chaychi Nosrati, Leila Modiri, and Ali Shahriyari. "A Comparative Investigation on Egg Yolk Total Antioxidant Capacity Influencing Relativities to Mycotoxins - Ochratoxins." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 10 (2021): 700–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/150.

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BACKGROUND Ochratoxins include a family of toxic secondary metabolites produced by several species of fungi of the genus aspergillus and penicillium. Mycotoxins1 are important environmental pollutants that can be generated in a variety of food and feed components. Nowadays, most mycotoxins can be identified at an acceptable level in terms of legal, veterinary and medical needs. We wanted to compare the egg yolk total antioxidant capacity relativities to mycotoxins ochratoxins (OTA) to determine surges in side effects of human consumption. METHODS Samples were tested by the indirect competitive
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11

Widiyanti, Prima Mei, and Romsyah Maryam. "The Use of Mycotoxin Binder to Control Its Contamination in Feed." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 26, no. 2 (2017): 091. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v26i2.1329.

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<p class="awabstrak2">The climate in Indonesia as a tropical country is very condusive for the growth of mycotoxins producing fungi. Mycotoxins have properties as carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, estrogenic, neurotoxic, and immunotoxic. Mycotoxins reduce performance, appetite, weight, and immunity. They also cause reproductive disorders and generate the residues in animal products that affect human health. These can be prevented by controlling mycotoxins contamination in agricultural products that used for feed ingredients through good management practices (during planting, harvesti
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12

Fumagalli, Francesca, Matteo Ottoboni, Luciano Pinotti, and Federica Cheli. "Integrated Mycotoxin Management System in the Feed Supply Chain: Innovative Approaches." Toxins 13, no. 8 (2021): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080572.

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Exposure to mycotoxins is a worldwide concern as their occurrence is unavoidable and varies among geographical regions. Mycotoxins can affect the performance and quality of livestock production and act as carriers putting human health at risk. Feed can be contaminated by various fungal species, and mycotoxins co-occurrence, and modified and emerging mycotoxins are at the centre of modern mycotoxin research. Preventing mould and mycotoxin contamination is almost impossible; it is necessary for producers to implement a comprehensive mycotoxin management program to moderate these risks along the
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13

Hoffmans, Yvette, Sara Schaarschmidt, Carsten Fauhl-Hassek, and H. J. van der Fels-Klerx. "Factors during Production of Cereal-Derived Feed That Influence Mycotoxin Contents." Toxins 14, no. 5 (2022): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050301.

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Mycotoxins are naturally present in cereal-based feed materials; however, due to adverse effects on animal health, their presence in derived animal feed should be minimized. A systematic literature search was conducted to obtain an overview of all factors from harvest onwards influencing the presence and concentration of mycotoxins in cereal-based feeds. The feed production processes covered included the harvest time, post-harvest practices (drying, cleaning, storage), and processing (milling, mixing with mycotoxin binders, extrusion cooking, ensiling). Delayed harvest supports the production
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14

Hoffmans, Yvette, Sara Schaarschmidt, Carsten Fauhl-Hassek, and H. J. van der Fels-Klerx. "Factors during Production of Cereal-Derived Feed That Influence Mycotoxin Contents." Toxins 14, no. 5 (2022): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050301.

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Mycotoxins are naturally present in cereal-based feed materials; however, due to adverse effects on animal health, their presence in derived animal feed should be minimized. A systematic literature search was conducted to obtain an overview of all factors from harvest onwards influencing the presence and concentration of mycotoxins in cereal-based feeds. The feed production processes covered included the harvest time, post-harvest practices (drying, cleaning, storage), and processing (milling, mixing with mycotoxin binders, extrusion cooking, ensiling). Delayed harvest supports the production
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15

Manni, Katariina, Sari Rämö, Marcia Franco, Marketta Rinne, and Arto Huuskonen. "Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Grass and Whole-Crop Cereal Silages—A Farm Survey." Agriculture 12, no. 3 (2022): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030398.

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Mycotoxin incidence in forage may heavily affect the amount of toxins consumed by cattle. However, many studies have focused on mycotoxin occurrence in cereals and there are less studies of forages, particularly of grass silages. For determining the occurrence of mycotoxins in farm silages under Northern European conditions in Finland, 37 grass silage and 6 whole-crop cereal silage batches were analysed separately for surface, core and, if present, visibly mouldy spots. Mycotoxins were found in 92% of the samples. All mouldy samples contained mycotoxins. Beauvericin was the most common mycotox
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16

Daud, Noshin, Valerie Currie, Gary Duncan, et al. "Prevalent Human Gut Bacteria Hydrolyse and Metabolise Important Food-Derived Mycotoxins and Masked Mycotoxins." Toxins 12, no. 10 (2020): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12100654.

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Mycotoxins are important food contaminants that commonly co-occur with modified mycotoxins such as mycotoxin-glucosides in contaminated cereal grains. These masked mycotoxins are less toxic, but their breakdown and release of unconjugated mycotoxins has been shown by mixed gut microbiota of humans and animals. The role of different bacteria in hydrolysing mycotoxin-glucosides is unknown, and this study therefore investigated fourteen strains of human gut bacteria for their ability to break down masked mycotoxins. Individual bacterial strains were incubated anaerobically with masked mycotoxins
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17

Goryacheva, I. Y., and S. De Saeger. "Immunochemical detection of masked mycotoxins: A short review." World Mycotoxin Journal 5, no. 3 (2012): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2012.1423.

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Mycotoxin derivatives that escape conventional analytical detection of parent (free) forms because their structure has been changed are designated masked mycotoxins. Masking phenomena are due to a defensive response of the host plant or can occur during food processing. Failure to detect masked mycotoxins will lead to a significant underestimation of the mycotoxin content of a particular sample. To date, mainly chromatographic methods were developed for masked mycotoxin determination and quantification. However, for fast screening, it is important to develop on-site methods for detection of ma
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18

Slobodchikova, Irina, Reajean Sivakumar, Md Samiur Rahman, and Dajana Vuckovic. "Characterization of Phase I and Glucuronide Phase II Metabolites of 17 Mycotoxins Using Liquid Chromatography—High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry." Toxins 11, no. 8 (2019): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11080433.

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Routine mycotoxin biomonitoring methods do not include many mycotoxin phase I and phase II metabolites, which may significantly underestimate mycotoxin exposure especially for heavily metabolized mycotoxins. Additional research efforts are also needed to measure metabolites in vivo after exposure and to establish which mycotoxin metabolites should be prioritized for the inclusion during large-scale biomonitoring efforts. The objective of this study was to perform human in vitro microsomal incubations of 17 mycotoxins and systematically characterize all resulting metabolites using liquid chroma
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19

DRUSCH, S., and W. RAGAB. "Mycotoxins in Fruits, Fruit Juices, and Dried Fruits." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 8 (2003): 1514–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.8.1514.

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This review gives an overview of the presence of mycotoxins in fruits. Although several mycotoxins occur in nature, very few (aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, Alternaria toxins) are regularly found in fruits. It has been shown that the presence of fungi on fruits is not necessarily associated with mycotoxin contamination. The formation of mycotoxins depends more on endogenous and environmental factors than fungal growth does. Mycotoxins may remain in fruits even when the fungal mycelium has been removed. Depending on the fruit and the mycotoxin, the diffusion of mycotoxins into the sound tis
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20

Sumantri, I., A. A. A. Hidayat, and E. Kusumawardhani. "Co-existence of mycotoxins in the diet of layer farms in Java Provinces of Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1360, no. 1 (2024): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1360/1/012016.

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Abstract Mycotoxins adversely affect animal health and production. The presence of multiple mycotoxins may exert greater toxicity than exposure to a single mycotoxin. However, data on the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in animal feed is scarce, especially from Indonesia. This study was conducted to investigate the co-occurrence of the major mycotoxins, namely aflatoxin B1, fumonisin, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and T-2 toxin. A total of 146 samples were collected from layer farms in the provinces of West Java, Central Java and East Java. Mycotoxins were determined by ELISA test using commercial ELI
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Arrúa, Andrea Alejandra, Juliana Moura Mendes, Pablo Arrúa, et al. "Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol and Ochratoxin A in Beers and Wines Commercialized in Paraguay." Toxins 11, no. 6 (2019): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11060308.

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Alcoholic beverages can be contaminated with mycotoxins. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most frequently detected mycotoxinin wine and is produced by several species of Aspergillus. This mycotoxin is nephrotoxic and carcinogenic. In beer, the most commonly identified mycotoxin is deoxynivalenol (DON). Ingestion of food contaminated with DON has been associated with adverse gastrointestinal effects. Despite the harmful effects of mycotoxins on health, there are no regulations regarding their limits in alcoholic beverages in Paraguay. Here we determine the presence of OTA and DON in wine and beer, res
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Atanda, S.A., P.O. Pessu, J.A. Aina, S. Agoda, O.A. Adekalu, and G.C. Ihionu. "Mycotoxin Management in Agriculture." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3, no. 2 (2013): 176–84. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJAS.2013.2.110112189.

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<strong>This review was done to highlight&nbsp; the worldwide contamination of foods and feeds with mycotoxins as a significant problem. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of moulds that have adverse effects on humans, animals, and crops that result in illnesses and</strong><strong>&nbsp;direct</strong><strong>&nbsp; economic&nbsp;</strong><strong>losses in crop yield and stored agricultural products.</strong><strong>Aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearelenone, fumonisins, tremorgenic toxins, and ergot alkaloids are the mycotoxins of greatest agro-economic importance. Some moulds ar
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Guerre, Philippe. "Mycotoxin and Gut Microbiota Interactions." Toxins 12, no. 12 (2020): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120769.

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The interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota were discovered early in animals and explained part of the differences in susceptibility to mycotoxins among species. Isolation of microbes present in the gut responsible for biotransformation of mycotoxins into less toxic metabolites and for binding mycotoxins led to the development of probiotics, enzymes, and cell extracts that are used to prevent mycotoxin toxicity in animals. More recently, bioactivation of mycotoxins into toxic compounds, notably through the hydrolysis of masked mycotoxins, revealed that the health benefits of the eff
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Van, Egmond. "Mycotoxins: Risks, regulations and European co-operation." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 125 (2013): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1325007v.

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Mycotoxins and mycotoxicises have been problems of the past and the present, but scientific attention for mycotoxins did not start until the early 1960?s. Nowa?days, many mycotoxins are known, and their occurrence in food and animal feed may cause various adverse effects on human and animal health, including carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, oestrogenic and teratogenic effects. Some important mycotoxins include the aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, the fumonisins and the trichothecenes, and their significance is briefly described. To protect human and animal health, many
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Amer, Mohamed Mahrous, and Aziza Mahrous Amer. "Interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota in chickens - review." EUREKA: Life Sciences, no. 1 (April 24, 2025): 41–47. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2025.003782.

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This article briefly highlights the complex relationships between the chicken gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbial communities and mycotoxins. The gut microbiota, the diverse community of microorganisms that reside in the GIT, plays a crucial role in the overall health and well-being of chickens. The mycotoxins can alter gut microbiota composition, leading to potential health issues in poultry. The interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota in chickens are complex and significant for poultry health. Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by fungi that contaminate feed and can advers
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Dell’Orto, V., G. Baldi, and F. Cheli. "Mycotoxins in silage: checkpoints for effective management and control." World Mycotoxin Journal 8, no. 5 (2015): 603–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2014.1866.

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Silage has a substantial role in ruminant nutrition. Silages as a source of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins merit attention. Fungal growth and mycotoxin production before and during storage are a well-known phenomenon, resulting in reduced nutritional value and a possible risk factor for animal health. Mycotoxin co-contamination seems to be unavoidable under current agricultural and silage-making practices. Multi-mycotoxin contamination in silages is of particular concern due to the potential additive or synergistic effects on animals. In regard to managing the challenge of mycotoxins in si
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Mafe, Alice N., and Dietrich Büsselberg. "Mycotoxins in Food: Cancer Risks and Strategies for Control." Foods 13, no. 21 (2024): 3502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13213502.

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Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium, contaminating various food crops and posing severe risks to food safety and human health. This review discusses mycotoxins‘ origins, significance, and impact, particularly in relation to cancer risk. Major mycotoxins like aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, and patulin are examined, along with their sources and affected foods. The carcinogenic mechanisms of these toxins, including their biochemical and molecular interactions, are explored, as well as epidemiological evidence linking m
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Zhao, Zitong, Zhenzhen Zhang, Haoxiang Zhang, and Zhihong Liang. "Small Peptides in the Detection of Mycotoxins and Their Potential Applications in Mycotoxin Removal." Toxins 14, no. 11 (2022): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110795.

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Mycotoxins pose significant risks to humans and livestock. In addition, contaminated food- and feedstuffs can only be discarded, leading to increased economic losses and potential ecological pollution. Mycotoxin removal and real-time toxin level monitoring are effective approaches to solve this problem. As a hot research hotspot, small peptides derived from phage display peptide libraries, combinatorial peptide libraries, and rational design approaches can act as coating antigens, competitive antigens, and anti-immune complexes in immunoassays for the detection of mycotoxins. Furthermore, as a
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Martindah, Eny, and Sjamsul Bahri. "Mycotoxin Contamination in the Food Chain." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 26, no. 3 (2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v26i3.1393.

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Mycotoxins contamination in animal feed is harmful to livestock and leads to residues, such as aflatoxin and its metabolites (aflatoxin M1, aflatoxicol, aflatoxin Q1 and aflatoxin P1) which are deposited in meat, milk, and eggs. The existence of mycotoxins has been widespread; and mycotoxin is the most important contaminant in the food chain because it has implications for human health. Mold growth and mycotoxin production mainly depend on the weather, such as warm temperatures (28-31°C) and high humidity (60-90%). Some types of mold can produce more than one type of mycotoxin and some mycotox
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DEMİREL, Göksun, and Nida Nur DOĞAN. "MİKOTOKSİNLERE DİYETLE MARUZİYETİ AZALTMAK İÇİN FARKINDALIK DÜZEYİ VE DAVRANIŞSAL ALIŞKANLIKLARININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ." Ankara Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Dergisi 47, no. 3 (2023): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1344356.

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Objective: Mycotoxins are known as secondary fungal metabolites that cause biochemical, physiological, and/or pathological changes in many species, including animals and plants. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), these substances contaminate about 25% of all food in the world. Mycotoxins are responsible for many different disorders affecting the gastrointestinal, urogenital, vascular, renal, and nervous systems, as well as cancers. Key strategies for preventing and controlling exposure to mycotoxins include controlling toxin formation, implementing surveillance and monit
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Lavanya, Ganesan, Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan, Kumaravel Sri Kalpana, Maluventhen Viji Viji, and Arumugan Maruthupandian. "A comprehensive review: Advancements in nanomaterials on the risk prevention, detection, and elimination of mycotoxin contamination." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 16, no. 3 (2024): 82–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/qas.v16i3.1502.

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Mycotoxins are poison that filamentous fungi generate under specific conditions. Mycotoxins in food and feed have a detrimental effect on both human and animal health, resulting in significant financial losses for agriculture sector. Despite the continuing advancement of traditional approaches, modern research trends favor novel alternatives. Therefore, it is crucial to prevent mycotoxin contamination, which has raised concerns around the globe. Recent advancements in the management of mycotoxin contamination have been possible by the application of promising new nanomaterials. Mycotoxins have
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Vandicke, Jonas, Katrien De Visschere, Siska Croubels, Sarah De Saeger, Kris Audenaert, and Geert Haesaert. "Mycotoxins in Flanders’ Fields: Occurrence and Correlations with Fusarium Species in Whole-Plant Harvested Maize." Microorganisms 7, no. 11 (2019): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7110571.

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Mycotoxins are well-known contaminants of several food- and feedstuffs, including silage maize for dairy cattle. Climate change and year-to-year variations in climatic conditions may cause a shift in the fungal populations infecting maize, and therefore alter the mycotoxin load. In this research, 257 maize samples were taken from fields across Flanders, Belgium, over the course of three years (2016–2018) and analyzed for 22 different mycotoxins using a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. DNA of Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum and F. verticillioid
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Catellani, Alessandro, Francesca Ghilardelli, Erminio Trevisi, et al. "Effects of Supplementation of a Mycotoxin Mitigation Feed Additive in Lactating Dairy Cows Fed Fusarium Mycotoxin-Contaminated Diet for an Extended Period." Toxins 15, no. 9 (2023): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15090546.

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Fusarium mycotoxins are inactivated by rumen flora; however, a certain amount can pass the rumen and reticulum or be converted into biological active metabolites. Limited scientific evidence is available on the impact and mitigation of Fusarium mycotoxins on dairy cows’ performance and health, particularly when cows are exposed for an extended period (more than 2 months). The available information related to these mycotoxin effects on milk cheese-making parameters is also very poor. The objective of this study was to evaluate a commercially available mycotoxin mitigation product (MMP, i.e., TO
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McElhinney, C., M. Danaher, C. Elliott, and P. O’Kiely. "Mycotoxin occurrence on baled and pit silages collected in Co. Meath." Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 54, no. 2 (2015): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijafr-2015-0010.

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AbstractRecent studies of baled silages produced in Ireland have identified considerable filamentous fungal contamination. Many of these fungi are toxigenic, capable of producing secondary metabolites, namely mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are potentially detrimental to livestock health and some can pose a risk to consumers of animal products. Baled (n=20) and pit (n=18) silages from a sample of farms (n=38) in Co. Meath were examined to assess the occurrence of mycotoxins and ascertain whether sampling position within the pit silos (feed face vs. 3 m behind the feed face) has an effect on mycotoxin c
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Barajas-Ramírez, Jahir Antonio, Delfino Alejandro Moncada-Abaunza, and María Guadalupe Gómez-Espinoza. "Mycotoxins in foods, from the field to the plate: a review." International Food Research Journal 28, no. 2 (2021): 230–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ifrj.28.2.02.

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by some fungal species, mainly from the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Mycotoxins can be found in raw materials and processed foods. High intake of mycotoxins in short time periods will generate outbreaks of mycotoxicosis distinguished by physical discomfort or even death. Chronic consumption of mycotoxins can cause several important illnesses. Due to the substantial health risk of mycotoxin intake, several organisations have recommended the maximum allowable limits in foods. Since differences in the values suggested acr
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Pleadin, Jelka, Tina Lešić, Dragan Milićević, et al. "Pathways of Mycotoxin Occurrence in Meat Products: A Review." Processes 9, no. 12 (2021): 2122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9122122.

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Documented cases of mycotoxin occurrence in meat products call for further research into potential contamination sources, especially given an ever more increasing consumption of these nutritionally rich products. These foodstuffs can be contaminated with mycotoxins through three pathways: contaminated spices and other raw materials, mycotoxin-producing moulds present on the surface of dry-cured meat products, and carry-over effect from farm animals exposed to contaminated feed. In order to establish meat products’ mycotoxin contamination more precisely, the concentrations of all mycotoxins of
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Gruber-Dorninger, Christiane, Timothy Jenkins, and Gerd Schatzmayr. "Global Mycotoxin Occurrence in Feed: A Ten-Year Survey." Toxins 11, no. 7 (2019): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11070375.

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Mycotoxins contaminating animal feed can exert toxic effects in animals and be transferred into animal products. Therefore, mycotoxin occurrence in feed should be monitored. To this end, we performed a large-scale global survey of mycotoxin contamination in feed and assessed regional differences and year-to-year variation of mycotoxin occurrence. Concentrations of aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin were analyzed in 74,821 samples of feed and feed raw materials (e.g., maize, wheat, soybean) collected from 100 countries from 2008 to 2017. In total,
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Chilaka, Cynthia Adaku, Jude Ejikeme Obidiegwu, Augusta Chinenye Chilaka, Olusegun Oladimeji Atanda, and Angela Mally. "Mycotoxin Regulatory Status in Africa: A Decade of Weak Institutional Efforts." Toxins 14, no. 7 (2022): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070442.

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Food safety problems are a major hindrance to achieving food security, trade, and healthy living in Africa. Fungi and their secondary metabolites, known as mycotoxins, represent an important concern in this regard. Attempts such as agricultural, storage, and processing practices, and creation of awareness to tackle the menace of fungi and mycotoxins have yielded measurable outcomes especially in developed countries, where there are comprehensive mycotoxin legislations and enforcement schemes. Conversely, most African countries do not have mycotoxin regulatory limits and even when available, ar
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Zhang, W. W., Z. M. Ye, Y. Jin, S. Y. Wang, L. S. Zhang, and X. F. Pei. "Management of mycotoxin contamination in food and feed in China." World Mycotoxin Journal 7, no. 1 (2014): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2013.1553.

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Mycotoxins have a significant impact on human and animal health as well as economy and international trade. A number of steps have been taken to minimise mycotoxin contamination worldwide. China, one of the largest importers and exporters of food and animal feed, has implemented management strategies to protect consumers from mycotoxins and ensure safe trading of food and feed. The development and status of these management strategies are of interest to many stakeholders, however, no comprehensive review of these strategies has been published to date. The objective of this article is to review
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Degen, G. "Tools for investigating workplace-related risks from mycotoxin exposure." World Mycotoxin Journal 4, no. 3 (2011): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2011.1295.

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There is growing recognition and interest in the role of mycotoxins as health hazards in the workplace. Examples will illustrate what we know about certain mycotoxins in some occupational settings and what we need to know to make further progress in assessing their impact on human health. A range of mycotoxins has been detected in different workplaces, e.g. in agricultural and food processing facilities, greenhouses, and the waste management sector. Their occurrence, mainly in dust from different raw materials or processed products, is indicative of a potential health hazard. However, assessin
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Hao, Wei, Shu Guan, Anping Li, et al. "Mycotoxin Occurrence in Feeds and Raw Materials in China: A Five-Year Investigation." Toxins 15, no. 1 (2023): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010063.

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Mycotoxins are ubiquitously present in feeds and raw materials and can exert toxicity on animals and humans. Therefore, mycotoxin occurrence should be monitored. We report here a multi-mycotoxin survey of feed samples in China from 2017 to 2021. Concentrations of aflatoxins, trichothecenes type B, fumonisins, and zearalenone were determined in a total of 9392 samples collected throughout China. Regional differences and year-to-year variation of mycotoxin occurrence were also assessed in new-season corn. Generally, Fusarium mycotoxins were prevalent, while mycotoxin contamination in each feed c
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Perochon, Alexandre, and Fiona M. Doohan. "Trichothecenes and Fumonisins: Key Players in Fusarium–Cereal Ecosystem Interactions." Toxins 16, no. 2 (2024): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins16020090.

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Fusarium fungi produce a diverse array of mycotoxic metabolites during the pathogenesis of cereals. Some, such as the trichothecenes and fumonisins, are phytotoxic, acting as non-proteinaceous effectors that facilitate disease development in cereals. Over the last few decades, we have gained some depth of understanding as to how trichothecenes and fumonisins interact with plant cells and how plants deploy mycotoxin detoxification and resistance strategies to defend themselves against the producer fungi. The cereal-mycotoxin interaction is part of a co-evolutionary dance between Fusarium and ce
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Voznyakovskii A.P., Karmanov A.P., Kocheva L.S., et al. "Few-Layer Graphene Structures as a Promising Mycotoxin Sorbent." Technical Physics 92, no. 7 (2022): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2022.07.54472.31-22.

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It has been experimentally established that samples of low-layer graphene, synthesized by carbonization of plant materials (lignin, cellulose, and spruce bark) under conditions of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, are effective sorbents for mycotoxin T-2 under conditions simulating the environment in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, and are capable of irreversibly sorb at least 94.6% of mycotoxin with a sorption capacity of 1 mg of mycotoxins per 1 g of sorbent. Key words: few-layer graphene, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, specific surface area, mycotoxin sorptio
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N., Syamilah, Nurul Afifah S., Effarizah M.E., and Norlia M. "Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in spices and mixed spices: a review." Food Research 6, no. 4 (2022): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.6(4).971.

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi mainly from the genus Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria. The occurrence of mycotoxin contamination has been reported in various types of food, including spices such as chilli, black pepper, white pepper, cumin, coriander seed, and the ground mix spices. Aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are the primary mycotoxins in spices produced by Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. Among these spices, chilli is more susceptible to the invasion of these mycotoxigenic fungi, especially during prolonged storage and inappropriate
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Nan, Mina, Huali Xue, and Yang Bi. "Contamination, Detection and Control of Mycotoxins in Fruits and Vegetables." Toxins 14, no. 5 (2022): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050309.

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by pathogenic fungi that colonize fruits and vegetables either during harvesting or during storage. Mycotoxin contamination in fruits and vegetables has been a major problem worldwide, which poses a serious threat to human and animal health through the food chain. This review systematically describes the major mycotoxigenic fungi and the produced mycotoxins in fruits and vegetables, analyzes recent mycotoxin detection technologies including chromatography coupled with detector (i.e., mass, ultraviolet, fluorescence, etc.) technology, electrochemica
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Čolović, Radmilo, Nikola Puvača, Federica Cheli, et al. "Decontamination of Mycotoxin-Contaminated Feedstuffs and Compound Feed." Toxins 11, no. 11 (2019): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110617.

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Mycotoxins are known worldwide as fungus-produced toxins that adulterate a wide heterogeneity of raw feed ingredients and final products. Consumption of mycotoxins-contaminated feed causes a plethora of harmful responses from acute toxicity to many persistent health disorders with lethal outcomes; such as mycotoxicosis when ingested by animals. Therefore, the main task for feed producers is to minimize the concentration of mycotoxin by applying different strategies aimed at minimizing the risk of mycotoxin effects on animals and human health. Once mycotoxins enter the production chain it is ha
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Zhu, Cheng-Cheng, Yan-Jun Hou, Jun Han, et al. "Effect of Mycotoxin-Containing Diets on Epigenetic Modifications of Mouse Oocytes by Fluorescence Microscopy Analysis." Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, no. 4 (2014): 1158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927614000919.

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AbstractMycotoxins, such as aflatoxin (AF), fumonisin B1, zearalenone (ZEA), and deoxynivalenol (DON), are commonly found in many food commodities. Mycotoxins have been shown to increase DNA methylation levels in a human intestinal cell line. We previously showed that the developmental competence of oocytes was affected in mice that had been fed a mycotoxin-containing diet. In this study, we explored possible mechanisms of low mouse oocyte developmental competence after mycotoxin treatment in an epigenetic modification perspective. Mycotoxin-contaminated maize (DON at 3,875μg/kg, ZEA at 1,897μ
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Lootens, Orphélie, An Vermeulen, Siska Croubels, Sarah De Saeger, Jan Van Bocxlaer, and Marthe De Boevre. "Possible Mechanisms of the Interplay between Drugs and Mycotoxins—Is There a Possible Impact?" Toxins 14, no. 12 (2022): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14120873.

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Mycotoxin contamination is a global food safety issue leading to major public health concerns. Repeated exposure to multiple mycotoxins not only has repercussions on human health but could theoretically also lead to interactions with other xenobiotic substances—such as drugs—in the body by altering their pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics. The combined effects of chronic drug use and mycotoxin exposure need to be well understood in order to draw valid conclusions and, in due course, to develop guidelines. The aim of this review is to focus on food contaminants, more precisely on mycotoxi
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Er Demirhan, Buket, and Burak Demirhan. "The Investigation of Mycotoxins and Enterobacteriaceae of Cereal-Based Baby Foods Marketed in Turkey." Foods 10, no. 12 (2021): 3040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10123040.

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In this study, a total of 85 cereal-based baby foods with or without milk (four different brands; A, B, C, and D) collected from Ankara local markets, Turkey were analyzed for mycotoxins, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), and Enterobacteriaceae contamination. Baby foods were analyzed for 12 toxicological important mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2; fumonisin B1 and B2; ochratoxin A; sterigmatocystin (STE); deoxynivalenol (DON); zearalenone (ZON); and T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin by LC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method. In addition to these mycotoxins, the presence of aflatoxin M1
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Pei, Xingyao, Wenjuan Zhang, Haiyang Jiang, et al. "Food-Origin Mycotoxin-Induced Neurotoxicity: Intend to Break the Rules of Neuroglia Cells." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (September 28, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9967334.

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Mycotoxins are key risk factors in human food and animal feed. Most of food-origin mycotoxins could easily enter the organism and evoke systemic toxic effects, such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisin B1 (FB1), and 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA). For the last decade, the researches have provided much evidences in vivo and in vitro that the brain is an important target organ on mycotoxin-mediated neurotoxic phenomenon and neurodegenerative diseases. As is known to all, glial cells are the best regulator and defender of neurons
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