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1

Shchetinnikov, A. S. "Feeding spectrum of squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (Oegopsida) in the eastern Pacific." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 72, no. 4 (November 1992): 849–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400060082.

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The stomach contents of 235 specimens of the squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (4·3–36·5 cm mantle length, ML) were examined. A detailed list of 60 species of prey, comprising young and adult squid, is given together with their frequency of occurrence and proportional contribution. The size and number of each food item was investigated. Three ontogenetic size-groups of S. oualaniensis were distinguished: I, fry and young (4–10 cm ML), micronektonic epipelagic plankton-eaters; II, transient critical size group (10–15 cm ML), converting from feeding on planktonic crustaceans and fish larvae to myctophid fishes; III, medium-sized (adult) nyctoepipelagic nektonic predators (15–36·5 cm ML), feeding primarily on myctophids and secondarily on squid. Myctophids (genera Symbolophorus, Myctophum and Hygophum) were the most abundant prey in the diet of adult S. oualaniensis from different parts of its distribution.
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2

Schwarzhans, Werner, Fumio Ohe, Yuki Tsuchiya, and Atsushi Ujihara. "Lanternfish otoliths (Myctophidae, Teleostei) from the Miocene of Japan." Zitteliana 96 (June 10, 2022): 103–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zitteliana.96.83571.

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Lanternfishes (Myctophidae) are one of the most common groups of fishes in the mesopelagic zone of the world ocean, and their otoliths have been dominant in pelagic sediments since at least Miocene times. Many species have a wide geographic distribution, with several being circumglobal. This wide distribution makes myctophid otoliths potentially useful for supraregional stratigraphic purposes. The Sea of Japan and the Northwest Pacific is an important region for investigations into the diversity and evolution of the Myctophidae. Here, we describe a large collection of myctophid otoliths from the late early to early middle Miocene (late Burdigalian to early Langhian) from six localities on western and central Honshu, which were under warm water influence during that time. A total of 22 species are recognized, of which eight are new. In the order in which they are described, the new species are Bolinichthys higashibesshoensissp. nov., Ceratoscopelus brevissp. nov., Lampadena eximasp. nov., Lampanyctus lenticularissp. nov., Lampanyctus tsuyamaensissp. nov., Stenobrachius ohashiisp. nov., Diaphus epipedussp. nov., and Diaphus watatsumisp. nov. At least nine species are also known from coeval sediments outside of Japan, most notably New Zealand and Europe. This distribution reflects the extraordinary geographic spread of myctophid species already in the early Miocene and indicates the potential for their future use for biostratigraphic purposes. The paleoecological and paleobiogeographical implications of the studied myctophid otolith assemblages are discussed. Furthermore, the stratigraphic ranges of the observed species are discussed and compared with data from other regions of the world in an attempt to outline the potential future application of myctophid otoliths for supraregional biostratigraphic purposes.
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3

Schwarzhans, Werner, and Giorgio Carnevale. "The rise to dominance of lanternfishes (Teleostei: Myctophidae) in the oceanic ecosystems: a paleontological perspective." Paleobiology 47, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 446–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2021.2.

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AbstractLanternfishes currently represent one of the dominant groups of mesopelagic fishes in terms of abundance, biomass, and diversity. Their otolith record dominates pelagic sediments below 200 m in dredges, especially during the entire Neogene. Here we provide an analysis of their diversity and rise to dominance primarily based on their otolith record. The earliest unambiguous fossil myctophids are known based on otoliths from the late Paleocene and early Eocene. During their early evolutionary history, myctophids were likely not adapted to a high oceanic lifestyle but occurred over shelf and upper-slope regions, where they were locally abundant during the middle Eocene. A distinct upscaling in otolith size is observed in the early Oligocene, which also marks their earliest occurrence in bathyal sediments. We interpret this transition to be related to the change from a halothermal deep-ocean circulation to a thermohaline regime and the associated cooling of the deep ocean and rearrangement of nutrient and silica supply. The early Oligocene myctophid size acme shows a remarkable congruence with diatom abundance, the main food resource for the zooplankton and thus for myctophids and whales. The warmer late Oligocene to early middle Miocene period was characterized by an increase in disparity of myctophids but with a reduction in their otolith sizes. A second and persisting secular pulse in myctophid diversity (particularly within the genus Diaphus) and increase in size begins with the “biogenic bloom” in the late Miocene, paralleled with diatom abundance and mysticete gigantism.
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4

Díaz Santana-Iturríos, Mariana, Deivis S. Palacios-Salgado, and César A. Salinas-Zavala. "Abundance and distribution of lantern fishes (Myctophiformes: Myctophidae) around San Pedro Martir Island, Gulf of California, during 2008." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 41, no. 3 (July 12, 2016): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol41-issue3-fulltext-2.

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Myctophids (Myctophidae) are a group of abundant mesopelagic fishes in the world´s oceans and are known as the main feeding resource for several high trophic level predators. Changes in abundance may be related to population size of some commercially important species that feed on them. Only two of the myctophid species reported for the Gulf of California were found in the present study: Benthosema panamense and Triphoturus mexicanus. The highest abundance and biomass of myctophids were found during the warm season (June and September), with B. panamense being the most abundant species (20,954 ind 1000 m-3), as well as the one with highest biomass (17,165.8 g 1000 m-3). B. panamese had a size mode interval of 35-40 mm, while T. mexicanus presented a size mode interval of 40-45 mm; both species had negative allometric growth. During the temperate season (February and April) B. panamense was distributed in the northwest, west, and southern regions around the island, while T. mexicanus was found in the north, west, and southern regions. During the warm season B. panamense was found distributed around the entire island and T. mexicanus was found in the west, south, and east regions of the island. These species are common around San Pedro Martir Island, with the highest values of abundance and biomass occurring during summer upwelling's.
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5

Radchenko, V. I., A. N. Kanzeparova, A. A. Somov, and I. V. Grigorov. "Abundance and ecology of Myctophidae fishes in the Gulf of Alaska in winter season." Izvestiya TINRO 201, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 292–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2021-201-292-312.

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Distribution and abundance of myctophid fish species in the upper epipelagic layer are analyzed based on results of surveys in the Gulf of Alaska in winters of 2019 and 2020. A common myctophid community driven by blue lanternfish Tarletonbeania crenularis was revealed that occupied likely the entire eastern part of the Subarctic Front zone eastward from 150ºW. Abundance and biomass of four mass myctophid species were generally comparable between the northeastern and northwestern Pacific. Small-sized juveniles prevailed among northern lampfish Stenobrachius leucopsarus, which were likely transported by the Subarctic Current and could be recruited to the Bering Sea stock. Patterns of daily vertical migrations are discussed for the mass myctophid species. New observations confirm general understandings on the myctophid species input to functioning of fish community.
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6

Contreras, T., MP Olivar, JI González-Gordillo, and PA Hulley. "Feeding patterns of transforming and juvenile myctophids that migrate into neustonic layers." Marine Ecology Progress Series 650 (September 17, 2020): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13234.

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Adult and juvenile myctophids feed at night in the epipelagic zone (<200 m) and are more dispersed in the mesopelagic zone (200-1000 m) during the daylight hours. In contrast, larvae inhabit the upper 200 m throughout a 24 h period and have daylight feeding patterns. Transforming stages occur both at the surface and in the mesopelagic zone and show less-defined feeding patterns. In this study, we analysed the trophic ecology of transforming and juvenile stages of 4 myctophids that occupy the neustonic layers (first 0-20 cm of the water column) during their nightly vertical migrations: Dasyscopelus asper, Gonichthys cocco, Myctophum affine, and M. nitidulum. Day and night neuston samples were collected across the equatorial and tropical Atlantic in April 2015. Transforming and juvenile stages occurred at night in the neuston, where they fed, but were absent from this layer during the day. The highest prey ingestion was observed between 01:00 and 04:00 h (UTC). Feeding incidence and the number of prey ingested increased from transformation stages to juvenile stages. Although the maximum prey size increased with fish body length, there was no significant increasing trend in mean prey sizes, but a great variability in the sizes of consumed prey. Diets of the 4 species mainly comprised a variety of copepod genera, usually dominated by Oncaea species. There was no evidence of resource partitioning among the 4 myctophid species. Estimates of daily feeding rations, based on the relationship between carbon content per gut and carbon content of fish body, throughout the night feeding period, showed that these species in these early stages ingested between 0.43 and 5.78% of their body carbon weight daily. We suggest that the occurrence and feeding of these early stages in the neuston may contribute to reducing trophic competition between migrating myctophids by space segregation.
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7

Hayashi, Amane, Kouichi Kawaguchi, Hikaru Watanabe, and Minoru Ishida. "Daily growth increment formation and its lunar periodicity in otoliths of the myctophid fish Myctophum asperum (Pisces: Myctophidae)." Fisheries Science 67, no. 5 (October 2001): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1444-2906.2001.00327.x.

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8

Olivar, M. Pilar, J. Ignacio González-Gordillo, Jordi Salat, Guillem Chust, Andrés Cózar, Santiago Hernández-León, M. Luz Fernández de Puelles, and Xabier Irigoien. "The contribution of migratory mesopelagic fishes to neuston fish assemblages across the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 8 (2016): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14391.

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Surface waters are an attractive foraging ground for small fish in the open ocean. This study aims to determine the importance of vertically migrating species in the neuston of oceanic waters across the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans and to ascertain the influence of environmental variables on their distribution patterns. Neustonic fish assemblages were primarily controlled by light. They were dominated by late-larvae and juveniles of Exocoetidae, Hemiramphidae and Scomberesocidae during the day. At night, the vertical migration of mesopelagic species changed the dominance pattern in favour of Myctophidae and Scomberesocidae. The neustonic families’ distribution was primarily related to sea surface temperatures, whereas environmental variables at deeper layers were related to mesopelagic migrating families. Canonical correspondence analysis showed a low but statistically significant contribution of several environmental variables to myctophid species composition (10%), with minimum oxygen concentrations ranking first in variance explanation followed by maximum fluorescence, sea surface temperature and 400-m temperature. Spatial autocorrelation also explained 17% of the variance, indicating the influence of other factors such as historical, demographic and dispersal constraints. The low number of myctophid species in the North Pacific Equatorial Countercurrent appears to be related to the low oxygen concentrations observed in this province.
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9

Ohtsuka, Susumu, Jun Nishikawa, and Geoffrey A. Boxshall. "A new species of Peniculus (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) parasitizing mesopelagic myctophid fish: first discovery of colonization of the genus in deep water." Parasite 25 (2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018057.

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Peniculus hokutoae n. sp. is described on the basis of an ovigerous adult female parasitizing the caudal fin of the myctophid fish Symbolophorus evermanni (Gilbert, 1905), collected from Suruga Bay, Japan. This is the first record of parasitism by this genus on mesopelagic myctophid fish. The new species is easily distinguished from other congeners in: (1) the presence of a conical process anterior to the rostrum; (2) the secondary elongation of the first pedigerous somite; (3) the incorporation of the third and fourth pedigerous somites into the trunk; (4) the unilobate maxillule bearing two unequal apical setae; (5) the lack of any processes on the first segment of the maxilla. Four morphological patterns of the cephalothorax, neck and anterior parts of the trunk can be found in the genus. We infer that initial colonization of a mesopelagic myctophid fish as host is likely to have occurred when the diurnally-migrating myctophid host was feeding in near-surface waters at night and was exposed to infective stages of Peniculus.
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10

Godø, Olav Rune, Ruben Patel, and Geir Pedersen. "Diel migration and swimbladder resonance of small fish: some implications for analyses of multifrequency echo data." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 6 (April 16, 2009): 1143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp098.

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Abstract Godø, O. R., Patel, R., and Pedersen, G. 2009. Diel migration and swimbladder resonance of small fish: some implications for analyses of multifrequency echo data. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1143–1148. Many fish with swimbladders exhibit diel vertical migrations (DVM). Ascents and descents of hundreds of metres occur, and altered swimbladder volume and buoyancy can result from incomplete secretion and resorption of gas. When acoustic observations are made near the resonance frequency of the swimbladder, the estimated fish biomass can be positively biased. When multiple-frequency echosounders are used, the frequency response of the backscatter might vary temporally and spatially and compromise the effectiveness of conventional target-identification methods. In this paper, variations in backscatter from mesopelagic fish are studied using data collected west of the British Isles with a five-frequency echosounder (Simrad EK60). Two acoustic layers, one dominated by pearlsides (Maurolicus muelleri) and the other by myctophids (Myctophidae), were monitored during their DVM. The frequency responses of the layers changed systematically, mainly characterized by increases in the nautical-area-backscattering coefficient (sA) values at 18 kHz relative to those at 38 kHz. This could have been caused by changes in the resonance frequencies of fish swimbladders, as they expanded and contracted during ascent and descent. Two sA maxima in the myctophids layer suggest the presence of two types of target with different scattering characteristics. Models of sound scatter from myctophid swimbladders suggest that these peaks have resulted from resonance scattering. The sA at 18 kHz attributed to M. muelleri also peaked, but at the maximum depth of their distribution. Spatial and temporal changes in the frequency responses of fish should be taken into account when pelagic fish communities are surveyed with multiple-frequency echosounders.
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11

Radchenko, V. I., A. N. Kanzeparova, A. A. Somov, and I. V. Grigorov. "Myctophid (Myctophidae) Abundance and Ecology in the Gulf of Alaska in Winter." Russian Journal of Marine Biology 47, no. 7 (December 2021): 534–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063074021070051.

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12

Phillips, Katrina L., Peter D. Nichols, and George D. Jackson. "Dietary variation of the squid Moroteuthis ingens at four sites in the Southern Ocean: stomach contents, lipid and fatty acid profiles." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 3 (April 9, 2003): 523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403007446h.

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Specimens of the onychoteuthid squid Moroteuthis ingens were collected from four sites in the Southern Ocean: Macquarie Island, the Falkland Islands, the Chatham Rise (New Zealand) and the Campbell Plateau (New Zealand). Spatial variations in diet among these areas were investigated using stomach contents and lipid and fatty acid profiles. Myctophid fish were prominent prey items at all sites, and the diet at New Zealand sites contained temperate myctophid species that were not identified at other sites. The diet at the Falkland Islands differed considerably from other sites due to the large proportion of cephalopod prey that had been consumed by M. ingens. This is likely to be due to the absence of key myctophids, such as Electrona carlsbergi, and the abundance of smaller squid such as Loligo gahi and juvenile M. ingens over the Patagonian Shelf. Stomach contents data could not be used effectively to determine dietary differences between the Chatham Rise and Campbell Plateau, largely due to differences in sample sizes between these sites. Lipid class and fatty acid profiles of the digestive gland indicated that the diet of M. ingens differed significantly between the Chatham Rise and Campbell Plateau, despite the relative proximity of these sites. We conclude from total lipid content that this was due to a reduction in food availability to M. ingens at the Campbell Plateau. The highly productive waters of the Subtropical Front pass over the Chatham Rise, whereas the Campbell Plateau is situated in less productive sub-Antarctic water. Differences in oceanographic conditions are likely to have driven dietary variations between these two sites.
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13

Phleger, Charles F., Matthew M. Nelson, Ben D. Mooney, and Peter D. Nichols. "Wax esters versus triacylglycerols in myctophid fishes from the Southern Ocean." Antarctic Science 11, no. 4 (December 1999): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102099000565.

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Five species of myctophid fishes were collected by trawl from the Elephant Island region of the Antarctic Peninsula between 60°30′–62°S and 55°–61°30′W. Two species, Gymnoscopelus braueri and Krefftichthyes anderssoni were lipid-rich (406–456 mg g−1 dry weight whole fish) with wax esters (WE) the major lipid class. In three species, G. opisthopterus, G. nicholsi, and Electrona carlsbergii, triacylglycerols (TAG) were the major lipid. All fish had oily bones, with values up to 471 mg g−1 dry weight in the vertebral centra of K. anderssoni. The principal fatty acids of the TAG-rich myctophids included the monoenes 18:1(n-9) and 20:1. There were lower levels of 16:0 and 18:0 saturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were present at higher abundance in the TAG-rich E. carlsbergii and G. opisthopterus, with lower levels in G. nicholsi. In comparison, the WE-dominated species contained lower levels of PUFA than in the TAG-rich species. The principal fatty acids of the WE-rich myctophids included the monoenes 18:1(n-9), 16:1(n-7), and 18:1(n-7), with lower levels of the saturated acids 16:0 and 18:0. Fatty alcohols were dominated by 16:0 and 14:0 and the monounsaturated 18:1(n-9) with 16:1(n-7), 18:1(n-7), and 20:1(n-9). Based on the fatty acid profiles, the diet of G. opishtopterus and G. nicholsi, previously thought to be mainly Euphausia superba, is suggested to include copepods and other zooplankton with only a minor krill component, possibly consisting of other species than E. superba.
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14

Linkowski, Tomasz B. "Otolith microstructure and growth patterns during the early life history of lanternfishes (family Myctophidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1777–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-247.

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The microstructure of the central part of the sagittal otoliths of 55 myctophid species belonging to 27 genera of lanternfishes was compared by means of light and scanning electron microscopy. Multiple primordia were found in the nuclei of all otoliths. In most species and genera a symmetrical pattern of accessory primordia (AP) was observed: they were located along the same growth increment, which indicates simultaneous formation. A clustered pattern of AP was found only in species belonging to the tribe Gymnoscopelini: AP occurred at several growth increments, which indicates that they developed sequentially. The growth increments formed after the formation of clustered AP revealed a sectorial otolith structure, i.e., growth increments were not continuous but separated by radial discontinuities. The pattern and time of formation of AP were found to influence the relationship between otolith diameter and fish length in the Myctophidae. The formation of numerous AP concurrently with transformation of the larva led to a dissociation of fish growth from otolith growth. When AP appeared simultaneously but before transformation, the allometric relationship between otolith size and fish length was not disrupted by this process. Sequential formation of AP considerably before transformation, which occurred only in the Gymnoscopelini, led to an isometric relationship between fish size and otolith size. The potential importance of the AP pattern as a distinguishing character for myctophid larvae is considered to be greatest in the Gymnoscopelini, as these growth centers, in the form of external protrusions, were evident over a wide range of sizes from small larvae to early juveniles.
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Yasuma, Hiroki, Kouichi Sawada, Yoshimi Takao, Kazushi Miyashita, and Ichiro Aoki. "Swimbladder condition and target strength of myctophid fish in the temperate zone of the Northwest Pacific." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 1 (August 6, 2009): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp218.

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Abstract Yasuma, H., Sawada, K., Takao, Y., Miyashita, K., and Aoki, I. 2010. Swimbladder condition and target strength of myctophid fish in the temperate zone of the Northwest Pacific. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 135–144. We report theoretical values of the target strength (TS) of four myctophid fish (Ceratoscopelus warmingii, Myctophum asperum, Diaphus garmani, and Diaphus chrysorhynchus) based on morphometry of the swimbladder. None of the D. chrysorhynchus had an inflated swimbladder, but the other species had both inflated and non-inflated swimbladders, depending on body size. The relationships between swimbladder and body length showed that once gas production started, the swimbladders grew faster than the rest of the body (positive allometric growth). However, M. asperum showed regression of the swimbladder after positive allometric growth, so larger specimens had non-inflated swimbladders. Based on the measurements of swimbladder and body length, the theoretical TS values at 38 and 120 kHz were calculated using existing sound-scattering models. In fish with inflated swimbladders, TS values were relatively low (less than −67 dB, reduced TScm) at both frequencies. Regression slopes on TS–body length (log) plots were >20, suggesting that their scattering cross sections were not proportional to the square of the body length. In contrast, the TS values of M. asperum decreased with growth in large fish (60–80 mm long) through swimbladder regression. Scattering cross sections of fish without swimbladders were not proportional to the square of the body length over the whole size range.
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Jiang, Y. E., Z. Z. Chen, K. Zhang, J. Zhang, Y. Y. Gong, X. L. Kong, J. T. Fan, Z. J. Lin, and Z. Q. Fang. "Length-weight relationships of seven myctophid fishes (Myctophiformes: myctophidae) in the South China Sea." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 33, no. 5 (June 18, 2017): 1044–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jai.13418.

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17

Olivar, M. Pilar, Antonio Bode, Cristina López-Pérez, P. Alexander Hulley, and Santiago Hernández-León. "Trophic position of lanternfishes (Pisces: Myctophidae) of the tropical and equatorial Atlantic estimated using stable isotopes." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 3 (January 6, 2018): 649–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx243.

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Abstract Lanternfishes (Myctophidae) constitute the most important component of the daily vertically migrating mesopelagic fish community. This research addresses the estimation of the trophic position and diet of myctophids using stable isotope analyses. Fishes were collected across the central Atlantic, from a very productive zone influenced by the Mauritanian upwelling to the western oligotrophic equatorial waters. The survey also encompassed a zone of low oxygen concentration in the mesopelagic layers. Determinations of δ13C and δ15N values were made on the 20 most frequent and abundant myctophids, from small-sized species (e.g. Notolychnus valdivae) to larger ones (e.g. Myctophum punctatum). Isotope analyses on the seston and several plankton groups were also performed to assess the influence of zonal differences in trophic position (TP) calculations, and to use as food sources in diet estimations. Myctophids displayed a narrow range of trophic positions, being greater than 2 and less than 4, except for N. valdiviae (TP = 1.7). Comparisons of diets estimated through an isotopic mixing model differentiated the smallest species, with a strong seston signature (Diogenichthys atlanticus and N. valdiviae), from the Diaphus species of medium sizes, (D. brachycephalus, D. holti, and D. rafinesquii), which feed on prey of higher TP values.
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18

Sassa, Chiyuki. "Estimation of the spawning biomass of myctophids based on larval production and reproductive parameters: the case study of Benthosema pterotum in the East China Sea." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 3 (May 2, 2018): 743–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy051.

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Abstract This study estimated the spawning biomass of a myctophid by applying the daily egg production method (DEPM) based on data of larval fish surveys and reproductive parameters. Benthosema pterotum in the central part of the East China Sea shelf was used as the model species, as ecological and reproductive data are available in the literature. This study used data of the larvae and adults sampled in late summer when the primary spawning occurs. Daily egg production was estimated by back-projection of the daily production of larvae at hatching by 10 h, assuming that the mortality rate during the egg stage is the same to that of the larval stage. This study determined the sex ratio, batch fecundity, and spawning fraction. As a result, spawning biomass of B. pterotum in the East China Sea shelf was estimated to be 9036 tons. The study also assesses and discusses several sources of potential uncertainty. The relative sensitivity of estimates of spawning biomass to variations in each parameter showed a four fold difference between the lowest and highest estimates (4066–16 265 tons). Since this was comparable to the biomass estimated by a swept-area trawl survey, the approximate estimation of biomass would be possible by applying this method. Considering that larval fish surveys have been conducted in the world’s oceans and myctophids have always dominated in the samples, application of the DEPM is a potential option for estimating the order of magnitude of the biomass of myctophids.
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WATANABE, HIKARU, MASATOSHI MOKU, KOUICHI KAWAGUCHI, KIMIE ISHIMARU, and AKINORI OHNO. "Diel vertical migration of myctophid fishes (Family Myctophidae) in the transitional waters of the western North Pacific." Fisheries Oceanography 8, no. 2 (June 1999): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2419.1999.00103.x.

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20

WATANABE, Hikaru, and Kouichi KAWAGUCHI. "Decadal change in the diets of the surface migratory myctophid fish Myctophum nitidulum in the Kuroshio region of the western North Pacific: Predation on sardine larvae by myctophids." Fisheries Science 69, no. 4 (August 2003): 716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1444-2906.2003.00678.x.

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21

Vipin, P. M., Renju Ravi, T. Jose Fernandez, K. Pradeep, M. R. Boopendranath, and M. P. Remesan. "Distribution of myctophid resources in the Indian Ocean." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 22, no. 2 (November 6, 2011): 423–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-011-9244-4.

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22

Bernal, Ainhoa, M. Pilar Olivar, and Lynnath E. Beckley. "Dietary composition of myctophid larvae off Western Australia." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 179 (September 2020): 104841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2020.104841.

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23

Auster, Peter J., Carolyn A. Griswold, Marsh J. Youngbluth, and Thomas G. Bailey. "Aggregations of myctophid fishes with other pelagic fauna." Environmental Biology of Fishes 35, no. 2 (October 1992): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00002187.

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24

Markaida, Unai, and Oscar Sosa-Nishizaki. "Food and feeding habits of jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) from the Gulf of California, Mexico." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 3 (April 9, 2003): 507–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403007434h.

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Stomach contents of 533 jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas, ranging between 14·5 and 87·5 cm dorsal mantle length were collected on a monthly basis in the central Gulf of California from November 1995 to April 1997. Fish prey were identified by sagittal otoliths, cephalopods by beaks and crustaceans by exoskeletal features. The diet was dominated by Benthosema panamense, an abundant near-shore nyctoepipelagic myctophid that forms dense aggregations. Another myctophid, Triphoturus mexicanus, several micronektonic squid, pelagic red crab and small pelagic fish such as northern anchovy and Pacific sardine played a secondary role. The largest differences in diet were due to spatial and monthly changes, while differences regarding squid size or sex were smaller. Prey size (averaging 5–7 cm) and prey number did not vary with size of jumbo squid. Jumbo squid in the slopes of the Guaymas basin feed on abundant schooling mesopelagic micronekton of annual nature with a quick response to environmental changes, which could partly explain the large annual fluctuations of this commercial resource.
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De La Cruz-Agüero, J. "Light organ anomalies in three species of myctophid fishes (Actinopterygii: Myctophiformes: Myctophidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 46, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip2016.46.3.08.

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26

Shaviklo, Amir Reza, and Fereidoon Rafipour. "Surimi and surimi seafood from whole ungutted myctophid mince." LWT - Food Science and Technology 54, no. 2 (December 2013): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.06.019.

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27

Seo, Hwan-Sook, Yasushi Endo, Masatoshi Moku, Kouichi Kawaguchi, and Kenshiro Fujimoto. "Wax ester biosynthesis in the liver of myctophid fishes." Lipids 36, no. 4 (April 2001): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-001-0733-5.

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28

Hasegawa, Eiichi, Kazuhisa Uchikawa, Kouji Sawada, Mina Toyama, and Ronald H. Douglas. "10. Behavioural pattern and visual characteristics of myctophid fish." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 148, no. 3 (November 2007): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.07.048.

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29

Watanabe, H., K. Kawaguchi, and A. Hayashi. "Feeding habits of juvenile surface migratory myctophid fishes (family Myctophidae) in the Kuroshio region of the western North Pacific." Marine Ecology Progress Series 236 (2002): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps236263.

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30

Guinet, C., Y. Cherel, V. Ridoux, and P. Jouventin. "Consumption of marine resources by seabirds and seals in Crozet and Kerguelen waters: changes in relation to consumer biomass 1962–85." Antarctic Science 8, no. 1 (March 1996): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102096000053.

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The total annual food consumption of the seabird and seal community breeding at lles Kerguelen was estimated to be 1.8×106 t in 1985. This biomass included c. 0.99×106 t (55%) of crustaceans, 0.46×106 t (26%) of myctophid fish, 0.07×106 t (4%) of other fish species, and 0.26×106 t (15%) of squid. During the same year, the mass of prey consumed in Crozet waters was previouly estimated to be 3.1×106 t, the total food consumption in the Indian Ocean area including the two archipelagos thus totalling c. 5×106 t in 1985. Four species of top predators, the king penguin, macaroni penguin, elephant seal, and fur seal, consumed 59% and 56% of the amount of prey eaten in 1985 by the whole community at Kerguelen and Crozet islands, respectively. Between 1962 and 1985, population changes of these four species induced 18 and 41% increases in their food consumption at Kerguelen and Crozet islands. Population changes included a moderate increase in the number of macaroni penguins and a marked rise of king penguin populations. Assuming that the diet of king penguin was similar in 1962 and 1985, its population increase will have required a concomitant increase of 0.6×106 t in the consumption of myctophid fish in Crozet and Kerguelen waters.
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31

Hedd, A., W. A. Montevecchi, G. K. Davoren, and D. A. Fifield. "Diets and distributions of Leach’s storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) before and after an ecosystem shift in the Northwest Atlantic." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 9 (September 2009): 787–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-060.

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The Grand Bank ecosystem has undergone significant shifts during the past two decades owing to oceanographic and fishing effects. Effects on upper trophic level seabirds (dietary shifts, reduced reproductive performance) have been mediated through changes in the biology and behaviour of capelin ( Mallotus villosus (Müller, 1776)), the focal forage species. To explore for effects at lower trophic levels, we combine dietary (1987–1988, 2003–2006) and distributional (1966–1990, 1998–1999) data for Leach’s storm-petrel ( Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot, 1818)), a small, abundant, and highly pelagic seabird. Fish and crustaceans formed the bulk of nestling diet at two colonies, with fish dominating in all sampling periods and years (occurrence >70%, reconstructed mass >75%). Five families were represented, but mature myctophids (glacier lanternfish ( Benthosema glaciale (Reinhardt, 1837)), horned lanternfish ( Ceratoscopelus maderensis (Lowe, 1839)), Protomyctophum arcticum (Lütken, 1892)) and sandlance (genus Ammodytes L., 1758) dominated. Crustaceans occurred frequently but typically comprised ≤10% by mass; Hyperia galba (Montagu, 1813) dominated this prey class. General diet composition was similar through time with birds relying heavily on myctophid fishes in 1987–1988 and 2003–2006. Crustacean diversity, however, declined with fewer species of hyperiid amphipods and no small euphausiids (genus Thysanoessa Brandt, 1851) consumed in 2003–2006. The latter parallels changes in spring diets of capelin and winter diets of murres (genus Uria Brisson, 1760) in the region. Associations of storm-petrels with deep water are consistent with the predominance of mesopelagic prey in their diets.
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32

Adams, N. J., C. Moloney, and R. Navarro. "Estimated food consumption by penguins at the Prince Edward Islands." Antarctic Science 5, no. 3 (September 1993): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102093000331.

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The consumption of food by the four species of breeding penguins at the Prince Edward Islands is assessed on an annual and seasonal basis. Total annual food consumption was estimated at 880 000 t, of which king penguins accounted for 74%, macaroni penguins 21%, rockhopper penguins 5% and gentoo penguins <1%. Pelagic fish, almost entirely myctophids, were the most important prey (70% of total prey biomass), followed by pelagic crustaceans (18%) and cephalopods (11%). Demersal fish and benthic crustaceans accounted for <1% of total consumption, being consumed only by gentoo penguins. Peak demands of between 2 and 3.3 × 106 kg d−1 occurred from October–December when three of the four species were breeding, including the two demi-populations of king penguins. Food demand decreased to 1.2 × 106 kg d−1 during winter when only king and gentoo penguins were present. Much of the prey are presumably captured within 300 km of the islands. Assuming an even distribution of foraging effort within their respective foraging ranges, rates of food transferred to penguins in November ranged from 4.1 × 10−3 g m−2 d−1 for macaroni penguins to 1.24 × 10−2 g m−2 d−1 for king penguins. In mid-July, transfer rates to king and gentoo penguins were 3.9 × 10−3 g m−2 d−1 and 6.7 × 10−3 g m−2 d−1, respectively. The importance of pelagic myctophid fish to penguin populations at the Prince Edward Islands is clear.
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33

Sassa, Chiyuki. "Feeding ecology of Symbolophorus californiensis larvae (Teleostei: Myctophidae) in the southern transition region of the western North Pacific." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90, no. 6 (July 9, 2009): 1249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409990464.

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The feeding habits of myctophid larvae of Symbolophorus californiensis were examined in the southern transition region of the western North Pacific where the main spawning and nursery grounds of S. californiensis are formed. This species is a key component of the pelagic ecosystems of this region, and their larvae attain one of the largest sizes among myctophids. To analyse gut contents larvae, including most life history stages after yolk-sac absorption (3.7 to 22.2 mm body length (BL)), were collected in the upper 100 m layer in 1997 and 1998. Feeding incidence was higher during the day than at night (53.1–92.3% versus 0–5.6%), and daytime feeding incidence increased gradually with larval growth. Larvae fed mainly on copepods of various developmental stages. Larvae of S. californiensis showed an ontogenetic change in their diet: larvae ≤7.9 mm BL (i.e. preflexion stage) fed mainly on copepod eggs and nauplii, while the larvae ≥8 mm BL consumed mainly calanoid copepodites such as Pseudocalanus and Paracalanus spp. In the largest size-class (16–22.2 mm BL), the furcilia stage of euphausiids was also an important prey item. There was an increase in the average prey size with growth in larvae ≤11.9 mm BL, while the number of prey eaten positively correlated with growth in larvae ≥12 mm BL. The trophic niche breadth also increased with larval growth, which would ensure a wide range of available food resources for the larger size-class larvae.
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34

Moku, Masatoshi, and Kouichi Kawaguchi. "Chemical composition of three dominant myctophid fish, Diaphus theta, Stenobrachius leucopsarus, and S. nannochir, in the subarctic and transition waters of the western North Pacific." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, no. 4 (June 25, 2008): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540800132x.

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Water, carbon, and nitrogen contents were analysed in both juvenile and adult specimens of Diaphus theta, Stenobrachius leucopsarus, and S. nannochir, which are the dominant myctophid species in the subarctic and transition waters of the North Pacific. The relationship between body length and dry weight, carbon content, and nitrogen content of these three species were expressed as double logarithmic equations. The differences in chemical content among the different size-classes of each species may be associated with reproductive biology.
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35

Shaviklo, Amir Reza. "A Comprehensive Review on Animal Feed, Human Food and Industrial Application of Lanternfishes; from Prototypes to Products." Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 20, no. 11 (September 17, 2020): 827–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v20_11_06.

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Fishes of the family Myctophidae, commonly known as lanternfishes or myctophids, are a group of fishes with over 400 species. They are part of a large, underutilized biomass of mesopelagic fish species. Myctophids reserves in the world's oceans have been estimated at 550- 600 million tons. The largest lanternfishes reserves exist in the Arabian Sea and the Southern Ocean. Only a few myctophids species being edible (<10 species). They are a good source of proteins, amino acids, lipids, fatty acids, and minerals, which can be utilized in different industries. This review reports the prototypes and products made from myctophids and their properties based on published documents. Furthermore, distribution, biomass estimation, and fishing of myctophids and post-harvest changes and physicochemical properties of myctophids flesh are underlined. Challenges for further development of the myctophids industry and quality management of handling and processing of this resource are also addressed.
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36

Shreeve, RS, MA Collins, GA Tarling, CE Main, P. Ward, and NM Johnston. "Feeding ecology of myctophid fishes in the northern Scotia Sea." Marine Ecology Progress Series 386 (July 2, 2009): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps08064.

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37

Seo, Hwan-Sook, Yasushi Endo, Kenshiro Fujimoto, Masatoshi Moku, and Kouichi Kawaguchi. "Characterization of Molecular Species of Wax Esters in Myctophid Fishes." Fisheries science 64, no. 3 (1998): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.64.423.

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38

Moku, Masatoshi. "Ecological Study on Myctophid Fishes in the Western North Pacific." Oceanography in Japan 14, no. 4 (2005): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5928/kaiyou.14.489.

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39

Sassa, Chiyuki, Motomitsu Takahashi, and Youichi Tsukamoto. "Distribution, hatch-date, growth, and mortality of larval Benthosema pterotum (Pisces: Myctophidae) in the shelf region of the East China Sea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95, no. 1 (August 27, 2014): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315414001209.

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We examined the distribution, hatch-date, growth, and mortality of larval Benthosema pterotum, a dominant pseudoceanic myctophid in the shelf region of the East China Sea, during early autumn when the main spawning has been predicted. This species is a key species in the food web of this area. Larvae were abundant in the area south of Cheju Island (60–80 m depth), corresponding with the adult habitat. Occurrence of the larvae was restricted to the onshore side of the shelf-break salinity front, indicating that this front acted as a barrier restricting the offshore dispersion of the larvae. In the area where the larvae occurred, a cyclonic eddy is formed, which is considered to limit the dispersal of the larvae, enabling them to recruit into the area of adult habitat. Modes of hatch-date appeared from late August to early September and from mid to late September, suggesting that large-scale spawning events occurred at least twice during the spawning season. Since the modes coincided with the new moon period, B. pterotum is suggested to spawn periodically once a month around the new moon, resulting in efficient mating and fertilization. Mean absolute growth rate (0.26 mm d−1) and weight-specific growth rate (18.8% of dry body weight d−1) were higher than previously reported values of other subtropical–tropical myctophids, which would be related to the high food availability in the study area. Daily instantaneous mortality coefficient during the first two weeks after hatching was estimated to be 0.28 d−1 (equivalent to 24.7% mortality d−1).
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40

Ozawa, Takakazu, and Grace C. Peñaflor. "Otolith microstructure and early ontogeny of a myctophid species Benthosema pterotum." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 56, no. 12 (1990): 1987–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.56.1987.

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41

Hopkins, T. L., and J. V. Gartner. "Resource-partitioning and predation impact of a low-latitude myctophid community." Marine Biology 114, no. 2 (June 1992): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00349518.

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42

Sabatés, A., A. Bozzano, and I. Vallvey. "Feeding pattern and the visual light environment in myctophid fish larvae." Journal of Fish Biology 63, no. 6 (December 2003): 1476–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2003.00259.x.

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43

YASUMA, Hiroki, Kouichi SAWADA, Kazushi MIYASHITA, and Ichiro AOKI. "Swimbladder Morphology and Target Strength of Myctophid Fishes in the Northwestern Pacific." Journal of the Marine Acoustics Society of Japan 35, no. 1 (2008): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3135/jmasj.35.17.

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44

Pakhomov, EA, R. Perissinotto, and CD McQuaid. "Prey composition and daily rations of myctophid fishes in the Southern Ocean." Marine Ecology Progress Series 134 (1996): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps134001.

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45

Seo, Hwan-Sook, Yasushi Endo, Kenshiro Fujimoto, Masatoshi Moku, and Kouichi Kawaguchi. "Denaturation of Myofibrillar Protein in Myctophid Fish During Refrigeration and Freezing Storage." Fisheries science 63, no. 5 (1997): 839–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.63.839.

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46

Hudson, Jeanna M., Deborah K. Steinberg, Tracey T. Sutton, John E. Graves, and Robert J. Latour. "Myctophid feeding ecology and carbon transport along the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 93 (November 2014): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.07.002.

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47

Yasuma, Hiroki, Kazushi Miyashita, Kouichi Sawada, and Ichiro Aoki. "Swimbladder morphology and target strength of myctophid fish of the northwestern Pacific." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120, no. 5 (November 2006): 3107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4787575.

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48

Gj�s�ter, J., and S. Tilseth. "Spawning behaviour, egg and larval development of the myctophid fish Benthosema pterotum." Marine Biology 98, no. 1 (May 1988): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00392652.

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49

Haygood, Margo G., Deeanne B. Edwards, Gabrielle Mowlds, and Richard H. Rosenblatt. "Bioluminescence of myctophid and stomiiform fishes is not due to bacterial luciferase." Journal of Experimental Zoology 270, no. 2 (October 1, 1994): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402700212.

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50

McKelvie, D. Scott. "The mesopelagic fish fauna of the Newfoundland Basin." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 2176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-321.

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The mesopelagic fish fauna of the Newfoundland Basin is relatively depauperate. The specimens that were taken, 6760 in number, represented 51 species and 28 families. The majority were rare, 22 species occurring in only one sample and only 8 species occurring in more than 50% of the samples. The myctophid Benthosema glaciale made up 83.5% of all fish collected. Other species included Stomias boa ferox, Bathylagus euryops, Protomyctophum arcticum, and Chauliodus sloani. There are fewer small species in the Newfoundland Basin than in similar samples in the Slope Water. Specimens of B. glaciale and C. sloani were generally larger in the Newfoundland Basin than in the Slope Water.
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