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Journal articles on the topic 'Myelinated and unmyelinated gray matter'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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1

Kordeli, E., J. Davis, B. Trapp, and V. Bennett. "An isoform of ankyrin is localized at nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons of central and peripheral nerves." Journal of Cell Biology 110, no. 4 (1990): 1341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.110.4.1341.

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Two variants of ankyrin have been distinguished in rat brain tissue using antibodies: a broadly distributed isoform (ankyrinB) that represents the major form of ankyrin in brain and another isoform with a restricted distribution (ankyrinR) that shares epitopes with erythrocyte ankyrin. The ankyrinR isoform was localized by immunofluorescence in cryosections of rat spinal cord gray matter and myelinated central and peripheral nerves to: (a) perikarya and initial axonal segments of neuron cells, (b) nodes of Ranvier of myelinated nerve with no detectable labeling in other areas of the myelinated

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2

Triulzi, F., C. Baldoli, E. Bianchini, and C. Parazzini. "Ottimizzazione di un protocollo RM per lo studio dell'encefalo neonatale." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 10, no. 2_suppl (1997): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19714009970100s218.

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A fast, high quality MR study protocol for the neonatal brain is proposed. It allows to achieve in little more than 4 minutes and an half a complete set of strong T2 and T1-weighted high quality images of the entire neonatal brain. To optimize the signal to noise ratio a circular polarized coil with a small diameter (20 cm) was used. For the T2-weighted sequence a fast spin-echo sequence with and echo train of 15, TR 5200 and TE 132 was performed, whereas a fast true inversion recovery with an echo train of 11 was utilized for the T1-weighted sequence. Field of view was mainly 130 mm for both

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Einheber, Steven, George Zanazzi, William Ching, et al. "The Axonal Membrane Protein Caspr, a Homologue of Neurexin IV, Is a Component of the Septate-like Paranodal Junctions That Assemble during Myelination." Journal of Cell Biology 139, no. 6 (1997): 1495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.139.6.1495.

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We have investigated the potential role of contactin and contactin-associated protein (Caspr) in the axonal–glial interactions of myelination. In the nervous system, contactin is expressed by neurons, oligodendrocytes, and their progenitors, but not by Schwann cells. Expression of Caspr, a homologue of Neurexin IV, is restricted to neurons. Both contactin and Caspr are uniformly expressed at high levels on the surface of unensheathed neurites and are downregulated during myelination in vitro and in vivo. Contactin is downregulated along the entire myelinated nerve fiber. In contrast, Caspr exp

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4

Uranova, Natalya A., Olga V. Vikhreva, Valentina I. Rachmanova, and Diana D. Orlovskaya. "Ultrastructural Alterations of Myelinated Fibers and Oligodendrocytes in the Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia: A Postmortem Morphometric Study." Schizophrenia Research and Treatment 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/325789.

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Schizophrenia is believed to result from altered neuronal connectivity and impaired myelination. However, there are few direct evidence for myelin abnormalities in schizophrenia. We performed electron microscopic study of myelinated fibers and oligodendrocytes and morphometric study of myelinated fibers in the prefrontal cortex in gray and white matters in schizophrenia and normal controls. Six types of abnormal fibers and ultrastructural alterations of oligodendrocytes were found in schizophrenia. No significant group differences in area density of myelinated fibers were found. Frequency of p

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Lee, CK, A. Alarfaj, J. Ai, B. Alharbi, P. Vasdev, and RL Macdonald. "Neurosurgery (Neuro Vascular)." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 42, S1 (2015): S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2015.216.

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Background: Blood breakdown products such as bilirubin and bilirubin oxidation products damage cortex and white matter after intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH). Here, we tested whether albumin can antagonize axonal damage caused by bilirubin. Methods: The effect of albumin on white matter injury was investigated using brain slices in vitro. After CD-1 mice brain slices were cut using a vibratome, they were incubated in one of five solutions: artificial cerebral spinal fluid (ACSF), bilirubin ACSF, bilirubin and albumin ACSF, bilirubin ACSF that had albumin added 1 hour(h) later, and bilirubin and d

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Lakovic, Katarina, Jinglu Ai, Josephine D'Abbondanza, et al. "Bilirubin and its Oxidation Products Damage Brain White Matter." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 34, no. 11 (2014): 1837–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2014.154.

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Brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) occurs in cortex and white matter and may be mediated by blood breakdown products, including hemoglobin and heme. Effects of blood breakdown products, bilirubin and bilirubin oxidation products, have not been widely investigated in adult brain. Here, we first determined the effect of bilirubin and its oxidation products on the structure and function of white matter in vitro using brain slices. Subsequently, we determined whether these compounds have an effect on the structure and function of white matter in vivo. In all, 0.5 mmol/L bilirubin tr

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7

Evonuk, Kirsten S., Ryan E. Doyle, Carson E. Moseley, et al. "Reduction of AMPA receptor activity on mature oligodendrocytes attenuates loss of myelinated axons in autoimmune neuroinflammation." Science Advances 6, no. 2 (2020): eaax5936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax5936.

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Glutamate dysregulation occurs in multiple sclerosis (MS), but whether excitotoxic mechanisms in mature oligodendrocytes contribute to demyelination and axonal injury is unexplored. Although current treatments modulate the immune system, long-term disability ensues, highlighting the need for neuroprotection. Glutamate is elevated before T2-visible white matter lesions appear in MS. We previously reported that myelin-reactive T cells provoke microglia to release glutamate from the system xc− transporter promoting myelin degradation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here, we ex

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Bellani, Marcella, Carlo Alberto Marzi, and Paolo Brambilla. "Interhemispheric communication in schizophrenia." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 18, no. 1 (2009): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x0000141x.

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The corpus callosum (CC) is the brain's largest white matter tract, mostly composed by both myelinated and unmyelinated fibres, connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. The CC can be divided into different sections: rostrum, genu, body, isthmus and splenium (Aboitiz et al., 1992). Myelinated fibres predominate in the midbody and the splenium while unmyelinated fibres are more numerous in the rostrum and the genu. The callosal fiber disposition approximately reflects brain topography: the anterior sections connect the frontal lobes, the median sections connect temporal and parietal regions, and

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Miles, Lili, Ton J. deGrauw, Argirios Dinopoulos, Kim M. Cecil, Marjo S. van der Knaap, and Kevin E. Bove. "Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy with Subcortical Cysts: A Third Confirmed Case with Literature Review." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 12, no. 3 (2009): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2350/08-06-0481.1.

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Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) causes early-onset, slowly progressive central nervous system white matter disease, macrocephaly, and later cognitive and motor decline. We describe brain structure in a patient with MLC and proven MLC1 mutations. A male, normal at birth, had macrocephaly at 6 months followed by developmental delay. Magnetic resonance imaging showed extensive signal abnormality in cerebral white matter and subcortical progressive cystic changes in the bilateral temporal and right frontal areas. Biopsy of frontal gyrus at age 15 months showed norm

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Cammer, W., R. Sacchi, and V. Sapirstein. "Immunocytochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase in the spinal cords of normal and mutant (shiverer) adult mice with comparisons among fixation methods." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 33, no. 1 (1985): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/33.1.3917467.

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The peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique was used for immunocytochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase in the mouse spinal cord to detect whether this antigen was normally present in myelinated fibers, in oligodendrocytes in both white and gray matter, and in astrocytes, and to determine where the carbonic anhydrase might be localized in the spinal cords of dysmyelinating mutant (shiverer) mice. The most favorable methods for treating tissue were: 1) immersion in formalin-ethanol-acetic acid followed by paraffin embedding, or 2) light fixation with paraformaldehyde and preparation of vibra

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Natu, Vaidehi S., Jesse Gomez, Michael Barnett, et al. "Apparent thinning of human visual cortex during childhood is associated with myelination." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 41 (2019): 20750–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904931116.

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Human cortex appears to thin during childhood development. However, the underlying microstructural mechanisms are unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), quantitative MRI (qMRI), and diffusion MRI (dMRI) in children and adults, we tested what quantitative changes occur to gray and white matter in ventral temporal cortex (VTC) from childhood to adulthood, and how these changes relate to cortical thinning. T1 relaxation time from qMRI and mean diffusivity (MD) from dMRI provide independent and complementary measurements of microstructural properties of gray and white matter

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12

Cammer, W., M. Downing, W. Clarke, and J. B. Schenkman. "Immunocytochemical staining of the RLM6 form of cytochrome P-450 in oligodendrocytes and myelin of rat brain." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 39, no. 8 (1991): 1089–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/39.8.1649855.

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We used immunocytochemical staining to localize the RLM6 form of cytochrome P-450 in rat brain. Immunofluorescence staining in vibratome sections was positive in cells that resembled oligodendrocytes, which are the cells that synthesize and maintain myelin. Double immunofluorescence staining with anti-RLM6, plus mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphohydrolase or galactocerebrosides, showed localization of each of these oligodendrocyte "markers" in the same cells as RLM6. In vibratome sections from brains of adult rats there was faint RLM6 immunostaining in

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13

Hansen-Pupp, Ingrid, Holger Hövel, Ann Hellström, et al. "Postnatal Decrease in Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Low Brain Volumes in Very Preterm Infants." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96, no. 4 (2011): 1129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2440.

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Abstract Context: IGF-I and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) are essential for growth and maturation of the developing brain. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between postnatal serum concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 and brain volumes at term in very preterm infants. Design: Fifty-one infants with a mean (sd) gestational age (GA) of 26.4 (1.9) wk and birth weight (BW) of 888 (288) g were studied, with weekly blood sampling of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 from birth until 35 gestational weeks (GW) and daily calculation of protein and caloric intake. Magnetic resonance imag

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14

Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac, Kristine B. Walhovd, Andreas B. Storsve, Håkon Grydeland, Darius A. Rohani, and Anders M. Fjell. "Accelerated longitudinal gray/white matter contrast decline in aging in lightly myelinated cortical regions." Human Brain Mapping 37, no. 10 (2016): 3669–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23267.

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15

McNally, Karen J., and Alan Peters. "A New Method for Intense Staining of Myelin." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 46, no. 4 (1998): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549804600415.

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We describe a new method for intense staining of myelin. The stain involves immersing frozen or vibratome sections in 4% normal horse serum. A DAB reaction is then carried out, which results in the deposition of reaction product in myelin sheaths. On intensification of this reaction product using the silver enhancement technique described by Görcs, myelin stains an intense black color, making the preparations suitable for photography. The stain is especially useful for determining the distribution of myelinated fibers in gray matter.

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16

Voříšek, Ivan, and Eva Syková. "Evolution of Anisotropic Diffusion in the Developing Rat Corpus Callosum." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 2 (1997): 912–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.2.912.

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Vořı́šek, Ivan and Eva Syková. Evolution of anisotropic diffusion in the developing rat corpus callosum. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 912–919, 1997. Diffusion anisotropy was investigated in the developing rat brain [postnatal day (P)6–29] with the use of ion-selective microelectrodes to measure the three-dimensional distribution of tetramethylammonium (TMA+) iontophoresed into the extracellular space (ECS). The diffusion parameters, ECS volume fraction α (α = ECS volume/total tissue volume), tortuosity λ (λ2 = apparent diffusion coefficient/free diffusion coefficient), and nonspecific TMA+ uptake ( k′

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17

Steuer, Inge, and Pierre A. Guertin. "Spinal Cord Injury Research in Mice: 2008 Review." Scientific World JOURNAL 9 (2009): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2009.63.

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an irreversible condition causing damage to myelinated fiber tracts that carry sensation and motor signals to and from the brain. SCI is also associated with gray matter damage and often life-threatening secondary complications. This mini-review aims to provide the nonspecialist reader with a comprehensive description of recent advances made in 2008 using murine models of SCI. A variety of approaches, including advanced genetics and molecular techniques, have allowed a number of key findings in the field of secondary degeneration, repair, regeneration (including ins

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18

Wu, J., M. Ohlsson, E. A. Warner, et al. "Glial reactions and degeneration of myelinated processes in spinal cord gray matter in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis." Neuroscience 156, no. 3 (2008): 586–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.037.

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19

Stys, Peter K. "Anoxic and Ischemic Injury of Myelinated Axons in CNS White Matter: From Mechanistic Concepts to Therapeutics." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 18, no. 1 (1998): 2–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199801000-00002.

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White matter of the brain and spinal cord is susceptible to anoxia and ischemia. Irreversible injury to this tissue can have serious consequences for the overall function of the CNS through disruption of signal transmission. Myelinated axons of the CNS are critically dependent on a continuous supply of energy largely generated through oxidative phosphorylation. Anoxia and ischemia cause rapid energy depletion, failure of the Na+−K+-ATPase, and accumulation of axoplasmic Na+ through noninactivating Na+ channels, with concentrations approaching 100 mmol/L after 60 minutes of anoxia. Coupled with

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20

Mueller, Susanne G. "7T MP2RAGE for cortical myelin segmentation: Impact of aging." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (2024): e0299670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299670.

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Background Myelin and iron are major contributors to the cortical MR signal. The aim of this study was to investigate 1. Can MP2RAGE-derived contrasts at 7T in combination with k-means clustering be used to distinguish between heavily and sparsely myelinated layers in cortical gray matter (GM)? 2. Does this approach provide meaningful biological information? Methods The following contrasts were generated from the 7T MP2RAGE images from 45 healthy controls (age: 19–75, f/m = 23/22) from the ATAG data repository: 1. T1 weighted image (UNI). 2. T1 relaxation image (T1map). 3. INVC/T1map ratio (RA

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Chung, Kyungsoon, Jivesh Sharma, and Richard E. Coggeshall. "Numbers of myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral funiculi of the white matter of the S2 segment of cat spinal cord." Journal of Comparative Neurology 234, no. 1 (1985): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902340109.

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Soyka, Stella, Marc Schubert, Amr Tamimi, et al. "CNSC-31. BESPOKE THREE- PHOTON MICROSCOPY AND ANALYSIS ENABLE DEEP INTRAVITAL BRAIN TUMOR IMAGING." Neuro-Oncology 25, Supplement_5 (2023): v29—v30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noad179.0115.

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Abstract Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis due to its aggressive invasiveness, inevitable recurrence, and therapy resistance. One hallmark of the disease is its whole brain dissemination via preexisting brain structures like blood vessels or white matter tracts. While intravital glioblastoma imaging has been limited to the superficial cortical layers, we developed a method of three photon microscopy allowing the investigation of glioblastoma invasion and colonization in the white matter up to a depth of 1.2 mm over extended time periods. Our method, comb

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Iqbal, Tehseen. "PHYSIOLOGY OF AFFERENT AND CENTRAL PARTS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM." Pakistan Journal of Physiology 19, no. 4 (2023): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v19i4.1624.

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The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and the endocrine system control the internal environment of the body. The organization of the ANS is on the basis of the reflex arc. Changes in chemical composition, blood pressure, osmotic pressure, stretch in viscera, and temperature are detected by autonomic receptors. The visceral afferent fibres are myelinated and they accompany the visceral motor fibres. The sensory autonomic neurons are pseudo-unipolar cells located in the dorsal root ganglia of somatic spinal nerves. Once the afferent fibres gain entrance to the spinal cord or the brainstem, they are

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Wang, Guohua, Yejie Shi, Xiaoyan Jiang та ін. "HDAC inhibition prevents white matter injury by modulating microglia/macrophage polarization through the GSK3β/PTEN/Akt axis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, № 9 (2015): 2853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501441112.

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Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) elicits destruction of both gray and white matter, which is exacerbated by secondary proinflammatory responses. Although white matter injury (WMI) is strongly correlated with poor neurological status, the maintenance of white matter integrity is poorly understood, and no current therapies protect both gray and white matter. One candidate approach that may fulfill this role is inhibition of class I/II histone deacetylases (HDACs). Here we demonstrate that the HDAC inhibitor Scriptaid protects white matter up to 35 d after TBI, as shown by reductions in abnorm

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Mayo, Francisco, Lourdes González-Vinceiro, Laura Hiraldo-González, et al. "Aquaporin-4 Expression Switches from White to Gray Matter Regions during Postnatal Development of the Central Nervous System." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (2023): 3048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033048.

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Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the most abundant water channel in the central nervous system and plays a fundamental role in maintaining water homeostasis there. In adult mice, AQP4 is located mainly in ependymal cells, in the endfeet of perivascular astrocytes, and in the glia limitans. Meanwhile, its expression, location, and function throughout postnatal development remain largely unknown. Here, the expression of AQP4 mRNA was studied by in situ hybridization and RT-qPCR, and the localization and amount of protein was studied by immunofluorescence and western blotting, both in the brain and spinal c

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Cammer, W., and F. A. Tansey. "Immunocytochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase in myelinated fibers in peripheral nerves of rat and mouse." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 35, no. 8 (1987): 865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/35.8.3110266.

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Rat sciatic nerve, spinal root, and cranial nerve were immunostained with an antibody against rat brain carbonic anhydrase II (ca), to determine the localization of ca in the rat peripheral nervous system (PNS). Similar methods were applied to mouse nerves to see if that antigen could be detected in the PNS of this species. In rat nerves, intense immunostaining was observed in the axoplasm of many of the myelinated fibers, whereas others were stained less intensely or were negative. A heterogeneous pattern of immunostaining was also found in neuronal perikarya within the ganglia, and in some r

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Savallampi, Mattias, Anne M. S. Maallo, Sumaiya Shaikh, et al. "Social Touch Reduces Pain Perception—An fMRI Study of Cortical Mechanisms." Brain Sciences 13, no. 3 (2023): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13030393.

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Unmyelinated low-threshold mechanoreceptors (C-tactile, CT) in the human skin are important for signaling information about hedonic aspects of touch. We have previously reported that CT-targeted brush stroking by means of a robot reduces experimental mechanical pain. To improve the ecological validity of the stimulation, we developed standardized human–human touch gestures for signaling attention and calming. The attention gesture is characterized by tapping of the skin and is perceived as neither pleasant nor unpleasant, i.e., neutral. The calming gesture is characterized by slow stroking of

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Glushakov, Andriy, Olena Glushakova, Tetyana Korol, et al. "Chronic Upregulation of Cleaved-Caspase-3 Associated with Chronic Myelin Pathology and Microvascular Reorganization in the Thalamus after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (2018): 3151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103151.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with long-term disabilities and devastating chronic neurological complications including problems with cognition, motor function, sensory processing, as well as behavioral deficits and mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, personality change and social unsuitability. Clinical data suggest that disruption of the thalamo-cortical system including anatomical and metabolic changes in the thalamus following TBI might be responsible for some chronic neurological deficits following brain trauma. Detailed mechanisms of these pathological process

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Mascalchi, Mario, Stefano Ciulli, Andrea Bianchi, et al. "Handedness Side and Magnetization Transfer Ratio in the Primary Sensorimotor Cortex Central Sulcus." BioMed Research International 2019 (August 5, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5610849.

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Left-handers show lower asymmetry in manual ability when compared to right-handers. Unlike right-handers, left-handers do not show larger deactivation of the ipsilateral primary sensorimotor (SM1) cortex on functional magnetic resonance imaging when moving their dominant than their nondominant hand. However, it should be noted that morphometric MRI studies have reported no differences between right-handers and left-handers in volume, thickness, or surface area of the SM1 cortex. In this regard, magnetization transfer (MT) imaging is a technique with the potential to provide information on micr

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Voříšek, Ivan, and Eva Syková. "Ischemia-Induced Changes in the Extracellular Space Diffusion Parameters, K+, and pH in the Developing Rat Cortex and Corpus Callosum." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 17, no. 2 (1997): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199702000-00009.

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Changes in the ability of substances to diffuse in the intersticial space of the brain are important factors in the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular diseases. Extracellular space (ECS) volume fraction α ( α = ECS volume/total tissue volume), tortuosity λ ( λ2 = free diffusion coefficient/apparent diffusion coefficient), and nonspecific uptake ( k′) − three diffusion parameters of brain tissue were studied in cortex and subcortical white matter (WM) of the developing rat during anoxia. Changes were compared with the rise in extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]e), extracellular pH (pHe)

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Wall, P. D., and D. L. Bennett. "Postsynaptic effects of long-range afferents in distant segments caudal to their entry point in rat spinal cord under the influence of picrotoxin or strychnine." Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 6 (1994): 2703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.6.2703.

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1. Previous work has shown that substantial numbers of arriving myelinated afferent nerve fibers travel for many segments caudal to their entry point and terminate in the gray matter of distant segments. This fact is surprising because no monosynaptic post-synaptic responses attributable to these long-range afferents are observable in the distant segments. Evidence has been produced to explain this paradox by showing that impulse transmission is normally blocked in these long-range afferents by the tonic operation of a primary afferent depolarization (PAD) mechanism. Impulse transmission is re

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Reveley, Colin, Frank Q. Ye, Rogier B. Mars, Denis Matrov, Yogita Chudasama, and David A. Leopold. "Diffusion MRI anisotropy in the cerebral cortex is determined by unmyelinated tissue features." Nature Communications 13, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34328-z.

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AbstractDiffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) is commonly used to assess the tissue and cellular substructure of the human brain. In the white matter, myelinated axons are the principal neural elements that shape dMRI through the restriction of water diffusion; however, in the gray matter the relative contributions of myelinated axons and other tissue features to dMRI are poorly understood. Here we investigate the determinants of diffusion in the cerebral cortex. Specifically, we ask whether myelinated axons significantly shape dMRI fractional anisotropy (dMRI-FA), a measure commonly use

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Bletsch, Anke, Tim Schafer, Caroline Mann, et al. "Atypical measures of diffusion at the gray-white matter boundary in autism spectrum disorder in adulthood." October 23, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25237.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly complex neurodevelopmental condition that is accompanied by neuroanatomical differences on the macroscopic and microscopic level. Findings from histological, genetic, and more recently in vivo neuroimaging studies converge in suggesting that neuroanatomical abnormalities, specifically around the gray-white matter (GWM) boundary, represent a crucial feature of ASD. However, no research has yet characterized the GWM boundary in ASD based on measures of diffusion. Here, we registered diffusion tensor imaging data to the structural T1-weighted images of 9

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Cullen, Paul F., and Daniel Sun. "Astrocytes of the eye and optic nerve: heterogeneous populations with unique functions mediate axonal resilience and vulnerability to glaucoma." Frontiers in Ophthalmology 3 (July 21, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fopht.2023.1217137.

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The role of glia, particularly astrocytes, in mediating the central nervous system’s response to injury and neurodegenerative disease is an increasingly well studied topic. These cells perform myriad support functions under physiological conditions but undergo behavioral changes – collectively referred to as ‘reactivity’ – in response to the disruption of neuronal homeostasis from insults, including glaucoma. However, much remains unknown about how reactivity alters disease progression – both beneficially and detrimentally – and whether these changes can be therapeutically modulated to improve

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Meng, Shan, Hui Cao, Yichen Huang, et al. "ASK1-K716R reduces neuroinflammation and white matter injury via preserving blood–brain barrier integrity after traumatic brain injury." Journal of Neuroinflammation 20, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-023-02923-6.

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Abstract Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant worldwide public health concern that necessitates attention. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a key player in various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, has garnered interest for its potential neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke and epilepsy when deleted. Nonetheless, the specific impact of ASK1 on TBI and its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Notably, mutation of ATP-binding sites, such as lysine residues, can lead to catalytic inactivation of ASK1. To address these knowledge gaps, we generated t

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Wildsmith, JA. "Axonal sensitivity and block dynamics." Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine, November 14, 2024, rapm—2024–105950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2024-105950.

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The role of differential nerve block in the development of analgesia after erector spinae plane block has been questioned. While highly myelinated nerves are more sensitive to local anesthetics than unmyelinated ones in vitro, factors influencing drug diffusion, particularly pKa, are more relevant in the clinical setting. Bupivacaine (the drug most used for an ‘analgesic’ effect) has a relatively high pKa (8.1), and only 15% of it is present in the lipid permeant, unionized form at pH 7.4 so it will penetrate unmyelinated C fibers relatively easily, but the myelin sheaths around other fiber ty

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Papazoglou, Sebastian, Mohammad Ashtarayeh, Jan Malte Oeschger, Martina F. Callaghan, Mark D. Does, and Siawoosh Mohammadi. "Insights and improvements in correspondence between axonal volume fraction measured with diffusion‐weighted MRI and electron microscopy." NMR in Biomedicine, December 14, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nbm.5070.

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AbstractBiophysical diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) models are increasingly used in neuroscience to estimate the axonal water fraction ( ), which in turn is key for noninvasive estimation of the axonal volume fraction ( ). These models require thorough validation by comparison with a reference method, for example, electron microscopy (EM). While EM studies often neglect the unmyelinated axons and solely report the fraction of myelinated axons, in DWI both myelinated and unmyelinated axons contribute to the DWI signal. However, DWI models often include simplifications, for example, the neglect

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Reveley, Colin, Frank Q. Ye, and David A. Leopold. "Diffusion kurtosis imaging, MAP-MRI and NODDI can selectively track gray matter myelin density in the primate cerebral cortex." Imaging Neuroscience, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/imag_a_00368.

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Abstract Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) has been widely used to model the trajectory of myelinated fiber bundles in the white matter. Increasingly, it is also used to evaluate the microstructure of the cerebral cortex gray matter. For example, in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the cortex, fractional anisotropy (FA) correlates strongly with the anisotropy of cellular anatomy, while radial diffusivity (RD) tracks the anisotropy of myelinated fibers. However, no DTI parameter shows specificity to gray matter myelin density. Here we show that three higher order diffusion parameters

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Pijuan, Isabel, Elisa Balducci, Cristina Soto-Sánchez, Eduardo Fernández, María José Barallobre, and Maria L. Arbonés. "Impaired macroglial development and axonal conductivity contributes to the neuropathology of DYRK1A-related intellectual disability syndrome." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24284-5.

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AbstractThe correct development and activity of neurons and glial cells is necessary to establish proper brain connectivity. DYRK1A encodes a protein kinase involved in the neuropathology associated with Down syndrome that influences neurogenesis and the morphological differentiation of neurons. DYRK1A loss-of-function mutations in heterozygosity cause a well-recognizable syndrome of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. In this study, we analysed the developmental trajectories of macroglial cells and the properties of the corpus callosum, the major white matter tract of the br

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Zerimech, Sarah, Hung Nguyen, Arthur A. Vandenbark, Halina Offner, and Selva Baltan. "Novel therapeutic for multiple sclerosis protects white matter function in EAE mouse model." Frontiers in Molecular Medicine 3 (August 28, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmmed.2023.1237078.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease with prominent axon dysfunction. Our previous studies in an MS mouse model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), demonstrated that major histocompatibility complex Class II constructs can reverse clinical signs of EAE. These constructs block binding and downstream signaling of macrophage migration inhibitory factors (MIF-1/2) through CD74, thereby inhibiting phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation and tissue inflammation and promoting remyelination. To directly assess the effects of a novel

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Winther, Sidsel, Oscar Peulicke, Mariam Andersson, Hans M. Kjer, Jakob A. Bærentzen, and Tim B. Dyrby. "Exploring white matter dynamics and morphology through interactive numerical phantoms: the White Matter Generator." Frontiers in Neuroinformatics 18 (July 31, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2024.1354708.

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Brain white matter is a dynamic environment that continuously adapts and reorganizes in response to stimuli and pathological changes. Glial cells, especially, play a key role in tissue repair, inflammation modulation, and neural recovery. The movements of glial cells and changes in their concentrations can influence the surrounding axon morphology. We introduce the White Matter Generator (WMG) tool to enable the study of how axon morphology is influenced through such dynamical processes, and how this, in turn, influences the diffusion-weighted MRI signal. This is made possible by allowing inte

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Rai, Nagendra Kumar, Vaibhav Singh, Ling Li, Belinda Willard, Ajai Tripathi, and Ranjan Dutta. "Comparative Proteomic Profiling Identifies Reciprocal Expression of Mitochondrial Proteins Between White and Gray Matter Lesions From Multiple Sclerosis Brains." Frontiers in Neurology 12 (December 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.779003.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, where ongoing demyelination and remyelination failure are the major factors for progressive neurological disability. In this report, we employed a comprehensive proteomic approach and immunohistochemical validation to gain insight into the pathobiological mechanisms that may be associated with the progressive phase of MS. Isolated proteins from myelinated regions, demyelinated white-matter lesions (WMLs), and gray-matter lesions (GMLs) from well-characterized progressive MS brain tissues

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Wang, Hui, Nathan Blanke, Dayang Gong, et al. "Imaging of developing human brains with ex vivo PSOCT and dMRI." Imaging Neuroscience, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1162/imag_a_00510.

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Abstract The human brain undergoes substantial developmental changes in the first five years of life. Particularly in the white matter, myelination of axons occurs near birth and continues at a rapid pace during the first 2 to 3 years. Diffusion MRI (dMRI) has revolutionized our understanding of developmental trajectories in white matter. However, the mm-resolution of in vivo techniques bears significant limitation in revealing the microstructure of the developing brain. Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PSOCT) is a three-dimensional (3D) optical imaging technique that uses

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Chavan, Rajendra, Sandeep Kadam, Amit Bhalke, Sohan Lal Choudhary, and Pushpak Patil. "Evaluation of Neonatal Acute Metabolic Crisis in Maple Syrup Urine Disease with MR Diffusion and MR Spectroscopy: Case Series and Review of the Literature." Journal of Pediatric Neurology, March 22, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1726312.

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AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of acute metabolic crisis in maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) in neonates were reviewed. This case cohort study included six MSUD neonates imaged during acute metabolic decompensation. Specific diffusion imaging and proton spectroscopic findings were reviewed. All patients revealed extensive intramyelinic cytotoxic edema typically involving myelinated white matter structures. Brainstem, cerebellar white matter and peduncles, midbrain, posterior limbs of internal capsules, central portions of periventricular, and perirolandic white matter region

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Wiesner, Diana, Simone Feldengut, Sarah Woelfle, et al. "Neuropeptide FF (NPFF)-positive nerve cells of the human cerebral cortex and white matter in controls, selected neurodegenerative diseases, and schizophrenia." Acta Neuropathologica Communications 12, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40478-024-01792-1.

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AbstractWe quantified and determined for the first time the distribution pattern of the neuropeptide NPFF in the human cerebral cortex and subjacent white matter. To do so, we studied n = 9 cases without neurological disorders and n = 22 cases with neurodegenerative diseases, including sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, n = 8), Alzheimer’s disease (AD, n = 8), Pick’s disease (PiD, n = 3), and schizophrenia (n = 3). NPFF-immunopositive cells were located chiefly, but not exclusively, in the superficial white matter and constituted there a subpopulation of white matter interstitial cel

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Palma, Ana, Juan Carlos Chara, Alejandro Montilla, et al. "Clemastine Induces an Impairment in Developmental Myelination." Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 10 (March 17, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2022.841548.

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Abnormalities in myelination are associated to behavioral and cognitive dysfunction in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Thus, therapies to promote or accelerate myelination could potentially ameliorate symptoms in autism. Clemastine, a histamine H1 antagonist with anticholinergic properties against muscarinic M1 receptor, is the most promising drug with promyelinating properties. Clemastine penetrates the blood brain barrier efficiently and promotes remyelination in different animal models of neurodegeneration including multiple sclerosis, ischemia and Alzheimer’s disease. However, it

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Cartiaux, Benjamin, Abdelkader Amara, Ninon Pailloux, et al. "Diffusion tensor imaging tractography in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) brain." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 10 (August 15, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1231421.

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IntroductionTractography is a technique used to trace the pathways of the brain using noninvasive diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data. It is becoming increasingly popular for investigating the brains of domestic mammals and other animals with myelinated fibers but the principle of DTI can also apply for those with unmyelinated fibers. In the case of camels, DTI tractography is a promising method for enhancing current knowledge of the brain’s structural connectivity and identifying white-matter tract changes potentially linked to neurodegenerative pathologies. The present study was therefore de

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Chary, Karthik, Omar Narvaez, Raimo A. Salo, et al. "Microstructural Tissue Changes in a Rat Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury." Frontiers in Neuroscience 15 (November 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.746214.

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Our study investigates the potential of diffusion MRI (dMRI), including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), fixel-based analysis (FBA) and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), to detect microstructural tissue abnormalities in rats after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The brains of sham-operated and mTBI rats 35 days after lateral fluid percussion injury were imaged ex vivo in a 11.7-T scanner. Voxel-based analyses of DTI-, fixel- and NODDI-based metrics detected extensive tissue changes in directly affected brain areas close to the primary injury, and more importantly,

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Prineas, John W., and John D. E. Parratt. "Multiple Sclerosis: Microglia, Monocytes, and Macrophage-Mediated Demyelination." Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, September 23, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nlab083.

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Abstract This study examined the roles of microglia and monocytes in myelin destruction in patients with early multiple sclerosis (MS). Twenty-two cases were studied; the clinical duration was &lt;9 weeks in 10 cases. Twenty myeloid cell subtypes or categories were identified including 2 cell types not known previously to occur in demyelinating diseases. Commencing myelin breakdown in plaques and in perivascular and subpial tissues occurred in the immediate presence of infiltrating monocytes and was effected by a homogeneous population of IgG-positive Fc receptor-bearing early phagocytes i

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ElShaarawi, Mostafa S., Ayman A. Gaafar, Hisham S. Saad Eldin, and Randa H. Ali. "Optical Coherence Tomography and Pattern Electroretinography Changes in Egyptian Patients with Major Depressive Disorder." QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 114, Supplement_1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcab109.023.

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Abstract Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric disorder that affects nearly 11.1-14.6 % of the population in their lifetime. Pathophysiology and brain imaging findings show that degenerative and inflammatory processes may play a role. Meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies in MDD demonstrated significant gray matter loss. From anatomical and embryological perspectives, the retina can be considered a unique extension of the brain and is able to reflect axonal histopathology. Being unmyelinated, it can provide insight into the pathophysiological processes o

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