Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mygalomorpha'

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-04-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:08:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 paulaneto_e_me_rcla_parcial.pdf: 206350 bytes, checksum: 4505078c3e37ec297a07ed1a09d87f0c (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-07-02T12:36:01Z: paulaneto_e_me_rcla_parcial.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-07-02T12:37:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000729058_20180426.pdf: 194257 bytes, checksum: 4b6f31b29087522caf4c24313e42f03e (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2018-04-27T11:52:00Z: 000729058_20180426.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2018-04-27T11:52:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000729058.pdf: 4032244 bytes, checksum: 1b465da302b2a4f077078d1969acca73 (MD5)<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>As espécies de aranhas pertencentes aos grupos Mygalomorphae e Haplogynae (Araneomorphae) exibem uma grande diversidade cariotípica, isto é, 2n=14 a 2n=110 e sistemas cromossômicos sexuais (SCS) dos tipos X0, XY, X1X20 e X1X2X3X40, nas 19 espécies de migalomorfas analisadas; e 2n=7 a 2n=40, e SCS dos tipos X0, X1X2Y, XY e X1X20, nas 51 espécies de aranhas haploginas estudadas. Nestes grupos, a morfologia meta e submetacêntrica dos cromossomos é predominante. Contudo, os dados citogenéticos em aranhas correspondem a menos de 2% do total de espécies taxonomicamente descritas. Considerando as particularidades cromossômicas encontradas nestes dois grupos, bem como a escassez de informações citogenéticas em representantes que ocorrem no Brasil, o objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar citogeneticamente, utilizando técnicas de coloração convencional e diferencial (impregnação pelo íon prata, bandamento C e coloração com fluorocromos base-específicos), quatro espécies de aranhas caranguejeiras (Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) e duas espécies de Haplogynae basais (Araneomorphae, Filistatidae), visando estabelecer os mecanismos de evolução cromossômica que podem ter ocorrido nestes grupos. A análise das espécies de Mygalomorphae revelou 2n=63, XY1Y2 para Guyruita cerrado e 2n=22, X1Y1+X2Y2 em Oligoxystre bolivianum, Oligoxystre caatinga e Oligoxystre rufoniger. O uso de colorações diferenciais no estudo de células mitóticas e meióticas foi imprescindível para identificar estes SCS, os quais são inéditos para o grupo bem como para todas as aranhas. Além disso, os números diploides encontrados nestas quatro espécies, nunca haviam sido descritos para as migalomorfas, e o 2n=22 representa o segundo menor número diploide já descrito para Theraphosidae. A comparação dos dados obtidos, com aqueles de espécies filogeneticamente...<br>The spider species belonging to the Mygalomorphae and Haplogynae (Araneomorphae) groups exhibit a great karyotype diversity, that is, 2n=14 to 2n=110 and sex chromosome systems (SCS) of the X0, XY, X1X20 and X1X2X3X40 types in the 19 species of mygalomorph analyzed, and 2n=7 to 2n=40 and SCS of the X0, X1X2Y, XY and X1X20 types in the 51 haplogyne spiders studied. In these groups, the meta and submetacentric chromosome morphology is predominant. However, the cytogenetic data correspond to less than 2% of the total of species taxonomically described. Considering the chromosomal particularities recorded for these two groups as well as the scarcity of cytogenetic information in representatives from Brazilian fauna, the aim of this work is to characterize cytogenetically, using conventional and differential techniques (silver nitrate impregnation, C-banding and base-specific fluorochrome staining) four species of tarantula spiders (Araneomorphae, Theraphosidae) and two species of basal Haplogynae spiders (Araneomorphae, Filistatidae), with the purpose of establishing the mechanisms of chromosomal evolution that have occurred in these groups. The analyses of Mygalomorphae species revealed 2n=63, XY1Y2 for Guyruita cerrado and 2n=22, X1Y1+X2Y2 in Oligoxystre bolivianum, Oligoxystre caatinga and Oligoxystre rufoniger. In the study of mitotic and meiotic cells, the use of differential staining was indispensable for identifying these SCS, which are original for this group and spiders as a whole. Moreover, the diploid numbers observed in the four species studied here had never been described for the mygalomorphs, and the 2n=22 corresponds to the second lowest diploid number described for Theraphosidae until now. The comparison of the obtained data with those of phylogenetically related species allowed us to infer that these SCS were probably originated from... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>FAPESP: 10/14193-7

Orientador: Doralice Maria Cella<br>Coorientador: Marielle Cristina Schneider<br>Banca: Adilson Ariza Zacaro<br>Banca: Douglas de Araujo<br>Resumo: As espécies de aranhas pertencentes aos grupos Mygalomorphae e Haplogynae (Araneomorphae) exibem uma grande diversidade cariotípica, isto é, 2n=14 a 2n=110 e sistemas cromossômicos sexuais (SCS) dos tipos X0, XY, X1X20 e X1X2X3X40, nas 19 espécies de migalomorfas analisadas; e 2n=7 a 2n=40, e SCS dos tipos X0, X1X2Y, XY e X1X20, nas 51 espécies de aranhas haploginas estudadas. Nestes grupos, a morfologia meta e submetacêntrica dos cromossomos é predominante. Contudo, os dados citogenéticos em aranhas correspondem a menos de 2% do total de espécies taxonomicamente descritas. Considerando as particularidades cromossômicas encontradas nestes dois grupos, bem como a escassez de informações citogenéticas em representantes que ocorrem no Brasil, o objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar citogeneticamente, utilizando técnicas de coloração convencional e diferencial (impregnação pelo íon prata, bandamento C e coloração com fluorocromos base-específicos), quatro espécies de aranhas caranguejeiras (Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) e duas espécies de Haplogynae basais (Araneomorphae, Filistatidae), visando estabelecer os mecanismos de evolução cromossômica que podem ter ocorrido nestes grupos. A análise das espécies de Mygalomorphae revelou 2n=63, XY1Y2 para Guyruita cerrado e 2n=22, X1Y1+X2Y2 em Oligoxystre bolivianum, Oligoxystre caatinga e Oligoxystre rufoniger. O uso de colorações diferenciais no estudo de células mitóticas e meióticas foi imprescindível para identificar estes SCS, os quais são inéditos para o grupo bem como para todas as aranhas. Além disso, os números diploides encontrados nestas quatro espécies, nunca haviam sido descritos para as migalomorfas, e o 2n=22 representa o segundo menor número diploide já descrito para Theraphosidae. A comparação dos dados obtidos, com aqueles de espécies filogeneticamente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The spider species belonging to the Mygalomorphae and Haplogynae (Araneomorphae) groups exhibit a great karyotype diversity, that is, 2n=14 to 2n=110 and sex chromosome systems (SCS) of the X0, XY, X1X20 and X1X2X3X40 types in the 19 species of mygalomorph analyzed, and 2n=7 to 2n=40 and SCS of the X0, X1X2Y, XY and X1X20 types in the 51 haplogyne spiders studied. In these groups, the meta and submetacentric chromosome morphology is predominant. However, the cytogenetic data correspond to less than 2% of the total of species taxonomically described. Considering the chromosomal particularities recorded for these two groups as well as the scarcity of cytogenetic information in representatives from Brazilian fauna, the aim of this work is to characterize cytogenetically, using conventional and differential techniques (silver nitrate impregnation, C-banding and base-specific fluorochrome staining) four species of tarantula spiders (Araneomorphae, Theraphosidae) and two species of basal Haplogynae spiders (Araneomorphae, Filistatidae), with the purpose of establishing the mechanisms of chromosomal evolution that have occurred in these groups. The analyses of Mygalomorphae species revealed 2n=63, XY1Y2 for Guyruita cerrado and 2n=22, X1Y1+X2Y2 in Oligoxystre bolivianum, Oligoxystre caatinga and Oligoxystre rufoniger. In the study of mitotic and meiotic cells, the use of differential staining was indispensable for identifying these SCS, which are original for this group and spiders as a whole. Moreover, the diploid numbers observed in the four species studied here had never been described for the mygalomorphs, and the 2n=22 corresponds to the second lowest diploid number described for Theraphosidae until now. The comparison of the obtained data with those of phylogenetically related species allowed us to infer that these SCS were probably originated from... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2013-10-16T22:28:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_TaxonomiaEspeciesBrasileiras.pdf: 3169225 bytes, checksum: da29dbb8def2c457a9ab78aee2c118f7 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-10-25T16:31:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_TaxonomiaEspeciesBrasileiras.pdf: 3169225 bytes, checksum: da29dbb8def2c457a9ab78aee2c118f7 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-25T16:31:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_TaxonomiaEspeciesBrasileiras.pdf: 3169225 bytes, checksum: da29dbb8def2c457a9ab78aee2c118f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009<br>Este trabalho se divide em dois capítulos: “Capítulo I - Sobre a identidade da espécie-tipo Actinopus tarsalis Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Actinopodidae)” e “Capítulo II - Taxonomia das Espécies Brasileiras da Actinopus Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Actinopodidae)”. Esse formato foi utilizado para acelerar o processo de publicação, necessário para validar as modificações taxonômicas propostas no trabalho. O primeiro capítulo é passível de submissão imediata e foi formatado segundo as normas da revista Iheringia (Anexo I). O segundo capítulo, também formatado de acordo com as normas da revista Iheringia (Anexo I), será submetido após sua complementação com o exame do material tipo do BMNH.

Mygalomorphs is a cosmopolitan group that inhabits all the continents except Antarctica. The group and has been commonly described as ‘primitive’ because of the retention of plesiomorphic characters, such as the presence of four book lungs and chelicerae bearing longitudinal fangs with unsynchronized movement. Those spiders have a cryptic lifestyle. They are nocturnal, ground-dwellers and construct buried silk burrows that are hidden by a closing a trapdoor. Females are mostly sedentary, long-lived, and they live in the burrow their whole life, whereas adult males have annual life cycles, and spread after the first mault searching for mates and mediate gene flow among populations. The low vagility, the long-life cycles, the narrow ecological preferences and the species restricted distribution makes mygalomorphs an excellent model system for biogeographic studies (Hedin et al. 2013; Raven 1980). This is due to the fact that ancient lineages with narrow habitat preferences and poor dispersal abilities are more likely to mirror the fingerprint of geological history (Stock, 1993; Bauzà-Ribot, 2013). Previous molecular studies indicate that they have extreme geographic structure. Low vagility has largely been cited as the main reason for the high level of local endemism in mygalomorph populations and species. Most of the closely related taxa are usually morphologically homogeneous and conserved (Bond & Hedin 2006). Diagnostic characters for species taxonomy are based on reproductive organs of adult males, but adults males spreads in a very concrete period of the year, that may vary depending on the environmental conditions, so the predominant sex obtained by direct capture are females o juveniles. This make extremely complicated the species identification because most of the taxonomic descriptions are old, inaccurate and based only on males, besides that females are unknown in most cases. There are six mygalomorph families present in the Western Mediterranean; the most diverse is the family Nemesidae , specially the genus Nemesia is extremely diverse with more than 50 species. In this thesis we investigated the origins and drivers of diversification of this genus. This study includes the first molecular phylogeny that confirmed that Nemesia and Iberesia are sister groups. Also we demonstrated high levels of sub-generic diversity, and the existence of putative species awaiting formal description . This sub-generic diversity is closely related with the degree of reduction of the spinnerets, that has been proved that contains phylogenetic signal and influences the architecture of the Burrows. The broke of the hercynian belt, and subsequentment rotation of the plates together with the isolation during Tortonian of the Betic-Rif area and the Messinian Salinity Crisis have been pointed out as major drivers of diversification in the region. At the same time we investigated the process that allowed those spiders to colonize Balearic Archipelago, the most isolated in the Mediterranean Region, our results showed that vicariance processes occurred during early Tortonian Marine Regression allowing the colonization from their origin in the Betic area. We applied integrative approaches to study patterns of high overlooked diversity in Tunisa, and 12 new species are described. We also try to decipher the mechanisms of coexistence of the genus. After two years of monitoring, our results show that coexistence is maintained by spatial and temporal segregation. Every specie has a maximum dispersal peak that doesn’t overlaps with other species, and furthermore those spiders have a strong habitat selection.<br>Degut al seu críptic estil de vida i morfologia conservadora, els migalomorfs han plantejat importants reptes als taxònoms. El seu ús potencial com a organismes model no s'ha desenvolupat encara. Hem aplicat una aproximació integradora per investigar els orígens, mecanismes de diversificació i coexistència en aquest grup d'aranyes. Es proporciona la primera filogènia molecular del gènere Nemesia. Els nostres resultats recuperen monofilia recíproca dels gèneres Nemesia i Iberesia. Vam mapar la reducció de les fileres i hem demostrat que Holenemesia va evolucionar a partir d'un ancestre Pronemesia. L’ estudi mostra diferents graus de reducció en tots dos grups Curiosament, hem detectat una clara relació entre la reducció de les fileres i l'arquitectura del niu. Els espècimens d’Holonemesia construeixen caus complexes a diferència de Pronemesia, que construeixen nius senzills, no ramificats i amb poca seda. Aquest patró suggereix que la reducció en l'aparell de filat pot influir directament en el tipus de niu construït per l'espècie. Les nostres anàlisis donen suport a la Serralada Bètica com a origen de Nemesia. L’estimació de temps de divergència data els orígens de Nemesia al voltant de 40 mA (56-18 - 26.99 Ma). Les estimacions dels temps de divergència demostren que les diferents illes i també el nord d'Àfrica van ser colonitzades de la Península Ibèrica en diversos processos independents. La complexa història geològica i els canvis climàtics geològics soferts a la regió de la Mediterrània des de l'Oligocè fins al Quaternari van jugar un paper clau la generació de barreres a la dispersió o l'establiment de connexions terrestres entre les diferents masses de terra que permetien a la dispersió i colonització de diferents àrees. El gènere Iberesia té una distribució restringida a la Península Ibèrica, Illes Balears i el Marroc, on es va detectar la presència d'aquest gènere per primera vegada. Aquest gènere va ser descrit recentment per incloure les mostres sense fileres que s’havien considerat incorrectament Nemesia. En comparació a Nemesia, només tres espècies de Iberesia es descriuen en base a dades morfològiques.Els resultats d'aquest estudi mostren l'existència d'almenys 7 llinatges diferents i ben suportats, només dos d'ells van ser assignats a les espècies nominals (I. brauni i I. machadoi), mentre que I. Castillana no s’ha pogut trobar. Malgrat 9 espècies es coneixien del Nord d’Àfrica, no hi havia cap mena d’informació informació sobre la fauna de Tunísia. El mostreig va revelar alts nivells de diversitat en l'arquitectura del niu i trampa, mostrant estructures molt complexes. L’enfoc utilitzat combinant diferents línies d'evidències ha permès confirmar l'existència de 13 nous llinatges, 12 dels quals s’han descrit coma noves espècies. Es van detectar patrons de convivència entre espècies relacionades. Es va realitzar una anàlisi de la delimitació d'espècies mitjançant i durant dos anys es va dur a terme el seguiment de 5 localitats. Els nostres resultats mostren que la convivència és mantinguda degut a la separació temporal durant l'aparellament, cada espècie té el seu propi període de màxima dispersió però on el pic màxim de dispersió no es solapa i una marcada selecció de l’habitat.

Orientador: José Paulo Leite Guadanucci<br>Abstract: Spiders are generally solitary, aggressive, potential cannibal predators, and have poor visual acuity. These features may have favored a strong selection for long-distance communication, such as chemical and/or vibratory signaling. The pheromone usage is an example of signal used during intersexual communication and have been chemically identified in eleven araneomorph species. To the emission of the pheromones, females can use their cuticle or web, and for the perception of these substances, araneomorph males use chemosensory setae located in the dorsal side of the pedipalps. In mygalomorphs, it was reported the presence of a chemosensory setae in an Idiops pylorus male, identified by Scanning Electron Microscopy micrographies. Besides that, recently it was reported a tarsal setae exclusive of mygalomorph males, that have been considered a chemosensory setae because of it’s similarity with the one’s found in Idiops pylorus, and even with the ones found in araneomorphs, despite the contrast in disposition of the setae between the infraorders. They can be arranged densely on tarsus, similar to those setae found in the scopula (and in this case, named pseudoscopula), or be sparsely distributed on ventral tarsus among other setae types. These male setae also differ from other chemosensory ones that are widespread in both males and females of mygalomorph spiders In the present study, the pseudoscopula of a mygalomorph representative, Ischnothele annulata, was investigated through... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Resumo: As aranhas geralmente são criaturas solitárias, de pouca acuidade visual, agressivas e potenciais predadoras canibais, características que podem ter selecionado formas de comunicação à longa distância, como sinais químicos e/ou vibratórios. Os feromônios são um exemplo de sinal utilizado durante a comunicação intersexual, já tendo sido caracterizado quimicamente para onze espécies de araneomorfas. A emissão dessas substâncias é feita pelas fêmeas por meio da seda ou pela cutícula. Para sua recepção, machos de araneomorfas utilizam cerdas quimiossensoriais presentes no dorso dos palpos. Para migalomorfas, foi reportada a presença de cerdas quimiossensorias em um macho de Idiops pylorus a partir de análises de Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão. Além disso, recentemente foi reportada a presença de uma cerda tarsal exclusiva de machos de Mygalomorphae, que por sua similaridade com as encontradas em I. pylorus, e até mesmo com as cerdas quimiossensoriais encontradas em araneomorfas, também foi considerada quimiossensorial, apesar da diferença de disposição entre as duas infraordens. Elas podem estar arranjadas de forma densa (sendo chamadas pseudoescópula), ou estarem esparsamente distribuídas juntamente com outros tipos de cerda. Estas cerdas também diferem de outras sensoriais que são amplamente encontradas em machos e fêmeas de migalomorfas. No presente estudo, as cerdas da pseudoescópula de um representante de Mygalomorphae, Ischnothele annulata, foram investigadas por mei... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Mestre

Aspectos do repertório comportamental e de estruturas resultantes de comportamento foram levantados para aranhas da infraordem Mygalomorphae. Os principais objetivos são buscar subsídios em informações provindas de caracteres comportamentais para auxiliar a elucidação da história evolutiva do grupo e entender como estes evoluíram dentro do grupo. Foi realizado um levantamento de informações sobre refúgios nas migalomorfas, a partir das quais foram delimitados 8 caracteres. Os caracteres foram incorporados a uma matriz de dados morfológicos provinda do trabalho de Goloboff e foi realizada uma análise de evidência total. A árvore resultante do consenso estrito da análise de evidência total mostrou-se melhor resolvida do que a árvore obtida apenas com os dados morfológicos. Foi realizada a otimização para a verificação da evolução dos padrões de teias dentro do grupo. Nossa análise mostra a existência de um padrão geral na evolução destes caracteres, com muitos deles apresentando fortes correlações. A construção de buracos está presente no ancestral comum entre migalomorfas e Mesothelae e aparece correlacionada com refúgios de alta conexão com o substrato. A hipótese de Coyle de que as tiras de seda teriam originado os lençóis de captura não é corroborada por nosso estudo. Ao contrário do que sugerem alguns autores, as estruturas finais resultantes de comportamentos podem ser uma fonte confiável de caracteres para o estudo da filogenia dos indivíduos que as produzem, além de possibilitar um melhor entendimento da evolução dos comportamentos que as originam. Também foi realizada uma análise comparativa do comportamento de autolimpeza em dois gêneros da família Theraphosidae. Observações deste comportamento resultaram na elaboração de um catálogo comportamental composto por 11 categorias. Análise das sequências comportamentais demonstra que este é um comportamento bastante fixo, com realização repetitiva de algumas sequências por longos períodos de tempo, não existindo um padrão geral que permita detectar início, meio e fim de uma sequência. São sugeridas algumas funções para este comportamento nas caranguejeiras, como a limpeza de estruturas sensoriais e/ou a proteção contra parasitas. A autolimpeza observada em indivíduos de outras famílias de Mygalomorphae mostrou a realização das mesmas categorias de modo semelhante. A manutenção destas categorias em famílias que divergiram há milhões de anos pode indicar um alto valor adaptativo das mesmas. A partir destes resultados, sugerimos que o tanto o comportamento quanto as estruturas finais são boas fontes de dados para análises filogenéticas.<br>Aspects of behavior and end-products of behavior were studied on Mygalomorph spiders. The main goal is to understand the evolution of these behavioral characters and to discover the evolutionary history of the group. As a result of an extensive review of the literature, 8 web characters were delimited in mygalomorphs. The characters were incorporated to a morphological matrix used by Goloboff and a total evidence analysis was performed. The resulting tree was better resolved than the strictly morphological one. Web related characters show a clear evolutionary signal, and some of them evolve in a correlated fashion. Burrow construction is an ancestral feature of spiders and appears correlated with silk-lining behavior. Coyles hypothesis that sheetwebs derive from silk lines is not supported by our analysis. Contrarily to some authorss suggestions, in our study the end-products proved to be a reliable source of characters for phylogenetic reconstructions, besides making possible a better understanding of the evolution of the behaviors that give rise to them. We performed a comparative analysis of grooming behavior in two genera of the family Theraphosidae. A behavioral catalog including 11 categories was concluded. Analysis of the behavioral sequences shows that grooming behavior is stereotyped, with some sequences being repeated for long periods of time, without a general pattern that let us detect the beginning, the middle or the end of a sequence. Spiders from distant Mygalomorph families perform the same repertoire of grooming behaviors, performed in similar ways. The maintenance of this ancestral repertoire in families that are separated for millions of years points to its strong adaptive value. Grooming could be used to clean some sensorial structures and/or to protect the spiders against parasites. From these results, we suggest that not only behavior, but also the structures resulting from it, are a good source of data for phylogenetic analysis.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, 2014.<br>Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2015-03-09T13:56:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_LeandroFaleirosGarcia.pdf: 8929212 bytes, checksum: a69629189aefe07fcce9c2b3c4acfd9e (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2015-03-13T21:17:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_LeandroFaleirosGarcia.pdf: 8929212 bytes, checksum: a69629189aefe07fcce9c2b3c4acfd9e (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T21:17:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_LeandroFaleirosGarcia.pdf: 8929212 bytes, checksum: a69629189aefe07fcce9c2b3c4acfd9e (MD5)<br>O conhecimento atual acerca da morfologia e dos mecanismos sensoriais envolvidos na procura de fêmeas, de algumas aranhas brasileiras, ainda é escasso. Desta forma, realizamos um estudo comparativo das estruturas sensoriais distais dos pedipalpos de machos, eventualmente envolvidas na percepção de parceiras sexuais, em aranhas migalomorfas do bioma Cerrado. As estruturas sensoriais foram analisadas por meio de imagens obtidas com microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Como resultados, observamos 22 diferentes tipos de sensilla, que podem apresentar pequenas variações entre as espécies. As sensilla mecanorreceptoras foram as que apresentaram maior diversidade. As espécies que apresentaram a maior diversidade de órgãos sensoriais foram Oligoxystre bolivianum seguida de Longistylus ygapema, enquanto que Idiops pirassununguensis apresentou a menor diversidade. A que apresentarou maior variedade de cerdas (total de 10) foi O. bolivianum. Todas as espécies apresentaram ao menos um tipo de tricobótria, mas apenas as famílias Barychelidae e Theraphosidae apresentaram tricobótrias em forma de clava. Em relação à diversidade de órgãos em fenda, Actinopus sp. foi a que apresentou a maior diversidade, e Neodiplothele sp. apresentou a menor. Todas as espécies apresentaram duas estruturas liriformes na região retrolateral distal, mas apenas Actinopus sp. e I. pirassununguensis apresentaram estruturas liriformes duplas, na região prolateral distal; assim como órgãos tarsais em formato de um pico montanhoso com um orifício na extremidade. A única espécie que apresentou um órgão liriforme na base tibial foi Actinopus sp. Utilizamos a metodologia de agrupamento para correlacionar as estruturas sensoriais (tipos e distribuições) com seus hábitos de vida, entre as espécies. Obtivemos como resultado um dendograma que apresenta vários agrupamentos que corroboram as principais hipóteses filogenéticas de Mygalomorphae. No intuito de tentarmos predizer o possível hábito de construção de refúgio da espécie L. ygapema, a qual não possui registro na literatura, utilizamos a análise discriminante linear, o qual sugeriu que o hábito de construção de alçapões é o mais provável. O presente estudo serve de subsídios para estudos futuros morfo-fisiológicos ou filogenéticos, visto que abrange conceitos tanto morfológicos como comportamentais. ________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT<br>The current knowledge about the morphology and sensorial mechanisms involved on the partnership encounters of some Brazilian spiders is still scarce. Considering this context, we performed a morphological comparative study of the distal male pedipalp sensorial structures involved in the perception of sexual partners, in some Cerrado mygalomorph spiders. The sensory structures were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. We found 22 different types of sensilla, which may vary slightly between species. Among the sensorial structures, the mechanoreceptors sensilla presented the greatest diversity. The species Oligoxystre bolivianum showed the sensilla highest variety followed by Longistylus ygapema, at the same time Idiops pirassununguensis had the lowest. O. bolivianum showed 10 types of bristles. All species showed at least one type of trichobothria; however Barychelidae and Theraphosidae families presented trichobothria shaped like a mace. Regarding the diversity of slit organs, Actinopus sp. showed the greatest diversity, and Neodiplothele sp., the lowest. All species showed two lyriform structures in the distal retrolateral region, but Actinopus sp. and I. pirassununguensis showed double lyriform structures in the prolateral distal region, as well as a tarsal organ like a mountain peak with a hole at the end format. Another exception occured with Actinopus sp. that showed a lyriform in the tibial base. We used the methodology of clustering in order to correlate the sensory structures (types and distributions) with the species habits of life. We obtained a dendrogram with several groups that support the mainly phylogenetics propositions. The linear discriminant analysis were used to predict the possible retreat habit-building of the species L. ygapema (lack reports in the literature). The analyzes suggested that the most likely habit found was the trapdoors construction. The present study can be used as subsidies for future morpho-physiological or phylogenetic studies, since it embraces both morphological and behavioral concepts.

Chapter One Raven's 1985 phylogenetic analysis of the Mygalomorphae placed a number of previously unrelated genera into the rastelloid family Cyrtaucheniidae. Although Goloboff's 1993 reanalysis of mygalomorph relationships retained the familial composition of the Rastelloidina it di not support cyrtaucheniid monophyly. This study resolves the issue of cyrtaucheniid monophyly within the context of the Rastelloidina. Using 71 morphological characters scored for 29 mygalomorph taxa we find that the Cyrtaucheniidae is polyphyletic and propose the following families in its place: Cyrtaucheniidae, Kiamidae (new family), Aporoptychidae (new rank), Ancylotrypidae (new family) and Euctenizidae (new rank). We also propose two new euctenizid genera, Apachella and Sinepedica, revise the taxonomy of the euctenizids of the Southwestern United States, and present a key for these six genera. In addition to the morphologically based phylogeny we test and refine the euctenizid intergeneric phylogeny using molecular data (mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI genes and 28S rRNA nuclear genes). The results of the combined morphological and molecular analysis are used to construct a composite rastelloid phylogeny that is used to investigate biogeographical relationships, burrow entrance evolution, and homoplasy. Chapter Two This systematic study of the predominately Californian trapdoor spider genus Aptostichus Simon, 1890 describes 28 species, 25 of which are newly described: A. atomus, A. improbulus, A. insulanus, A. icenoglei, A. ebriosus, A. muiri, A. cahuillus, A. luiseni, A. serranos, A. calientus, A. chemehuevi, A. shoshonei, A. pauitei, A. tipai, A. cochesensis, A. indegina, A. gertschi, A. kristenae, A. fornax, A. spinaserratus, A. brevifolius, A. brevispinus, A. agracilapandus, A. tenuis, and A. gracilapandus. Aptostichus stanfordianus Smith, 1908 is considered to be a junior synonym of A. atomarius Simon 1890. Using 72 quantitative and qualitative morphological characters we propose a preliminary phylogeny for this group. Based on the results of this phylogenetic analysis, we recognize the Atomarius, Simus, Hesperus and Pandus species groups. Additionally, our phylogenetic analysis indicates that adaptations favoring the invasion of the very arid desert habitats of southern California have evolved multiple times in the Aptostichus clade. The existence of both desert and non - desert species in three of the four species groups makes this genus an ideal candidate for the study of the evolutionary ecology of desert arthropods. Chapter Three Aptostichus simus is a trapdoor spider that is endemic to the coastal dunes of southern California and is recognized as a single species on morphological grounds. Mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA sequences demonstrate that populations from San Diego County, Los Angeles County, Santa Rosa Island, and Monterey County are extremely divergent (6 - 12%). These results are comparable to, or higher than recent reports of species - level differences in other invertebrate taxa. A molecular clock hypothesis shows that these four populations have been separated for 2 - 6 million years. A statistical cluster analysis of morphological features demonstrates that this genetic divergence is not reflected in anatomical features that might signify ecological differentiation among these lineages. The species status of these divergent populations of A. simus depends upon the species concept utilized. The time - limited genealogical perspective that is employed separates A. simus into two genetically distinct species. This study suggests that a species concept based on morphological distinctiveness in spider groups with limited dispersal capabilities probably underestimate taxonomic diversity.<br>Ph. D.

Orientador: Marielle Cristina Schneider<br>Banca: Patricia Pasquali Parise Maltempi<br>Banca: Katia Cristina Machado Pellegrino<br>Banca: Douglas de Araujo<br>Banca: Liano Cenofante<br>Resumo: Na ordem Araneae existem 45.741 espécies de aranhas descritas taxonomicamente, as quais estão distribuídas em duas subordens, Mesothelae e Opisthothelae, 114 famílias e 3.965 gêneros. Considerando o número de espécies de aranhas descritas taxonomicamente, as informações citogenéticas são muito escassas, pois menos de 2% dos representantes foram caracterizados até o momento. Dentre as 114 famílias de aranhas, 45 não possuem sequer uma espécie examinada citogeneticamente. Nas aranhas, o número diploide varia de 2n♂=7 a 2n♂=128, com sistema cromossômico sexual simples, como X0 e XY, ou múltiplo, como o X1X20, X1-X130, X1X2Y e X1-X7Y, e cromossomos com morfologia meta/submetacêntrica ou subtelo/telocêntrica. Em relação a regiões cromossômicas específicas, como as regiões organizadoras de nucléolo (RONs), somente cerca de 50 espécies de aranhas foram caracterizadas, principalmente através de impregnação pelo íon prata. Nas Mygalomorphae e Araneomorphae, as RONs estão localizadas predominantemente sobre a região terminal de um a três pares autossômicos. Porém, em algumas espécies foram observadas RONs sobre o cromossomo sexual X. Considerando as particularidades cromossômicas encontradas em Araneae e a escassez de informações citogenéticas, especialmente de regiões específicas como as RONs, este trabalho tem como objetivo estabelecer os mecanismos de evolução cromossômica em espécies de aranhas pertencentes a diferentes famílias de Mygalomorphae e Araneomorphae, levando-se em conta as características cariotípicas básicas e o padrão de distribuição das RONs. As análises cromossômicas foram realizadas através de coloração convencional, impregnação pelo nitrato de prata (Ag-RON) para identificar as RONs ativas e hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH) para localizar os genes de rDNA 18S. As 17 espécies examinadas neste trabalho pertencem a três famílias de Haplogynae, cinco de...<br>Abstract: The order Araneae possesses 45,741 taxonomically described species, which are distributed in two suborders, Mesothelae and Opisthothelae, 114 families and 3,965 genera. The cytogenetic data in this order are scarce, considering that less than 2% of the species were studied up to now. Among the 114 families of Araneae, in 45 there are no species cytogenetically examined. In the spiders, the diploid number ranged from 2n♂=7 to 2n♂=128, with sex chromosome system of the simple (X0 and XY) or multiple (X1X20, X1-X130, X1X2Y e X1-X7Y) types, and chromosomes with meta/submetacentric or subtelo/telocentric morphology. In relation to specific chromosome sites, such as the nucleolar organizer regions (NOR), only 30 species were investigated mainly through silver impregnation. In Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae, the NORs were predominantly located in the terminal region from one to three autosomal pairs. However, in some species, the NORs occurred in the X sex chromosome. Considering the cytogenetic particularities observed in Araneae and the scarcity of information of specific chromosome regions, the purpose of this work was to establish the mechanism of chromosome evolution in Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae spiders with the focus of the rDNA genes. The chromosome analyses were accomplished with standard staining, silver nitrate impregnation (Ag-NOR) to identify the active NORs and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to locate the 18S rDNA genes. The 17 species examined here belong to three families of Haplogynae, five of Entelegynae and three of Mygalomorphae. Mitotic metaphase cells exhibited 2n♂=16+X1X2Y in Sicarius cariri and Sicarius ornatus and 2n♂=18+XY in Sicarius tropicus, with Ag-NORs on the terminal region of pair 1. In S. ornatus and S. tropicus, the FISH technique showed similar results to Ag-NOR, but in S. cariri, the ribosomal cistrons were located in the terminal region of the X1 sex chromosome. The description of a ...<br>Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-05T18:30:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-11-18. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-02-05T18:32:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000857570_20181118.pdf: 1213871 bytes, checksum: 1217b26e49381e1c08a0877fcc38cb08 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2018-11-21T11:45:01Z: 000857570_20181118.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2018-11-21T11:45:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000857570.pdf: 3162544 bytes, checksum: 933a175ada75ae354b262fe8ecddcd7a (MD5)<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>Na ordem Araneae existem 45.741 espécies de aranhas descritas taxonomicamente, as quais estão distribuídas em duas subordens, Mesothelae e Opisthothelae, 114 famílias e 3.965 gêneros. Considerando o número de espécies de aranhas descritas taxonomicamente, as informações citogenéticas são muito escassas, pois menos de 2% dos representantes foram caracterizados até o momento. Dentre as 114 famílias de aranhas, 45 não possuem sequer uma espécie examinada citogeneticamente. Nas aranhas, o número diploide varia de 2n♂=7 a 2n♂=128, com sistema cromossômico sexual simples, como X0 e XY, ou múltiplo, como o X1X20, X1-X130, X1X2Y e X1-X7Y, e cromossomos com morfologia meta/submetacêntrica ou subtelo/telocêntrica. Em relação a regiões cromossômicas específicas, como as regiões organizadoras de nucléolo (RONs), somente cerca de 50 espécies de aranhas foram caracterizadas, principalmente através de impregnação pelo íon prata. Nas Mygalomorphae e Araneomorphae, as RONs estão localizadas predominantemente sobre a região terminal de um a três pares autossômicos. Porém, em algumas espécies foram observadas RONs sobre o cromossomo sexual X. Considerando as particularidades cromossômicas encontradas em Araneae e a escassez de informações citogenéticas, especialmente de regiões específicas como as RONs, este trabalho tem como objetivo estabelecer os mecanismos de evolução cromossômica em espécies de aranhas pertencentes a diferentes famílias de Mygalomorphae e Araneomorphae, levando-se em conta as características cariotípicas básicas e o padrão de distribuição das RONs. As análises cromossômicas foram realizadas através de coloração convencional, impregnação pelo nitrato de prata (Ag-RON) para identificar as RONs ativas e hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH) para localizar os genes de rDNA 18S. As 17 espécies examinadas neste trabalho pertencem a três famílias de Haplogynae, cinco de...<br>The order Araneae possesses 45,741 taxonomically described species, which are distributed in two suborders, Mesothelae and Opisthothelae, 114 families and 3,965 genera. The cytogenetic data in this order are scarce, considering that less than 2% of the species were studied up to now. Among the 114 families of Araneae, in 45 there are no species cytogenetically examined. In the spiders, the diploid number ranged from 2n♂=7 to 2n♂=128, with sex chromosome system of the simple (X0 and XY) or multiple (X1X20, X1-X130, X1X2Y e X1-X7Y) types, and chromosomes with meta/submetacentric or subtelo/telocentric morphology. In relation to specific chromosome sites, such as the nucleolar organizer regions (NOR), only 30 species were investigated mainly through silver impregnation. In Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae, the NORs were predominantly located in the terminal region from one to three autosomal pairs. However, in some species, the NORs occurred in the X sex chromosome. Considering the cytogenetic particularities observed in Araneae and the scarcity of information of specific chromosome regions, the purpose of this work was to establish the mechanism of chromosome evolution in Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae spiders with the focus of the rDNA genes. The chromosome analyses were accomplished with standard staining, silver nitrate impregnation (Ag-NOR) to identify the active NORs and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to locate the 18S rDNA genes. The 17 species examined here belong to three families of Haplogynae, five of Entelegynae and three of Mygalomorphae. Mitotic metaphase cells exhibited 2n♂=16+X1X2Y in Sicarius cariri and Sicarius ornatus and 2n♂=18+XY in Sicarius tropicus, with Ag-NORs on the terminal region of pair 1. In S. ornatus and S. tropicus, the FISH technique showed similar results to Ag-NOR, but in S. cariri, the ribosomal cistrons were located in the terminal region of the X1 sex chromosome. The description of a ...<br>FAPESP: 11/19873-9

The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae includes the funnel-web spiders, tarantulas, trapdoor spiders and their kin. Because of their particular life history characteristics, systematic revisions of mygalomorph taxa are fundamentally informative and of broader biological interest, but also a matter of conservation priority. Mygalomorph spiders are relatively long-lived, usually with limited dispersal abilities, high habitat specificity, and a long historical presence in areas relative to landscape processes. These characteristics lead to high levels of speciation and local endemism in many mygalomorph lineages, and a build-up of genetic structure between and within species at fine spatial scales. From the perspective of a researcher, high levels of genetic structure and speciation make mygalomorph lineages ideal for investigating biogeographic history and speciation processes. From a conservation perspective, local endemism, habitat specificity and low dispersal ability mean that mygalomorph populations (and potentially species) are sensitive to habitat modification, and have little ability to disperse from, or recolonise, affected areas. In the context of a biodiversity crisis, and hindered by ‘impediments’ to systematics and taxonomy, systematists must allocate their time and efforts carefully. Given their inherent vulnerability and the value of research on mygalomorph taxa, revisions of poorly known elements of this fauna are both urgent and of evolutionary importance. Intergeneric relationships within the spiny trapdoor spiders of Australasia (Idiopidae: Arbanitinae) were recently stabilised. This provided a foundation for targeted work into genera within the subfamily, many of which had never received substantial systematic attention. Prior to my project, only seven species of golden trapdoor spider (tribe Euoplini, previously all in the genus Euoplos) had been described from eastern Australia, despite the genus spanning the length and breadth of the eastern mesic zone. The genus was seen as a conservation priority because it is highly diverse in south-eastern Queensland, Australia, a region where urban development (sub-coastal) and agricultural development (inland) threaten to encroach on the natural remnants where undescribed species occur. Furthermore, undocumented variability in morphology and burrow entrance structure in the genus presented a valuable opportunity to study morphology and behavioural evolution in mygalomorph spiders. In this thesis, I compare and integrate morphological data, behavioural data (burrow entrance type) and molecular data in order to: infer the first robust phylogeny of the genus Euoplos; investigate the phylogenetic signal of morphology and burrow entrance architecture to generate evolutionary hypotheses of broader relevance to mygalomorph systematics; and revise select lineages in the genus based on their conservation priority. In Chapter 2, I use morphological data to guide targeted sampling of Euoplos from eastern Australia, before generating the first comprehensive molecular phylogeny for the genus. Male morphology and burrow entrance architecture are then compared with the molecular phylogeny to reveal the existence of two widespread, sympatric lineages which differ in their burrow entrance structure and male morphology: the ‘wafer-door’ lineage and the ‘plug-door/palisade’ lineage. I also identify a taxonomic error in the literature, where males belonging to a wafer-door species were incorrectly linked with females belonging to a sympatric species in the plug-door/palisade lineage. In chapter 3, I present a systematic revision of a group of Euoplos which were recovered as a clade in Chapter 2, and which construct remarkable ‘palisade’ type burrow entrances. Revision of the group was seen as urgent because all species have very small natural ranges and occur in remnant rainforest habitats within heavily modified landscapes. This revision results in the description of four new species, and I was also able to identify species-specific differences in burrow entrance architecture, providing a means of non-intrusive species identification. In Chapter 4, all available data are integrated into a total-evidence phylogenetic analysis of the entire tribe Euoplini. Ancestral state reconstruction is used to demonstrate how morphological and behavioural (burrow entrance architecture) characters relate to topology. This chapter results in the reclassification of the tribe, with two new genera erected: Cryptoforis (wafer-door lineage) and Narellea (a single, divergent species). This chapter also highlights the utility of both male and female morphology for phylogenetic and taxonomic studies on mygalomorph spiders, and provides morphological characters and a phylogenetic framework for future integrative phylogenetics/taxonomy on the Idiopidae and other mygalomorph groups. Chapter 5 consists of a complete taxonomic synopsis of the newly-recognised genus Cryptoforis. Revision of this new genus was seen as a priority due to the cryptic nature of the wafer-door burrows they create, and due to the fact that they were previously undocumented from mainland Australia. Numerous species also appear to be short-range endemics, restricted to remnant or relictual habitats in eastern Australia. In total, 16 species are described in the genus. In summary, my project is a comprehensive systematic treatment of the golden trapdoor spiders (tribe Euoplini) of Australia, revealing a diverse assemblage of mygalomorph spiders in multiple evolutionary lineages. It presents new data on phylogenetic relationships, morphology, and behaviour in the tribe. Immediate practical outcomes include a new generic classification of the tribe which more accurately represents the diversity contained within it, a full revision of the new genus Cryptoforis, and a targeted revision of the short-range endemic palisade-building Euoplos from south-eastern Queensland. My thesis demonstrates the strength of a ‘holistic’ total-evidence systematic approach, whereby different data types are iteratively compared and integrated, and in particular, the utility of this approach to understanding the taxonomy and evolution of poorly known mygalomorph taxa.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>School of Environment and Sc<br>School of Environment and Sc<br>Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology<br>Full Text

Estudos sobre metabolismo de invertebrados fornecem subsídios para o entendimento da capacidade que estes animais tem de interagir com o ambiente e neste realizar seu desenvolvimento e reprodução. Poucos são os trabalhos que avaliam o metabolismo de carboidratos, proteínas e lipídios nos diferentes tecidos de aracnídeos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a capacidade gliconeogênica da aranha caranguejeira ( Grammostola sp – Migalomorphae) durante o inverno e o verão. Foram utilizados exemplares de Grammostola sp. coletados na região geográfica conhecida como Vale do Taquari, localizada no Rio Grande do Sul. Os animais coletados permaneceram em biotério, acondicionados em caixas plásticas onde foram alimentados ad Libitum. A temperatura e o fotoperíodo foram mantidos naturais de acordo com o período do ano. Os animais foram coletados nos períodos de Verão, correspondendo aos meses entre setembro e março, e Inverno para os meses correspondentes ao período entre abril e agosto. Para os procedimentos experimentais foram removidos o hepatopâncreas, e hemolínfa. Foram realizadas medidas das concentrações de glicose na hemolínfa, glicogênio no hepatopâncreas, bem como a atividade gliconeogênica no hepatopâncreas incubados com L-alanina, L-lactato e L-glicerol radioativo.minutos em relação aos tempo de 30, 60, 120 e 180 minutos. Essa condição também e mantida nos meses correspondentes ao inverno. A partir dos resultados apresentados é possível concluir que a gliconeogênese, parece ser uma via de importância para o hepatopâncreas de caranguejeiras fazendo a manutenção dos níveis glicêmicos, pois de maneira geral as reservas teciduais de glicogênio apresentam baixos valores tanto no inverno quanto no verão.

Most of the initial work on spider venoms has been devoted to the study of medically important species. Venoms of apparent lower toxicity, before neglected, have shown increased interest for scientific studies, because they are sources of important biochemical probes for the pharmacological dissection of molecular processes. Tarantulavenoms are rich mixtures of salts, nucleotides, free amino acids, neurotransmitters, polyamines, peptides, proteins and enzymes. Grammostola iheringi is a Brazilian tarantula spider found mainly in southern part of Brazil. Here, we studied the poison fractions and mainly a new toxin of 3.585 Da, named Gi-Tx1. The activities of this toxin werecharacterized by bioassays, electrophysiological screening performed on dorsal root ganglia neurons (DRG) and in voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels subtypes that have been transfected in ovocites of Xenopus leavis. Our results shows that Gi-Tx1 causes a partial block of inward (40%) and outward (20%) currents in DRG cells at 2 M and it is able to block Nav 1.2-.4, 1.6 subtypes, partially blocks Nav1.5 andDmNav, and fully blocks currents from Kv 4.3 subtypes and hERG channels at 2 M. In tumor cells, the toxin was able to reduce the proliferation (specifically on SKHep-1 and MGSO3 cells) but did not affect proliferation rates of normal cells (human PBMC's). These results reveal thepromiscuous action of Gi-Tx1 on ion channels and indicate its possible antiproliferative effects. It would be interesting to verify if exist a correlation of the effects of this toxin in ionic channels and its antitumoral activity.<br>A maioria dos trabalhos com venenos de aranhas é dedicada ao estudo de peçonhas de espécies de importância médica. Venenos de baixa toxicicidade, antes negligenciados, hoje tem mostrado grande interesse científico porque são importantes fontes de sondas bioquímicas para dissecação molecular de processos farmacológicos.Peçonhas de caranguejeiras são ricas misturas de sais, nucleotídeos, aminoácidos livres, neurotransmissores, poliaminas, peptídeos, proteínas e enzimas. Este trabalho, iniciou-se com o veneno bruto de Grammostola iheringi, uma caranguejeira brasileira encontradaprincipalmente no sul do país, que foi purificado gerando várias frações e toxinas. O foco de nosso estudo foi uma nova toxina pura, com massa molecular de 3.585 Da, cuja sequência foi resolvida e chamada de Gi-Tx1. As atividades biológicas desta toxina foram caracterizadas via bioensaios de toxicidade, triagem eletrofisiológica realizada emneurônios obtidos de gânglio da raiz dorsal (DRG) de ratos e em subtipos de canais para sódio e potássio dependentes de voltagem, transfectados em ovócitos de Xenopus laevis. Estes estudos mostraram que Gi-Tx1 é capaz de bloquear parcialmente as correntes de entrada (40%) e de saída (20%) dos neurônios DRG, a 2 M e é capaz de bloquear totalmente os canais Nav1.2, Nav1.3, Nav1.4 e Nav1.6 e parcialmente, os canais Nav1.5, DmNav, além de bloquear totalmente, os canais Kv4.3 e hERG nesta mesma concentração. Em células tumorais de fígado e mama, a toxina foi capaz de reduzir aproliferação (células SKHep-1 e MGSO3, respectivamente) mas não afetou as taxas de proliferação de células mononucleares de sangue periférico humano (PBMC's, não tumorais). Estes resultados em conjunto, revelam a ação promíscua de Gi-Tx1 em canaisiônicos para sódio e para potássio, bem como seu efeito antitumoral. Será interessante verificar se os efeitos bloqueadores em canais iônicos pela toxina, estariam relacionados ao seu efeito antitumoral e se esta toxina poderia concorrer para indicações de possíveis modelos de fármacos para o combate a determinados tipos de câncer.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, 2017.<br>Submitted by Raquel Almeida (raquel.df13@gmail.com) on 2017-07-12T16:20:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_IvanKonstantinovMalinov.pdf: 5665661 bytes, checksum: 1422dd89528b5ea1850906958a6eea24 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2017-08-03T21:29:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_IvanKonstantinovMalinov.pdf: 5665661 bytes, checksum: 1422dd89528b5ea1850906958a6eea24 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-03T21:29:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_IvanKonstantinovMalinov.pdf: 5665661 bytes, checksum: 1422dd89528b5ea1850906958a6eea24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-03<br>A família Idiopidae atualmente contem 322 espécies em 22 gêneros, com maior abrangência no continente africano. As aranhas desta família vivem enterradas no solo, dentro de um tubo, fechando a abertura com uma tampa redonda, sendo conhecidas como aranhas alçapão. Os machos adultos abandonam os abrigos e tornam-se cursoriais. Na região neotropical estão descritas 33 espécies, distribuídas em dois gêneros: Neocteniza Pocock, 1895, exclusivamente neotropical, e Idiops Perty, 1833, com a espécie tipo do gênero I. fuscus Perty, 1833, descrita no território nacional. No Brasil, o gênero Neocteniza está representado por apenas duas espécies e o gênero Idiops por oito. O objetivo deste estudo é contribuir para o maior conhecimento da família Idiopidae, com a descrição de três novas espécies de Neocteniza do Brasil central (Cerrado) e a redescrição da fêmea de Idiops camelus (Mello-Leitão, 1937).<br>The family Idiopidae currently contains 322 species in 22 genera, with greater distribution in the African continent. The spiders of this family live buried in the ground, inside a tube, closing the opening with a round lid, being known as trapdoor spiders. Adult males abandon shelters and become wandering. In the neotropical region 33 species are described, distributed in two genera: Neocteniza Pocock, 1895, exclusively neotropical and Idiops Perty 1833, with the type species of the genus I. fuscus Perty, 1833, described in the national territory. In Brazil the genus Neocteniza is represented by only two species and the genus Idiops with eight.. The objective of this study is to improve the knowledge of the Idiopidae family, with the description of three new species of Neocteniza from Central Brazil (Cerrado) and the redescription of the female Idiops camelus (Mello-Leitão, 1937).

Peptídeos antimicrobianos são importantes componentes do sistema imune de vertebrados e invertebrados. Neste trabalho purificamos e caracterizamos quatro moléculas presentes na hemolinfa da aranha Acanthoscurria gomesiana: 1) theraphosinina, peptídeo de 4052,5 Da purificado do plasma, apresenta atividade anti-Micrococcus luteus e não apresenta similaridade com outros peptídeos. A partir dos hemócitos foram purificados: 2) mygalomorphina, um peptídeo de 415,9 Da com atividade anti-Escherichia coli. Sua atividade está relacionada à produção de H2O2 pois é inibida por catalase; 3) gomesina, um peptídeo de 2270,4 Da que apresenta alta similaridade com taquiplesinas e protegrinas. Apresenta amplo espectro de atividade contra bactérias, leveduras, fungos e Leishmania; 4) acanthoscurrina, um peptídeo rico em glicina, que apresenta duas isoformas com 10132,4 e 10249,1Da. Este peptídeo tem atividade contra E. coli e Candida albicans e apresenta grande similaridade com proteinas antifúngicas de insetos e também com proteínas relacionadas com a defesa em plantas.<br>Antimicrobial peptides are important components of the vertebrates and invertebrates immune system. In this work we purified and characterized four molecules from Acanthoscurria gomesiana spider hemolimph: 1) theraphosinin, a 4,052.5 Da peptide purified from plasma with anti-Micrococcus luteus activity. It does not show similarity with any other invertebrate immune peptides. From the hemocytes three peptides have been purified: 2) mygalomorphin, a peptide with 415.9 Da, which shows anti-Escherichia coli activity. This activity is inhibited by catalase, therefore it may be, related to the H2O2 production; 3) gomesin, a peptide with 2,270.4 Da, that shows high similarity with tachyplesins and protegrins. It have large activity spectrum against bacteria, yeast, fungi and Leishmania; 4) acanthoscurrin, a glycine-rich peptide that shows two isoforms of 10,132.4 and 10,249.1 Da. This peptide has activity against E. coli and Candida albicans and shows high similarity with antifungal proteins of insects and plants defense proteins.

The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae, comprising tarantulas, funnel-web spiders and the trap-door spiders, is one of the three main evolutionary lineages recognized within spiders. Its family level phylogenetic relationships are with a few exceptions relatively well solved, but its actual diversity in the Mediterranean region is probably underestimated. Because of the extremely low dispersal capacity, mygalomorph spiders usually show high levels of local endemism and deep population genetic structure, however, closely related species tend to be morphologically conservative. The low vagility and high habitat fidelity of mygalomorphs makes them a perfect model system for biogeographic studies as their distribution ranges are more likely to reflect geological processes such as continental break ups or tectonic plates rearrangements, while their conservative morphology makes them a good system to test species delimiting methods. The present Ph.D. thesis provides insights into the cryptic diversity, distribution patterns and phylogenetic relationships of the species of the families Ctenizidae, Hexathelidae and Idiopidae that inhabit the Western Mediterranean and the Canary Islands. By using a multi-locus approach and state of the art phylogenetic inference methods, the pattern and time frame of the diversification of these groups is inferred. The phylogenetic and temporal information sheds light on the biogeographic scenario and the diversification drivers of the selected families. Molecular based species delimitation approaches are further used to identify species boundaries in morphologically conservative groups. The results of the present study have greatly contributed to improve our current understanding of the diversity, biogeography and phylogeny of the mygalomorph spiders inhabiting the Mediterranean region and the Canary Islands. The existence of the independent evolutionary lineages that may correspond to undescribed species was detected in all studied groups, so far neglected by taxonomists due to their secluded habits and uniform morphology. The study also reveals that the past geological events had a great impact on the present day distribution of Mediterranean mygalomorphs. In the family Ctenizidae, the amphi-Atlantic distribution of Ummidia, traces back to a former Laurasian distribution and the rearrangement of the microplates following the Hercynian Belt break up, drove the diversification of both Cteniza and Ummidia in the Western Mediterranean. Our findings support that the genus Macrothele colonised the Mediterranean region during the Eocene in two independent waves, presumably from Asia, which in turn may have been colonised from Africa by rifting on the Indian subcontinent, following the Gondwana break up. On the other hand, the Canary Islands were colonised once by the genus Titanidiops presumably by passive rafting from the nearby mainland. Finally, the study sheds additional light on the high level phylogeny of mygalomorph spiders. The first ever-molecular phylogeny of the family Ctenizidae that includes representatives of all genera was conducted, revealing that their current higher taxonomic groupings are polyphyletic and failing to retrieve the monophyly of the family as whole, mostly due to the position of Cteniza and Cyrtocarenum. Unfortunately, topology tests could not reject the single origin of the family. Similarly, the results further confirmed the polyphyly of the family Hexathelidae, mostly due to the inclusion of the Atracinae subfamily. Our findings emphasize the need for redefining the limits of the families Ctenizidae and Hexathelidae and re-evaluating the morphological characters used in the current taxonomy of both groups.<br>El infraorden Mygalomorphae es uno de los tres linajes evolutivos principales reconocidos dentro de las arañas, pero su diversidad en el Mediterráneo ha sido en general poco estudiada. Los factores que contribuyen al escaso conocimiento taxonómico del grupo tienen que ver con sus hábitos crípticos y su uniformidad fenotípica. Dicha uniformidad, convierte al grupo en un sistema para testar métodos de delimitación de especies. Por otro lado, el grupo se caracteriza por un baja capacidad de dispersión y elevado sedentarismo, constituyendo un modelo excelente para estudios de biogeografía, ya que sus distribuciones pueden reflejar procesos geológicos tales como la deriva continental. En esta tesis se ha utilizado una metodología integrativa que combina secuencias de DNA de múltiples genes, genotipado mediante AFLPs y modelación de distribución de especies, para abordar una serie de cuestiones relacionadas con la diversidad de este grupo. Mediante el uso de los métodos de análisis filogenéticos, inferencia del marco temporal de la diversificación del grupo y la aplicación de los métodos bayesianos coalescentes para la delimitación de especies se identifican los principales factores que promovieron la diversificación de los migalomorfos en la cuenca mediterránea, se contrastan diferentes escenarios biogeográficos sobre su origen y se investiga su estatus taxonómico. Los resultados de esta tesis mejoran notablemente el conocimiento actual sobre la diversidad críptica, la biogeografía y la filogenia de las familias Ctenizidae, Hexathelidae e Idiopidae que habitan el Mediterráneo e Islas Canarias. En todos los grupos estudiados se han detectado linajes evolutivos independientes que pueden corresponder a especies nuevas. Nuestros resultados ponen en evidencia que los eventos geológicos pasados tales como la desintegración de Gondwana, Laurasia y el Cinturón Herciniano modelaron la distribución actual de los migalomorfos Mediterráneos y que las Islas Canarias fueron colonizadas desde el continente una sola vez. Los resultados de esta tesis también confirman la polifilia de las familias Ctenizidae y Hexathelidae y ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de reevaluar los caracteres morfológicos utilizados en la taxonomía actual.

The genus Blakistonia Hogg, 1902 is a member of the spiny trapdoor spider family Idiopidae, and has a mostly semi-arid, southern Australian distribution. Prior to the publications in this thesis, Blakistonia contained only two species: B. rainbowi (Pulleine, 1919) and the type species B. aurea Hogg, 1902, with a third species, B. exsiccatus (Strand, 1907), being recently designated a nomen dubium. Here, I undertook a systematic revision of Blakistonia, using a combined molecular and morphological approach. This firstly required a review of the taxonomic history of the genus and a reappraisal of the enigmatic species ‘Blakistonia’ rainbowi, which was originally described in the idiopid genus Aganippe O. P.-Cambridge, 1877, and then mistakenly transferred to Blakistonia. Following the timely rediscovery of this species on Kangaroo Island, we demonstrated that ‘B.’ rainbowi is in fact a valid species and member of the otherwise African genus Moggridgea O. P.-Cambridge, 1875 (family Migidae) and, accordingly, the species is transferred to that genus and family. The trapdoor spider genus Moggridgea is widespread across the Afrotropical region, and the rediscovery and redescription of M. rainbowi from Kangaroo Island was a highlight of this project. I also investigated the biogeographic history and phylogenetic relationships of M. rainbowi within the family Migidae. Specimens of Moggridgea were sampled from Africa, and Bertmainus, a related Australian genus, were sampled from south-western Australia. Sanger sequencing methods were used to generate a robust six marker molecular dataset consisting of the nuclear genes 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA, XPNPEP3 and H3, and the mitochondrial gene COI. Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic methods were used to analyse the dataset, and the key nodes were dated using BEAST. The resulting trees showed that M. rainbowi from Kangaroo Island is deeply nested within African Moggridgea and is unrelated to Australian members of the family. Significantly, the inter-specific divergence of M. rainbowi from African congeners significantly post-dates the separation of Africa from Gondwana and therefore does not support a vicariant origin for Australian Moggridgea. It also substantially pre-dates human colonisation of Kangaroo Island, a result which is further supported by phylogeographic structuring between separate populations on Kangaroo Island. These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that Moggridgea colonised Australia via long-distance trans-Indian Ocean dispersal. To revise the taxonomy of Blakistonia, i.e. to redescribe the widespread type species, and to describe all new taxa, species limits were determined using both freshly collected and museum specimens for morphological characterisation. Sequence data from the COI barcoding gene were analysed using Bayesian, RAxML and neighbour-joining approaches. The type species, B. aurea, is redescribed and 19 species are described as new. These species are B. bassi sp. n., B. bella sp. n., B. birksi sp. n., B. carnarvon sp. n., B. emmottiorum sp. n., B. gemmelli sp. n., B. hortoni sp. n., B. mainae sp. n., B. maryae sp. n., B. newtoni sp. n., B. nullarborensis sp. n., B. olea sp. n., B.parva sp. n., B. pidax sp. n., B. plata sp. n., B.raveni sp. n., B. tariae sp. n., B. tunstill sp. n., and B. wingellina sp. n. An illustrated key is provided for both male and females, and molecular diagnoses are supplied for all species for which molecular data are available. Wherever possible, live habitus and burrow photos are provided for each species, and a discussion of their conservation status is presented. Finally, my general discussion provides a synopsis of recent research and its impact on providing a better understanding of the diversity, biogeography and conservation of mygalomorph spiders in Australia, and opportunities for future research.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, 2019

Karyotypes of mygalomorph spiders are not satisfactorily known. This thesis is focused on the basic cytogenetic analysis of selected species of African clades of theraphosid mygalomorphs. It includes four subfamilies: Eumenophorinae, Harpactirinae, Ischnocolinae and Stromatopelminae. Diploid numbers, chromosome morphology, sex chromosome systems and chromosome behaviour in male germline in the selected species of African theraphosid subfamilies were studied. The findings support published results, that refer of high karyotype diversity in Theraphosidae. Diploid chromosome number reduction is probably a basic trend of theraphosid karyotype evolution. The majority of analysed species exhibited one, two or three sex chromosomes. In some species neo-sex chromosome systems were found. In some species one or two sex chromosome pairs (SCP), composed of chromosomes which lack morphological differentiation were detected. Nucleolus organizer regions were detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization in several species. Constitutive heterochromatin detection was performed by C-banding in two species. Keywords: constitutive heterochromatin, diploid number, karyotype, fluorescence in situ hybridization, Mygalomorphae, nucleolus organizer region, SCP, sex chromosome, spider, Theraphosidae

1 Abstract: The diploma thesis focuses on study of sex chromosomes evolution and repetitive organized genes of chosen mygalomorph and araneomorph spiders. Spiders are characterized by complexicity of sex chromosome systems, their karyotypes contain multiple sex chromosomes X. Besides multiple X chromosomes they also contain a pair or two pairs of nondiferentiated sex chromosomes X and Y. The used methods include methods of classical cytogenetics (preparation of chromosome slides, C-banding) and methods of molecular cytogenetics (fluorescent in situ hybridization and comparative genome hybridization). Complex sex systems were discovered in the studied Theraphosidae spiders. In Theraphosidae spiders Atropothele socotrana and Poecilotheria vittata neo-sex chromosomes were found. Analysis of molecular differentiation of sex chromosomes suggests low differentiation of Y chromosome in neo-sex chromosomes and pair of nondifferentiated sex chromosomes XY. In haplogyne spider Kukulcania aff. hibernalis (X1X2Y), the Y chromosome was significantly differentiated, male specific signal covered the whole chromosome. Detection of 18S rDNA showed that karyotypes of majority of analysed Theraphosidae spiders and haplogyne spiders contain low number (1 or 2) of nucleolar organizing regions localized terminally, which...