Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Myopathie de Duchenne – Physiopathologie'
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Hamoudi, Dounia. "Implication de la voie RANK/RANKL/OPG dans la physiopathologie musculaire et potentiel thérapeutique de l’anti-RANKL pour la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69507.
Full textGayraud, Jérôme. "Approche pharmacologique dans la myopathie de Duchenne : nécessité d'un pré-requis sur la fonction respiratoire." Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON1T042.
Full textBasse, Nicolas. "Développement d'inhibiteurs non covalents du protéasome eucaryote : conception, criblage et évaluation biologique dans le cadre de la physiopathologie musculaire." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077229.
Full textCurrently, there are no safe and effective medicines available to treat muscle atrophy. The ATP-dependent ubiquitin proteasome System is implicated in muscle atrophy and limb-girdle muscular atrophy (LGMD-1C) and in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Reversible and action-controlled proteasome inhibitors might contribute to anti-atrophy drug discovery by blocking degradation pathways activated during atrophy of skeletal muscles. They may also be used in the treatment of DMD and LGMD-1C. Our aim is the design, synthesis and enzymatic study of novel proteasome inhibitors acting in a reversible manner and without creating a covalent bond between the targeted enzyme and the inhibitor. Rational design of inhibitors notably by using molecular modelling. These inhibitors are either pseudopeptides and modified peptides built to facilitate specific binding to an unique targeted site and to resist to protease hydrolysis, or mimics of the natural inhibitor TMC-95A. Carry out detailed analysis of the effect of the newly synthesized molecules on proteasome activities: inhibition, activation, allosteric effects. Characterisation of regulatory non-catalytic sites (photolabeling, 2D electrophoresis, western blot, masss spectrometry) in order to design novel molecules that target them. In order to identify new hits screening in silico of a virtual library. The new inhibitors are putative candidates to treat LGMD-1C, LGMD-2D, DMD and muscle wasting
Michaud, Annick. "Inhibition de l'activité de la myostatine dans les myoblastes normaux lors de la régénérescence musculaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/25999/25999.pdf.
Full textBerthier, Christine. "Organisation ultrastructurale du cytosquelette sous-sarcolemmal de la cellule musculaire squelettique chez la souris normale et déficiente en dystrophine (mdx)." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10170.
Full textHarisseh, Rania. "Rôle des entrées capacitives et de TRPV2 dans la dérégulation de l'homéostasie calcique dans le muscle squelettique humain : implication dans la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2258/document.
Full textDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the consequence of the loss of dystrophin, a cytoskeletal protein essential for the mechanical and functional maintenance of the sarcolemma. Our group has extensively studied store-operated cation influx (SOCE) in mouse cell lines and highlighted: 1- an abnormal increase in SOCE in dystrophin-deficient (dys-) mouse myotubes (MT), 2- That SOCE are mediated by TRPC1 and TRPC4, 3- that SOCE deregulation in dys- MT is corrected by overexpression of α1-syntrophin. As of today, there is little evidence in the literature regarding the characterization of SOCE in human muscle cells and in human DMD. This thesis work is divided in two parts : In the murine model, we demonstrated an essential role of STIM1 and Orai1 in the establishment of SOCE and highlighted the involvement of Ca2+/PLC/PKC pathway in the abnormal increase of cation entry in dystrophin-deficient mouse myotubes.In primary human model, we showed: 1- an abnormal increase of SOCE in DMD MT and established the expression profile of various proteins necessary for the implementation of this influx; 2- the involvement of Ca2+/PLC/PKC in SOCE deregulation in human DMD MT and the role of α1-syntrophin in the regulation of cation entry in human MT; 3- the deregulation of calcium homeostasis in DMD that occurs through TRPV2. This work proposes a new regulatory pathway, Ca2+/PLC/PKC, for SOCE in skeletal muscle cells and provides the first elements of the disruption of calcium homeostasis in DMD human myotubes due to the absence of SOCE's regulation by the α1-syntrophin and to the overactivation of TRPV2 channels
Matecki, Stefan. "Fonction respiratoire et myopathie de Duchenne." Montpellier 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON11135.
Full textPeche, Georges Arielle. "Physiopathologie de la myopathie à agrégats tubulaires." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ008/document.
Full textTubular aggregate myopathy (TAM) is a genetic disorder characterized by tubular aggregates in muscle biopsies of patients. Our team identified for the first time mutations in STIM1 as causative of this disease. STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) is the main calcium (Ca2+) sensor of the endo/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR). Following Ca2+ depletion of the ER/SR, STIM1 unfolds, oligomerizes and migrates close to the plasma membrane (PM) to activate the Ca2+ channel ORAI1, leading to Ca2+ entry. This mechanism is the «store-operated Ca2+ entry» (SOCE). Several teams report a mutation in STIM1 (p.R304W) leading to TAM associated with other symptoms, described as Stormorken syndrome. Therefore, this work aims to assess and compare the impact of TAM and Stormorken mutations at different stages of the SOCE pathway. We show that TAM and Stormorken mutations lead to an increase expression of the protein, a constitutive STIM1 clustering near the PM, to ORAI1 constitutive recruitment and to the activation of a Ca2+ -dependent pathway: the NFAT pathway
Duchêne, Benjamin. "Utilisation des technologies CRISPR/Cas9 pour le développement d'approches thérapeutiques pour le traitement de la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35436.
Full textDuchenne Muscular Dystrophy is one of the most severe genetic disease. It is caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene. Such mutation is responsible for the absence of the dystrophin protein in the muscles thus leading to muscle wasting and to a premature death following cardiorespiratory failure. The discovery of the CRISPR/Cas9 systems opened the path for the establishment of curative treatments for genetic diseases, such as DMD. A Cas9 endonuclease can generate a double strand break in the DNA at a targeted locus through a guide RNA that specifically recognize a DNA protospacer sequence located closed to a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). Recent work published by others demonstrated that the use of a pair of sgRNAs targeting introns permitted to create a genomic deletion that restores the DMD gene reading frame thus leading to de novosyn thesis of a truncated dystrophin protein. However, such deletion does not consider the resulting structure of the central part of the dystrophin. In Becker muscular dystrophic patients, a truncated dystrophin protein is synthesized but the severity of the disease could be related to the structure of this protein. Consequently, it seems relevant to develop a therapeutic approach that considers the structure of the spectrin-like repeat that forms the central rod-domain of the dystrophin protein. Further more, while CRISPR/Cas9 is on the rise it also raises safety issues for patients. Indeed, off-target mutations and immune response directed against such endonuclease can occur thus preventing the possibility of starting clinical trials. Consequently, there is an increasing need to develop safer approaches that may counter such undesirable effects. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of inducing a large genomic deletion with the Cas9 from S. aureus with a pair of sgRNAs targeting exons. Such deletion allows the formation of a hybrid exon that could, in addition to restoring the expression of the dystrophin protein, restore the correct structure of the spectrin-like repeat in its central rod-domain. We have been able to demonstrate such dystrophin expression in vitroand in vivoin four different DMD patient cell lines and in a dystrophic mouse model, respectively. Next, we envisioned the delivery of Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complexes using the Feldan Shuttle technology. We provided proof-of-principle that such delivery permits the editing of the dystrophin gene in the TA of mouse models. Following the editing, dystrophin protein expression was restored in the treated muscles of a dystrophic mouse model. Since this approach remains restricted to in situ treatments, further development should be addressed to allow systemic delivery of Cas9/sgRNA. Finally, we provided evidence that the self-catalytic activity of the ribozyme N79 can be controlled using toyocamycin. Even if it only demonstrated its efficacy in vitro, this system opens the path to the development of a different tool for the pharmacological induction of endonuclease protein expression. Finally, this work contributes to the improvement of our understanding for the establishment of a potent and safe therapy to find a cure for DMD.
LANG, CATHERINE. "Aspects moleculaires des myopathies de duchenne et de becker." Strasbourg 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR15058.
Full textBénony, Hervé. "Les Aspects psychopathologiques dans la myopathie de Duchenne de Boulogne." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37611751n.
Full textBénony, Hervé. "Les aspects psychopathologiques dans la myopathie de Duchenne de Boulogne." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05H057.
Full textGoyenvalle, Aurélie. "Développement d'une stratégie thérapeutique pour la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne : Restauration du cadre de lecture par saut d'exon." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077104.
Full textMost cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are caused by dystrophin gene mutations that disrupt the mRNA reading frame. In some cases, forced exclusion of a single exon can restore the reading frame, given rise to a shorter, but still functional dystrophin protein. Our objective in this work was to produce antisense sequences targeting splice junctions of dystrophin gene to induce removal of disease-associated exons during pre-mRNA processing. To achieve this exon-skipping, we proposed to use the U7 small nuclear RNA as carrier and we first developed AAV vectors harboring chimeric U7snRNA carrying antisense sequences able to promote skipping of exon 23 of the murine dystrophine gene. After intramuscular or intra-arterial injection in mdx mice, we detected efficient skipping of the exon 23 and a long term rescue of dystrophin expression. We next evaluated this strategy in the canine GRMD model and showed the possibility to skip several exons, leading to a very large restoration of dystrophin in injected muscles. These promising results obtained on the mouse and canine models led us to develop the strategy on the human dystrophin gene and especially on the exon 51. We confirmed the skipping of the exon 51 both in vitro in patient myoblasts after transduction with the lentiviral vector and in vivo after intramuscular injection of an AAV-U7ex51 vector in the transgenic hDMD mouse. This study provides evidence on the efficiency of the U7snRNA mediated exon skipping strategy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, that could concern more than 80% of patients and offers very promising tools for clinical treatment of DMD
Dahmani, Amina. "Développement de tolérance immunologique envers la greffe de myoblastes allogéniques, une thérapie potentielle pour la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29819/29819.pdf.
Full textMyoblast transplantation (MT) is one of the most promising potential therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). One limitation of this approach is the rejection of the donor myoblast by the host immune system. Induction of donor-specific immune tolerance would avoid the toxicities of chronic immunosuppressive therapy that is currently required to prevent graft rejection. Our objective is to induce immunological tolerance through the establishment of mixed-chimerism using a non-myeloablative protocol, into DMD mice. Our results show that the tested protocol permits the induction of transient peripheral tolerance status to the donor. It also allows the establishment of variable rate of mixed-chimerism. However, this protocol failed to induce tolerance to MT. Although we did not obtain the expected results on the MT, improvements, such as association with a short-term rapamycin treatment, may be considered to enhance the outcome of the proposed protocol in perspective of clinical application for DMD patients.
Fayssoil, Abdallah. "Phénotypage cardiaque des dystrophies musculaires à l'aide des ultrasons." Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0062/document.
Full textMuscular dystrophies are genetic neuromuscular disorders that affect skeletal muscle. We sought to assess heat involvement in four genetic muscular disorders : Duchenne muscular dystrophy, sarcoglycanopathies, MELAS and adulte Pompe disease. In animal models, we sought to assess, using Echocardiography Doppler, mdx mice and sgca null mice. Myocardiac abnormalities were found in mdx mice and sgca null mice. Clinical studies found severe cardiac impairment in Duchenne muscular dystrophies and ventricular asynchrony was found in patients with severe heart failure. Patients with gamma sarcoglycanopathy have significant alteration of left ventricular function in comparison with patients with alpha sarcoglycanopathy. Left and right ventricular function were preserved in patients with Pompe disease. Left ventricular hypertrophy was found in patients with MELAS. Genetic analysis disclosed significant correlation between heteroplasmy and significant clinical events
Chaussenot, Rémi. "Neurobiologie des troubles cognitifs des modèles murins de la myopathie de Duchenne." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS127/document.
Full textDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a neuromuscular syndrome caused by mutations in the dmd gene, leading to the loss of dystrophin proteins, which are normally expressed in various tissues including the brain. Patients exhibit heterogenous cognitive profiles and the presence of intellectual disability depends on the location of the mutation within the gene. This variability can be explained by the complexity of the dmd gene, which includes several internal promoters leading to the cerebral expression of several dystrophins of different sizes. In this thesis work, we focused on two dystrophins : the full-length dystrophin (Dp427) normally expressed in muscle and brain and lost by all DMD patients, and the shortest dystrophin, Dp71, major cerebral product of the dmd gene that is absent in a subgroup of patients. These two dystrophins have distinct cellular functions : Dp427, normally interacting with GABA receptors in inhibitory synapses, plays a role in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Its loss leads to mild cognitive deficits. Dp71, mostly expressed in perivascular astrocytes, contributes to the anchoring of ionic channels involved in brain homeostasis and also plays a role in glutamatergic synapses. Dp71 loss strongly aggravate the deficits associated with the loss of Dp427 in patients and lead to severe intellectual disability. Genotype-phenotype relationships need be further specified and it is assumed that beyond deficits severity, the actual nature of cognitive alterations, as well as the presence of sensorial, cognitive, executive and neuropsychiatric disturbances, depend on the specific forms of dystrophin affected by mutations. To study the role of these two dystrophins, we used two mouse models : the mdx mouse that only lacks Dp427, and the Dp71-null mouse that only lacks Dp71. A extensive behavioral study allowed us to better characterize the phenotype associated with the loss of Dp427 and Dp71, detailing integrity of perception and processing of auditory sensory stimuli, of emotional responses and stress reactivity, of learning performance, and of components of executive functions, such like spatial working memory and behavioral flexibility. The work has been completed by collaborative studies aimed at characterizing the role of Dp71 in cortical plasticity and at developing gene therapy approaches to rescue Dp427 function in the mdx mouse. We demonstrate that Dp427 loss perturbs GABAergic functions, stress-induced emotional responses, as well as emotional and long-term memories, without major alterations of sensory and executive functions. We also show that a gene therapy based on systemic injections of antisens oligonucleotides holding specific chemistries and crossing the blood-brain barrier enables Dp427 functional rescue by exon-skipping strategy and alleviates emotional disturbances in mdx mice. The loss of Dp71 has a distinct impact : It alters cortical excitation/inhibition balance and plasticity and disrupt learning, behavioral flexibility and working memory in spatial learning tasks. Our study of these mouse models therefore enabled to clarify the genotype-phenotype relationships and neurobiological bases of this disease, and identified valuable phenotypes to validate treatment efficacy in future brain-targeting preclinical studies
Perrin, Arnaud. "Augmentation de l'expression de la chaine α1 de la laminine 111, un potentiel traitement pour la Dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27259.
Full textLaminin-111 protein complex links the extra-cellular matrix to integrin α7β1 in sarcolemma, thus replacing in dystrophic muscles links normally insured by dystrophin complex. Laminin-111 injection in mdx mouse increased expression of integrin α7β1, stabilized sarcolemma, restored serum creatine kinase to wild-type levels, and protected muscles from exercised-induced damages. These results suggested that increased Laminin-111 is a potential therapy for DMD. Laminin β1 and γ1 chains are expressed in adult human muscle but laminin α1 (LAMA1) gene is expressed only during embryogenesis. We thus developed an alternative method to Laminin-111 protein repeated administration by inducing expression of the endogenous LAMA1 gene. This was done with the CRSPR/Cas9 system, i.e., by targeting the LAMA1 promoter with one or several gRNAs and a dCas9 coupled with the VP160 transcription activation domain. LAMA1 mRNA (qRT-PCR) and proteins (immunohistochemistry and western blot) were not detected in the control C2C12 myoblasts. However, significant expression was observed in cells transfected and in mouse muscles electroporated with plasmids coding for dCas9-VP160 a gRNA. Larger synergic increases were observed by using 2 or 3 gRNAs. Increased expression of LAMA1 by the CRISPR/Cas9 system will have to be further investigated to verify whether this could be a treatment for several myopathies.
Koenig, Michel. "Biologie moléculaire des myopathies de Duchenne de de Becker." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR1M022.
Full textJulien, de Zelicourt Antoine-Jean de. "Rôle délétère de CD38 dans la myopathie de Duchenne et bénéfices thérapeutiques de son inhibition." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS501.
Full textDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common rare disease, affecting about one in 3500 newborn boys in the world. This genetic disease originates from the loss of function of a gene carried by the X chromosome, encoding dystrophin, a protein of the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton complex. Dystrophin is normally expressed in all muscle types and its absence leads to membrane fragility. The disease is manifested by progressive degeneration of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles, which leads to the patient death at about 30 years of age, due to cardiac or respiratory failure.Two major consequences of the absence of dystrophin are a muscular abnormal high cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration linked to an excessive ryanodine receptors activation, and a deficit in cellular NAD+ levels leading to impaired energetic metabolism. This Ca2+ dysregulation will induce many pathophysiological Ca2+-dependent processes which, coupled with energetic impairment, leads to muscle cells necrosis or apoptosis.Interestingly, the enzyme CD38, is an important NAD+ consumer through its production of two-second messengers, namely NAADP and cyclic ADPR, known to be positive modulators of ryanodine receptors. Actually, CD38 contribution to DMD pathophysiology is not known. We hypothesized that CD38 activity could be deleterious in this pathology, and thus that its inhibition could be beneficial in DMD.We performed experiments in the mdx mouse, which is the main DMD rodent model. The first highlight of our study is that CD38 is actually more expressed and more active in the mdx mouse compared to WT, showing its high potential as therapeutic target in DMD. We then performed as proof of concept pharmacological experiments with a CD38 inhibitor. We found that mdx mice treated displayed endurance (grid time) and strength (grip test) restored to normal values. In order to study the long term role of CD38 in the mdx mouse, we then generated double mutant by crossing mdx mice with CD38-/- mice. We first evaluated the impact of CD38 on NAD+ consumption, by measuring NAD+ levels in various muscle tissues in mdx and in mdx/CD38-/-mice. Our data showed a dramatic deficit of NAD+ levels in all muscles extracted from mdx mice, whereas NAD+ levels were fully restored to normal values in mdx/CD38-/-mice. We also observed a considerable reduction in the pathological spontaneous Ca2+ activity in cardiomyocytes extracted from mdx/CD38-/- mice, associated with a normalization of RyR sensitivity. To further evaluate the beneficial effects of targeting CD38 in DMD, we then measured key histological and functional parameters in the mdx/CD38-/- mouse. The data obtained in mdx/CD38-/- mice demonstrated that deletion of CD38 in mdx mice strongly improves the structural and functional phenotype since we have a clear reduction in the onset of fibrosis and a very significant improvement of skeletal and respiratory function and a full recovery of the cardiac function. Finally, we show that deleting CD38 in mdx mice also prevented isoproterenol-induced heart failure and hypertrophy, a protocol which simulates the onset of cardiomyopathy in DMD patients.All these data strongly support the hypothesis that CD38 is a major contributor of the DMD phenotype and that a reduction in CD38 activity could prevent or delay the cellular damages resulting from both a deficit in NAD+ levels and a disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis in DMD. Last but not least, our study shows that the treatment of human myotubes derived from DMD patient with an anti-CD38 antibody reduces excessive Ca2+ release in these cells. This result strongly suggest that our innovative strategy could be rapidly applied in DMD patients, thanks to the recent development of human therapeutic anti-CD38 antibodies
Duprès, Alban. "Interface cerveau-machine hybride pour pallier le handicap causé par la myopathie de Duchenne." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10148/document.
Full textBrain-machine interfaces (BMI) have been considered since many years as the most promising approach to the palliation of severe motor handicap. This thesis describes a hybrid brain-machine interface, designed specifically for patients suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Our hybrid BMI uses signals recorded by electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and joystick sensors. Signal processing enables the hybrid BMI to detect a movement or movement intent at different levels of the motor command chain. Joysticks are used as long as the patient is able to activate them, then when motricity deteriorates with the disease evolution, the hybrid BMI takes EMG signals into account and finally EEG signals. We have developed an original method for processing EEG signals, allowing the system to select features that a human expert considers as the most discriminant. Performance has been assessed on a data set used as a reference in the BMI community, as well as on data that we have recorded from healthy subjects in our laboratory. Our hybrid BMI controls the trajectory of a moving object – either real or virtual – through three actions, corresponding to a movement or an intent of movement of the right hand, the left hand, or both hands simultaneously. An additional degree of freedom can be considered by integrating the detection of attempted feet movements
LABORIE, SOPHIE. "Les dystrophinopathies, a l'exception de la myopathie de duchenne : a propos de quatre cas." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU31538.
Full textHankard, Régis. "Etude de la depense energetique chez l'enfant atteint de myopathie de duchenne de boulogne." Lille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL2M334.
Full textMatecki, Stefan. "Muscles respiratoires et myopathie de Duchenne : de la physiologie appliquée à la physiologie cellulaire." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON1T005.
Full textNicolas, Aurélie. "Etude in silico de dystrophines tronquées dans les myopathies de Duchenne et de Becker." Rennes 1, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01343326.
Full textDystrophin is involved in Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) Muscular Dystrophies. A lot of clinical and therapeutic researches are published on DMD but precise molecular role of dystrophin is largely unknown, and consequently the correlation between genotype and phenotype is difficult to establish. However, this relation is essential to offer new therapies to patients. That is why we propose to study function of BMD patient mutated dystrophin to correlate with clinical phenotypes. The database eDystrophin provides an overview of phenotypes associate with these mutations and consequences of each mutation on function and 3D-structures of mutated protein through homology models. The great majority of these mutations are exon deletions located in the central rod domain composed by 24 spectrin-like repeats. The use of eDystrophin, models and molecular dynamics highlights two types of structures at the deletion junction: hybrid repeats that reconstitute a triple coiled-coil like native repeats and fractional repeats that do not reconstitute this structure. Molecular dynamics analysis reveals that fractional repeats may be more deleterious than hybrid repeats A first correlation between clinical phenotypes and the protein structure is established
Carre-Pierrat, Maïté Ségalat Laurent. "Recherche de gènes et de molécules freinant la dégénérescence musculaire chez deux modèles de la myopathie de Duchenne le nématode Cænorhabditis elegans et la souris mdx /." [s.l.] : [s.n.], 2006.
Find full textGrisoni, Karine. "Analyse génétique du complexe de la dystrophine chez le nématode caenorhabditis elegans." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10128.
Full textAgudelo, Daniel. "Développement d'un traitement thérapeutique pour la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne à l'aide des protéines TALENs ou Cas9." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27455.
Full textDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an hereditary disease linked to chromosome X. It is mainly caused by the deletion of one or more exons of the DMD gene, which causes a change in the reading frame, obtaining a truncated and inactive protein. Genome editting by TALEN or CRISPR/cas9 systems has become in the recent years a powerfull tool for developing treatments for this type of disease. However, the use of plasmids encoding these systems leads to a prolonged expression, which may increase the off-target risk. Thus, it is important to note that today, viruses vectors remain the most effective delivery system for these plasmids, which always entails a risk of integration into the genome, increasing the probability of side effects for a treatment. In this work, we illustrate the development of a genome edditing treatment for DMD, but using purified protein TALENs or Cas9. These proteins are transduced in order to generate double strand breaks in the genomic DNA. Thus, the correction of this mutation by non-homologous end joining can correct the reading frame of the gene, producing a functional Dystrophin protein, as for Becker patients. Although TALEN proteins show a good activity in vitro, the cut-effectiveness has not been observed in the cells. It would indicate a defect in the protein transduction. However, in the case of CRISPR/cas9 system, we have obtained the expected cleavage products during the transduction with cationic lipids in both cell lines. These results are similar with those obteined when the plasmids coding for both systems were transfected. This indicates that the CRISPR/cas9 system can be used effectively in protein form while targeting a gene specifically. Protein therapy using the CRISPR/cas9 system can be a promising method in order to develop an alternative treatment for genetic diseases. Finally, in order to confirm that this system can be used in vivo, we will soon test it in the hDMD mouse model, containing the complete human DMD gene.
Relizani, Karima. "The function of Activin receptor type IIB signaling in adult skeletal muscle." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066284/document.
Full textMyostatin, a growth factor of the TGF-β family that signals through the activin receptor-IIB (ActRIIB), has been identified as an important negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. However, its effect on muscle energy metabolism and energy dependent muscle function remains largely unexplored. I here investigated the consequence of impaired ActRIIB signaling for muscle metabolism in two experimental models, i) the constitutive myostatin knockout mice and ii) following pharmacological administration of soluble ActRIIB in adult mice. Our results demonstrate that myostatin knockout mice develop a strong fatigability, a decrease in mitochondrial respiration and a molecular signature towards a glycolytic metabolism. As these findings may be explained by the congenital shift towards fast glycolytic muscle fibers in these mice, I investigated the effect of inhibition of ActRIIB signaling in adult mice. I provide evidence, notably for the mdx mouse, model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, that ActRIIB blockade, despite an unchanged fiber type distribution, leads to extreme exercise intolerance. This was associated with pathologically increased serum lactate levels and myopathic features. In-depth biochemical and molecular analysis demonstrates that blockade of ActRIIB signaling down-regulates the ATP channel porin, reduces muscle capillarization and leads to a consecutive deficiency in oxidative phosphorylation. I also show that ActRIIB regulates key determinants of muscle metabolism, such as Pparβ, Pgc1α, and Pdk4, thereby optimizing different components of muscle energy metabolism. Taken together, my results demonstrate that ActRIIB blockade provokes a metabolic myopathy, especially in the context of dystrophic muscle, in which an underlying metabolic stress already exists. In conclusion, I cannot recommend the use of ActRIIB signaling blockade as a therapeutic strategy for muscle diseases
Lacourpaille, Lilian. "Caractérisation des propriétés contractiles et élastiques du muscle : application à l'évaluation des patients atteints de la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne." Nantes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NANT3027.
Full textMuscle force production involves electro-chemical and mechanical processes. Animal studies showed that some of these processes are altered by neuromuscular pathologies. Only a few studies have characterized such processes in vivo patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This work aim to assess the effect of DMD on both contractile (electromechanical delay) and elastic properties (stiffness) of muscle. The first part of this work focused on the development of techniques to assess the electromechanical delay using ultrafast ultrasound in healthy participants. More precisely, we quantify the influence of passive tension and electrical stimulus intensity on both electro-chemical and mechanical processes involved in electromechanical delay. This technique provides especially a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in muscle force transmission during electrically evoked muscle contraction. During the second part of this work we characterized the effect of DMD on both muscle contractile and elastic properties. Our results showed that biceps brachii electromechanical delay is increased in patients with DMD. Using ultrafast ultrasound we imputed this result to a lengthened of the delay between the onset of muscle fascicles motion and the onset of force production. It indicated that the muscle force transmission is altered and it contributes to the decrease in muscle force of DMD patients. Finally, we found a “widespread” increase of muscle stiffness inpatients with DMD (five out of the six tested muscles). This increase was positively correlated to the age of the patients (i. E. , stage of the disease) only for the gastrocnemius medialis. This series of studies provides novel insights into the mechanisms contributing to the decrease in force production and mobility in DMD patients. Further experiments are necessary to determine the sensitivity of these methods to monitor patients, especially during clinical trials
Tuffery-Giraud, Sylvie. "Les myopathies de Duchenne et de Becker : contribution à l'étude de la pathologie moléculaire du gène de la dystrophine (délétions et mutations ponctuelles)." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON1T031.
Full textGilgenkrantz, Hélène. "Pathologie moleculaire des myopathies de duchenne et de becker : contribution a l'etude des deletions." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO1M062.
Full textMetlej, Racha. "Étude du profil immunogénique des fibres révertantes dans la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29039/29039.pdf.
Full textDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive neuromuscular disease. It is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration, eventually leading to loss of ambulation and death. It is caused by a mutation in the dmd gene which encodes for the dystrophin protein. This mutation alters the normal reading frame of the gene causing the loss of dystrophin expression, essential for the protection of muscles from degeneration, following an effort. However, the majority of DMD patients and mdx mice (animal model of DMD) have rare revertant muscle fibers that express dystrophin. This expression is due to a somatic mutation, which restores of the normal reading frame of the gene and leads to the synthesis of a recombinant dystrophin. It was suggested that the dystrophine expressed by the revertant fibers could induce immunological tolerance, leading to the accumulation of revertant fibers. Alternatively, these rare revertant fibers could induce an autoimmune response that limits the success of therapeutical approaches to induce the expression of dystrophin. The aim of my study was to verify whether the newly formed dystrophin triggers an immune response in the mdx mouse. The Tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of mdx (dystrophic) and Rag/mdx (dystrophic, lymphopenic) mice were first examined by immunohistochemical staining to compare the number of revertant fibers present in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice. This study allowed us to evaluate the influence of the immune system on the presence of revertant fibers. The presence of a potential cellular immune response against dystrophin was then investigated in vivo. Splenocytes from mdx and 10J mice were transferred intravenously into Rag and Rag/mdx. The muscules of these mice were examined by immunohistochemical staining to detect the presence of immune cellular infiltration around the revertant fibers. Finally, to study the humoral response, I examined sera from mdx mice using immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting to check for antibodies against dystrophin. My research showed that immunodeficient mice had a significantly higher number v of dystrophin-positive fibers, suggesting that the immune system is involved in the elimination of revertant fibers in immunocompetent mdx mice. In addition, T cells obtained from mdx mice and injected in Rag/mdx mice infiltrated muscles of Rag/mdx mice containing revertant fibers supporting the hypothesis that mdx mice do make a cellular immune response against the dystrophin revertant fibers. However, the mdx mouse serum did not contain any antibodies against dystrophin. These results suggest that revertant fibers do not induce an immune tolerance to the newly formed dystrophin, but on the contrary, they trigger the activation of the immune system. This activation results in a cell-mediated immunity but not a humoral immunity.
Iyombe, Jean-Paul, and Jean-Paul Iyombe. "Correction du gène de la dystrophine avec les nucléases à doigts de zinc." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24598.
Full textLa thérapie génique sans transfert de gène utilisant les endonucléases de restriction spécifiques est une des approches thérapeutiques qui visent à la mise au point d’un traitement curatif de la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne (DMD). Afin de corriger le gène de la dystrophine avec les nucléases à doigt de zinc (ZFNs) en ciblant l’exon 50, nous avons produit les protéines ZFNs dans les bactéries et les avons purifiées. Les résultats obtenus après les essais in vitro montrent que les ZFNs produites reconnaissent d’une manière spécifique la séquence cible située au niveau de l’exon 50 du gène DYS et peuvent y générer d’une manière précise les coupures double-brin. Ils montrent également que les protéines ZFNs produites peuvent être transfectées, avec ou sans agent de transfection, dans les myoblastes des patients dystrophiques Duchenne en culture.
Gene therapy without gene transfer using specific restriction endonucleases is a therapeutic approaches aimed at the development of a cure for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). To correct the dystrophin gene with zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) targeting exon 50of DYS gene, we produced ZFNs proteins in bacteria and purified them. The results obtained after in vitro assays show that ZFNs produced specifically recognize a target sequence located in exon 50 of the gene DYS and can be generated in a precise manner the double strand breaks. They also show that ZFNs produced proteins can be transduced with or without agent transduction, in cultured myoblasts of patients’ Duchenne dystrophy.
Gene therapy without gene transfer using specific restriction endonucleases is a therapeutic approaches aimed at the development of a cure for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). To correct the dystrophin gene with zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) targeting exon 50of DYS gene, we produced ZFNs proteins in bacteria and purified them. The results obtained after in vitro assays show that ZFNs produced specifically recognize a target sequence located in exon 50 of the gene DYS and can be generated in a precise manner the double strand breaks. They also show that ZFNs produced proteins can be transduced with or without agent transduction, in cultured myoblasts of patients’ Duchenne dystrophy.
Quenneville, Simon. "Vers une thérapie génique ex vivo de la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne : approches lentivirale et intégrase PhiC31." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24614/24614.pdf.
Full textDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked muscle genetic illness that afflicts one boy per 3 500. Cell therapy is a possible cure for this illness that usually kills patients around age 25. Transplantation of the heterologus myogenic cells is, however, restricted by the immune rejection by the patient. Ex vivo gene therapy offers an evasion to this problem. Introduction of the therapeutic gene into the patient’s own myogenic precursor cells, followed by transplantation is the base of this therapeutic. Four years ago, no efficient procedure to stably modify myogenic cells was available. New gene introduction techniques were thus tested in the present thesis. The first one is a non-viral method. We used a new transfection technology (Nucleofection) to introduce plasmid DNA coding for dystrophin with success. To stabilize the expression, human myogenic cells were co-nucleofected with a PhiC31 expressing plasmid. This integrase was capable of stabilising expression plasmids ranging from 7 kb to 21 kb. This very large sequence was the largest plasmid ever stabilised into human primary cultured cells. The presence of full-length dystrophin protein was detected in vitro and confirmed in vivo, after the transplantation of the myogenic precursor. Another technique was used: the lentiviral vectors. These viral vectors were designed to deliver an expression cassette for a truncated version of the dystrophin gene. The viral vector was efficient at modifying the cells. The expression was shown in vitro and in vivo after the transplantation of the modified cells. The lentiviral vectors were also essayed to deliver a U7 exon skipping cassette into DMD cells. It was then possible to demonstrate that this introduction led to the expression of a quasi normal dystrophin protein in vitro. The expression was also shown in vivo after the transplantation into SCID mice model. A non-viral approach combining nucleofection and the PhiC31 integrase may eventually permit safe auto-transplantation of genetically modified cells. The utilisation of lentiviral vectors also provided evidences that an ex vivo gene therapy is possible for DMD. We believe these results are paving the way to an eventual clinical trial for ex vivo gene therapy.
Chaigneau, Anne. "Aspects pragmatiques du langage et dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne : étude comparative des interactions verbales en milieu familial." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT5006.
Full textSanson, Mathilde. "Recherche de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques dans la myopathie de Duchenne basée sur des miRNAs dérégulés nouvellement identifiéss." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLE047.
Full textDuchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a paediatric muscle disease that affects one in 3500-5000 boys and causes death by cardio-respiratory failure, most often at the third or fourth decade of life. DMD is caused by the lack or the drastically reduced expression of dystrophin. The myofibers in the dystrophic muscle undergo successive cycles of degeneration and regeneration, until exhaustion of the regenerative potential. The degenerated contractile tissues are replaced by fatty fibrotic tissue. At present, there is no satisfactory medical solution for the DMD disease. Routine treatment is of glucocorticoid drugs. Therapeutic development effort is focused in particular on gene replacement and exon skipping technologies. However, disappointing results from recent years’ clinical trials employing these experimental therapies indicated that restored dystrophin expression might not be enough. One hypothesis is that the restoration of dystrophin expression is not enough for the reversion of an advanced-stage dystrophic pathology. Accordingly, in order to propose complementary therapeutic solutions, it is necessary to investigate the mechanisms, impact and reversion of secondary pathologies. In this context, the first part of my thesis comprised a screening for miRNAs that might be involved in DMD secondary pathology. Early work in our research group (before my arrival) identified a large number of dysregulated miRNAs in DMD. Thus, I profiled some of these miRNAs in muscle biopsies of the GRMD (a dog model for DMD), and selected for further investigations miR-379, which is, according our previous data in the group, glucocorticoid responsive in DMD. I then identified and validated the EIF4G2 gene as a direct target of miR-379. EIF4G2 is a translation factor that is involved in the control of apoptosis differentiation, and mitochondrial activities. I then identified a translational target of EIF4G2, named here ProtX, known to be involved in mitochondrial activity. For confidentiality reasons, the exact identity of this protein cannot be disclosed yet. In a set of experiments in human myoblast and iPS cells, I then demonstrated that miR-379, EIF4G2 and ProtX are involved in the tuning of mitochondrial activity and in the control of cellular engagement (of IPS cells) and myogenic differentiation. Interestingly, ProtX has been suggested in the past as a potential modifier in the DMD disease. Taken together, I am presenting here a signalling pathway that might link the glucocorticoid response to mitochondrial dysfunction in DMD patients. A future goal of our research group is the evaluation of the therapeutic potential thus signalling pathway in the DMD disease in animal model experimentation
Stephan, Lionel. "AMÉLIORATION DE LA TRANSPLANTATION DE MYOBLASTES, UN TRAITEMENT POSSIBLE DE LA DYSTROPHIE MUSCULAIRE DE DUCHENNE. Utilisation de la forme active de la vitamine D3 et obtention d'une tolérance immunologique par l'administration de drogues cytoréductrices." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25367/25367.pdf.
Full textDuchenne muscular dystrophy is a fatal neuromuscular recessive disease characterized by widespread muscle damage throughout the body. No cure is currently available this disease. Myoblast transplantation (MT) is an interesting approach to enhance the life quality and life expectancy of patients. This therapy consists in harvesting myoblasts of a non-dystrophic donor and in transplanting them in dystrophic muscles. This approach involves many drawbacks and predominantly the loss of the grafted cells in post-transplantation period. Firstly, an important part of injected myoblasts quickly dies following their injection. Thus, the graft success relies on the survival of a little proportion of grafted cells. The pathways involved in this important death of cells are not well established. However, following a muscle injury, the muscular regeneration depends on the proliferation and the differentiation of myoblasts. In a first study, we propose an administration of the activated form of vitamin D3 on human myoblasts to compensate the early loss of injected cells. Actually, some previous studies demonstrated that this vitamin acted directly on myoblasts, regulating their proliferation and fusion. We have confirmed these effects and demonstrated that the administration of the vitamin D3 enhances the success of human MT. The second part of this thesis broaches the specific immune rejection associated with the allogeneic MT. Currently, Duchenne patients are treated with chronic immunosuppression for MT. However, the problem in humans is that the long-term use of immunosuppressive treatments has adverse effects: nephrotoxicity, increased cancer risk etc... Mixed-haematopoietic chimerism is a promising approach to circumvent sustained immunosuppression but most of proposed protocols need antibodies treatment or host irradiation. The second study of this thesis shows that we have developed a protocol based on a short term administration of two cytoreductive drugs, both approved for clinical use. The mixed-chimerism development obtained with our conditioning regimen promotes donor specific stable tolerance. Taken together, this thesis gives two solutions to circumvent the early and late destruction of transplanted myoblasts. These approaches could be further included in the clinical essay developed for the Duchenne muscular dystrophy by promoting the efficiency and decrease the clinical risk related to the MT.
Mills, Philippe. "Utilisation de l'IGF-1 et d'un dérivé peptidique synthétique pour favoriser le succès d'un traitement contre la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24604/24604.pdf.
Full textDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a degenerative disease that affects young boys. The absence of the dystrophin, a protein located on the surface of the muscular fibers, contributes to muscle weakness that characterizes the disease. Many approaches are considered not only to slow down the progression but also to treat Duchenne myopathy. Myogenic cell or myoblast transplantation is an avenue which enables the reintroduction of the normal dystrophin gene in the affected muscles. The procedure consists of injecting normal cells, which contain the normal dystrophin gene, to the patients. Unfortunatly, some problems are associated with this approach. In fact, a massive cellular lost is observed during the days just after the graft. The injection of large quantities of myoblasts can make up for this quantitative deficit. Moreover, the myogenic cells do not migrate a lot when they are injected in the muscle. It is therefore necessary to make multiple close injections in order to treat an entire muscle. Growth factors are small peptides that can modulate many cellular activities. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) favours myogenic cells proliferation, differentiation and survival. IGF-1 possesses many isoforms like the mechano growth factor (MGF). The results presented in this thesis demonstrate that a synthetic peptide within the MGF also favours myoblast proliferation. New pro-migratory functions have been demonstrated for both IGF-1 and MGF synthetic peptide. Indeed, they are both able to promote in vivo migration of human myogenic cells by modulating important proteolytic systems. On the other hand, my results have also demonstrated that the MGF peptide can increase the transplantation success when murine receivers are treated by intramuscular injections or systemic administration. This improvement is possibly caused by the MGF peptide pro-mitogenic capacity which could compensate for the initial cell lost. IGF-1 and MGF synthetic peptide could be used to help diminish the number of injections required to treat a muscle while contributing to myoblast transplantation success in patients affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Vulin, Adeline Blot Stéphane. "Restauration de la dystrophine par saut d'exons chez le modèle canin GRMD ; Augmentation de la masse musculaire par inhibition de la myostatine rationnel thérapeutique pour DMD ? /." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2007. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:8080/theses-npd/th0394255.pdf.
Full textVersion électronique uniquement consultable au sein de l'Université Paris 12 (Intranet). Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. : 150 réf.
Wzee, Raghda Al. "La régulation de l'expression des canaux TRPC1 par la voie calcineurine/NF-AT dépendante du calcium dans les cellules musculaires squelettiques déficientes en dystrophine." Poitiers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011POIT2259.
Full textThe transmembrane protein TRPC1 is an important element of cationic channels in skeletal muscle fibres. These channels are altered in muscular dystrophic cells from mouse mdx. A dysfunction of these TRPC1 channels induced excessive entries of calcium into muscular cells that destabilizes calcium homeostasis and contributes to cell death. An entry of calcium is known for modulating, via the calcineurin/NFAT pathway, the expression of some genes. That's why, we propses that the calcineurin/NFAT pathway could play a role in increased expression of TRPC1 protein. In this context, the objective of the thesis work was to analyse expression of TRPC1 in normal and dystrophic muscular cells, and to determine if an intracellular calcium increase is involved, in turn, in the increase of expression of these channels via the calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Results obtained by means of quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot showed an increase of expression of TRPC1 mRNA and protein respectively into SolC1 and SolD6 myotubes depolarized by KCl. Elevation of cytoplasmic calcium following the depolarization can stimulate the expression of TRPC1, by activing the calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of calcineurin, diminished the potentiator effect of KCl depolarization on TRPC1 expression. Extinction of TRPC1 by siRNA enhanced cell viability of dystrophin-deficient myotubes. This strategy or pharmacological agents could present therapeutical interest by preventing the cell death induced by these altered calcium influxes
Le, Hir Maëva. "Développement de stratégies thérapeutiques de trans-épissage pour la maladie de Huntington et la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne, et étude du maintien des vecteurs AAV dans un contexte musculaire dystrophique." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066294.
Full textDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by mutations in DMD gene which abolish the synthesis of dystrophin protein (Dys). The modular structure of Dys allowed to imagine a therapeutic exon skipping strategy, in order to express a truncated but functional Dys. As all exons are not dispensable, a therapeutic trans-splicing strategy has been developed in the team to repair the end of DMD transcripts. Repaired transcripts and a small amount of dystrophin resulting from trans-spliced transcripts were detected in vivo. An exon exchange (EE) strategy was also developed, and showed its efficiency in vitro. It was then tested in vivo in wt and mdx mice by injections of AAV vectors encoding exon exchange molecules. The detection of AAV viral genomes (VG) revealed an important difference between VG copy numbers contained in wt vs mdx injected muscles, suggesting that degeneration/regeneration cycles characterising dystrophic muscles could cause a loss of VG. We studied AAV VG persistence in three models of DMD: mdx and double KO (DMD-/-UTRN-/-) mice, and GRMD dog. A loss of VG was observed in the three models: in the short term when the dose of therapeutic vector injected is unsufficient or when the vector is not therapeutic, and in the long term even when an optimal dose of therapeutic vector is injected. As therapeutic trans-splicing is relevant for dominant diseases, we developed a trans-splicing strategy to repair HTT transcripts, in which polyQ sequence expansion in exon 1 leads to Huntington disease. We developed pre-trans-splicing molecules and tested them in vitro: trans-spliced transcripts were detected in a reproducible way, but always in low amounts
Divet, Alexandra. "Rôle des mécanismes intracellulaires de régulation du calcium dans la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne : approche physiologique, pharmacologique et moléculaire." Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT2039.
Full textCheikh, Anissa Rahma. "Développement de stratégies pour améliorer la survie des myoblastes humaines in vitro et in vivo dans le cadre d'une thérapie cellulaire pour la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20794.
Full textProblématique: La transplantation des myoblastes est une approche thérapeutique potentielle pour la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne. Un des facteurs limitant de cette approche est la mort précoce de près de 80 % des myoblastes transplantés durant les premiers jours suivant la greffe. Nous avons vérifié si le préconditionnement hypoxique et pharmacologique des myoblastes humains permettait de réduire leur taux de mortalité in vitro. Par ailleurs, un 'cocktail' pro-survie constitué de facteurs anti-apoptotiques a été utilisé dans le but d'en tester l'effet sur la survie des myoblastes in vivo. Méthode: In vitro, la mortalité a été évaluée par marquage à l'Annexine V et par analyse au FACS. In vivo, la quantité de cellules vivantes a été estimée par scintigraphie en mesurant la quantité de carbone 14 radioactif incorporé dans l'ADN des myoblastes. Résultats: In vitro, le préconditionnement hypoxique des myoblastes permet d'augmenter le taux de prolifération des myoblastes. Le préconditionnement pharmacologique des myoblastes au DETA-NO (10 muM), un donneur d'oxyde nitrique permet d'améliorer leur survie in vitro (p
Latroche, Claire. "Organization and function of the vascular network and its interactions with satellite cells in normal and pathological muscle." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB121/document.
Full textSkeletal muscle is highly vascularized and has the outstanding capacity to regenerate ad integrum after an injury. Beyond oxygen and nutriment supply, new functions for vessels have been recently identified, through the interactions vessel cells establish with muscle stem cells. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is characterized by the lack of dystrophin, a sarcolemma anchoring protein, and by cycles of necrosis/regeneration, tissue and vessel remodeling that lead to progressive loss of muscle force. In this severe context, our aim was to decipher alterations of the vascular network structural organization and better understand the functional repercussions on the muscle tissue. We performed a confrontation between morphological and functional approaches using a non-invasive protocol. Histology and morphometry were performed using Flk1GFP/+ crossed with mdx mice (model for the human DMD where all blood vessels express GFP). Multiparametric and functional nuclear magnetic resonance consisted in simultaneous acquisition of arterial spin labelling imaging of perfusion and 31P spectroscopy of phosphocreatine kinetic. We demonstrated for the first time that the vascular system displayed marked alterations in 12 month--‐old mdx mice, more specifically at the capillary scale. Histological results confirmed these observations showing strong perturbations of the microvascular network that are directly linked to the muscle lesions. In parallel, we analyzed the repercussions of these disruptions on skeletal muscle physiology. Our results demonstrated that after a hypoxic stress, blood perfusion was decreased in mdx mouse. During skeletal muscle regeneration, myogenic precursor cells (MPCs) interact with neighboring cells to expand and differentiate. Among them, endothelial cells (ECs) have to be considered. Their close proximity suggests that myogenesis and angiogenesis take place together during muscle regeneration. Our aim was to investigate the existence of such a coupling and to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. We demonstrated a functional interplay between the two cell types as both cells attracted each other, suggesting the secretion of specific attractive factors. ECs strongly stimulated MPC differentiation and using 3D co-cultures, we revealed that MPCs promoted angiogenesis. These results were validated in vivo using matrigel plug assay. By analyzing transcriptomic from ECs and MPCs sorted at different time points during muscle regeneration, we evidenced and validated the role of the 3 novel molecules regulating angiogenesis/myogenesis coupling: Apelin, Oncostatin M and Periostin, that each plays specific roles during early and late phases of muscle regeneration. Thus, interactions between vessel cells and MPCs seem to play a central role in the tissue remodeling after an injury. Collectively our results point out, for the first time, strong perturbations of the vascular network with functional repercussions on muscle tissue perfusion in dystrophinopathic muscle. In light of our results evidencing the coupling between myogenesis and angiogenesis during skeletal muscle regeneration, due to the specific interactions between ECs and MPCS, it is likely that, coupling between myogenesis and angiogenesis could be affected in pathological context
Giacomotto, Jean. "C. elegans, un outil de criblage pour la recherche de traitements contre les maladies rares." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00707724.
Full textDecrouy, Anne. "Découverte et première tentative d'explication d'un défaut d'endothermogénèse musculaire dans le modèle murin de la myopathie de Duchenne." Poitiers, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992POIT2253.
Full textHEILIG, ROLAND. "Identification du gene de la myopathie de duchenne : caracterisation du messager chez le poulet : etude de la dystrophine." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR13011.
Full textCarmignac, Virginie. "Génétique moléculaire et physiopathologie de deux nouvelles formes de myopathie à début précoce avec cardiomyopathie dilatée fatale." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066310.
Full textFranck, Agathe. "Rôle des protéines de l'endocytose dans la mécanotransduction et la physiopathologie de la myopathie centronucléaire autosomique dominante." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS453.pdf.
Full textClathrin and dynamin 2 (DNM2), two key proteins of intracellular membrane trafficking, are co-expressed at specialized adhesion and force transmitting sites of muscle fibers called costameres. These assemblies link the plasma membrane to the extracellular matrix and to the contractile units of muscle. Importantly, mutations in their components cause several distinct myopathies. At the plasma membrane, clathrin forms large flat lattices interacting with costameric cytoskeleton. Clathrin depletion leads to defective costamere formation and induces an impairment of contractile properties. In addition, it has been shown that DNM2 mutations cause autosomal dominant centronuclear myopathy (CNM). In this project, I set out to investigate the interaction between clathrin plaques and the surrounding cytoskeleton with a particular emphasis on DNM2 contribution. I show that actin filaments surrounding mechanically sensitive clathrin plaques anchor a three-dimensional web of muscle-specific intermediate filaments and sequestrate YAP/TAZ, two nucleocytoplasmic shuttling proteins involved in muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. Importantly, my work demonstrates costameric defects in vivo in an heterozygous knock-in mouse model harboring the most frequent CNM mutation. By virtue of shaping both clathrin lattices and branched actin filaments, and by forming a complex with TAZ, DNM2 takes center stage as a central regulator of YAP/TAZ-mediated mechanotransduction and intermediate filament organization. This role may be the Achilles’ heel of several tissues and its dysfunction may lead to other diseases where the fine coupling between adhesion and force transduction is perturbed
Jovenet, Anne-Marie. "Apprentissage utile de l'espace chez les adolescents atteints de myopathie Duchenne de Boulogne : déficits à compenser ou schèmes à développer ?" Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05H009.
Full textThe purpose of the thesis is to put forward a new theoretical framework to study how the teenagers affected by duchenne muscular dystrophy succeed in learning how to represent space. Actually the works listed by the author rely upon the results of these subjects submitted to standard tests in order to conclude that they are inferior. Then the interpretation is based on the lack of motive action. Yet the evolution of the interests for the procedures or for the different processes as well as the theory of the representation by g. Vergnaud help to lay down the problems differently. Following some subjects over four years, comparing the results and the processes show that the most handicapped children with muscular dystrophy are superior to their peers and to the able-bodied of the same age. The perception and activity of mental pictures favour the recognition of the necessary elements to achieve the task. The act is thus the result of a work of representation. The author proposes an analytical grid which helps to figure out the interactions between the means to catch information and to control, thinking and the help to learning. The thesis brings a better knowledge of these subjects and a new clarification regarding the act of representation to the scientific community