Academic literature on the topic 'Myrta communis'

Los alcornocales son una de las formaciones vegetales mas diversas y con mayor extensión de Andalucía. La presencia de Quercus suber es constante en ocho series o subseries de vegetación: Myrto communis-Querceto suberis S, Teucrio baetici-Querceto suberis S, Smilaci mauritanicae-Querceto rotundifoliae quercetoso suberis subsigmetum, Tamo communis-Oleeto sylvestris quercetoso suberis subsigmetum, Sanguisorbo hybridae-Querceto suberis S, Pyro bourgaeanae-Querceto rotundifoliae quercetoso suberis subsigmetum, Paeonio coriaceae-Querceto rotundifoliae quercetoso fagineae subsigmetum variante con Quercus suber, Adenocarpo decorticantis-Querceto rotundifoliae quercetoso suberis subsigmetum. Cada serie presenta un peculiar dinamismo en función de su uso ancestral, de su uso actual, de la variación de los factores ambientales y de su localización biogeográfica. Se describen en este trabajo dos nuevas subasociaciones: Ulici eriocladi-Cistetum ladaniferi cistetosum albidi y Phyllireo angustifoliae-Quercetum lusitanicae cytisetosum tribracteolati.

Se han estudiado las comunidades caracterizadas por la presencia de Quercus suber en Andalucía así como los matorrales asociados a las mismas. Se describe la vegetación potencial (orden Quercetalia ilicis), las comunidades preforestales arbustivas (órdenes Pistacio-Rhamnetalia alaterni y Cytisetalia scopario- striati) y herbáceas (orden Origanetalia vulgaris), y los matorrales seriales (clases Cisto-Lavanduletea y Calluno-Ulicetea). Tras una breve introducción a la geología, bioclimatología y biogeografía del territorio, se describen las 34 asociaciones estudiadas acompañándose de tablas de inventarios aquellas que se proponen como nuevas: Myrto communis-Quercetum suberis halimietosum halimifolii y lavanduletosum luisieri, Tamo communis-Oleetum sylvestris quercetosum suberis, Asparago aphylli- Calicotometumvillosae genistetosum lintfoliae, Asparago albi-Rhamnetum oleoidis ericetosum scopariae, Bupleuro gibraltarici-Pistacietum lentisci adenocarpetosun telonensis, Phyllireo angustifoliae-Quercetum lusitanicae quercetosum rotundifoliae, Cytiso baetici-Arbutetum unedi bupleuretosumfruticosi, Calamintho baeticae-Gallietum scabri lamietosum flexuosi y digitaletosum bocquetii, Genisto hirsutae-Cistetum ladaniferi halimietosum viscosii, Ulici eriocladi-Cistetum ladaniferi ericetosum australis, Erico australis- Cistetum populifolii halimietosum viscosii, Cisto salvtfolii-Ulicetum australis, Genisto tridentis- Stauracanthetum boivinii quercetosum lusitanicae y ulicetosum baetici. Se describe el Junco rugosi- Ericetum andevalensis ulicetosum eriocladi. Se lectotipifica el San guisorbo hybridae-Quercetum suberis quercetosum canariensis y se neotipifica el Pyro bourgaeanae-Quercetum rotundtfoliae quercetosum suberis. Por último se enumeran las siete series de vegetación con alcornoques reconocidas en el territorio estudiado.

The salinity tolerance and development of diverse myrtle ecotypes were evaluated in relation to salinity, at the germination and plantlet stages. Six myrtle ecotypes (Tébaba, Jbel Abderahmane, Diar Ferjan, Ain Bacouche, Ain Dhebla, and Ouchetata) were used to conduct germination tests, as well as cultivation to the plantlet stage. Disinfected seeds were germinated in a controlled growth chamber (RH, 80%; temperature, 25 °C) using different saline treatments (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 g·L–1 NaCl. Seedlings were cultivated in a greenhouse, in boxes filled with perlite. The seedlings were given Knop’s nutrient solution, up to the four-leaf stage. Thereafter, the saline stress treatments were applied as increasing concentrations of NaCl added to the Knop solution. The effects of salinity on germination varied with ecotype and concentration of NaCl. A progressive decrease in the rate of germination for myrtle was observed with increasing concentration of NaCl. Moreover, germination was delayed by salinity, especially with susceptible ecotypes. Ecotypes from Ouchetata and Diar Ferjan germinated better in presence of salt than did the Jbel Abderahmane ecotype. The growth of myrtle plantlets cultivated under salt stress was also variable according to ecotype and salt concentrations. Growth of aerial, as well as root parts, was reduced by NaCl concentrations higher than 6 g·L–1. The number of leaves was also affected by salinity; a reduction of five leaves was observed for most ecotypes when increasing NaCl from 0 to 12 g·L–1. It is concluded that development of myrtle under saline stress differs according to the development stage (germination, plantlet), and that the ecotypes tested can germinate and grow in the presence of 12 g·L–1 NaCl. This salt tolerance, observed at early stages, remains to be confirmed for the adult plants. This work was conducted as an essential preliminary step in preparing to cultivate myrtle in saline soils or soils irrigated with salt water, for prospective commercial exploitation of the essential oils of this species.

Research Highlights: Protected natural areas are a reservoir of Phytophthora species and represent the most suitable sites to study their ecology, being less disturbed by human activities than other environments. Background and Objectives: The specific objective of this study was to correlate the diversity and distribution of Phytophthora species with the vegetation in aquatic, riparian and terrestrial habitats within a protected area in Eastern Sicily, Southern Italy. Materials and Methods: Environmental samples (water and soil) were sourced from two streams running through the reserve and six different types of vegetation, including Platano-Salicetum pedicellatae, the Sarcopoterium spinosum community, Myrto communis-Pistacietum lentisci, Pistacio-Quercetum ilicis,Oleo-Quercetum virgilianae and a gallery forest dominated by Nerium oleander (Natura 2000 classification of habitats). Phytophthora species were recovered from samples using leaf baiting and were classified on the basis of morphological characteristics and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Results: As many as 11 Phytophthora species, within five different ITS clades, were identified, including P. asparagi, P. bilorbang, P. cryptogea, P. gonapodyides, P. lacustris, P. multivora, P. nicotianae, P. oleae, P. parvispora, P. plurivora and P. syringae. No Phytophthora species were found in the Sarcopoterium spinosum comm. Phytophthora asparagi, P. lacustris and P. plurivora were the prevalent species in the other five plant communities, but only P. plurivora was present in all of them. Overall aquatic species from clade 6 (100 out of 228 isolates) were the most common; they were recovered from all five types of vegetation, streams and riparian habitats. Phytophthora populations found in the Platano-Salicetum pedicellatae and Oleo-Quercetum virgilianae show the highest diversity, while no correlation was found with the physicochemical characteristics of the soil. Conclusions: The vegetation type and the aquatic or terrestrial habitat were identified as major environmental factors correlated with the diversity of Phytophthora communities in this reserve.

RÉSUMÉCe guide décrit les sept élémentsprincipaux d'un programme d'intervention modèle destiné aux aînés maltraités et vivant dans leur communauté. Les sept éléments sont les suivants: un ensemble d'outils de mesure pour détecter les mauvais traitements et en faire le suivi; une équipe d'intervention à domicile travaillant auprès des aînés maltraités au sein de la communauté; une équipe multidisciplinaire servant de soutien à l'équipe d'intervention à domicile; une équipe d'intervention experte qui fournit des connaissances spécialisées aux deux autres équipes; un programme de copains volontaires; un groupe de soutien de prise en charge de soi à l'intention des personnes maltraitées et un groupe similaire pour celles qui prennent soin d'elles; pour terminer, un comité communautaire sur le mauvais traitement des aînés visant à éduquer le public. Les dix chapitres de ce guide présentent unc description claire, étapepar étape, du processus d'intervention. Nous recommandons fortement ce livre auxpraticiens car il offre un processus d'intervention qui a été validé empiriquement, qui peut s'appliquer dans n'importe quel service et qui fait appel aux ressources existantes.

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A esporotricose é uma micose subcutânea de evolução subaguda a crônica capaz de afetar seres humanos e animais. Distribuída mundialmente, possui maior prevalência nas áreas de clima tropical e temperado, sendo a micose subcutânea mais comum na América do Sul. Seus agentes etiológicos são fungos do complexo Sporothrix schenckii, saprófitas e dimórficos, encontrados no ambiente. No Brasil, o aumento exponencial dos casos em humanos e animais vem sendo observado nas últimas décadas. Nos arredores do estado do Rio de Janeiro, já é observada uma epidemia de origem zoonótica. Aliado a isso, o tratamento desta micose vem sendo motivo de preocupação. O alto custo e toxicidade dos medicamentos, o tempo prolongado de tratamento, e o surgimento de linhagens resistentes aos fármacos de escolha justificam a demanda crescente pela descoberta de novos fármacos. Neste contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar os componentes dos óleos essenciais de Myrtus communis L. e Thymus vulgaris L., investigar seus potenciais antifúngicos in vitro frente às principais linhagens causadoras de esporotricose no Brasil, e determinar a citotoxicidade preliminar dos óleos essenciais. Os óleos essenciais de mirta e tomilho foram obtidos comercialmente. O perfil cromatográfico obtido por CG para os dois óleos indicou elevados valores de monoterpernos, 87,1% para a mirta e 98,8% para o tomilho, tendo como componentes majoritários o 1-8 cineol e o timol, respectivamente. Para a avaliação da atividade antifúngica foram utilizadas as seguintes linhagens fúngicas: Sporothrix schenckii ATCC 1099-18, Sporothrix schenckii IPEC 15383, Sporothrix brasiliensis ATCC 5110 e Sporothrix brasiliensis IPEC 17943 e duas linhagens clínicas de Sporothrix schenckii, denominadas genericamente como A e B. O óleo essencial de mirta apresentou atividade antifúngica frente a todas as linhagens em concentrações que variaram de 31,25 a 62,5 µg/mL. Foi observada atividade fungicida frente a todas as linhagens em concentrações acima de 62,5 µg/mL. O óleo essencial de tomilho foi capaz de inibir todas as linhagens em concentrações que variaram de 125 a 250 µg/mL. Foi observada atividade fungicida frente a todas as linhagens em concentrações acima de 250 µg/mL. A anfotericina B e o itraconazol foram utilizados como fármacos de referência. Para estes foi observado que somente duas das linhagens estudadas apresentaram susceptibilidade à anfotericina B e ao itraconazol, todas as linhagens estudadas foram consideradas resistentes, com valores de CIM > 16 µg/mL. Estes resultados sugerem indícios de resistência fúngica das linhagens estudadas em relação aos fármacos de referência empregados no tratamento da esporotricose. As microscopias eletrônicas de varredura das linhagens fúngicas revelaram que, tanto nos fungos expostos aos tratamentos experimentais, quanto naqueles expostos aos fármacos de referência, deformidades na estrutura fúngica quando comparadas ao grupo não tratado foram observadas. Em relação aos ensaios de citotoxicidade realizados com queratinócitos humanos (HACAT) pelo método de redução do MTT, os óleos não apresentaram citotoxicidade nas concentrações equivalentes a seus valores de CIM.
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis with subacute to chronic evolution that can affect humans and animals. Distributed worldwide, it is more prevalent in tropical and temperate climates, being the most common subcutaneous mycosis in South America. Its etiological agents are fungi of the Sporothrix schenckii complex, saprophytic and dimorphic, found in the environment. In Brazil, the exponential increase in cases in humans and animals has been observed in recent decades. In the surroundings of the state of Rio de Janeiro, an epidemic of zoonotic origin is already observed. Allied to this, the treatment of this mycosis has been cause of concern. The high cost and toxicity of the drugs, the prolonged treatment time, and the emergence of resistant strains on drugs of choice justify the growing demand for the discovery of new drugs. In this context, the present study aims to identify the components of the essential oils of Myrtus communis L. and Thymus vulgaris L., to investigate their antifungal potentials in vitro against the main sporotrichosis strains in Brazil, and to determine the preliminary cytotoxicity of essential oils. The essential oils of myrtle and thyme were obtained commercially. The chromatographic profile obtained by GC for the two oils showed high values of monoterpere, 87.1% for myrtle and 98.8% for thyme, with 1-8 cineole and thymol, respectively. The following fungal strains were used: Sporothrix schenckii ATCC 1099-18, Sporothrix schenckii IPEC 15383, Sporothrix brasiliensis ATCC 5110 and Sporothrix brasiliensis IPEC 17943 and two clinical strains of Sporothrix schenckii, referred as A and B. Myrtle essential oil showed antifungal activity against all strains at concentrations ranging from 31.25 to 62.5 μg / mL. Fungicidal activity against all strains was observed at concentrations above 62.5 μg / mL. Thyme essential oil was able to inhibit all lineages at concentrations ranging from 125 to 250 μg / ml. Fungicidal activity was observed against all strains at concentrations above 250 μg / mL. Amphotericin B and itraconazole were used as standard drugs. For these, it was observed that only two of the studied strains showed susceptibility to amphotericin B and itraconazole, all strains studied were considered resistant, with MIC values > 16 μg / mL. These results suggest evidence of fungal resistance of the lines studied in relation to the reference drugs used in the treatment of sporotrichosis. Scanning electron microscopy of fungal lines revealed that, both in the fungi exposed to the experimental treatments and in those exposed to the reference drugs, deformities in the fungal structure when compared to the untreated group were observed. In relation to the cytotoxicity assays performed with human keratinocytes (HACAT) by the MTT reduction method, the oils did not present cytotoxicity at concentrations equivalent to their MIC values.

Ce travail de thèse, développé en partenariat avec la Société Mavela et l'INRA de Corse, est axé autour de l'étude de deux plantes traditionnellement utilisées en Corse pour la préparation de spiritueux (liqueur et eau de vie) : le myrte commun (Myrtus communis L.) et le cédrat (Citrus medica L). Le mémoire de thèse se décline en deux parties principales : * Une partie fondamentale visant à établir une méthodologie d'analyse des spiritueux par chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse, d'une part, et à définir et à réunir en un même corpus les règles de fragmentation des flavonoïdes, d'autre part. * Une partie appliquée dont l'objectif est de contribuer à la définition d'une qualité en termes de compositions volatile et phénolique. Ainsi, nous avons étudié la variabilité intraspécifique des baies de myrte récoltées en Corse et nous avons caractérisé différentes variétés de cédrats. La composition volatile des baies de myrte est dominée par le couple α-pinène/1,8-cinéole alors que la composition phénolique est riche en myricétine, myricétine-3-O-arabinoside, myricétine-3-O-galactoside et en épigallocatéchine. Cette " empreinte " chimique des baies est retrouvée dans les liqueurs et les eaux de vie correspondantes. En outre, les huiles essentielles ont une composition homogène pour l'ensemble des lieux d'échantillonnage. L'étude des caractéristiques morphologiques, génétiques, et chimiques de 24 variétés de cédrat a permis de différencier les variétés " ancestrales " et les variétés " hybrides ". Sur la base de l'analyse de la diversité morphologique et génétique, 13 variétés dont le cédrat de Corse (Citrus medica var. corsican) sont considérées comme des cédrats ancestraux alors que les 11 autres cultivars sont assimilés à des hybrides entre les cédratiers et d'autres espèces du genre Citrus. Au niveau de la composition chimique des huiles essentielles, les cédratiers ancestraux se distinguent des autres variétés par des chimiotypes à limonène/néral/géranial ou limonène/nérol/géraniol pour les feuilles et à limonène/ץ-terpinène ou limonène/néral/géranial pour les zestes. Au niveau des composés phénoliques, la distinction entre les cédrats ancestraux et hybrides n'a pas pu être mise en évidence. L'étude de la composition chimique des liqueurs élaborées à partir du cédrat de Corse a permis d'étudier l'influence de la maturité des fruits sur la qualité des spiritueux. Il apparait que la date de récolte n'a pas d'impact sur la composition en volatils. A contrario, les concentrations en acides phénoliques et en leurs dérivés diminuent fortement au cours du développement du fruit. En outre, nous avons défini la qualité de la liqueur en fonction des conditions expérimentales de sa préparation. Enfin, ce travail de doctorat est la première étape de la mise en place d'un programme de protection de l'origine géographique et botanique de ces productions identitaires.

L’extraction par fluide supercritique en particulier à l’aide du dioxyde carbone, présente plusieurs avantages par rapport aux procédés d’extraction classiques tels que le gain du temps, la sélectivité et l'absence de dégradation des substances extraites. Dans ce contexte, l’extraction des fleurs de Myrte et de Pisticia a été étudiée en déterminant leurs conditions optimales pour avoir un bon rendement. Cette étude a montré pour les deux plantes un rendement élevé en travaillant à des pressions importantes à l'ordre de 200 bars, à une basse température de 40°C et pour des particules de petites tailles de l’ordre de 220 µm. L'extrait de Myrte a montré une activité antioxydante meilleure que celle de l’huile essentielle de la même plante avec un IC50 de l‘ordre de 30 µg/ml. L'optimisation du pouvoir antioxydant des extraits de Pistacia par CO2 supercritique a montré un comportement différent de celui du rendement et pour des faibles pressions d’extraction (80 bars), l'activité antioxydante est meilleure. A 84 bars, l'étude a montré la possibilité d'obtenir un extrait présentant un rapport qualité prix meilleur pour des installations supercritiques industrielle de grandes tailles. Afin de valoriser nos recherches et de les concrétiser, l’ajout des extraits et des huiles essentielles a des produits agroalimentaires a enrichi et a donné une valeur ajoutée qui peut représenter ure innovation dans le domaine agroalimentaire. Finalement, les résultats expérimentaux de l’extraction par CO2 supercritique d'extrait de Pistacia, ont été modélisés par le biais du modèle de Sovova (1994) et les résultats numériques de simulation obtenus sont en accord avec les travaux expérimentaux réalisés
The supercritical fluid extraction, using carbon dioxide, has several advantages over conventional methods of extraction such as the gain of time, selectivity and absence of extracted substances degradation. In this context, the extraction of myrtle flowers and Pistacia were studied by determining their optimal conditions for a good performance. This study showed for both plants high efficiency when working at high pressures in the order of 200 bars, at a low temperature of 40 ° C and for small particle sizes of the order of 220μm. The myrtle extract showed a better antioxidant activity than the essential oil of the same plant with an IC50 of about 30 μg / ml. The optimization of antioxidant extracts from Pistacia supercritical using CO2 showed different results from those for performance and we have good antioxidant activity for pressures of about 80 bars. At 84 bars, the study showed that we can have an extract with a better price-quality ratio for industrial supercritical installations of large sizes. The addition of extracts and essential oils to food products was enriching and has given an added value which can represent an innovation in the food industry. Finally, the experimental results for the extraction with supercritical CO2 of Pistacia extract were modeled through Sovova model (1994) for its reliability and the obtained numerical results agree with previous studies in the literature

In 1946, Howard Hughes nearly killed himself testing a new aircraft over Beverly Hills, and he spent weeks in the hospital before convalescing at Grant’s home. In 1947, when Hughes had recovered, he and Grant went on a cross country flight and their plane fell out of radio contact, leading the press to report that they were missing and presumed dead. On his return to Hollywood, Grant was unhappy making The Bishop’s Wife (1947), and he wanted to trade roles with his co-star David Niven, but producer Samuel Goldwyn refused his requests. While Grant hoped to make films in Britain with Alexander Korda, the plans eventually fizzled out. Nevertheless, he enjoyed a trip to London and Bristol, where he visited his mother again. On the voyage home, he met his future wife, the young actress Betsy Drake. The comedy Mr Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948), was made at a time when the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was investigating communist subversion in Hollywood. Grant’s co-stars, Myrna Loy and Melvyn Douglas, were committed to resisting the investigation and promoting First Amendment rights. Grant, however, was reluctant to take a stand, believing that actors had no place making political pronouncements. It was only when Charlie Chaplin was attacked a few years later that Grant finally spoke out against the investigations.