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Journal articles on the topic 'Myths and assumptions'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Mills, Alex. "The Private History of International Law." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 55, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei066.

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The purpose of this article is to address two related false assumptions, or myths. The first is an assumption of public international law. It is the myth that the history of international law is one of progressive expansion, of increasing concern in public international law with matters traditionally considered private or internal to States, and that this expansion is a relatively recent phenomenon.1 The second is an assumption of private international law. It is the myth that private international law is not actually international, as it is essentially and necessarily a part of the domestic law of States.2 These assumptions, taken together, constitute the myth that public and private international law are discrete, distinct disciplines, with independent, parallel histories. This article addresses these myths through an analysis of the role played by international law theory in the history of private international law.

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2

Watt, Robert. "Three Myths About Kant’s Second Antinomy." Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 101, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 258–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agph-2019-2006.

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Abstract This article challenges three widespread assumptions about Kant’s argument for the antithesis of the Second Antinomy. The first assumption is that this argument consists of an argument for the claim that “[no] composite thing in the world consists of simple parts”, and a logically independent argument for the claim that “nothing simple exists anywhere in the world”. The second assumption is that when Kant argues that “[no] composite thing in the world consists of simple parts”, he is making a claim about the mereological structure of spatially extended things in particular, as opposed to a claim about the mereological structure of things in general. And the third assumption is that Kant’s argument for this part of the antithesis is based on a claim about the relationship between the size of the extension of a composite thing and the sizes of the extensions of the things of which this composite thing consists.

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3

Hiam, Alexander. "Exposing Four Myths of Strategic Planning." Journal of Business Strategy 11, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb060082.

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How do you assess the quality of your planning tools? One approach is to look at the validity of the assumptions underlying them. Some of the most basic assumptions of planners are no longer valid; reexamining strategic myths helps ferret out those tools that need updating.

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Pascarella, Ernest T., and Patrick T. Terenzini. "The Impact of College on Students: Myths, Rational Myths, and Some Other Things That May Not Be True." NACADA Journal 15, no. 2 (September 1, 1995): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12930/0271-9517-15.2.26.

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Academia clings to several myths about higher education and its effect on students. This article outlines 10 of these popular myths–myths about effective teaching styles, indicators of quality education, and the value of faculty research for undergraduate education, to name a few. The authors cite extensive research calling these myths into question and challenge readers to rethink assumptions about higher education.

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Pascarella, Ernest T., and Patrick T. Terenzini. "The Impact of College on Students: Myths, Rational Myths, and Some Other Things That May Not Be True." NACADA Journal 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12930/0271-9517-29.1.90.

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Academia clings to several myths about higher education and its effect on students. This article outlines 10 of these popular myths—myths about effective teaching styles, indicators of quality education, and the value of faculty research for undergraduate education, to name a few. The authors cite extensive research calling these myths into question and challenge readers to rethink assumptions about higher education.

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Treves, Adrian, and Francisco J. Santiago‐Ávila. "Myths and assumptions about human‐wildlife conflict and coexistence." Conservation Biology 34, no. 4 (May 14, 2020): 811–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13472.

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7

Salas, Eduardo, Katherine A. Wilson, C. Shawn Burke, and Clint A. Bowers. "Myths About Crew Resource Management Training." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 10, no. 4 (October 2002): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106480460201000406.

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8

Gehmann, Ulrich. "Myths and Narratives for Management." International Business Research 9, no. 1 (December 24, 2015): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v9n1p123.

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<p>Having in mind the social, human, cultural and systemic problems management is confronted with today, but also the intricate relationships between art and technique, the recent predominant understanding of what ‘management’ is settles upon its technical, that is, essentially functional character. The thesis is that this basic character has not changed, despite all attempts to redefine, modify, or even re-think management as a cultural practice. Related to this basic character, some elements of the mind set underlying such an understanding of ‘management’ shall be examined, elements which may be called mythic.</p><p>For such a mind set, management is primarily conceived as a function, and as in case of every process that is technical in its essence, it finally aims at an objectification and optimization of the entities it has to deal with. That functional character, and out of it, the desire for dominating the respective entities by formatting them rests on certain assumptions about a ‘relevant’ world, assumptions to be examined in this contribution.</p>

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Evans, Brad. "Myths of Violence." Journal of Humanitarian Affairs 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jha.035.

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This essay critically addresses ten prevailing assumptions about violence: (1) violence is natural; (2) violence comes easily to humans; (3) violence attacks a juridical life; (4) violence is the result of underdevelopment; (5) violence is the result of difference; (6) violence is a sign of absolute power; (7) violence is associated with some death drive; (8) violence can be intelligent through a mastery of technology; (9) the opposite of violence is a just peace; and (10) violence is an assault on the sacred meaning of life. In doing so, it opens up a conversation on the meaning of political violence and makes an impassioned call to free ourselves from sacred myths that bind us to a problem that still appears insurmountable.

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Pile, Steve. "Echo, Desire, and the Grounds of Knowledge: A Mytho-Poetic Assessment of Buttimer's Geography and the Human Spirit." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12, no. 4 (August 1994): 495–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d120495.

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In Geography and the Human Spirit, Buttimer argues that the history of geographical concern is marked by cyclical time, which is distinguished by three phases: Phoenix, Faust, and Narcissus, By taking a longer look at one of these myths, Narcissus, it is possible to suggest that Buttimer bases her account on some problematic assumptions. Thus, the figure of Echo, absent from Buttimer's telling of the myth, can return to disrupt her story. This mytho-poetic assessment reveals something of the way in which ‘others’ are constituted in her story: I take this erasure to be symptomatic of an ‘othering’ humanism, which is predicated on the other, but considers itself self-grounded and thereby distances itself from others. The conclusion questions Buttimer's universalism, her concept of cyclical time, and her sense of a liberation cry of humanism, I suggest that an emancipatory geography cannot rely on undisclosed and marginalized ‘others’, in this case represented by the figure of Echo.

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Poplack, Shana, and Nathalie Dion. "Myths and facts about loanword development." Language Variation and Change 24, no. 3 (October 2012): 279–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095439451200018x.

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AbstractThis study traces the diachronic trajectory and synchronic behavior of English-origin items in Quebec French over a real-time period of 61 years. We test three standard assumptions about such foreign incorporations: (1) they increase in frequency; (2) they originate as code-switches and are gradually integrated into recipient-language grammar; and (3) the processes underlying code-switching and borrowing are the same. Results do not support the assumptions. Few other-language items persist, let alone increase. Linguistic integration is abrupt, not gradual. Speakers consistently distinguish lone other-language items from multiword fragments on each of five linguistic diagnostics tested. They borrow the former, and code-switch the latter. Code-switches are not converted into borrowings; instead the decision to code-switch or borrow is made at the moment the other-language item is accessed. We explore the implications of these findings for understanding the processes by which other-language incorporations achieve the status of native items and their consequences for theories of code-switching and borrowing.

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Wachhaus, Aaron. "Governance myths: a typology." International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior 21, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijotb-04-2018-0045.

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PurposeMyths matter. They are one of the ways by which we seek to make sense of the world; understanding myths helps us understand not only the world around us but ourselves as well. Governance myths – myths that we tell about the state and our relationship to it or about the structures and figures making up our government and our relationships to them – can serve as a valuable means of gaining insight into civil society and for illuminating the goals and values of good governance. Categorizing governance myths can aid in that process. The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approachThis paper develops a typology of governance myths, and then explores mythic types and their implications for governance.FindingsA typology of myths facilitates systematic examination of fundamental stories told to explain and illustrate governance. Characteristics of myths at each level of governance may be used to better understand implicit expectations and assumptions about particular aspects of governance.Originality/valueThis typology can be used by scholars and practitioners to deconstruct stories told about governance and more effectively respond to citizens’ perceptions of the public sector.

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KC, Vikash Kumar. "Common Errors, Illusions and Myths in Statistical Procedures." Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 5 (July 21, 2017): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jjis.v5i0.17846.

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Statistical Procedure is one of the prime components of research which facilitates to draw firm inference from sample information. Although it has various advantages and strengths, its application sometimes may be misleading because of its assumptions, illusions and complexities. There are many sources of errors that arise from the application of statistical procedures. For example; errors may arise from planning, preparation of research instruments, basic assumptions, application of different research approaches, common errors also occur while reporting the research outcomes and drawing conclusions. Therefore, a grater care is to be paid while applying statistical procedures. Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. 5 (December 2016), page: 133-144

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Woodward, Richard E., and Richard L. Sloan. "COMMON MYTHS, MISCONCEPTIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT MTBE: WHERE ARE WE NOW?" Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2002, no. 7 (January 1, 2002): 598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864702785073046.

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15

Carey, David P. "Mind myths: exploring popular assumptions about the mind and the brain." Applied Cognitive Psychology 15, no. 3 (2001): 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.736.

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Woolf, Michael. "Reviewing the Situation: Jewish and Black Identities—Inventing Strangers." Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 32, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 72–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v32i2.468.

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Dominant national myths create versions of reality that we need to deconstruct if we are to take students beyond stereotype. Using the USA as an example, histories that do not align with critical national narratives become silenced or muted. Preoccupation with Black and White dichotomies is just such a narrative that has hidden the significance of class; the idea of the USA as a haven for the stranger similarly blurs a long history of anti-Semitism. The essay demonstrates that collective identities are constructs not objective realities. They devolve from myths, acts of imagination, seductive narratives. A transition from myth to history, from archetypal dream to reality, reveals complexities that subvert simplistic stereotypes. Conventional assumptions about ethnicity and race need to be subject to deconstruction; if exported abroad they are likely to bring confusion rather than clarity. In these circumstances, destabilizing student perceptions is an intellectual imperative.

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Stroebe, Margaret, Jan Van Den Bout, and Henk Schut. "Myths and Misconceptions about Bereavement: The Opening of a Debate." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 29, no. 3 (November 1994): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/wmdd-ehkm-375w-mbgc.

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Assumptions about coping with bereavement were called into question some years ago by Wortman and Silver, who argued that many beliefs have been adhered to by researchers and theoreticians in the area, sometimes contrary to empirical evidence [1]. Their paper has been widely cited, and their conclusions taken as representative of the current state of knowledge. The purpose of this article is to encourage discussion of Wortman and Silver's conclusions, to examine empirical evidence and the claims of other researchers. Our conclusions contrast with many of those of the previous review. Certain so-called assumptions have not been generally made by researchers. For other assumptions, evidence has sometimes been misinterpreted. Finally, some beliefs are indeed the subject of continuing controversy. Thus, Wortman and Silver themselves seem to create myths about coping that they set out to criticize. Implications for the scientific study of the phenomena of bereavement are considered.

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Sorbin, Andres. "The Caribbean: Myths and Realities for the 1990s." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 32, no. 2 (1990): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166011.

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Jaribbean scholars and analysts frequently point out that, despite its predominantly insular nature, it is not geography that accounts for the complexities and division of the Caribbean but, rather, history. Contemporary politics and international relations only confirm this judgment. As a result, and however unwillingly, we have become accustomed to viewing the region through narrow definitions and categories which, even though validated over time, contrast with the region's geographic, historical, political and economic reality.In the process, these limited views have given rise to persistent myths regarding both the region and its future.Throughout its history, many names have been given to the area: from Antilles to West Indies to Caribbean Basin. The varying colonial contexts, as well as the diverse cultural and political assumptions of the main state actors involved in the area, have ascribed a wide variety of names to the region.When speaking of the Caribbean, and taking into account the different historical assumptions and perceptions, three distinct definitions generally arise.

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19

Young, Gerald. "Psychological Injury and Law: Assumptions and Foundations, Controversies and Myths, Needed Directions." Psychological Injury and Law 1, no. 1 (March 6, 2008): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12207-008-9005-4.

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20

Elston, Robert C., Danhong Song, and Sudha K. Iyengar. "Mathematical Assumptions versus Biological Reality: Myths in Affected Sib Pair Linkage Analysis." American Journal of Human Genetics 76, no. 1 (January 2005): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/426872.

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21

Stokes, Jean. "ASSUMPTIONS, DISTORTIONS, AND MYTHS: FACTORS WHICH MISGUIDE ORGANISATIONAL SOLUTIONS TOWARD EQUAL OPPORTUNITY." Equal Opportunities International 7, no. 2 (February 1988): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb010481.

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22

Verhoef, M. "Die mites oor Afrikaans: ’n inleidende beskouing oor die persepsie van Afrikaans as onderdrukkerstaal." Literator 20, no. 2 (April 26, 1999): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v20i2.480.

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Myths about Afrikaans: A preliminary reflection on the perception of Afrikaans as language of oppressionThe myths surrounding Afrikaans have developed over a period of time and can be seen as unjustified assumptions which are generally accepted. The aim with this article is to provide a generic theoretical framework against which perceptions of languages can be assessed. Particular attention is also given to the analysis of the prominent stereotyped opinion of Afrikaans as language of oppression according to the given theoretical paradigm.

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Wyatt, Gail E., and Monika H. Riederle. "Reconceptualizing Issues That Affect Women's Sexual Decision-Making And Sexual Functioning." Psychology of Women Quarterly 18, no. 4 (December 1994): 611–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb01050.x.

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This paper addresses five existing societal myths and their underlying faulty assumptions about women's sexuality. The following myths are examined: (a) women possess adequate sexual knowledge to understand their sexual needs, (b) they know how to communicate about sex, (c) they engage in sex because they want to do so, (d) if they are sexually active, they enjoy sex, and (e) they use their knowledge of sex to protect themselves from sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy. These myths need to be considered when conducting research and developing interventions designed to decrease women's sexual risk-taking. Research that assesses women's levels of factual sexual knowledge, comfort and skills discussing sexual information, and literacy is needed. The importance of examining ethnic, cultural, economic, religious, relationship factors, and psychological issues is discussed in order to encourage research relevant to women's sexual decision-making.

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Sarnowski, Jan, and Aleksander Łożykowski. "The Estonian CIT in Poland: facts and myths." Doradztwo Podatkowe - Biuletyn Instytutu Studiów Podatkowych 8, no. 288 (August 31, 2020): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3724.

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Multiple misunderstandings around the Estonian CIT settlement method have emerged since the presentation of its assumptions in Poland, in June 2020. The authors provide arguments that stand in contradiction to the myths most frequently reappearing in the public space with respect to the projected regulation. The factors of particular importance to the process include a broader economic context, the business cycle moment at which the regulation is implemented, and the experiences based on application of the mechanism in question in other European countries over the recent twenty-odd years.

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Goodwin, Simon. "Community Care for the Mentally Ill in England and Wales: Myths, Assumptions and Reality." Journal of Social Policy 18, no. 1 (January 1989): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400017190.

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ABSTRACTIt is widely recognised that there are many problems with the community care policy for the mentally ill which has been in operation in England and Wales since the late 1950s. However, many existing accounts of the development of the policy rest upon a variety of erroneous assumptions about how it has evolved, and which in turn affect our understanding of how it might be changed. Some of these assumptions are examined, and it is argued that frequently they fail to acknowledge how both the rhetoric and the reality of the policy have developed. Taking this critique into account, a more accurate assessment of how to understand community care for the mentally ill is offered.

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PADMANABHAN, T. "FROM GRAVITONS TO GRAVITY: MYTHS AND REALITY." International Journal of Modern Physics D 17, no. 03n04 (March 2008): 367–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271808012085.

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There is a general belief, reinforced by statements in standard textbooks, that: (i) one can obtain the full nonlinear Einstein theory of gravity by coupling a massless, spin 2 field hab self-consistently to the total energy–momentum tensor, including its own; (ii) this procedure is unique and leads to Einstein–Hilbert (EH) action; and (iii) it uses only standard concepts in Lorentz-invariant field theory and does not involve any geometrical assumptions. After providing several reasons why such beliefs are suspect — and critically re-examining several previous attempts — we provide a detailed analysis aimed at clarifying the situation. First, we prove that it is impossible to obtain the EH action, starting from the standard action for gravitons in linear theory and iterating repeatedly. This result follows from the fact that EH action has a part (viz. the surface term arising from second derivatives of the metric tensor) which is nonanalytic in the coupling constant, when expanded in terms of the graviton field. Thus, at best, one can only hope to obtain the remaining, quadratic, part of the EH Lagrangian (viz. the Γ2 Lagrangian) if no additional assumptions are made. Second, we use the Taylor series expansion of the action for Einstein's theory, to identify the tensor [Formula: see text], to which the graviton field hab couples to the lowest order (through a term of the form [Formula: see text] in the Lagrangian). We show that the second rank tensor [Formula: see text] is not the conventional energy–momentum tensor Tab of the graviton and provide an explanation for this feature. Third, we construct the full nonlinear Einstein theory with the source being a spin 0 field, a spin 1 field or relativistic particles by explicitly coupling the spin 2 field to this second rank tensor [Formula: see text] order by order and summing up the infinite series. Finally, we construct the theory obtained by self-consistently coupling hab to the conventional energy–momentum tensor Tab order by order and show that this does not lead to Einstein's theory. The implications are discussed.

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Stuart, Charles K. "Homophobia: Are Rehabilitation Counselors in the Closet?" Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 25, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.25.2.41.

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The dearth of rehabilitation literature on homophobia suggests a need to examine assumptions about sexual orientation of clients. Common myths about homosexuality are discredited. The prevalence of symptoms of homophobia both in society as well as among rehabilitation professionals is described. Suggestions are presented for increasing sensitivity to persons with disabilities who may be lesbian or gay.

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Stansfield, William D., and Matthew A. Carlton. "The Truth about Models: How Well Do Mechanical Models Mimic the Observed Gender Distributions in Two-Child Families?" American Biology Teacher 73, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2011.73.4.5.

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We question the use of mechanical models, such as coin flipping, to represent the probabilities of gender distributions in sibship families consisting of two children. Both the assumptions of the models and the reliability of the data should be evaluated. Using models without these critical evaluations may tend to perpetuate myths rather than elucidate biological realities.

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Jeffers, Jeanine, and Nancy Britton. "Some necessary assumptions in private psychiatric treatment centers: The functions and dysfunctions of myths." Psychiatric Quarterly 57, no. 1 (1985): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01064978.

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Altshuler, Ellery. "Misunderstandings about older people fuel corona virus complacency." Working with Older People 24, no. 4 (November 16, 2020): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wwop-06-2020-0033.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore public assumptions underlying the apparent disregard for the lives of older people during the coronavirus outbreak. It attempts to dispel myths about quality of life among older people. Design/methodology/approach This paper integrates the author’s personal experiences as a doctor with data collection, which involved general PubMed searches for articles relating to the public response to the effect of coronavirus on older people; beliefs about the lives of older people; and issues of happiness, contentedness and quality of life in older people. Findings Some people have concluded that the lives of older people – which they believe to be of low quality – are worth risking to lessen the economic impact of coronavirus. This morbid calculation is based in part on the assumption that older people are less happy than younger people. In fact, the evidence shows that as people get older, they become significantly happier. Originality/value This paper asks readers to explore their assumptions about ageing and reaffirms the importance of protecting older people in the midst of the coronavirus pandemic.

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Canetto, Silvia Sara. "She Died for Love and He for Glory: Gender Myths of Suicidal Behavior." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 26, no. 1 (February 1993): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/74yq-ynb8-r43r-7x4a.

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Epidemiological studies have long reported that, in North America, patterns of suicidal behavior differ by gender: women “attempt” suicide; men “complete” suicide. Theories of suicidal behavior also differ according to gender. Traditionally, women are said to be suicidal for love; men, for pride and performance. Are these gender differences “real?” Are women's attempts “failed” suicides? Do suicidal men “succeed” when they kill themselves? Is women's self-definition dependent on love? Is men's dependent on performance? Evidence currently available does not support traditional theories of gender and suicidal behavior. As culturally shared assumptions, however, traditional theories may influence the suicidal choices of women and men, as well as the assumptions and research methods of suicidologists.

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Leung, Lai-Ching. "Deconstructing the Myths About Intimate Partner Violence: A Critical Discourse Analysis of News Reporting in Hong Kong." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 11 (July 20, 2016): 2227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516660298.

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This article depicts the dominant discourses on intimate partner violence (IPV) in newspaper reports and discusses how the myths about IPV are perpetuated in news reporting in Hong Kong. The myths about IPV consist of a set of prevalent assumptions in society that adversely affect the help-seeking behavior of survivors and impede social change. It is sometimes assumed that the victims cause the abuse and are personally responsible for solving the problem. This study reveals how news reporting in Hong Kong perpetuates the myths about IPV by engendering unequal power relations through the language and text used in newspapers. A critical discourse analysis is performed to depict the language used in the text and the embedded meanings in discourses on IPV in two popular local newspapers, Apple Daily and Ming Pao. The findings indicate that the two newspapers tend to use five major discursive frameworks in their reporting on IPV, namely, (a) gender symmetry, (b) stereotyping the abuser, (c) labeling the abused, (d) blaming the victim, and (e) ignoring women’s rights. The study reveals evidence of the systematic stereotyping of IPV abusers and blaming of survivors in newspaper reporting. These powerful discourses may perpetuate the myths about IPV and marginalize IPV survivors in society.

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Calvo-Sotomayor, Iñigo, Ekhi Atutxa, and Ricardo Aguado. "Who Is Afraid of Population Aging? Myths, Challenges and an Open Question from the Civil Economy Perspective." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (July 22, 2020): 5277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155277.

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Population aging is a great human achievement, but the economic literature normally addresses its effects in a narrow way and as a “problem” to be solved. The objective of this paper is to provide a more balanced approach to aging by calling into question some widespread ideas in the economic literature on aging, such as its supposed negative influence on economic growth, its impact on labor productivity or the assumption that aging societies are incapable of applying reforms. The paper adopts the renewed civil economy framework and takes as a reference the existing literature about beliefs and wrong assumptions on aging. The innovative contribution of this analysis lies in its effort to foster a positive perspective in the population aging field of research and in challenging negative associations regarding old-age stereotypes.

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Bekkers, Victor, and Vincent Homburg. "The Myths of E-Government: Looking Beyond the Assumptions of a New and Better Government." Information Society 23, no. 5 (September 27, 2007): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01972240701572913.

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35

Vangolu, Yeliz Biber. "Exploding the Cancer Myths: Brian Lobel’s Narrative Performance Ball." European Journal of Language and Literature 8, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v8i1.p147-152.

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In his personal account of cancer, Ball (2003), the performance artist, Brian Lobel, intently refuses to succumb to the myths about the illness, challenging the cancer narratives that have traditionally been based on a discourse of heroism or martyrdom. While his performance is, at times, sensational with a keen focus on sexuality and a determination to produce humour out of a grave matter, they invite criticism for the way cancer has been perceived and presented as a medical condition and for the social stigma attached to the disease. This paper addresses the numerous ways in which Lobel challenges the assumptions, expectations and taboos regarding cancer, cancer patients and survivors by examining his strategies in the light of cultural studies on cancer and humour theories.

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Ellsworth, Elizabeth. "Why Doesn't This Feel Empowering? Working Through the Repressive Myths of Critical Pedagogy." Harvard Educational Review 59, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 297–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.59.3.058342114k266250.

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Elizabeth Ellsworth finds that critical pedagogy, as represented in her review of the literature,has developed along a highly abstract and Utopian line which does not necessarily sustain the daily workings of the education its supporters advocate. The author maintains that the discourse of critical pedagogy is based on rationalist assumptions that give rise to repressive myths. Ellsworth argues that if these assumptions, goals, implicit power dynamics,and issues of who produces valid knowledge remain untheorized and untouched, critical pedagogues will continue to perpetuate relations of domination in their classrooms. The author paints a complex portrait of the practice of teaching for liberation. She reflects on her own role as a White middle-class woman and professor engaged with a diverse group of students developing an antiracist course. Grounded in a clearly articulated political agenda and her experience as a feminist teacher, Ellsworth provides a critique of "empowerment,""student voice," "dialogue," and "critical reflection" and raises provocative issues about the nature of action for social change and knowledge.

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Elkins, Jennifer, Katherine Crawford, and Harold E. Briggs. "Male Survivors of Sexual Abuse: Becoming Gender-Sensitive and Trauma-Informed." Advances in Social Work 18, no. 1 (September 24, 2017): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/21301.

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While there is a wide body of literature examining the behavioral, emotional, and social consequences associated with being sexually abused, comparatively few studies have focused on males. Sexual abuse victimization among males remains largely under-reported, under-treated, and under-recognized by researchers, practitioners, and the public. Researchers trying to clarify why sexual abuse in males has been overlooked point to prevailing cultural norms, myths, assumptions, stigma, and biases about masculinity. Consequently, there is often an assumption that males are not negatively affected by sexual abuse. Drawing extensively from the literature, this article provides a critical review of: (1) the nature, experience and impact of sexual abuse victimization for males; and (2) the multidimensional processes that promote and inhibit resilient outcomes. It concludes with a discussion of trauma-informed and gender-responsive recommendations and future directions for social work practice, policy, and research.

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Ringrose, Philip S. "Total-Property Modeling: Dispelling the Net-to-Gross Myth (see associated supplementary discussion and response)." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 11, no. 05 (October 1, 2008): 866–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/106620-pa.

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Summary Reservoir-modeling practice has developed into a complex set of numerical algorithms and recipes for modeling subsurface geology and fluid flow. Within these workflows, a number of myths have sometimes been propagated, especially in relation to (a) methods for handling net-to-gross (N/G), (b) implementation of upscaling methods, and (c) conditioning of reservoir models to well data. This paper discusses different practices in the use and upscaling of reservoir data and models, by comparing two end-member approaches:the N/G method andtotal-property modeling. Total property modeling, in which all rock elements are represented explicitly, is the generally preferred method. The N/G method involves a simplified representation of reality, which may be an acceptable approximation. Implications for upscaling and conditioning reservoir models to well data are discussed, and recommended practices are suggested. Introduction A number of weak assumptions have propagated within the oil industry and related research groups with respect to how reservoir data are rescaled and handled within the reservoir model. Three myths prevalent in reservoir modeling are thatThe net-to-gross (N/G) ratio is a trivial concept.Upscaling is not usually necessary.Measurements at the well are fixed data points. While it is generally appreciated that the N/G ratio is an important concept, it is widely and falsely assumed that treatment of N/G ratios in the reservoir model is a trivial matter. Similarly, while the upscaling of flow properties is an important research activity, a common assumption in practice is that upscaling is a specialist research topic that does not significantly affect practical reservoir modeling or, indeed, that other uncertainties dominate over any upscaling uncertainties. Furthermore, although upscaling methods are employed increasingly, too often standard recipes are used without checking the validity of assumptions. The third myth is prevalent in the use of common modeling techniques in which the focus is on geostatistical modeling of the interwell volume with the assumption that the statistical variables must merely be "tied to" or conditioned to (hard) well-data control points. While it is generally true that interwell uncertainties are large compared to well data, the well data sets themselves have significant uncertainties in interpretation and rescaling, especially for thin-bedded reservoir systems. This paper examines these issues and suggests an improved practice for representation and transformation of multiscale reservoir data in the reservoir model. Contrasting approaches to the handling of N/G ratios and cutoff values are the main concern, but implications for upscaling, handling of well data, and reservoir modeling are also identified. The main goal is assumed to be reservoir modeling for flow simulation and reservoir forecasting, but the arguments are also relevant for volume and reserves estimation.

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Etty, Thijs, Veerle Heyvaert, Cinnamon Carlarne, Dan Farber, Jolene Lin, and Joanne Scott. "Contesting Assumptions and Unmasking Myths: Key Components of the Mission and Methodology of Transnational Environmental Law." Transnational Environmental Law 3, no. 1 (April 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102514000053.

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Gibb, Allan A. "SME Policy, Academic Research and the Growth of Ignorance, Mythical Concepts, Myths, Assumptions, Rituals and Confusions." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 18, no. 3 (April 2000): 13–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242600183001.

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Godoy, Angelina Snodgrass. "Market Myths and Assumptions: Examining the Transnational Politics of Access to Medicines Campaigning in Central America." Studies in Comparative International Development 50, no. 2 (May 15, 2015): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12116-015-9184-4.

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Behr, Harold. "Captain Alfred Dreyfus: A case study in the group dynamics of scapegoating." Group Analysis 51, no. 4 (August 16, 2018): 515–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316418792508.

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This article explores the metaphor of the scapegoat by offering a case study taken from the history of France at the turn of the 20th-century. The case is presented of a French army officer, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, whose wrongful conviction for treason created an international sensation and tore French society apart. The author outlines the general features of the scapegoating dynamic and applies them to the Dreyfus case. He sets out the flow of events from Dreyfus’s first trial through to the official declaration of his innocence a century after his conviction, illustrating the tenacity of the scapegoating dynamic when an entire nation is caught up in the process. The view is put forward that it was the dramatic intervention by the novelist Emile Zola in the Dreyfus case which arrested the scapegoating process. The author asks what the implications of this might be for group analysis. At the centre of the Dreyfus case was the fact of his Jewishness. The author depicts anti-Semitism as a deeply rooted set of assumptions based on myths about the Jews. He touches on the origins of these myths in early monotheistic theology and in the political ideology of the Far Left and the Far Right. An explanation is offered for the persistence of these myths in our culture, which may extend to our understanding of myths surrounding other peoples and societies. The author concludes with some reflections on the recurring nature of the scapegoat phenomenon.

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Fien, John. "Stand Up, Stand Up and Be Counted: Undermining Myths of Environmental Education." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 13 (1997): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600002792.

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AbstractThis paper explores some of the ideas that underlie different conceptions of sustainable development. It suggests the notion of ‘sustainable living’ may provide direction for the role of environmental education in the transition towards a sustainable society. Aspects of the emerging concept of ‘education for sustainable living’ are used to analyse some widely-held assumptions about environmental education practice. In doing so the paper seeks to contribute to the process of identifying a vision and practice appropriate to environmental education for a new millennium.

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Algooneh Juenghani, Masoud. "How Cassirer explains myth and other symbolic forms through semiotic functions." Semiotica 2020, no. 233 (March 26, 2020): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2018-0074.

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AbstractErnst Cassirer (1874–1945), Neo-Kantian philosopher of Marburg school, studies myth as a component of symbolic forms. He considers myth as the cornerstone of philosophy of culture as well as the source of such other forms as language, religion, art and science. Cassirer, applying an epistemological approach towards myths and other realms of human culture, argues that human beings experience the world through a mediated process. Of course, this mediated encounter with the world has different aspects in the evolving course of culture. These aspects are completely dependent upon the symbolic form through which man experiences his world. However, it seems what Cassirer puts forth as an explanation of the cultural evolution of mankind is basically influenced by his semiotic viewpoints. Therefore, the present article tries to find the theoretical resources of Cassirer’s thought and analyze his reasoning in this regard. Emphasizing Cassirer’s theoretical assumptions as well as his methodology, we have tried to better understand his claims about myth and other symbolic forms. It has been revealed that Cassirer’s theory is mainly shaped by his particular models of semiotic functions. Analyzing the semiotic functions of each specific form indicates that Cassirer has differentiated three independent functions. Each of these functions works on an expressive, Ausdrucken. representative, Darstellungen. or signifying Bedeutungen. basis and is respectively correspondent with myth, language, and science.

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Hoy, M. A. "Myths, models and mitigation of resistance to pesticides." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1376 (October 29, 1998): 1787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0331.

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Resistance to pesticides in arthropod pests is a significant economic, ecological and public health problem. Although extensive research has been conducted on diverse aspects of pesticide resistance and we have learned a great deal during the past 50 years, to some degree the discussion about ‘resistance management’ has been based on ‘myths’. One myth involves the belief that we can manage resistance. I will maintain that we can only attempt to mitigate resistance because resistance is a natural evolutionary response to environmental stresses. As such, resistance will remain an ongoing dilemma in pest management and we can only delay the onset of resistance to pesticides. ‘Resistance management’ models and tactics have been much discussed but have been tested and deployed in practical pest management programmes with only limited success. Yet the myth persists that better models will provide a ‘solution’ to the problem. The reality is that success in using mitigation models is limited because these models are applied to inappropriate situations in which the critical genetic, ecological, biological or logistic assumptions cannot be met. It is difficult to predict in advance which model is appropriate to a particular situation; if the model assumptions cannot be met, applying the model sometimes can increase the rate of resistance development rather than slow it down. Are there any solutions? I believe we already have one. Unfortunately, it is not a simple or easy one to deploy. It involves employing effective agronomic practices to develop and maintain a healthy crop, monitoring pest densities, evaluating economic injury levels so that pesticides are applied only when necessary, deploying and conserving biological control agents, using host–plant resistance, cultural controls of the pest, biorational pest controls, and genetic control methods. As a part of a truly multi–tactic strategy, it is crucial to evaluate the effect of pesticides on natural enemies in order to preserve them in the cropping system. Sometimes, pesticide–resistant natural enemies are effective components of this resistance mitigation programme. Another name for this resistance mitigation model is integrated pest management (IPM). This complex model was outlined in some detail nearly 40 years ago by V. M. Stern and colleagues. To deploy the IPM resistance mitigation model, we must admit that pest management and resistance mitigation programmes are not sustainable if based on a single–tactic strategy. Delaying resistance, whether to traditional pesticides or to transgenic plants containing toxin genes from Bacillus thuringiensis , will require that we develop multi–tactic pest management programmes that incorporate all appropriate pest management approaches. Because pesticides are limited resources, and their loss can result in significant social and economic costs, they should be reserved for situations where they are truly needed: as tools to subdue an unexpected pest population outbreak. Effective multi–tactic IPM programmes delay resistance (= mitigation) because the number and rates of pesticide applications will be reduced.

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Israel, Adrienne M. "Ex-Servicemen at the Crossroads: Protest and Politics in Post-War Ghana." Journal of Modern African Studies 30, no. 2 (June 1992): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010776.

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Before the late 1960s, historians generally agreed that World War II had increased mass support for African nationalism. Initially, they claimed that soldiers returned home politicised by war-time experiences and looking for opportunities to spread new ideas acquired through contacts with Asian nationalists. Subsequent scholars gradually chipped away at these assumptions, some completely discarding them as ‘myths’. Current opinion suggests that the way African soldiers reacted to the war depended on their ethnicity, class origins, education levels, and military occupations, and that their role in independence politics depended on local conditions.

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Newbury, David. "Canonical Conventions in Rwanda: Four Myths of Recent Historiography in Central Africa." History in Africa 39 (2012): 41–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2012.0015.

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Abstract:At a time of significant change in the in the practice of African history, this article is an appeal for a renewed respect for conventional historiography – referring both to careful acquaintance with earlier work and to the practice of historical analysis. Focusing on Rwanda, the argument is presented at four levels. First, it identifies four myths evident in recent presentations on Rwandan history. Second it assesses a work that avoids such assumptions by drawing on broader empirical sources than is the norm. It then examines a work that, while highlighting an important theme, neglects much of the historical work done on Rwanda over the past forty years. It concludes by proposing a way out of such “dead-end discourses.”

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Wolfram, Walt. "The (in)significance of facts in sociolinguistic engagement." Language in Society 47, no. 3 (June 2018): 374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404518000325.

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Critical reflexivity seems expedient in a robust, burgeoning field such as sociolinguistics. Assumptions, principles, and approaches nurture implicit and explicit disciplinary canonization based on our cognitive framing and background experience—and these tenets deserve to be scrutinized judiciously. In fact, I have to admit that some of my own research unwittingly contributed to the construction of a set of ‘sociolinguistic myths’ about the development and status of African American Language (Wolfram 2007) as well as some questionable assumptions about the nature of social engagement (Wolfram 1998; Wolfram, Reaser, & Vaughn 2008). I therefore welcome this critique of the principle of error correction as a theory underlying social change. The study of language in its social context is historically embedded in an ideological struggle that pits ‘popular beliefs’ against ‘expert authority’, thus making it vulnerable to overstatement and overgeneralization—by the sociolinguistic intelligentsia as well as those speaking for popular culture.

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Pruskus, Valdas. "CONSUMPTION AS A VALUE IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY / VARTOJIMAS KAIP VERTYBĖ SOCIALINIO STABILUMO KONTEKSTE." CREATIVITY STUDIES 7, no. 1 (July 2, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297475.2014.931892.

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The article discusses the phenomenon of consumption in the market society. The factors that promote and support the consumption as a value, the lifestyle and the way to success are analyzed. Myths from consumption society, which promote using, are examined; their impact on individual power and social psychological aspects is discussed. The challenge of using which contributes to the sustainability of society is under discussion. It is shown that these myths help strengthen individual's dependence on the consumption standard, essentially deprive him / her of freedom of choice, they do not encourage the self-activity of an individual and they do not develop responsibility for his / her choices (which is the basis for the stability of democracy). The individual who is constantly guided and habituated to use standardized material and intellectual goods and services, developing dependence on them, readily becomes regulable consumer also in the market of political services. In this way, the assumptions are created for flourishing of controllable democracy. It is confirmed that consumption without control is not a reliable basis for the sustainability of society.

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Goncharov, Evgeny, Kirill Kruglov, and Yuliya Dashchenko. "Five ICS cybersecurity myths based on Kaspersky Lab ICS CERT experience." at - Automatisierungstechnik 67, no. 5 (May 27, 2019): 372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2019-0016.

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Abstract Today, industrial cybersecurity is in the early stages of its development, gradually evolving into a science and technology discipline that will become the cornerstone of industrial manufacturing and construction technologies, the infrastructure of modern cities, transportation, healthcare, etc. The community of researchers and engineers is constantly looking for solutions to protect both existing systems and future technologies. As we depart from the starting point, we must build our assumptions on an objective assessment of the current situation, because, at this stage, even seemingly insignificant misconceptions can cause major fluctuations that prevent us from choosing the right strategy. In this article, we will discuss typical misconceptions and common errors in assessing the security of industrial control systems that Kaspersky Lab ICS CERT experts encounter in their day-to-day communication with people from different industrial sectors and the community of information security experts. We will support our conclusions with the results of the past several years’ research into the various cyberthreats affecting industrial enterprises.

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