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Journal articles on the topic 'Myxovirus Resistance Proteins'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Goujon, Caroline, Rebecca A. Greenbury, Stelios Papaioannou, Tomas Doyle, and Michael H. Malim. "A Triple-Arginine Motif in the Amino-Terminal Domain and Oligomerization Are Required for HIV-1 Inhibition by Human MX2." Journal of Virology 89, no. 8 (2015): 4676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00169-15.

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We have employed molecular genetic approaches to understand the domain organization of the HIV-1 resistance factor myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2). First, we describe an essential triple-arginine motif in the amino-terminal domain. Second, we demonstrate that this 91-residue domain mediates antiviral activity when appended to heterologous proteins, and we provide genetic evidence that protein oligomerization is required for MX2 function. These insights will facilitate future work aiming to elucidate MX2's mechanism of action.

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2

Zav'yalov, Vladimir P., Heli Hämäläinen-Laanaya, Timo K. Korpela, and Tony Wahlroos. "Interferon-Inducible Myxovirus Resistance Proteins: Potential Biomarkers for Differentiating Viral from Bacterial Infections." Clinical Chemistry 65, no. 6 (2019): 739–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2018.292391.

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Abstract BACKGROUND In 2015, the 68th World Health Assembly declared that effective, rapid, low-cost diagnostic tools were needed for guiding optimal use of antibiotics in medicine. This review is devoted to interferon-inducible myxovirus resistance proteins as potential biomarkers for differentiating viral from bacterial infections. CONTENT After viral infection, a branch of the interferon (IFN)-induced molecular reactions is triggered by the binding of IFNs with their receptors, a process leading to the activation of mx1 and mx2, which produce antiviral Mx proteins (MxA and MxB). We summariz

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3

Zhao, Chunfang, Shuqin Chen, Yujiao Han, et al. "Proteomic Analysis of Rat Duodenum Reveals the Modulatory Effect of Boron Supplementation on Immune Activity." Genes 14, no. 8 (2023): 1560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14081560.

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The proper supplementation of boron, an essential trace element, can enhance animal immune function. We utilized the method of TMT peptide labeling in conjunction with LC-MS/MS quantitative proteomics for the purpose of examining the effects of boric acid on a rat model and analyzing proteins from the duodenum. In total, 5594 proteins were obtained from the 0, 10, and 320 mg/L boron treatment groups. Two hundred eighty-four proteins that exhibit differential expression were detected. Among the comparison, groups of 0 vs. 10 mg/L, 0 vs. 320 mg/L, and 10 vs. 320 mg/L of boron, 110, 32, and 179 p

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4

Betancor, Gilberto. "You Shall Not Pass: MX2 Proteins Are Versatile Viral Inhibitors." Vaccines 11, no. 5 (2023): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050930.

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Myxovirus resistance (MX) proteins are pivotal players in the innate immune response to viral infections. Less than 10 years ago, three independent groups simultaneously showed that human MX2 is an interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene (ISG) with potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) activity. Thenceforth, multiple research works have been published highlighting the ability of MX2 to inhibit RNA and DNA viruses. These growing bodies of evidence have identified some of the key determinants regulating its antiviral activity. Therefore, the importance of the protein amino-terminal domain,

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5

Braun, Benjamin A., Amir Marcovitz, J. Gray Camp, Robin Jia, and Gill Bejerano. "Mx1 and Mx2 key antiviral proteins are surprisingly lost in toothed whales." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 26 (2015): 8036–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501844112.

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Viral outbreaks in dolphins and otherDelphinoideafamily members warrant investigation into the integrity of the cetacean immune system. The dynamin-like GTPase genes Myxovirus 1 (Mx1) andMx2defend mammals against a broad range of viral infections. Loss of Mx1 function in human and mice enhances infectivity by multiple RNA and DNA viruses, including orthomyxoviruses (influenza A), paramyxoviruses (measles), and hepadnaviruses (hepatitis B), whereas loss of Mx2 function leads to decreased resistance to HIV-1 and other viruses. Here we show that bothMx1andMx2have been rendered nonfunctional inOdo

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6

Huang, Yu, Fengwen Xu, Shan Mei, et al. "MxB inhibits long interspersed element type 1 retrotransposition." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 2 (2022): e1010034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010034.

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Long interspersed element type 1 (LINE-1, also L1 for short) is the only autonomously transposable element in the human genome. Its insertion into a new genomic site may disrupt the function of genes, potentially causing genetic diseases. Cells have thus evolved a battery of mechanisms to tightly control LINE-1 activity. Here, we report that a cellular antiviral protein, myxovirus resistance protein B (MxB), restricts the mobilization of LINE-1. This function of MxB requires the nuclear localization signal located at its N-terminus, its GTPase activity and its ability to form oligomers. We fur

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7

Unoshima, Masako, Hideo Iwasaka, Junko Eto, Yoshiko Takita-Sonoda, Takayuki Noguchi, and Akira Nishizono. "Antiviral Effects of Geranylgeranylacetone: Enhancement of MxA Expression and Phosphorylation of PKR during Influenza Virus Infection." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 9 (2003): 2914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.9.2914-2921.2003.

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ABSTRACT A cyclic polyisoprenoid compound, geranylgeranylacetone (GGA), has been used as antiulcer drug. GGA is also a potent inducer of heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSPs are considered to induce an antiviral effect; however, the detailed mechanism is unknown. To determine whether GGA might show antiviral activity and what the mechanism is, the effect of GGA against influenza virus (strain PR8) infection in vivo and in vitro was investigated. The results demonstrated that GGA treatment strongly suppressed the deleterious consequences of PR8 replication and was accompanied by an increase in HSP7

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8

Fatima, Urooj, Zhenyu Zhang, Haili Zhang, et al. "Equine Mx1 Restricts Influenza A Virus Replication by Targeting at Distinct Site of its Nucleoprotein." Viruses 11, no. 12 (2019): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121114.

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Interferon-mediated host factors myxovirus (Mx) proteins are key features in regulating influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Viral polymerases are essential for viral replication. The Mx1 protein has been known to interact with viral nucleoprotein (NP) and PB2, resulting in the influence of polymerase activity and providing interspecies restriction. The equine influenza virus has evolved as an independent lineage to influenza viruses from other species. We estimated the differences in antiviral activities between human MxA (huMxA) and equine Mx1 (eqMx1) against a broad range of IAV strains. We

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Arianmanesh, Mitra, Rebecca H. McIntosh, Richard G. Lea, Paul A. Fowler, and Kaïs H. Al-Gubory. "Ovine corpus luteum proteins, with functions including oxidative stress and lipid metabolism, show complex alterations during implantation." Journal of Endocrinology 210, no. 1 (2011): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-10-0336.

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Progesterone (P4) secreted by the corpus luteum (CL) is critical for in utero embryo survival and development, although CL proteins are key regulatory factors during the luteal phase. We, therefore, characterised protein expression patterns in ovine CL of pregnancy (days 12, 16 and 20) compared with those of controls, CL of oestrous cycle (days 12 and 16), using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) gel-based proteomics. Proteins in 24 significantly altered spots were identified by tandem mass spectroscopy. At the time of embryo implantation (day 16), 77 spots were up-regulated and 101 spo

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10

Jo, Bo-Ram, Hyun-Soo Kim, Jeong-Won Ahn, et al. "A Novel Antiviral Protein Derived from Oenanthe javanica: Type I Interferon-Dependent Antiviral Signaling and Its Pharmacological Potential." Biomolecules 12, no. 6 (2022): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12060835.

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Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins produced in plants play a crucial role in self-defense against microbial attacks. Previously, we have identified a novel PR-1-like protein (OPRP) from Oenanthe javanica and examined its pharmacologic relevance and cell signaling in mammalian cells. Purified full-length OPRP protein significantly increased toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent expression levels of genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and CD80. We also found that small peptides (OPRP2 and OPRP3) designed from OPRP remarkabl

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11

Meng, Yan, Yuding Fan, Nan Jiang, et al. "Four Mx Genes Identified in Andrias davidianus and Characterization of Their Response to Chinese Giant Salamander Iridovirus Infection." Animals 12, no. 16 (2022): 2147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12162147.

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Amphibians, including Andrias davidianus, are declining worldwide partly due to infectious diseases. The Myxovirus resistance (Mx) gene is a typical interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene (ISG) involved in the antiviral immunity. Therefore, knowledge regarding the antiviral immunity of A. davidianus can be used for improved reproduction in captivity and protection in the wild. In this study, we amplified and characterized four different A. davidianus Mx genes (adMx) and generated temporal mRNA expression profiles in healthy and Chinese giant salamander iridovirus (GSIV) infected A. davidianus by qua

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12

Japhet, Yeigba, Toipre Samuel, and Kai Bolouzimo. "Physicochemical and Structural Validation of Myxovirus Resistance 1 (Mx1) Protein of Three Strains of the Nigerian Indigenous (<i>Gallus Gallus domesticus</i>) and Exotic Chickens." International Journal of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology 9, no. 2 (2024): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbbmb.20240902.11.

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This research was conducted on three strains of Nigerian Indigenous (&lt;i&gt;gallus gallus domesticus&lt;/i&gt;) and Noiler (exotic) chickens. It examined the physicochemical and structural validation of Myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1) protein on the three strains of Nigerian indigenous (naked neck, frizzle feather, normal feather) and noiler (exotic) chickens and also the prediction of the Physicochemical Analysis of protein. Nucleotide sequence were retrieved from National Center for Bio-Technology Information (NCBI) database and subjected to multiple sequence alignment, predic

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13

Brand, Stephan, Florian Beigel, Torsten Olszak, et al. "IL-28A and IL-29 mediate antiproliferative and antiviral signals in intestinal epithelial cells and murine CMV infection increases colonic IL-28A expression." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 289, no. 5 (2005): G960—G968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00126.2005.

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Human cytomegalovirus virus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Recently, a novel group of cytokines [interleukin (IL)-28A/B and IL-29, also termed interferon (IFN)-λs] has been described. Here, we demonstrate that intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lines as well as murine and human colonic tissue express the IFN-λ receptor subunits IL-28R and IL-10R2. IL-28A and IL-29 binding to their receptor complex activates ERK-1/2 and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase MAPKs and Akt, resulting in increased IL-8 protein expression. IFN-λ

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14

Layish, Bailey, Ram Goli, Haley Flick, et al. "Virus specificity and nucleoporin requirements for MX2 activity are affected by GTPase function and capsid-CypA interactions." PLOS Pathogens 20, no. 3 (2024): e1011830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011830.

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Human myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2/MXB) is an interferon-induced GTPase that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection by preventing nuclear import of the viral preintegration complex. The HIV-1 capsid (CA) is the major viral determinant for sensitivity to MX2, and complex interactions between MX2, CA, nucleoporins (Nups), cyclophilin A (CypA), and other cellular proteins influence the outcome of viral infection. To explore the interactions between MX2, the viral CA, and CypA, we utilized a CRISPR-Cas9/AAV approach to generate CypA knock-out cell lines as well as cells that expr

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15

Schattgen, Stefan A., Thomas H. Oguin, and Paul G. Thomas. "The antiviral molecule Mx1 positively regulates the induction of type I IFN in response to influenza infection." Journal of Immunology 196, no. 1_Supplement (2016): 202.7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.202.7.

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Abstract Myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1), a member of the dynamin-like GTPase family, has been long described to have an important function as a cell-intrinsic mechanism with broad antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses. How Mx1 imparts its antiviral activity, however, has been elusive and remains unknown. In this study we seek to understand the mechanism by which Mx1 inhibits Influenza A virus (IAV) infection in vitro. Here we found knock-down of Mx1 expression in A549 cells led to a significant reduction in the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) following infection wit

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16

Sehgal, Pravin B., Huijuan Yuan, Mia F. Scott, Yan Deng, Feng-Xia Liang, and Andrzej Mackiewicz. "Murine GFP-Mx1 forms nuclear condensates and associates with cytoplasmic intermediate filaments: Novel antiviral activity against VSV." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 52 (2020): 18023–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra120.015661.

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Type I and III interferons induce expression of the “myxovirus resistance proteins” MxA in human cells and its ortholog Mx1 in murine cells. Human MxA forms cytoplasmic structures, whereas murine Mx1 forms nuclear bodies. Whereas both HuMxA and MuMx1 are antiviral toward influenza A virus (FLUAV) (an orthomyxovirus), only HuMxA is considered antiviral toward vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (a rhabdovirus). We previously reported that the cytoplasmic human GFP-MxA structures were phase-separated membraneless organelles (“biomolecular condensates”). In the present study, we investigated whether

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17

Makjaroen, Jiradej, Pornpimol Phuengmaung, Wilasinee Saisorn, Suwasin Udomkarnjananun, Trairak Pisitkun, and Asada Leelahavanichkul. "Lipopolysaccharide Tolerance Enhances Murine Norovirus Reactivation: An Impact of Macrophages Mainly Evaluated by Proteomic Analysis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (2023): 1829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031829.

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Because of endotoxemia during sepsis (a severe life-threatening infection), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) tolerance (the reduced responses to the repeated LPS stimulation) might be one of the causes of sepsis-induced immune exhaustion (the increased susceptibility to secondary infection and/or viral reactivation). In LPS tolerance macrophage (twice-stimulated LPS, LPS/LPS) compared with a single LPS stimulation (N/LPS), there was (i) reduced energy of the cell in both glycolysis and mitochondrial activities (extracellular flux analysis), (ii) decreased abundance of the following proteins (proteomic

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18

Lambers, W., J. Westra, S. Arends, et al. "AB0082 PERSISTENT LOW COMPLEMENT LEVELS AND INTERFERON GENE UPREGULATION ARE PREDICTIVE FOR DISEASE PROGRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH INCOMPLETE SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (2021): 1071.1–1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2306.

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Background:A subgroup of lupus patients present with mild symptoms and immunologic features, while they do not meet classification criteria for SLE. This disease state can be referred to as “incomplete systemic lupus erythematosus” (iSLE). Up to 55% of iSLE patients progress to SLE. Furthermore, previous research has shown that iSLE might overlap with early primary Sjögren’s disease (pSS).(1) Unfortunately, there are no predictive markers available for progression to classifiable disease. Type-I interferon (IFN) plays an important role in disease initiation of both SLE and pSS.(2,3) Myxovirus-

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Dicks, Matthew D. J., Caroline Goujon, Darja Pollpeter, et al. "Oligomerization Requirements for MX2-Mediated Suppression of HIV-1 Infection." Journal of Virology 90, no. 1 (2015): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02247-15.

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ABSTRACTHuman myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2/MXB) is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) and was recently identified as a late postentry suppressor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, inhibiting the nuclear accumulation of viral cDNAs. Although the HIV-1 capsid (CA) protein is believed to be the viral determinant of MX2-mediated inhibition, the precise mechanism of antiviral action remains unclear. The MX family of dynamin-like GTPases also includes MX1/MXA, a well-studied inhibitor of a range of RNA and DNA viruses, including influenza A virus (FLUAV) and hepatitis B virus

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Kanwal, Sadia, Eva Davis, Seung Lee, Milton Omar Faison, Devanand Sarkar, and Rafat Ali Siddiqui. "Abstract C052: Effect of ginger extracts on hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines-derived from Caucasian, Asian, and African American patients." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 12_Supplement (2023): C052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp23-c052.

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Abstract Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a highly fatal disease with mortality running parallel to its incidence. For HCC, race/ethnicity plays a vital role in determining incidence, mortality, and survival rates. The incidence of HCC is highest in Asia and Africa. Furthermore, there is a statistically significant increase in incidence and mortality and a decrease in 5-year survival rates in African American (AA)/Black patients compared to non-Hispanic white patients. There is a knowledge gap in our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the HCC racial disparity between AA/Black

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Mähönen, Katariina, Annika Hau, Vincent Bondet, et al. "Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Skin of Patients with Systemic and Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus." Acta Dermato-Venereologica, March 31, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/actadv.v102.2293.

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NLRP3 inflammasome is suggested to contribute to the complex pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, but its role in cutaneous lupus erythematosus has not been addressed. This study investigated the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components and levels of type I interferons in the skin of 20 patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Expression of NLRP1/3, adaptor protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein), caspase-1, interleukin-1β, interferon-α, myxovirus resistance protein I and interferon-induced proteins 1 and 2 (IFIT 1/2) in the skin was assessed using reverse transcr

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22

Farrukee, Rubaiyea, Lara S. U. Schwab, James B. Barnes, et al. "Induction and antiviral activity of ferret myxovirus resistance (Mx) protein 1 against influenza A viruses." Scientific Reports 14, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-63314-2.

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AbstractMyxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins are products of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) and Mx proteins of different species have been reported to mediate antiviral activity against a number of viruses, including influenza A viruses (IAV). Ferrets are widely considered to represent the ‘gold standard’ small animal model for studying pathogenesis and immunity to human IAV infections, however little is known regarding the antiviral activity of ferret Mx proteins. Herein, we report induction of ferret (f)Mx1/2 in a ferret lung cell line and in airway tissues from IAV-infected ferrets, notin

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Bayer, Avraham, Stephanie J. Child, Harmit S. Malik, and Adam P. Geballe. "A single polymorphic residue in humans underlies species-specific restriction of HSV-1 by the antiviral protein MxB." Journal of Virology, October 5, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00830-23.

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ABSTRACT Myxovirus resistance proteins A and B (MxA and MxB) are interferon-induced proteins that exert antiviral activity against a diverse range of RNA and DNA viruses. In primates, MxA has been shown to inhibit myxoviruses, bunyaviruses, and the hepatitis B virus, whereas MxB restricts retroviruses and herpesviruses. As a result of their conflicts with viruses, both genes have been undergoing diversifying selection during primate evolution. Here, we investigate how MxB evolution in primates has affected its restriction of herpesviruses. In contrast to human MxB, we find that most primate or

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Haque, Mahamudul, Ruby J. Siegel, David A. Fox, and Salahuddin Ahmed. "Interferon-stimulated GTPases in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: promising role for the guanylate-binding protein (GBP) family." Rheumatology, November 7, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keaa609.

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Abstract Human IFNs are secreted cytokines shown to stimulate the expression of over one thousand genes. These IFN-inducible genes primarily encode four major protein families, known as IFN-stimulated GTPases (ISGs), namely myxovirus-resistance proteins, guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs), p47 immunity-related GTPases and very large inducible guanosine triphosphate hydrolases (GTPases). These families respond specifically to type I or II IFNs and are well reported in coordinating immunity against some well known as well as newly discovered viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. A growing bo

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Khan, Hira, Lav Tripathi, Pekka Kolehmainen, et al. "VP24 matrix proteins of eight filoviruses downregulate innate immune response by inhibiting the interferon-induced pathway." Journal of General Virology 104, no. 8 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001888.

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Filoviruses encode viral protein 24 (VP24) which effectively inhibit the innate immune responses in infected cells. Here we systematically analysed the effects of nine mammalian filovirus VP24 proteins on interferon (IFN)-induced immune response. We transiently expressed Ebola, Bombali, Bundibugyo, Reston, Sudan and Taï Forest ebolavirus (EBOV, BOMV, BDBV, RESTV, SUDV, TAFV, respectively), Lloviu virus (LLOV), Mengla dianlovirus (MLAV) and Marburgvirus (MARV) VP24 proteins and analysed their ability to inhibit IFN-α-induced activation of myxovirus resistance protein 1 (MxA) and interferon-indu

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Yoon, Jimin, Yu Meng Zhang, Cheenou Her, et al. "The immune-evasive proline-283 substitution in influenza nucleoprotein increases aggregation propensity without altering the native structure." Science Advances 10, no. 16 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adl6144.

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Nucleoprotein (NP) is a key structural protein of influenza ribonucleoprotein complexes and is central to viral RNA packing and trafficking. NP also determines the sensitivity of influenza to myxovirus resistance protein 1 (MxA), an innate immunity factor that restricts influenza replication. A few critical MxA-resistant mutations have been identified in NP, including the highly conserved proline-283 substitution. This essential proline-283 substitution impairs influenza growth, a fitness defect that becomes particularly prominent at febrile temperature (39°C) when host chaperones are depleted

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Geiger, Rechel A., Damini Khera, Jeannette L. Tenthorey, et al. "Heterozygous and generalist MxA super-restrictors overcome breadth-specificity trade-offs in antiviral restriction." Science Advances 11, no. 18 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adu0062.

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Antiviral restriction factors such as MxA (myxovirus resistance protein A) inhibit many viruses. Viral escape drives restriction factors to evolve rapidly at virus-binding interfaces to regain defense. Here, we explore how antiviral proteins balance restricting many viruses with evolving specificity against individual viruses. Human MxA uses its rapidly evolving loop L4 as the specificity determinant for orthomyxoviruses such as thogotovirus (THOV) and influenza (IAV). Previous combinatorial mutagenesis of rapidly evolving residues in human MxA loop L4 identified THOV “super-restrictors” and s

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Liu, Jinzhao, Meiyao Chu, Jiahui Kuang, et al. "Molecular evolution and expression patterns of myxovirus resistance proteins in <italic>Lampetra japonica</italic>." Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, February 1, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/abbs.2024019.

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Fuchs, Jonas, Martin Hölzer, Mirjam Schilling, et al. "Evolution and Antiviral Specificities of Interferon-Induced Mx Proteins of Bats against Ebola, Influenza, and Other RNA Viruses." Journal of Virology 91, no. 15 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00361-17.

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ABSTRACT Bats serve as a reservoir for various, often zoonotic viruses, including significant human pathogens such as Ebola and influenza viruses. However, for unknown reasons, viral infections rarely cause clinical symptoms in bats. A tight control of viral replication by the host innate immune defense might contribute to this phenomenon. Transcriptomic studies revealed the presence of the interferon-induced antiviral myxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins in bats, but detailed functional aspects have not been assessed. To provide evidence that bat Mx proteins might act as key factors to control

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Fuchs, Jonas, Martin Hölzer, Mirjam Schilling, et al. "Evolution and Antiviral Specificities of Interferon-Induced Mx Proteins of Bats against Ebola, Influenza, and Other RNA Viruses." Journal of Virology 91, no. 15 (2017). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13535979.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Bats serve as a reservoir for various, often zoonotic viruses, including significant human pathogens such as Ebola and influenza viruses. However, for unknown reasons, viral infections rarely cause clinical symptoms in bats. A tight control of viral replication by the host innate immune defense might contribute to this phenomenon. Transcriptomic studies revealed the presence of the interferon-induced antiviral myxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins in bats, but detailed functional aspects have not been assessed. To provide evidence that bat Mx pro

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Fuchs, Jonas, Martin Hölzer, Mirjam Schilling, et al. "Evolution and Antiviral Specificities of Interferon-Induced Mx Proteins of Bats against Ebola, Influenza, and Other RNA Viruses." Journal of Virology 91, no. 15 (2017). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13535979.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Bats serve as a reservoir for various, often zoonotic viruses, including significant human pathogens such as Ebola and influenza viruses. However, for unknown reasons, viral infections rarely cause clinical symptoms in bats. A tight control of viral replication by the host innate immune defense might contribute to this phenomenon. Transcriptomic studies revealed the presence of the interferon-induced antiviral myxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins in bats, but detailed functional aspects have not been assessed. To provide evidence that bat Mx pro

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Flick, Haley, Ananya Venbakkam, Parmit K. Singh, et al. "Interplay between the cyclophilin homology domain of RANBP2 and MX2 regulates HIV-1 capsid dependencies on nucleoporins." mBio, January 24, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02646-24.

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ABSTRACT Interlinked interactions between the viral capsid (CA), nucleoporins (Nups), and the antiviral protein myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2/MXB) influence human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) nuclear entry and the outcome of infection. Although RANBP2/NUP358 has been repeatedly identified as a critical player in HIV-1 nuclear import and MX2 activity, the mechanism by which RANBP2 facilitates HIV-1 infection is not well understood. To explore the interactions between MX2, the viral CA, and RANBP2, we utilized CRISPR-Cas9 to generate cell lines expressing RANBP2 from its endogenous locus but l

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Davis, Deodate, Huijuan Yuan, Feng-Xia Liang, et al. "Human Antiviral Protein MxA Forms Novel Metastable Membraneless Cytoplasmic Condensates Exhibiting Rapid Reversible Tonicity-Driven Phase Transitions." Journal of Virology 93, no. 22 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01014-19.

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ABSTRACT Phase-separated biomolecular condensates of proteins and nucleic acids form functional membrane-less organelles (e.g., stress granules and P-bodies) in the mammalian cell cytoplasm and nucleus. In contrast to the long-standing belief that interferon (IFN)-inducible human myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus, we report that MxA formed membraneless metastable (shape-changing) condensates in the cytoplasm. In our studies, we used the same cell lines and methods as those used by previous investigators but concluded that wi

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Chai, Keli, Zhen Wang, Qinghua Pan, Juan Tan, Wentao Qiao, and Chen Liang. "Effect of Different Nuclear Localization Signals on the Subcellular Localization and Anti-HIV-1 Function of the MxB Protein." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (May 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.675201.

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Interferon exerts its antiviral activity by stimulating the expression of antiviral proteins. These interferon stimulate genes (ISGs) often target a group of viruses with unique molecular mechanisms. One such ISG is myxovirus resistance B (MxB) that has been reported to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by targeting viral capsid and impairing nuclear import of viral DNA. The antiviral specificity of MxB is determined by its N-terminal 25 amino acids sequence which has the nuclear localization activity, therefore functions as a nuclear localization signal (NLS). In this study,

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SHUKLA, M. K., SHAMBHAVI, KOUSHLESH RANJAN, et al. "MX2 gene mRNA expression as potential biomarker for early pregnancy diagnosis in cattle." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 93, no. 10 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v93i10.138127.

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Early pregnancy diagnosis is vital for economic sustainability of dairy farms and maintaining the reproductive efficiency of the herd. There are many techniques including progesterone assay, pregnancy specific proteins and interferon stimulated genes have been explored for early pregnancy diagnosis but, they are associated with varying level of efficacy. In the present experiment, interferon stimulated gene (Myxovirus resistance gene 2/MX2) expression pattern was used as a potential biomarker for early pregnancy in cattle. The association of MX2 gene expression in relation to progesterone assa

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Kim, Aro, Jong-Hyeon Park, Min Ja Lee, and Su-Mi Kim. "Interferon alpha and beta receptor 1 knockout in human embryonic kidney 293 cells enhances the production efficiency of proteins or adenoviral vectors related to type I interferons." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 11 (July 5, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1192291.

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Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells are widely used in protein and viral vector production owing to their high transfection efficiency, rapid growth, and suspension growth capability. Given their antiviral, anticancer, and immune-enhancing effects, type I interferons (IFNs) have been used to prevent and treat human and animal diseases. However, the binding of type I IFNs to the IFN-α and-β receptor (IFNAR) stimulates the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). This phenomenon induces an antiviral state and promotes apoptosis in cells, thereby impeding protein or viral vector production.

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MOSKALEV, ALEXANDR V., BORIS YU GUMILEVSKY, ALEXANDR V. ZHESTKOV, MAKSIM O. ZOLOTOV, EVGENIYA A. FALALEEVA, and VALENTINA P. RESHETNIKOVA. "IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS, ONCOGENESIS, AND PROSPECTS FOR THERAPY AND VACCINE PREVENTION OF HIV INFECTION." Bulletin of Contemporary Clinical Medicine, August 2024, 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20969/vskm.2024.17(4).149-157.

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Introduction. Features of the immunopathogenesis of infection associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is a decrease in the virus reproduction rate against the background of elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Aim of the study is to summarize new literature data on the features of immunopathogenesis, complications and prospects for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. Materials and Methods. Modern scientific literature sources for the years 2010–2022 were studied, dealing with the features of immunopathogenesis, tumor-associated complications, and concomitant op

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Lu, Gang, Feiyan Zheng, Jiajun Ou, Xin Yin, and Shoujun Li. "Investigating Influenza Virus Polymerase Activity in Feline Cells Based on the Influenza Virus Minigenome Replication System Driven by the Feline RNA Polymerase I Promoter." Frontiers in Immunology 13 (May 26, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.827681.

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Emerging influenza virus poses a health threat to humans and animals. Domestic cats have recently been identified as a potential source of zoonotic influenza virus. The influenza virus minigenome replication system based on the ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase I (PolI) promoter is the most widely used tool for investigating polymerase activity. It could help determine host factors or viral proteins influencing influenza virus polymerase activity in vitro. However, influenza virus polymerase activity has never been studied in feline cells thus far. In the present study, the feline RNA PolI pro

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Yi, Dong-Rong, Ni An, Zhen-Long Liu, et al. "Human MxB Inhibits the Replication of Hepatitis C Virus." Journal of Virology 93, no. 1 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01285-18.

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ABSTRACTType I interferon (IFN) inhibits viruses by inducing the expression of antiviral proteins. The IFN-induced myxovirus resistance B (MxB) protein has been reported to inhibit a limited number of viruses, including HIV-1 and herpesviruses, but its antiviral coverage remains to be explored further. Here we show that MxB interferes with RNA replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and significantly inhibits viral replication in a cyclophilin A (CypA)-dependent manner. Our data further show that MxB interacts with the HCV protein NS5A, thereby impairing NS5A interaction with CypA and NS5A loca

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Kumar, Prem, Jeladhara Sobhanan, Yuta Takano, and Vasudevanpillai Biju. "Molecular recognition in the infection, replication, and transmission of COVID-19-causing SARS-CoV-2: an emerging interface of infectious disease, biological chemistry, and nanoscience." NPG Asia Materials 13, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41427-020-00275-8.

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AbstractA coronavirus (CoV) commonly known as SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and causing COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) has become a pandemic following an outbreak in Wuhan. Although mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (SGP) are obvious from comparative genome studies, the novel infectious nature of the virus, its new varients detected in the UK, and outside and recovery–death ratios of COVID-19 inspired us to review the mechanisms of the infection, replication, release, and transmission of progeny virions and the immune response in the host cel

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Xu, Bin, Qinghua Pan, and Chen Liang. "Role of MxB in Alpha Interferon-Mediated Inhibition of HIV-1 Infection." Journal of Virology 92, no. 17 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00422-18.

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ABSTRACTType I interferon inhibits viruses through inducing the expression of antiviral proteins, including the myxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins. Compared to the human MxA protein, which inhibits a wide range of viruses, the MxB protein has been reported to specifically inhibit primate lentiviruses, including HIV-1, and herpesviruses. Further, the role of endogenous MxB in alpha interferon-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 infection was questioned by a recent study showing that MxB knockout did not increase the level of infection by HIV-1 which carried the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus

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