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Journal articles on the topic 'N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG)'

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Sato, Reeko, Naoko Nakajima, Satoshi Soeta, Jun Sato та Yoshihisa Naito. "Urine N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity in healthy cattle". American Journal of Veterinary Research 58, № 11 (1997): 1197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1997.58.11.1197.

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SUMMARY Objective To measure urine N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity of healthy cattle, using 3 substrates (4-methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide, sodio-m-cresolsulfonphthaleinyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide, and p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide), and to determine the relations between the obtained values and age and sex of cattle. Animals 50 healthy lactating Holstein-Friesian cows and 10 healthy Holstein-Friesian steers. Procedure Untimed urine samples were collected, and urine NAG activity was measured, using the 3 aforementioned methods. Urine creatinine concentration also was measured, and NAG activity was expressed as units per gram of creatinine (NAG index). Correlations between urine NAG activity and age and sex of cattle were investigated. Furthermore, correlations among data obtained by each of the 3 methods were determined. Results Urine NAG activity in cows measured by each of the 3 methods was < 3.0 U/L. Urine NAG activity in steers was significantly higher than that in cows. However, there was no significant difference between the sexes in NAG index. There were no significant differences in mean values of NAG activity and index among cows of various age groups. Individual values of urine NAG activity determined by each method correlated significantly with each other. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Urine NAG activity and NAG index of healthy cattle will be useful for determining diagnostic criteria of renal disease in cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1197–1200)

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Asare-Anane, Henry, Felix Twum, Emmanuel Kwaku Ofori, Erving L. Torgbor, Seth D. Amanquah, and Charlotte Osafo. "Urinary Lysosomal Enzyme Activities and Albuminuria in Ghanaian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Disease Markers 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2810639.

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Renal tubular lysosomal enzyme activities like alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) have been shown to increase in patients developing diabetic nephropathy and nephrosclerosis. This study aimed to determine the activities of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and alanine aminopeptidase and albumin concentration in urine samples of patients with type 2 diabetes. One hundred and thirty (65 type 2 diabetic and 65 nondiabetic) subjects participated in this study. Blood samples were drawn for measurements of fasting blood glucose, albumin (Alb), lipids, and creatinine (Cr). Early morning spot urine samples were also collected for activities of alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), and concentration of albumin (U-Alb) and creatinine (U-Cr). Both NAG/Cr and AAP/Cr were significantly increased in diabetic subjects compared to controls (p<0.001). There was positive correlation between NAG/Cr and Alb/Cr (r=0.49,p<0.001) and between NAG/Cr and serum creatinine (r=0.441,p<0.001). A negative correlation was found between NAG/Cr and eGFR (r=-0.432,p<0.05). 9.3% and 12% of diabetics with normoalbuminuria had elevated levels of AAP/Cr and NAG/Cr, respectively. We conclude that measuring the urinary enzymes activities (NAG/Cr and AAP/Cr) could be useful as a biomarker of early renal involvement in diabetic complications.

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Sato, Reeko, Yasuhiko Sano, Jun Sato та Yoshihisa Naito. "N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity in urine of cows with renal parenchymal lesions". American Journal of Veterinary Research 60, № 4 (1999): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1999.60.04.410.

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Abstract Objective To measure N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity in urine of cows with renal diseases and to correlate values for NAG activity with renal lesions. Animals 8 lactating Holstein cows and a Japanese Shorthorn cow, all of which had renal disease. Procedure Urine samples were collected, and urinary NAG activity and creatinine concentration were measured. The NAG activity was expressed as units per gram of creatinine (NAG index). Cows were euthanatized, necropsy was performed, and correlations between results for urinary NAG index and histopathologic findings for the kidneys were evaluated. Results The NAG activity and NAG index in urine samples obtained from cows with interstitial nephritis were high, ranging from 4.2 to 13.6 U/L and 3.5 to 23.0 U/g, respectively. A cow with renal amyloidosis also had high values for urinary NAG activity and NAG index. Histologic examination of the kidneys revealed various kinds of parenchymal lesions. However, urinary NAG index in cows with enzootic bovine leukosis was low. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Cows with renal diseases had high urinary NAG indexes that correlated well with their renal lesions, except for cows with enzootic bovine leukosis. Therefore, measurement of NAG index in urine samples has the potential to provide new perspectives on clinical diagnosis of renal disease in cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60: 410-413)

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Eom, S.-Y., Y.-C. Lee, D.-H. Yim та ін. "Effects of low-level arsenic exposure on urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity". Human & Experimental Toxicology 30, № 12 (2011): 1885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327111402239.

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This study was aimed to evaluate whether renal tubular function is impaired by exposure to relatively low concentrations of arsenic. Mean urinary arsenic concentrations and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) activities were compared among 365 and 502 Korean men and women, respectively, in relation to gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, and recent seafood consumption. The study subjects were divided into 4 groups according to urinary NAG activity and seafood consumption prior to urine sampling, and the correlation between arsenic concentration and urinary NAG activity was tested for each group. The mean urinary arsenic level was higher in women, non-smokers, and non-drinkers in comparison to men, smokers, and drinkers, respectively. Individuals who consumed seafood within 3 days prior to urine sampling showed a higher mean urinary arsenic level than those who did not. The correlation between urinary arsenic concentration and NAG activity in urine was significant only in subjects who did not consume seafood within 3 days prior to urine sampling and whose urinary NAG activity was 7.44 U/g creatinine (75th percentile) or higher. The urinary arsenic concentration was a significant determinant of urinary NAG activity in subjects with NAG activity higher than 7.44 U/g creatinine and especially in those who had not consumed seafood recently. These facts suggest that a relatively low-level exposure to inorganic arsenic produces renal tubular damage in humans.

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Spasovski, Dejan, Todor Gruev, Nada Marina та ін. "The Diagnostic Value of N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase and Microalbumin Concentrations in Rheumatoid Arthritis". Journal of Medical Biochemistry 26, № 4 (2007): 300–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10011-007-0038-0.

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The Diagnostic Value of N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase and Microalbumin Concentrations in Rheumatoid ArthritisThe purpose of this research was to compare the diagnostic values of laboratory variables, to present quantitative evaluations of the diagnostic sifted test with reference to sensitivity and specificity, the predictive value of the positive and negative test and precision of the test for N-acetyl-β-D-glucosa-minidase (NAG), microalbumin, rheumatoid factor (RF), Creactive protein (CRP), DAS 28 index, in early diagnosis of untreated rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to define the effect of untreated rheumatoid arthritis on glomerular and tubular function. Using a colorimetric assay for the determination of Nacetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and an immunoturbidimetric assay for the determination of urinary albumin, the samples of serum and urine have been examined in 70 participants (35 RA who were not treated, 35 healthy controls). RF was defined with the test for agglutination (Latex RF test) in the same participants. Out of 35 examined patients with RA, in 13 we found the presence of NAG enzymuria (sensitivity of the test 37.14%), while microalbuminuria appeared in 4 patients (sensitivity of the test 11.42%). RF appeared in 17 patients (sensitivity of the test 48.57%). Four patients were NAG and RF positive, while 3 patients were microalbuminuria and RF positive. Among 18 RF negative patients, 9 patients were NAG positive, and 1 patient presented with microalbuminuria. Among 17 RF positive RA, the presence of NAG was found in 4 patients, and the presence of microalbuminuria in 3 patients. Among 18 RF negative RA, NAG enzymuria appeared in 9 patients. Microalbuminuria was present in 1 patient. In the healthy control group, 8 patients were NAG positive, 2 patients were positive for microalbuminuria. RF appeared in 2 patients. NAG has higher sensitivity than microalbuminuria in the detection of asymptomatic renal lesions in untreated RA.

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Bayless, Rosemary L., A. Russell Moore, Diana M. Hassel, Brittney J. Byer, Gabriele A. Landolt та Yvette S. Nout-Lomas. "Equine urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase assay validation and correlation with other markers of kidney injury". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 31, № 5 (2019): 688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638719867124.

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Detection of equine acute kidney injury (AKI) is hindered by limited markers of early renal damage in horses. N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), a lysosomal enzyme in renal tubular epithelium released into urine during tubular insult, has shown promise for early identification of AKI in humans and other species. We validated an assay for NAG in equine urine and measured urinary NAG in 7 azotemic and 7 non-azotemic client-owned adult horses. The enzymatic NAG assay was validated using within- and between-run coefficients of variation (CVs), recovery following standard addition, and linearity of dilution. Intra- and inter-run CVs (21% and 3.2%, respectively), average recovery following standard addition (99–109%), and linearity under serial dilution ( R2 = 0.997) were satisfactory. Urine NAG index was significantly correlated with urinary fractional excretion of sodium (FENa; ρ = 0.76, p < 0.001) and plasma creatinine (ρ = 0.74, p = 0.001). Median urine NAG indices were higher in azotemic horses ( p = 0.006), in horses with increased urinary FENa ( p = 0.006), and in horses with increased urine gamma-glutamyl transferase index ( p = 0.032). Urine NAG can be measured in horses and shows positive correlation with 2 current renal biomarkers. Additional work is needed to establish normal equine reference intervals and characterize the increase of urine NAG index in horses in relation to tubular injury.

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Timotijević, I., M. Stojković, L. j. Mandić та V. R. Paunović. "PLASMA MONITORING OF LITHIUM: CLINICAL RESPONSE AND N-ACETYL-β-D-GLUCOSAMINIDASE (NAG)". Clinical Neuropharmacology 15 (1992): 449B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199202001-00873.

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Erdener, Dilek, Kenan Aksu, İlhan Biçer, Eker Doğanavşargil та Fatma Z. Kutay. "Urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in lupus nephritis and rheumatoid arthritis". Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis 19, № 4 (2005): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcla.20073.

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Yuen, Chun-Ting, C. Richard R. Corbett, Patricia R. N. Kind, Albert E. Thompson та Robert G. Price. "Isoenzymes of urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) in patients with renal transplants". Clinica Chimica Acta 164, № 3 (1987): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(87)90309-3.

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Skálová, Sylva. "The Diagnostic Role of Urinary N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) Activity in the Detection of Renal Tubular Impairment". Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 48, № 2 (2005): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2018.35.

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The kidney function can be assessed by a number of methods. The urinary excretion of enzymes, in particular N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), is considered a relatively simple, cheap, fast and non-invasive method in the detection and follow-up of renal tubular function under various conditions. The determination of urinary NAG provides a very sensitive and reliable indicator of renal damage, such as injury or dysfunction due to diabetes mellitus, nephrotic syndrome, inflammation, vesicoureteral reflux, urinary tract infection, hypercalciuria, urolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, perinatal asphyxia, hypoxia, hypertension, heavy metals poisoning, treatment with aminoglycosides, valproate, or other nephrotoxic drugs. This paper gives an overview of the current use of urinary NAG in the detection of renal injury.

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Numata, Yoshito, Atsushi Morita, Yoko Kosugi, Kazunori Shibata, Nozomu Takeuchi та Kiyohisa Uchida. "New sandwich ELISA for human urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase isoenzyme B as a useful clinical test". Clinical Chemistry 43, № 4 (1997): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/43.4.569.

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Abstract We have developed a new ELISA for quantifying N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) isoenzyme B in human urine after raising monoclonal antibodies against the isoenzyme from human placenta. Though the obtained antibodies reacted not only to isoenzyme B but also to A, we could detect isoenzyme B selectively by a two-step sandwich ELISA with a pair of selected antibodies at low pH in the first reaction. The detected limit was 0.5 μg/L for a sample volume of 25 μL. Within-run CVs ranged from 2.5% to 5.4% and between-run CVs ranged from 6.2% to 9.1%. Recoveries of NAG isoenzyme B added to each of three urine samples ranged from 91% to 114%. The dilution curves of urine samples showed good linearity. The cross-reactivity of NAG isoenzyme A was practically negligible (2–3%). The mean value for NAG isoenzyme B in spot urines from healthy adults was 2.9 μg/g creatinine. This ELISA method is rapid and precise enough for routine determination of NAG isoenzyme B in human urine.

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Houser, Mark T. "The Effects of Age and Urine Concentration on Lysozyme and N-acetyl-β-d-Glucosaminidase (NAG) Content in Urine". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 23, № 3 (1986): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456328602300309.

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Random urine samples were obtained to evaluate potential age- or urine concentration-related differences in lysozyme or NAG content. The concentration and excretion of both enzymes was widely variable although no age-related differences were seen. Urine concentration, however, was an important variable as NAG concentration (per mL urine) and lysozyme excretion (per μmol creatinine) were significantly elevated and reduced, respectively, in samples with a higher specific gravity. The correlation coefficient between urine specific gravity and both parameters was significant. Lysozyme excretion is elevated in subjects undergoing a modest diuresis although NAG excretion is unaffected. These data may prove to be useful in the evaluation of renal dysfunction.

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Hanbeyoglu, Alpaslan, Ahmet Kazez, Bilal Ustundag та Nusret Akpolat. "Determination of urinary N-acetyl-β-D glucosaminidase (NAG) levels in experimental blunt renal trauma". Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery 17, № 6 (2011): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/tjtes.2011.57973.

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Sharifi, Ali Mohammad, Behnoush Zare, Morteza Keshavarz, Mazaher Rahmani, Bahareh Zaeefy та Bagher Larijani. "Urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity in the early detection of diabetic nephropathy". International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries 35, S3 (2015): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13410-015-0325-0.

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Demir, Ayşegül Doğan, Nilufer Goknar, Faruk Oktem та ін. "Renal tubular function and urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and kidney injury molecule-1 levels in asthmatic children". International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 29, № 4 (2016): 626–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0394632016651448.

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Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways which results in chronic hypoxia. Chronic hypoxia and inflammation can affect renal tubular function. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate renal tubular function and early kidney injury molecules such as urinary N-acetyl-betaglucosaminidase (NAG) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) excretion in children with asthma. Methods: Enrolled in the study were 73 children diagnosed with asthma and 65 healthy age- and gender-matched control subjects. Urine pH, sodium, phosphorus, potassium, microalbumin, creatinine, NAG, KIM-1, and serum creatinine, sodium, phosphorus were evaluated. The diagnosis of asthma and classification of mild or moderate were done according to the Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines. Results: Serum sodium, phosphorus, creatinine, and urinary microalbumin were within normal levels in the both groups. Urinary pH, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, microalbumin, and KIM-1 excretions were similar between the control and study groups. Tubular phosphorus reabsorption was within normal limits in two groups. Urine NAG was elevated in the study group ( P = 0.001). Urinary KIM-1 and NAG levels were positively correlated (r = 0.837; P = 0.001). When children with mild and moderate asthma were compared, all of the parameters were similar ( P >0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that chronic asthma can lead to subtle renal impacts. We suggest that in children with asthma, urinary NAG level is a more valuable parameter to show degree of renal tubular injury than markers such as microalbumin and KIM-1. Chronic hypoxy and inflammation probably contributes to these subclinical renal effects.

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Yoo, Jeong-Ju, Jung Hyun Kwon, Young Seok Kim та ін. "The Role of Urinary N-Acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase in Cirrhotic Patients with Acute Kidney Injury: Multicenter, Prospective Cohort Study". Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, № 19 (2021): 4328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194328.

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Background and Aims: Currently, it is difficult to predict the reversibility of renal function and to discriminate renal parenchymal injury in cirrhotic patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). The aim of this study is to evaluate whether urine N-acetyl-β-d-Glucosaminidase (NAG) can predict the survival and response to terlipressin in cirrhotic patients with AKI. Methods: Two hundred sixty-two cirrhotic consecutive patients who developed AKI were prospectively enrolled from 11 tertiary medical centers in Korea between 2016 to 2019. AKI was defined as an increase in serum Cr (SCr) of 0.3 mg/dL or a 50% increase in baseline SCr. Patients diagnosed with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS-AKI) were treated with terlipressin plus albumin. Results: The patients were 58.8 ± 12.9 years old on average and were predominantly male (72.5%). The mean MELD score was 25.3 ± 9.1. When classified according to the AKI phenotype, there were 119 pre-renal, 52 acute tubular necrosis, 18 miscellaneous, and 73 HRS-AKI patients. However, the urine NAG was not effective at discriminating AKI phenotypes, except for HRS-AKI. The baseline urine NAG increased as the baseline AKI stage increased (p < 0.001). In addition, within the same AKI stage, the urine NAG values were significantly lower in the AKI-resolved group than in the unresolved group. The urine NAG level was significantly lower in living patients compared with those who died or who underwent a liver transplant within 3 months (p = 0.005). In the multivariate analysis, the increased urine NAG was a significant risk factor for the 3-month transplant-free survival (TFS) rate, especially in patients with Child–Pugh class ≤ B or MELD < 24. The urine NAG did not predict the response to terlipressin treatment in patients with HRS. Conclusions: Urine NAG is strongly associated with the severity of AKI in patients with liver cirrhosis and is useful for predicting the 3-month TFS.

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Whiting, P. H., D. J. King, A. Ireland, M. A. Ratcliffe та A. A. Dawson. "N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase Enzymuria in Leukaemia and Myelomatosis: Effect of Treatment in Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia and Myelomatosis in Adults". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 23, № 6 (1986): 676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456328602300609.

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The activity of the lysosomal hydrolase N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) was measured in the urine of patients with leukaemia or myeloma. Elevated pre-treatment enzymuria was noted in all patient groups with acute myeloblastic leukaemias (AML) FAB type M4 or 5 displaying higher activities than AML patients FAB types M1–3, which in turn were higher than those found in patients with myelomatosis and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The ratio of the major isoenzymes of NAG, A/B was reduced significantly only in patients with AML. Following treatment, AML patients who entered remission demonstrated NAG levels which approached normal values. In those AML patients who were either in relapse, in the terminal phase of their illness or treated with aminoglycoside antibiotics, NAG enzymuria was similar to pre-treatment values. A reduction in urinary NAG levels and both serum and urine β2 microglobulin concentrations was also observed following treatment in myeloma patients. The use of enzymuria both as a guide to progress towards remission in AML patients and for assessing prognosis and progress in myeloma patients is discussed.

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Tassini, Luiz Eduardo S., Fabiola O. P. Leme, Júlio César C. Veado та Márcio H. L. Arndt. "Determination of the reference interval for the activity of N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG) in urine of healthy dogs". Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, № 8 (2018): 1685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5025.

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ABSTRACT: The diagnosis of acute kidney injury by evaluating the activity of urinary enzymes is an important tool especially for its precocity in relation to methods of assessment of renal function considered late as the installation of injury precedes the function change. This study was performed to determine the reference interval for urinary NAG activity (N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase) in urine of healthy dogs of different breeds, ages and sexes. It was utilized an automated method for the determination of NAG activity standardized for dog urine samples. Through statistical analysis it was observed that NAG is positively correlated with the age of the animal and urine specific gravity but is not interfered by sex or weight. Based on the determination of urinary activity and after correcting the values for a 1,025 urine specific gravity was obtained an reference interval of X ‘= 3.62U/L±0.66U/L.

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Jovanovic, Vesna, Jelena Acimovic, Vesna Dimitrijevic-Sreckovic та Ljuba Mandic. "How the sialylation level of serum N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase a form in type 1 diabetes mellitus influences its activity?" Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 79, № 12 (2014): 1491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc140430076j.

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It has been verified that serum N-acetyl-?-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity is elevated in diabetes, but there are no reports about changes of the sialic acid (SA) content in the carbohydrate parts of NAG A form and its influence on total NAG activity changes in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients without and with secondary complications. NAG A forms were isolated, purified and characterized from the serum of 81 IDDM patients with and without secondary complications (retinopathy, polyneuropathy and nephropathy) and 25 healthy persons. The content of ?-2,6-bound SA and isoenzyme patterns of purified A form, total NAG and A form activities were determined. In all diabetic groups, A form sialylation levels were 2-3.5 times lower compared to control, while their acidities (fractions with pI 4.25-5.1) increased, particularly with progression of secondary complications. Total serum NAG activities and percentages of A form were significantly higher (P<0.001) in all diabetic groups and negatively correlated with the ?-2,6-bound SA content of the A form. In addition, they decreased as secondary diabetic complications became more complex. Observed changes could be the consequence of structural changes in the A form due to significant increase in its acidity, i.e. negative charge which originate from groups other than SA.

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Lou, Weiwei, Qun Cheng, Yanqiu Liang та Ding Xia. "Urinary N-Acetyl-β-d-Glucosaminidase (NAG) Levels and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Diabetic Patients". International Journal of General Medicine Volume 14 (грудень 2021): 10495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ijgm.s337874.

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Costigan, Michael G., Rana Rustom, J. Michael Bone та Alan Shenkin. "Origin and significance of urinary N-acetyl-β,D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in renal patients with proteinuria". Clinica Chimica Acta 255, № 2 (1996): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(96)06400-5.

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Houser, Mark T. "The Effect of Hydropenia and Oral Water Loading on Renal Lysozyme Handling and N-Acetyl-β-d-Glucosaminidase Excretion in Man". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 23, № 4 (1986): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456328602300412.

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To substantiate the effects of urine flow rate on renal lysozyme handling and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) excretion, experiments were performed in normal human subjects. Urine flow rate was varied by overnight fluid deprivation and progressive diuresis induced by oral water loading. Lysozyme measurements were made using an improved turbidimetric method and NAG determinations using a modified fluorometric assay utilising individual recovery techniques. Fractional lysozyme clearance and lysozyme excretion demonstrated a nearly linear relationship with urine flow rate ( r=0·78, r=0·80, P<0·0005), and both were elevated significantly in samples obtained during diuresis. NAG excretion, however, demonstrated a significant but weak correlation ( r=0·47, P<0·005) with fractional urine flow rate. A significant ( P<0·05) difference in NAG activity occurred only during the period of hydropenia, when a decrease in excretion was observed. These findings suggest that the effect of diuresis on lysozyme excretion should be considered in studies utilising this enyzyme as a marker of renal injury.

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Morita, Atsushi, Yoshito Numata, Yoko Kosugi, Akira Noto, Nozomu Takeuchi та Kiyohisa Uchida. "Stabilities of N -acetyl-β- d -glucosaminidase (NAG) isoenzymes in urine: advantage of NAG isoenzyme B measurement in clinical applications". Clinica Chimica Acta 278, № 1 (1998): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-8981(98)00157-0.

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Howard, Michael B., Nathan A. Ekborg, Larry E. Taylor, Ronald M. Weiner, and Steven W. Hutcheson. "Genomic Analysis and Initial Characterization of the Chitinolytic System of Microbulbifer degradans Strain 2-40." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 11 (2003): 3352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.11.3352-3360.2003.

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ABSTRACT The marine bacterium Microbulbifer degradans strain 2-40 produces at least 10 enzyme systems for degrading insoluble complex polysaccharides (ICP). The draft sequence of the 2-40 genome allowed a genome-wide analysis of the chitinolytic system of strain 2-40. The chitinolytic system includes three secreted chitin depolymerases (ChiA, ChiB, and ChiC), a secreted chitin-binding protein (CbpA), periplasmic chitooligosaccharide-modifying enzymes, putative sugar transporters, and a cluster of genes encoding cytoplasmic proteins involved in N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) metabolism. Each chitin depolymerase was detected in culture supernatants of chitin-grown strain 2-40 and was active against chitin and glycol chitin. The chitin depolymerases also had a specific pattern of activity toward the chitin analogs 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d-N,N′-diacetylchitobioside (MUF-diNAG) and 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d-N,N′,N"-triacetylchitotrioside (MUF-triNAG). The depolymerases were modular in nature and contained glycosyl hydrolase family 18 domains, chitin-binding domains, and polycystic kidney disease domains. ChiA and ChiB each possessed polyserine linkers of up to 32 consecutive serine residues. In addition, ChiB and CbpA contained glutamic acid-rich domains. At 1,271 amino acids, ChiB is the largest bacterial chitinase reported to date. A chitodextrinase (CdxA) with activity against chitooligosaccharides (degree of polymerization of 5 to 7) was identified. The activities of two apparent periplasmic (HexA and HexB) N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidases and one cytoplasmic (HexC) N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase were demonstrated. Genes involved in GlcNAc metabolism, similar to those of the Escherichia coli K-12 NAG utilization operon, were identified. NagA from strain 2-40, a GlcNAc deacetylase, was shown to complement a nagA mutation in E. coli K-12. Except for the GlcNAc utilization cluster, genes for all other components of the chitinolytic system were dispersed throughout the genome. Further examination of this system may provide additional insight into the mechanisms by which marine bacteria degrade chitin and provide a basis for future research on the ICP-degrading systems of strain 2-40.

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Panboon, Isadee, Sariya Asawakarn та Rosama Pusoonthornthum. "Urine protein, urine protein to creatinine ratio and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase index in cats with idiopathic cystitis vs healthy control cats". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 19, № 8 (2016): 869–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x16663593.

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Objectives The objective was to compare urine protein, urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPC) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) index between cats with idiopathic cystitis and clinically normal cats. Methods Urine and blood samples were collected from 19 clinically normal cats and 19 cats with idiopathic cystitis without azotaemia at the time of first presentation. Urine protein, urine creatinine and UPC were measured. Additionally, the urinary NAG concentration was measured using the colorimetric method, and the NAG index was calculated by dividing the urinary NAG concentration by the urine creatinine ratio. Results Urine protein concentration (mean ± SEM) was four times higher in cats with idiopathic cystitis (218.29 ± 58.95) than in clinically normal cats (56.13 ± 9.95) (P <0.05). The UPC (mean ± SEM) of cats with idiopathic cystitis (0.70 ± 0.19) was also five times higher than that of clinically normal cats (0.14 ± 0.02) (P <0.05). The mean ± SEM NAG index in cats with idiopathic cystitis (4.79 ± 1.53 U/g) was two times higher than that in clinically normal cats (2.14 ± 0.48 U/g). The log UPC was positively correlated with the log NAG index in cats with idiopathic cystitis at moderate levels (r2 = 0.512; P <0.05). Conclusions and relevance Cats with idiopathic cystitis had increased amounts of urine protein and an increased UPC. Further study is needed to address the role of urinary NAG and its relationship with glycosaminoglycan levels in cats with idiopathic cystitis.

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Nikulina, Halyna, Liudmyla Mygal, Volodymyr Petersburgsky, Oles Kalishchuk, and Iryna Serbina. "Distinction of Degrees of Ischemic Kidney Parenchymal Injury in Children with Congenital Vesicoureteral Reflux (According to Enzymological Criteria)." Health of Man, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2022): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2307-5090.1-2.2022.263893.

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The objective: to evaluate the possibility of determining the levels of activity of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase B (NAG B) in urine as an enzymological marker of differentiation of ischemic damage to the renal parenchyma in children with congenital vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Materials and methods. 49 children aged 1 to 15 years with a verified diagnosis of unilateral VUR and 25 practically healthy children were examined. NAG B activity in urine was determined before reconstructive treatment. The limits of the reference intervals of the levels of enzyme activity in the urine of healthy children were calculated by the formula M±1.5σ. According to the personalized analysis the patientswere divided into 3 groups: group 1 – 13 patients (the levels of NAG activity in the urine are registered from 0.8 to 2.3 units); group 2 – 14 patients (the levels of NAG activity in the urine – 2.4 to 4.5 units); group 3 – 22 patients (the levels of NAG activity in urine – 4.6 to 10.5 units. Results. In the urine of healthy children, the activity of NAG B averages 1.56±0.096 units, σ=0.48, reference levels are recorded from 0.8 to 2.3 units. In the urine of the 1st group, the levels of NAG B activity are equal to 1.61±0.13 units correspond to the control values and are evaluated as zero degree of ischemic damage of a renal parenchyma; in the urine of the 2nd group – 3.97±0.17 units exceed the average control values by 1.6–2.9 times and are assessed as moderate or I degree of ischemic damage to the renal parenchyma; in the urine of the 3rd group – 7.50±0.39 units exceed the average control values by 3 times or more and are assessed as severe or II degree of ischemic damage to the renal parenchyma (p2,3-1<0,001; p3-2<0.001). Conclusions. The expediency of determining the activity levels of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase B in the urine of children with congenital vesicoureteral reflux, as an enzyme with pronounced renospecific properties and as enzyme marker for differentiating the degrees of ischemic damage (0, I, II) of the renal parenchyma was established. Activity levels of NAG B can be used as well for timely prevention of the development and progression severe complications through the timely appointment of the appropriate optimal corrective therapy.

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Reusch, Claudia, R. Vochezer та E. Weschta. "Enzyme Activities of Urinary Alanine Aminopeptidase (AAP) and N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG) in Healthy Dogs". Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 38, № 1-10 (1991): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.1991.tb00988.x.

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Agosti, S., B. M. Assael, P. Masturzo, M. R. Santarone та M. Salmona. "N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) levels in amniotic fluid or urine in prenatal and postnatal life". Early Human Development 14, № 3-4 (1986): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3782(86)90183-0.

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Lin, Wen-Yu, Chun-Ping Tu, Hsien-Hua Kuo та Hsien-Wen Kuo. "Urinary Malondialdehyde (MDA) and N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG) Associated with Exposure to Trichloroethylene (TCE) in Underground Water". Toxics 10, № 6 (2022): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10060293.

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Trichloroethylene (TCE) is commonly used in various industries. If wastewater in factories is not effectively treated, the inflow into and subsequent contamination of underground water is likely. Our study assessed the association of exposure to TCE in underground water with oxidative stress and renal tubule damage. We selected 579 residents from areas with underground water contaminated with TCE. Each participant was interviewed via a questionnaire. We also assessed their urinary trichloroacetic acid (TCA) levels by gas chromatography (GC)-FID. Urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) were taken as indicators of oxidative stress and renal tubule damage. We found about 73% of the residents to have consumed underground water. The average duration of consumption was 26 years, with an average of 1.6 L per day. Currently, only 1.5% of the residents still continuously consume underground water. The consumption of underground water positively correlated with heightened urinary TCA levels (r = 0.554). Heightened urinary TCA levels, in turn, were positively associated with NAG levels (r = 0.180) but negatively associated with MDA levels (r = −0.193). The results held even after we had segmented urinary TCA levels into three groups of different levels. The elimination of the source of heightened TCE levels from various industrial effluents is essential. Residents exposed to TCE-laden underground water should periodically undergo health inspections.

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Dżugan, Małgorzata, Marcin Lis, Maria Droba, and Jerzy Niedziółka. "Effect of cadmium injected in ovo on hatching results and the activity of plasma hydrolytic enzymes in newly hatched chicks." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 59, no. 3 (2011): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.2011.020.

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The aim of the study was to determine the toxicity of cadmium ions in chick embryos, using plasma hydrolytic enzyme as its biomarker. Hatching eggs (n = 300) from Ross 308 broilers were incubated under standard conditions. On day 4 of incubation, 50 μl of saline solution, containing Cd ions at a concentration from 0 (control group) to 24 μg, was injected in ovo into the egg albumen. The results indicate that the administration of cadmium at doses exceeding 1 μg/egg caused a gradual decrease in hatchability, with an LD50 of 3.9 μg/egg. The greatest differences between the groups in the enzymatic activities studied were found for N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), β-D-mannosidase (β-MAN) and arylsulphatase (ARYL). Compared to the control group, in the blood serum of chicks from the groups receiving 3, 6 and 12 μg Cd/egg the NAG activity increased by 79, 108 and 54% and β-MAN activity by 33, 119 and 108%, respectively. Exposure to cadmium at a dose of 1 to 6 μg per egg caused an about 60% increase in ARYL activity while a dose of 12 μg decreased the activity by about 35% below the level observed in the control group. These findings show that cadmium has a similar toxicity mechanism in mammals and birds, which opens the possibility of using NAG activity as a biomarker of the cytotoxic effect of cadmium in birds.

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Rosifah, Diana, Dany Hilmanto, and Dida A. Gurnida. "Perbandingan Kadar N-Acetyl-ß-D-Glucosaminidase Urin pada Thalassemia ß Mayor Anak yang Mendapat Deferipron dan Deferasiroks." Sari Pediatri 16, no. 3 (2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/sp16.3.2014.167-72.

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Latar belakang. Gangguan fungsi ginjal pasien thalassemia ß dapat terjadi pada tingkat glomerulus ataupun tubulus. Kelainan tubulus ginjal merupakan kelainan patologi yang lebih banyak dijumpai pada biopsi ginjal thalassemia ß. Saat ini, penggunaan kelasi besi oral pada pasien thalassemia lebih disukai karena tingkat kepatuhan yang lebih tinggi.Tujuan. Menganalisis perbandingan aktivitas N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) urin sebagai penanda disfungsi tubulus ginjal pada thalassemia ß mayor anak yang mendapat kelasi besi oral deferipron dan deferasiroks.Metode. Penelitian analitik dengan metode potong lintang dilakukan sejak bulan Februari sampai dengan Juni 2013. Subjek terdiri atas anak usia 10-14 tahun dengan diagnosis klinis thalassemia ß mayor yang datang ke Poli Thalassemia Anak RS Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung yang mendapat deferipron atau deferasiroks. Pemeriksaan kadar NAG urin dilakukan pada saat kontrol. Data dianalisis dengan uji Mann Whitney dan analisis kovarian dilakukan untuk menyingkirkan variabel perancu.Hasil. Subjek terdiri atas 36 anak, 18 kelompok deferipron dan 18 deferasiroks. Terdapat peningkatan rerata kadar NAG/kreatinin urin pada kedua kelompok (deferipron 20,1 (SB 13,4) nkat/mmol; deferasiroks: 23,4 (SB 17,8) nkat/mmol). Analisis komparasi menunjukkan hubungan yang tidak bermakna antara kadar NAG/kreatinin urin pada kedua kelompok (p=0,743). Analisis multivariabel untuk mengetahui peranan variabel perancu terhadap kadar NAG/kreatinin urin juga menunjukkan hasil yang tidak bermakna (p>0,05).Kesimpulan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan kadar NAG/kreatinin urin sebagai penanda gangguan fungsi tubulus ginjal pada thalassemia ß mayor yang mendapat kelasi besi oral, meskipun tidak terdapat perbedaan antara kelompok deferasiroks dan deferipron.

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Ali, Raghad J., Firyal H. Al-Obaidi, Nariman F. Ahmed, and Hussein Hummdy. "Evaluation of Human Urinary N-acetyl beta – D- glucosaminidase index in children with urinary tract anomalies." Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad 57, no. 2 (2015): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.572351.

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Background: The kidneys perform glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion and the study of urinary excretion of some enzymes considered as a sensitive test for the detection of early stages of renal disease, particularly N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) which is a hydrolytic lysosomal enzyme present in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule. Increased urinary NAG due to tubular damage could be used as a marker by a simple non invasive test for prediction of urinary tract problems like pelviureteric junction(PUJ) obstruction ,vesicouretric reflux(VUR) and pyelonephritis.Objectives: to assess urinary NAG/ urinary creatinine (NAG/ Cr) ratio in children with different urinary tract anomalies and compare it with normal healthy children.Patients and Methods: A prospective study was conducted from November, 2012 to April, 2013. Urine samples were collected from 51 patients with Urinary tract problems, and 40 healthy children as a control group, their age range (1month-13years). Children were admitted to Pediatric nephrology department, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital / Medical City Complex, Baghdad, Iraq. The Glomerular filtration rate was in normal range in all of them. Urine samples were tested for NAG by (ELISA,Cusabio ,China) while, both Serum creatinine (S-Cr) and urine creatinine (U-Cr) were estimated by Jaffe’s kinetic method.Results: The current results revealed that NAG/creatinine index was significantly higher in patients with vesicoureteral reflux, Pelviureteric junction obstruction and pyelonephritis in comparison with cystitis.Conclusions: The assessment of urinary NAG could be considered as a useful marker in prediction of the vesicoureteral reflux, hydronephrosis secondary to Pelviureteric junction obstruction .Urinary NAG is elevated in children with pyelonephritis and it can be considered as a further criterion in the diagnosis of upper urinary tract infection.

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Johnson, Candice E., Christina V. Vacca, Deborah Fattlar, Doris J. Fulton та Philip W. Hall. "Urinary N-Acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and the Selection of Children for Radiologic Evaluation After Urinary Tract Infection". Pediatrics 86, № 2 (1990): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.86.2.211.

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Urinary levels of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG) were measured in 147 consecutively enrolled children younger than 13 years of age with urinary tract infection to determine whether elevated levels were a predictor of urologic abnormalities. The children were classified as having cystitis if results of 0 or 1 of the following tests were positive and as having pyelonephritis if results of ≥2 tests were positive: (1) temperature &gt;38°C, (2) serum C-reactive protein &gt;1 mg/dL, (3) erythrocyte sedimentation rate &gt;25 mm/h, and (4) 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin-renal concentrating protein &lt;810 mOsm/kg. Urinary NAG to creatinine ratios did not distinguish cases of cystitis from those of pyelonephritis. Urinary NAG was useful in identifying children with cystitis who had vesicoureteral reflux of grades II through V. Of 6 children with cystitis and vesicoureteral reflux, 5 had levels of NAG more than 1 SD above the mean, whereas of 75 children without vesicoureteral reflux, only 15 had such an elevation (P = .003). Of those children with a normal NAG level, 60 (98.4%) had normal radiologic evaluation results, and only 1 child (1.6%) had vesicoureteral reflux. Levels of NAG did not identify children with pyelonephritis who had vesicoureteral reflux. It is concluded that (1) urinary NAG is of no value in localizing the site of urinary tract infection, and (2) an NAG level within 1 SD of the mean in a child with cystitis indicates a low risk of urologic abnormalities, and radiologic evaluation may be omitted unless infection recurs.

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Dehne, Marius G., Armin Sablotzki, Jörg Mühling, Karl-Lorenz Dehne, Rainer Röhrig, and Gunter Hempelmann. "Renal effects of cardiopulmonary bypass in the elderly." Perfusion 17, no. 3 (2002): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267659102pf571oa.

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Cardiopulmonary bypass is widely believed to be injurious to renal function. The unknown consequences of renal dysfunction with modern techniques of bypass in the elderly caused us to examine creatinine clearance and the excretion of sensitive marker proteins in older adult patients undergoing CABG. Thirty male patients were divided into three groups: group I with an age up to 60 years, group II with an age between 61 and 70 years, inclusive and group III 71 years and over. Serum creatinine and urea, creatinine clearance, and α1-micro-globulin (α1-MG), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), Tamm -Horsfall protein (TH) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were all measured daily, pre- and postoperatively. Creatinine clearance remained lower in the older patients without significant differences. Raised excretion rates of α1-MG, and IgG were seen after CPB. The increase in α1- MG and NAG during the postoperative period revealed tubular damage in all elderly patients. Measurements of α1-MG, NAG and IgG represent useful supplements to standard clinical tests for recognizing early and differentiated changes in renal function.

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Driza, Arlinda R., Georgia V. Kapoula та Pantelis G. Bagos. "Urinary N-Acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (uNAG) as an Indicative Biomarker of Early Diabetic Nephropathy in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM, T2DM): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Diabetology 2, № 4 (2021): 272–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diabetology2040025.

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Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the main cause of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Renal tubular lysosomal enzyme activities like N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) have been shown to increase in patients developing DN. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of NAG, as a preventional biomarker in the early stages of DN in patients with diabetes mellitus. Two impartial reviewers conducted a complete PubMed search until July 2021. A 2 × 2 contingency table was created for each trial and sensitivity and specificity were estimated using a bivariate random effects model. To pool data and estimate the area under the curve (AUC), the hierarchical summary ROC (hsROC) approach was utilized. Deek’s test was used to estimate publication bias. The meta-analysis included 21 studies that evaluated 2783 patients with T1DM and T2DM, as well as 673 healthy individuals. The AUC of urinary NAG (uNAG) ranged from 0.69 (95% CI: 0.65–0.73) to 0.89 (95% CI: 0.86–0.92). According to the results, NAG in urine can be considered as a potential and effective biomarker for predicting DN in diabetic patients (T1DM, T2DM).

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Pócsi, István, László Csáthy, V. Anna Oláh та Robert G. Price. "Assay of N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase in Urine from Neonates: Comparison of Two New Colorimetric Methods Using MNP-GlcNAc and VRA-GlcNAc as Substrates". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 29, № 3 (1992): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456329202900307.

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The NAG activity present in urine from newborn babies was assayed using two colorimetric procedures with either MNP-GlcNAc or VRA-GlcNAc as substrate and compared with data obtained with the well established PNP-GlcNAc procedure. Both new assays were easy to perform and reproducible. The MNP-GlcNAc method has the advantage that it is now available as a kit; however, the VRA-GlcNAc procedure is more sensitive. NAG activity, creatinine concentration and NAG-index values were determined in normal neonates and within-run imprecision calculated. Excellent correlations were found between MNP-GlcNAc-ase and VRA-GlcNAc-ase indices ( r = 0·984) and between PNP-GlcNAc-ase and VRA-GlcNAc-ase indices ( r = 0.952). When low molecular weight urinary components were removed by gel filtration no significant change in VRA-GlcNAc-ase activity was observed.

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Klán, Jaroslav, та Dana Baudišová. "Enzyme N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) as an early marker of intoxications by the Cortinarius species (nephrotoxic syndrom)." Czech Mycology 47, № 1 (1994): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33585/cmy.47107.

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Choi, Sun-Haeng, Kyung Hi Choi, Jong-Uk Won, and Heon Kim. "Impact of multi-heavy metal exposure on renal damage indicators in Korea: An analysis using Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression." Medicine 102, no. 41 (2023): e35001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000035001.

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Exposure to cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) is associated with renal tubular damage. People living near refineries are often exposed to multiple heavy metals at high concentrations. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between combined urinary Cd, As, and Hg levels and renal damage markers in 871 residents living near the Janghang refinery plant and in a control area. Urinary Cd, As, Hg, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) levels were measured. The combined effects of Cd, As, and Hg on renal tubular damage markers were assessed using linear regression and a Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) model. The results of the BKMR model were compared using a stratified analysis of the exposure and control groups. While the linear regression showed that only Cd concentration was significantly associated with urinary NAG levels (β = 0.447, P value < .05), the BKMR model showed that Cd and Hg levels were also significantly associated with urinary NAG levels. The combined effect of the 3 heavy metals on urinary NAG levels was significant and stronger in the exposure group than in the control group. However, no relationship was observed between the exposure concentrations of the 3 heavy metals and urinary β2-MG levels. The results suggest that the BKMR model can be used to assess the health effects of heavy-metal exposure on vulnerable residents.

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Suh, Jin-Soon, Kyoung Soon Cho, Seul Ki Kim та ін. "High Glycated Hemoglobin Instead of High Body Mass Index Might Increase the Urine N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase Con-Centration in Children and Adolescents with Diabetes Mellitus". Life 12, № 6 (2022): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12060879.

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Children with diabetes, and particularly those with obesity, have poor glycemic control. They are thus at higher risk of early microvascular complications. Renal tubulointerstitial markers are integral to evaluating diabetic nephropathy. Various biomarkers have been proposed, but their role in the obese pediatric population is uncertain. We investigated renal injury markers in children with diabetes, according to obesity, and determined their role as early predictors of diabetic nephropathy. Fifty-three children and adolescents, diagnosed with either type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus, and 43 control children, aged 7–18 years, were included. Clinical and laboratory characteristics, including six renal injury markers, were compared among subjects according to body mass index and presence of diabetes mellitus. Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) showed significant difference between controls and diabetic children, whereas urine NAG was the only biomarker that was significantly lower either in non-obese or obese controls as compared to diabetic children. Urine NGAL, KIM-1, and NAG showed significant correlations with both HbA1c and urine ACR, whereas only urine NAG was significantly correlated with HbA1c even when groups were subdivided based on the presence of either obesity or diabetes. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, duration of known diabetes, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, HbA1c remained a significant risk factor for elevated urine NAG. Urine NAG could be a useful indicator of tubulointerstitial damage in children with diabetes in the pre-albuminuric state. Tighter glycemic control appears to be crucial for avoiding early progression to diabetic nephropathy.

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Mohammadi-Karakani, A., S. Asgharzadeh-Haghighi, M. Ghazi-Khansari, A. Seyed-Ebrahimi, A. Ghasemi, and E. Jabari. "Enzymuria determination in children treated with aminoglycosides drugs." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 12 (2008): 879–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327108100417.

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Although aminoglycosides antibiotics are used in children and adult commonly, they have serious side effects such as nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. In clinical practice, for renal function, the levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen routinely are measured. Since these parameters have limitations such as unreliability, insensitivity, and nonspecificity, the rapid assessment of renal function based on these patients is very important. Increase in N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), a hydrolytic lysosomal enzyme, suggests proximal tubular cell damage. In this study, 32 children aged 2 months through 2 years, treated with gentamicin and amikacin for suspected infections at the pediatric ward of Alborz hospital from September 2006 to February 2007, were enrolled. Serum and fresh urine before and after drug infusion were obtained on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th days of antibiotic treatment. Serum urea and creatinine with urinary creatinine, albumin, NAG, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity were then determined. A statistically significant increase in urinary NAG, LDH, and AP on 5th day was found compared with before gentamicin administration ( P < 0.001, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively). The urinary NAG activity may be a useful indicator of renal injury in children treated with aminoglycosides drugs compared with other routine clinical indicators.

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Abdollahi, M., N. Rahmat-Jirdeh, and K. Soltaninejad. "Protection by selenium of lead-acetate-induced alterations on rat submandibular gland function." Human & Experimental Toxicology 20, no. 1 (2001): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032701667736070.

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Pure submandibular saliva was collected intraorally by micro polyethylene cannulation of anaesthetized rats using pilocarpine as a secretagogue. Twenty-four days treatment with lead acetate 0.05% in drinking water altered salivary function. Except for flow rate that was (P <0.01) increased by lead acetate, the reminder of parameters, concentrations of total protein and calcium and the activity of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in submandibular secretions were decreased significantly (P< 0.01) by lead acetate. Selenium (2.5 mg 1-l) in drinking water for 24 days did not induce any significant change in saliva secretory function. Pretreatment by selenium, prevented the lead acetate-induced decrease of NAG activity and concentrations of calcium and protein (P<0.01). The increased flow rate by lead acetate was also affected by selenium pretreatment and reached the level of control. It is concluded that selenium can protect rat submandibular gland function from lead-acetate-induced adverse effects. Properties of selenium as an antioxidant, free radical scavenger and maintenance of cell membrane integrity may be possible mechanisms of its protective effects.

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Nix, David E., Jennifer K. Thomas, William T. Symonds та ін. "Assessment of the Enzymuria Resulting from Gentamicin Alone and Combinations of Gentamicin with Various β-Lactam Antibiotics". Annals of Pharmacotherapy 31, № 6 (1997): 696–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809703100605.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the propensity of β-lactam antimicrobials to ameliorate or potentiate aminoglycoside-induced renal enzymuria. DESIGN: Two open, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group studies were conducted in young, healthy, male volunteer subjects. Using a common protocol, 24-hour urine collections were analyzed for the renal tubular enzymes alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), as well as for creatinine. Antimicrobial combinations studied included gentamicin plus placebo and gentamicin plus ticarcillin/clavulanate (protocol 1); and gentamicin plus placebo, gentamicin plus piperacillin, and gentamicin plus ceftazidime (protocol 2). The antimicrobial regimens were administered for 7 days. Eight subjects completed each treatment group. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between treatment groups with regard to urine creatinine excretion or serum gentamicin concentrations in either protocol. Enzymuria (AAP [p = 0.039] and NAG [p = 0.337]) was decreased in the gentamicin plus ticarcillin/clavulanate treatment compared with that in the gentamicin plus placebo treatment. Increased enzymuria, as indicated by increased urine concentrations of AAP and NAG, was observed in the gentamicin plus ceftazidime treatment (p < 0.05) compared with the other two treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Based on relative enzymuria, ticarcillin/clavulanate may be renal protective. Piperacillin neither potentiated nor ameliorated aminoglycoside-induced enzymuria. Since acute elevations in AAP and NAG reflect insults to the kidney, these studies suggest that ceftazidime may enhance aminoglycoside- induced renal injury. Piperacillin had no effect on enzymuria and would appear not to enhance or protect against aminoglycoside- induced renal injury.

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Aguilera, Andrea C., Lorena Carvelli, Verónica Boschin, Fabián Mohamed, Leila Zyla, and Miguel A. Sosa. "Changes in lysosomal enzymes and mannose-6-phosphate receptors related to sexual maturation in bull epididymis." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 10 (2016): 1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd14380.

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One of the most striking features of the mammalian epididymis is the secretion of lysosomal enzymes (LE). These LE may play a role in sperm maturation. In the present study we investigated the activity and distribution of four LE (β-galactosidase (β-Gal), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (β-NAG), α-mannosidase (α-Man) and β-glucuronidase (β-Glu)) in bull epididymis at two different ages (6 months and 4 years) to determine whether these enzymes vary with sexual maturity. In young, sexually immature (SI) bulls we found high LE activity in the epididymal tissue that accounts for a developed and active lysosomal apparatus. In contrast, low LE activity was measured in sexually mature (SM) bulls, and β-NAG and β-Gal were mostly secreted into the lumen. We also attempted to correlate LE distribution with the expression and functionality of mannose-6-phosphate receptors (MPRs), which are thought to be involved in proper delivery of LE to lysosomes. The cation-dependent MPR was highly expressed in SI bulls, with expression decreasing during adulthood, whereas the expression of the cation-independent MPR was higher in SM than SI bulls. In addition, the four enzymes recovered from the epididymal lumen interact with both MPRs at each age. We conclude that the activity and distribution of LE in bull epididymis varies with sexual maturity and that the distribution is regulated differently by the two types of MPR. These findings could provide some molecular basis for male infertility.

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Tantawy, Azza A. G., Nagham El Bablawy, Amira A. M. Adly та Fatma S. E. Ebeid. "EARLY PREDICTORS OF RENAL DYSFUNCTION IN Β-THALASSEMIA MAJOR AND INTERMEDIA PATIENTS". Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 6, № 1 (2004): e2014057. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2014.057.

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Background: Better survival of thalassemia patients allowed previously unrecognized renal complications to emerge. Objectives: Assess prevalence and early predictors of renal dysfunction in young β-thalassemia major (β-TM) and intermedia (β-TI) patients. Subjects: 66 β-TM (group I), 26 β-TI (group II) Egyptian patients and 40 healthy controls. Methods: History, examination and investigations that included kidney function tests, serum ferritin, serum bicarbonate, plasma osmolality and urinary total proteins, microalbuminuria (MAU), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), retinol binding protein (RBP), α-1 microglobulin, bicarbonate, osmolality, Creatinine clearance (CrCl), % fractional excretion of bicarbonate (% FE-HCO3). Results: The most common renal abnormality was proteinuria (71%), followed by increased urinary level of RBP (69.4%), NAG (58.1%), α-1 microglobulin (54.8%) and microalbumin (29%) and also decreased urinary osmolality (58.1%). Although serum creatinine and BUN were not statistically different between thalassemia patients and control, CrCl were significantly lowered in thalassemia patients. Total serum protein and albumin was significant lower in splenectomized β-TM, whereas urinary total protein and MAU were significantly increased in all thalassemia patients. NAG, RBP and α-1 microglobulin were negatively correlated with CrCl and positively correlated with serum ferritin and urinary total protein. Z-score analysis for discrimination of patients with renal dysfunction proved superiority of urine total protein and RBP. Comparative statistics of different frequencies revealed significant difference between the urinary total protein and both MAU and % FE-HCO3. Conclusion: Asymptomatic renal dysfunctions are prevalent in young β-TM and β-TI patients that necessitate regular screening and urinary total protein and RBP may be cost-effective for early detection.

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Vyskočil, Adolf, Václav Senft, Claude Viau, Milena Cížková, and Josef Kohout. "Biochemical Renal Changes in Workers Exposed to Soluble Nickel Compounds." Human & Experimental Toxicology 13, no. 4 (1994): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719401300406.

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1 Biochemical markers of kidney damage were examined in 14 male and 12 female workers highly exposed to soluble nickel compounds in a chemical plant. The results were compared to those obtained in 12 male and 12 female matched controls. 2 The concentration of nickel in urine of male and female workers averaged 5.0 and 10.3 μg g-1 creatinine, respectively. The mean duration of exposure in male and female workers was 25 and 15 years. 3 No difference was found in the mean urinary excretion of lactate dehydrogenase, albumin and transferrin in both sexes, total proteins, β2microglobulin (β2-m) and retinol-binding protein (RBP) in males and lysozyme in females. Lysozyme and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) were increased in male and total proteins, β2-m, NAG and RBP in female exposed workers. Significant correlations between urinary concentrations of nickel on one side and that of β2-m in women (r = 0.462, P = 0.022) and men ( r = 0.41, P = 0.018) and of NAG in men ( r = 0.405, P = 0.019) on the other side were found in exposed subjects. 4 Results indicate adverse effects of soluble nickel compounds on the kidney tubular function. In agreement with literature data it seems that those effects occur only at high exposure levels.

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Yoshida, Ken-ichiro. "STUDY ON THE ENZYMATIC PROPERTIES OF N-ACETYL-^|^beta;, D-GLUCOSAMINIDASE A (NAG A) FROM THE TISSUE OF RENAL CELL CARCINOMAS." Japanese Journal of Urology 84, no. 11 (1993): 2008–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5980/jpnjurol1989.84.2008.

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Huisman, G. J. Julia, Nora A. Spraakman, Jeroen V. Koomen, et al. "Urinary Biomarkers in a Living Donor Kidney Transplantation Cohort—Predictive Value on Graft Function." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 6 (2023): 5649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065649.

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Early non-invasive detection and prediction of graft function after kidney transplantation is essential since interventions might prevent further deterioration. The aim of this study was to analyze the dynamics and predictive value of four urinary biomarkers: kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in a living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) cohort. Biomarkers were measured up to 9 days after the transplantation of 57 recipients participating in the VAPOR-1 trial. Dynamics of KIM-1, NAG, NGAL, and H-FABP significantly changed over the course of 9 days after transplantation. KIM-1 at day 1 and NAG at day 2 after transplantation were significant predictors for the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at various timepoints after transplantation with a positive estimate (p < 0.05), whereas NGAL and NAG at day 1 after transplantation were negative significant predictors (p < 0.05). Multivariable analysis models for eGFR outcome improved after the addition of these biomarker levels. Several donor, recipient and transplantation factors significantly affected the baseline of urinary biomarkers. In conclusion, urinary biomarkers are of added value for the prediction of graft outcome, but influencing factors such as the timing of measurement and transplantation factors need to be considered.

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Brulotte, Véronique, François A. Leblond, Stéphane Elkouri, Éric Thérasse, Vincent Pichette, and Pierre Beaulieu. "Bicarbonates for the Prevention of Postoperative Renal Failure in Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair: A Randomized Pilot Trial." Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/467326.

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Purpose.Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) can contribute to acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing endovascular aortic aneurysm surgery. We evaluated the incidence of AKI together with the evolution of early biomarkers of renal injury in patients receiving bicarbonates or NaCl 0.9%.Methods.This study involved endovascular aortic aneurysm surgery patients. Group A (n=17) received bicarbonates 3 mL/kg/h for 1 h before the procedure and then 1 mL/kg/h until 6 h after surgery, whereas group B (n=17) received NaCl 0.9% using the same protocol. Biomarkers of renal injury from urine (interleukin-18 (IL-18), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1)) and blood (NGAL, cystatin C) were measured at baseline and 3, 24, and 48 h postoperatively.Results.AKI occurred in 1 patient (2.9%), in the bicarbonates group. IL-18, NAG, NGAL, and KIM-1 significantly rose in both groups after the surgery. There was a greater rise in NGAL and IL-18 after 3 h in the bicarbonates versus NaCl 0.9% group: 1115% versus 240% increase (P=0.03) and 338% increase versus 1.4% decrease (P=0.01).Conclusions.Despite significant elevation in biomarkers of renal injury, we demonstrated a low rate of AKI following endovascular aortic surgery.

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Vozianov, Serhii, Vasyl Chernenko, Halyna Nikulina, et al. "Peculiarities of Changes in the Activity Levels of Renospecific Enzymes in the Urine of Patients with Ureterolithiasis." Health of Man, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2786-7323.2.2023.286422.

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The objective: to study the peculiarities of changes in the activity levels of the renal specific enzymes N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and β-galactosidase (β-Gal) as indicators of the functional state of the kidney parenchyma in the urine of patients with ureterolithiasis, depending on the mineral composition of the calculi and their localization in the ureter Materials and methods. 81 patients were examined for unilateral ureterolithiasis (45 men, 36 women), the average age of the patients was 43.2±9.7 years. In the studied patients, the stone sizes were on average 1.1±0.38 cm. The activity of NAG and β-Gal was determined in the urine before the stone was removed. All patients were divided into groups: 1st group – 33 patients with calcium oxalate stones, 2nd group – 18 persons with uric acid stones, 4th group – 12 patients with phosphate stones. The control group included 28 practically healthy people. Depending on the location of the calculus, the patients were divided into subgroups: localization of stones in the upper third of the ureter – subgroup 1a (n=17), in the middle third – subgroup 2a (n=23), in the lower third of the ureter – subgroup 3a (n=41). Urine for analysis was obtained during catheterization of the ureter from the side affected by the stone, before the use of medical agents and after physiological urination. Results. The activity levels of NAG and β-Gal in the urine from the side affected by the calculus (renal pеlvis) in 81 patients were statistically significantly different from similar indicators in the urine from the bladder after physiological urination in the same patients (р<0.001–0.02). In the urine of patients with unilateral ureterolithiasis, there were no significant changes in the activity levels of NAG and β-Gal depending on the mineral composition of the calculi, with the exception of patients with phosphate urolithiasis. The intensity of activity levels (both NAG and β-Gal) in the urine of these patients was most high in the upper third of the ureter (group 1a), the less high – in the lower third of the ureter (group 3a), the difference was statistically significant (р<0.001–0.02). Conclusions. The analysis of changes in the levels of urinary activity of NAG and β-Gal allows to objectively assess the functional state of the tubular nephrothelium in patients with ureterolithiasis before surgical intervention, and in the post-treatment period will help to monitor the effectiveness of treatment.

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GOTO, MASAKO, and KAZUTOSHI MIZUNASHI. "Calcitonin Stimulates Lysosomal Enzyme Release and Uptake in LLC-PK1 Cells." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 10, no. 8 (1999): 1640–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v1081640.

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Abstract. Renal tubular targeted hormones increase urinary excretion of a lysosomal enzyme, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG). To elucidate the mechanism of this event, the calcitonin effect on NAG handling by LLC-PK1 cells was examined. Calcitonin (1 nM to 1 μM), phorbol myristate (10 nM to 1 μM), and ionomycin (1 to 10 μM) promoted NAG release without any increase in lactate dehydrogenase release or any reduction of mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. Treatment with 100 nM calphostin C or 50 μM KN-93 partially reversed the calcitonin effect on NAG release. Calcitonin promoted secretion of fluorescence ceramide, a reporter of protein transport from Golgi apparatus to cell surface. Calcitonin-stimulated NAG release was partially inhibited by 10 μg/ml brefeldin A, a blocker of protein transport through the Golgi apparatus. Calcitonin accelerated cellular uptake of exogenous NAG, which was inhibited by low temperature, 0.1 mM monodansyl cadaverine (receptor-mediated endocytosis inhibitor), and 10 mM mannose-6-phosphate. Furthermore, calcitonin promoted progression of intracellular membranes stained by a fluorescence membrane marker, styryl pyridinium dye, from cell periphery to perinuclear regions (commonly referred to as recycling vesicles) and increased dye release from preloaded cells. Fluorescence release from the cells preloaded with FITC-labeled NAG or albumin was also stimulated by calcitonin. These calcitonin effects on endocytotic and re-exocytotic pathways were inhibited by 100 nM cytochalasin D, 100 nM nocodazole, 0.1 to 1 μM bafilomycin A1, or 0.1 mM monodansyl cadaverine. Increased urinary NAG excretion has been considered to reflect renal tubular damage. However, it was demonstrated here that stimulation of secretory and recycling pathways may be an alternative mechanism for calcitonin-induced enzymuria, which will become a new indicator of renal tubular response to this hormone.

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