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Journal articles on the topic 'N-gram method'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 30 July 2025

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1

Nguyen, Vu H., Hien T. Nguyen, Hieu N. Duong, and Vaclav Snasel. "n-Gram-Based Text Compression." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9483646.

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We propose an efficient method for compressing Vietnamese text usingn-gram dictionaries. It has a significant compression ratio in comparison with those of state-of-the-art methods on the same dataset. Given a text, first, the proposed method splits it inton-grams and then encodes them based onn-gram dictionaries. In the encoding phase, we use a sliding window with a size that ranges from bigram to five grams to obtain the best encoding stream. Eachn-gram is encoded by two to four bytes accordingly based on its correspondingn-gram dictionary. We collected 2.5 GB text corpus from some Vietnames

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Sanan, Majed, Mahmoud Rammal, and Khaldoun Zreik. "Arabic supervised learning method using N‐gram." Interactive Technology and Smart Education 5, no. 3 (2008): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17415650810908249.

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Fuketa, Masao, Kazuhiro Morita, and Jun-Ichi Aoe. "A Retrieval Method for Double Array Structures by Using Byte N-Gram." International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering 6, no. 2 (2014): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijcte.2014.v6.855.

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Arthur O. Santos, Flávio, Thiago Dias Bispo, Hendrik Teixeira Macedo, and Cleber Zanchettin. "Morphological Skip-Gram: Replacing FastText characters n-gram with morphological knowledge." Inteligencia Artificial 24, no. 67 (2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4114/intartif.vol24iss67pp1-17.

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Natural language processing systems have attracted much interest of the industry. This branch of study is composed of some applications such as machine translation, sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, question and answer, and others. Word embeddings (i.e., continuous word representations) are an essential module for those applications generally used as word representation to machine learning models. Some popular methods to train word embeddings are GloVe and Word2Vec. They achieve good word representations, despite limitations: both ignore morphological information of the words and c

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Ogawa, Yasushi, and Toru Matsuda. "An efficient document retrieval method using n-gram indexing." Systems and Computers in Japan 33, no. 2 (2002): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scj.1106.

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Suryani Hormansyah, Dhebys, Eka Larasati Amalia, Luqman Affandi, Dimas Wahyu Wibowo, and Indinabilah Aulia. "N-Gram Accuracy Analysis in the Method of Chatbot Response." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.44 (2018): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.44.26973.

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Chatbot is a computer program designed to simulate interactive conversations or communication to users. In this study, chatbot was created as a customer service that functions as a public health service in Malang. This application is expected to facilitate the public to find the desired information. The method for user input in this application used N-Gram. N-gram consists of unigram, bigram and trigram. Testing of this application is carried out on 3 N-gram methods, so that the results of the tests have been done obtain the results for unigram 0.436, bigram 0.28, and trigram 0.26. From these

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Salas-Zárate, María del Pilar, José Medina-Moreira, Katty Lagos-Ortiz, Harry Luna-Aveiga, Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-García, and Rafael Valencia-García. "Sentiment Analysis on Tweets about Diabetes: An Aspect-Level Approach." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5140631.

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In recent years, some methods of sentiment analysis have been developed for the health domain; however, the diabetes domain has not been explored yet. In addition, there is a lack of approaches that analyze the positive or negative orientation of each aspect contained in a document (a review, a piece of news, and a tweet, among others). Based on this understanding, we propose an aspect-level sentiment analysis method based on ontologies in the diabetes domain. The sentiment of the aspects is calculated by considering the words around the aspect which are obtained through N-gram methods (N-gram

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Jayadianti, Herlina, Budi Santosa, Judanti Cahyaning, Shoffan Saifullah, and Rafal Drezewski. "Essay auto-scoring using N-Gram and Jaro Winkler based Indonesian Typos." MATRIK : Jurnal Manajemen, Teknik Informatika dan Rekayasa Komputer 22, no. 2 (2023): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30812/matrik.v22i2.2473.

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Writing errors on e-essay exams reduce scores. Thus, detecting and correcting errors automatically in writing answers is necessary. The implementation of Levenshtein Distance and N-Gram can detect writing errors. However, this process needed a long time because of the distance method used. Therefore, this research aims to hybrid Jaro Winker and N-Gram methods to detect and correct writing errors automatically. This process required preprocessing and finding the best word recommendations by the Jaro Winkler method, which refers to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI). The N-Gram method refers to

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Maslan, Andi, Kamaruddin Malik Bin Mohamad, Abdul Hamid, Hotma Pangaribuan, and Sunarsan Sitohang. "Feature Selection to Enhance DDoS Detection Using Hybrid N-Gram Heuristic Techniques." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 7, no. 3 (2023): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/joiv.7.3.1533.

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Various forms of distributed denial of service (DDoS) assault systems and servers, including traffic overload, request overload, and website breakdowns. Heuristic-based DDoS attack detection is a combination of anomaly-based and pattern-based methods, and it is one of three DDoS attack detection techniques available. The pattern-based method compares a sequence of data packets sent across a computer network using a set of criteria. However, it cannot identify modern assault types, and anomaly-based methods take advantage of the habits that occur in a system. However, this method is difficult t

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Grieve, Jack, Isobelle Clarke, Emily Chiang, et al. "Attributing the Bixby Letter using n-gram tracing." Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 34, no. 3 (2018): 493–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqy042.

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Abstract There is a long-standing debate about the authorship of the Bixby Letter, one of the most famous pieces of correspondence in American history. Despite being signed by President Abraham Lincoln, some historians have claimed that its true author was John Hay, Lincoln’s personal secretary. Analyses of the letter have been inconclusive in part because the text totals only 139 words and is thus far too short to be attributed using standard methods. To test whether Lincoln or Hay wrote this letter, we therefore introduce and apply a new technique for attributing short texts called ‘n-gram t

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Héja, Gergely, and György Surján. "Using n-gram method in the decomposition of compound medical diagnoses." International Journal of Medical Informatics 70, no. 2-3 (2003): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-5056(03)00049-2.

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Wang, Haitao, Jie He, Xiaohong Zhang, and Shufen Liu. "A Short Text Classification Method Based on N-Gram and CNN." Chinese Journal of Electronics 29, no. 2 (2020): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cje.2020.01.001.

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Takase, Sho, Jun Suzuki, and Masaaki Nagata. "Character n-Gram Embeddings to Improve RNN Language Models." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 5074–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33015074.

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This paper proposes a novel Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) language model that takes advantage of character information. We focus on character n-grams based on research in the field of word embedding construction (Wieting et al. 2016). Our proposed method constructs word embeddings from character ngram embeddings and combines them with ordinary word embeddings. We demonstrate that the proposed method achieves the best perplexities on the language modeling datasets: Penn Treebank, WikiText-2, and WikiText-103. Moreover, we conduct experiments on application tasks: machine translation and headli

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Mikhailova, Elena, Polina Diurdeva, and Dmitry Shalymov. "N-Gram Based Approach for Text Authorship Classification." International Journal of Embedded and Real-Time Communication Systems 8, no. 2 (2017): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijertcs.2017070102.

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Automated authorship attribution is actual to identify the author of an anonymous texts, or texts whose authorship is in doubt. It can be used in various applications including author verification, plagiarism detection, computer forensics and others. In this article, the authors analyze an approach based on frequency combination of letters is investigated for solving such a task as classification of documents by authorship. This technique could be used to identify the author of a computer program from a predefined set of possible authors. The effectiveness of this approach is significantly det

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I Putu Satwika, S.Kom., M. Kom. and Helmy Syahk Alam. "ALGORITMA STEMMING DALAM BAHASA BALI MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN N-GRAM." Smart Techno (Smart Technology, Informatics and Technopreneurship) 2, no. 2 (2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.59356/smart-techno.v2i2.22.

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: Regional languages are one of the nation's heritage that must be preserved. According to the results of a survey conducted by UNESCO, 11% of the world's languages are found in Indonesia. The data obtained shows that 9 regional languages in Papua have become extinct and there are more than 50 regional languages that are threatened with extinction. Balinese is one of the regional languages in Indonesia and certainly has a threat of extinction. This study aims to create a stemming algorithm to be able to obtain basic words from affixed words in Balinese. Stemming is one of the most important al

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Abu Mangshor, Nur Nabilah, Nurbaity Sabri, Zaidah Ibrahim, Zolidah Kasiran, and Anis Safura Ahmad. "Doa Search and Retrieval Using N-Gram." Scientific Research Journal 14, no. 2 (2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v14i2.4906.

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‘Doa’ is derived from Arabic word which means that one asks for the fulfillment or a need or the cure of sickness from him/her. Having to search and retrieve the relevant ‘doa’ for one needs at any particular time is beneficial. There are some search and retrieval applications that require using the exact match of the keyword search with the words stored in the database. This approach leads to the retrieval of insignificant results as users need to know the exact word to be searched. Therefore, this project allows for partial keyword search that utilises N-gram method for the search and retrie

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Abu Mangshor, Nur Nabilah, Nurbaity Sabri, Zaidah Ibrahim, Zolidah Kasiran, and Anis Safura Ahmad. "Doa Search and Retrieval Using N-Gram." Scientific Research Journal 14, no. 2 (2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v14i2.9363.

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‘Doa’ is derived from Arabic word which means that one asks for the fulfillment or a need or the cure of sickness from him/her. Having to search and retrieve the relevant ‘doa’ for one needs at any particular time is beneficial. There are some search and retrieval applications that require using the exact match of the keyword search with the words stored in the database. This approach leads to the retrieval of insignificant results as users need to know the exact word to be searched. Therefore, this project allows for partial keyword search that utilises N-gram method for the search and retrie

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LESTANTO, YUSUF, and RAHMA MUALIFA. "Development of a Data Cleaning System for Consumer Master Data using Sorted Neighborhood and N-Gram Methods." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 13, no. 1 (2025): 57. https://doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v13i1.57.

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ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mengembangkan sistem pembersihan data master menggunakan metode Sorted Neighborhood Method (SNM) dan N-gram untuk mendeteksi dan menghilangkan duplikasi serta menstandarkan format nama dan alamat. SNM menangani pra-pembersihan, menghapus karakter dan judul tertentu, dan membentuk token untuk perbandingan. N-gram menghitung kemiripan dengan nilai dan ambang batas yang ditentukan. Efektivitas metode dievaluasi menggunakan metrik recall, precision, dan F-measure pada dua set data: kecil dan besar. Ambang batas optimal, panjang token, dan nilai N-gram masing-masing adalah 0.7

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Wei Zhang, Lincong Yang, Xingming Sun, Hengfu Yang, and Yuling Liu. "An Effective Method of Arbitrary Length N-gram Statistics for Chinese Text." International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications 5, no. 3 (2011): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jdcta.vol5.issue3.14.

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Xie, S., P. Li, Y. Jiang, and Y. Zhao. "A discriminative method for protein remote homology detection based on N-Gram." Genetics and Molecular Research 14, no. 1 (2015): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2015.january.15.9.

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Wei Zhang, Lincong Yang, Xingming Sun, and Yuling Liu. "A Copy Detection Method for Chinese Text by Character Based N-gram." Journal of Convergence Information Technology 6, no. 3 (2011): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jcit.vol6.issue3.31.

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Yousef. "AN IMPROVED ARABIC WORDâS ROOTS EXTRACTION METHOD USING N-GRAM TECHNIQUE." Journal of Computer Science 10, no. 4 (2014): 716–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2014.716.719.

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23

Suzuki, Izumi, Yoshiki Mikami, Ario Ohsato, and Yoshihide Chubachi. "A language and character set determination method based on N-gram statistics." ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing 1, no. 3 (2002): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/772755.772759.

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Figueiredo, Leandro Neiva Lopes, Guilherme Tavares de Assis, and Anderson A. Ferreira. "DERIN: A data extraction method based on rendering information and n-gram." Information Processing & Management 53, no. 5 (2017): 1120–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2017.04.007.

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Gerliandeva, Alfin, Yulison Chrisnanto, and Herdi Ashaury. "Optimasi Klasifikasi Sentimen pada Komentar Online menggunakan Multinomial Naïve Bayes dan Ekstraksi Fitur TF-IDF serta N-grams." Jurnal Pekommas 9, no. 2 (2024): 260–72. https://doi.org/10.56873/jpkm.v9i2.5585.

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The Naïve Bayes (NB) algorithm is a classifier method that calculates simple probabilities and it is suitable for text classification in the context of sentiment analysis. The classic variant of NB is Multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB). The weakness of the MNB algorithm is the assumption of feature independence. This research uses a dataset of comments and reviews from various online platforms. This study uses the proposed method to handle the weakness of the MNB algorithm, namely the use of TF-IDF feature extraction and N-grams (1-gram to 5-gram), and the use of Chi-Square feature selection, as we

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Hidayat, Wahyu, Ema Utami, and Anggit Dwi Hartanto. "Pemilihan Parameter Terbaik pada Algoritma Winnowing dalam Mendeteksi Tingkat Kesamaan Dokumen Bahasa Indonesia." Creative Information Technology Journal 7, no. 2 (2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.24076/citec.2020v7i2.256.

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Pengidentifikasian terkait plagiarisme terhadap dokumen berbahasa Indonesia telah dilakukan di penelitian terkait, untuk pendeteksi tingkat kesamaan dokumen. Dalam penelitian tersebut telah digunakan algoritma pendeteksi kesamaan dokumen dengan metode fingerprint sseperti Algoritma Winnowing. Algoritma Winnowing memiliki perbedaan pada penggunaan parameter seperti ada yang menggunakan k-gram dan n-gram. Dari perbedaan parameter tersebut dilakukan penelitian performa dari perbandingan penggunaan parameter yang berbeda pada pemotongan string pada tahap algoritma Winnowing sehingga dapat diketahu

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Rahma, Muchamat Ardistiya, Nurul Fitria Apriliani, and Willy Artha Wirawan. "Rekayasa Material Komposit Blok Rem Kereta Api Menggunakan Pasir Besi Ferro dan Serbuk Karbon." Berkala Forum Studi Transportasi antar Perguruan Tinggi 2, no. 3 (2024): 706–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/berkalafstpt.v2i3.1288.

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The metallic and composite brake blocks have characteristics and advantages that need to be considered based on the needs and operational conditions of the railway. This study aims to determine the process of making composite brake blocks with carbon powder, iron sand, and epoxy resin and to understand their characteristics. Three variations of compositions, including 70 grams of epoxy resin + 15 grams of iron sand + 15 grams of carbon powder, 65 grams of epoxy resin + 15 grams of iron sand + 20 grams of carbon powder, and 55 grams of epoxy resin + 15 grams of iron sand + 30-gram carbon powder

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Zhao, Hong, Zhaobin Chang, Guangbin Bao, and Xiangyan Zeng. "Malicious Domain Names Detection Algorithm Based on N-Gram." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4612474.

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Malicious domain name attacks have become a serious issue for Internet security. In this study, a malicious domain names detection algorithm based on N-Gram is proposed. The top 100,000 domain names in Alexa 2013 are used in the N-Gram method. Each domain name excluding the top-level domain is segmented into substrings according to its domain level with the lengths of 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The substring set of the 100,000 domain names is established, and the weight value of a substring is calculated according to its occurrence number in the substring set. To detect a malicious attack, the domain

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Li, Dun, Wei Tu, and Lei Shi. "Chinese New Word Identification Using N-Gram and PPM Models." Applied Mechanics and Materials 109 (October 2011): 612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.109.612.

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New word identification is one of the difficult problems of the Chinese information processing. This paper presents a new method to identify new words. First of all, the text is segmented using N-Gram; then PPM is used to identify the new words which are in the text; finally, the new identified words are added to update the dictionary using LRU. Compared with three well-known word segmentation systems, the experimental results show that this method can improve the precision and recall rate of new word identification to a certain extent.

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Kusuma, Anggasta Tirta Adi, and Chanifah I. Ratnasari. "COMPARISON OF SPELL CORRECTION IN BAHASA INDONESIA: PETER NORVIG, LSTM, AND N-GRAM." JIKO (Jurnal Informatika dan Komputer) 6, no. 3 (2023): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33387/jiko.v6i3.7072.

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This study conducts a comprehensive comparison of spell-checking methods in Bahasa Indonesia, specifically focusing on three approaches: Peter Norvig's method, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and N-gram. The primary metric for evaluation is the accuracy in correcting spelling errors. Notably, Peter Norvig's method outperforms the others, with N-gram following closely, and LSTM trailing behind. The study draws valuable insights that contribute to the enhancement of spelling correction accuracy in the Bahasa Indonesia language. To carry out the evaluation, the research employs SPECIL data (Spell

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Petro, Lizunov, Biloshchytskyi Andrii, Kuchansky Alexander, Andrashko Yurii, and Biloshchytska Svitlana. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHOD FOR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS CLUSTERING BASED ON N-GRAM ANALYSIS AND FUZZY METHOD FOR SELECTING RESEARCH PARTNERS." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 4 (100) (2019): 6–14. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2019.175139.

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For the problem of formation of project teams, in particular, scientific research project groups, there was proposed the comprehensive method, which consists of the two-stage method for clustering the graph of citation of scientists» publications and the method of fuzzy inference for coordination of experts» opinions on the selection of potential partners and their inclusion in the project group. The essence of the two-stage method for clustering publications of scientists is clustering the citation graph based on the proximity of abstracts of publications. The distance between pub

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Muhammad Satria Wibisana and Santoso Santoso. "Pengaruh Berat Clutch Housing dan Konstanta Pegas Sentrifugal Terhadap Akselerasi Motor Matic 155 CC." Intellektika : Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa 2, no. 5 (2024): 137–51. https://doi.org/10.59841/intellektika.v2i5.1528.

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This study evaluates the impact of varying clutch housing weights and centrifugal spring constants on the acceleration of automatic motorcycles with Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT). The research employed an experimental method using a Dynotest acceleration testing tool. Tests were conducted with three clutch housing weights (816 grams, 800 grams, 771 grams) and three spring constants (39.2 N/mm, 29.4 N/mm, 21.38 N/mm). Results indicated that the combination of a 771-gram clutch housing and a 21.38 N/mm spring produced the highest acceleration, reaching 13.16 m/s² at speeds of 0-5 m/s.

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Yustinus, Vernanda, Hansun Seng, and Bonar Kristanda Marcel. "Indonesian language email spam detection using N-gram and Naïve Bayes algorithm." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 5 (2020): 2012–19. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i5.2444.

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Indonesia is ranked the top 8th out of the total country population in the world for the global spammers. Web-based spam filter service with the REST API type can be used to detect email spam in the Indonesian language on the email server or various types of email server applications. With REST API, then there will be data exchange between the applications with JSON data type using existing HTTP commands. One type of spam filter commonly used is Bayesian Filtering, where the Naïve Bayes algorithm is used as a  classification algorithm. Meanwhile, the N-gram method is used to increase

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Puspitasari, Devi Ambarwati, Hanif Fakhrurroja, and Adi Sutrisno. "AUTHORSHIP ANALYSIS IN ELECTRONIC TEXTS USING SIMILARITY COMPARISON METHOD." Linguistik Indonesia 42, no. 1 (2024): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v42i1.544.

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The most recent changes to the criteria in legal process for scientific evidence have emphasized scientific methods of authorship analysis. This study examined the authorship of electronic texts using a quantitative method based on forensic stylistics and computer technologies. This study uses 300 digital texts produced by 100 authors, including 100 questioned texts (Q-text) and 200 known texts (K-text). Personal texts of WhatsApp messages are used in this study as electronic texts. Authorship analysis was conducted by tracing the n-gram and testing all the text sets using the Similarity Compa

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Chauhana, M. H., G. G. Dubal, and V. H. Shah. "Rapid Four-Component Reactions in Water: Synthesis of Pyranopyrazoles Catalyzed by Ammonium Chloride and Their Antimicrobial Evaluation." Asian Journal of Organic & Medicinal Chemistry 5, no. 1 (2020): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajomc.2020.ajomc-p201.

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An environmentally benign synthesis of pyranopyrazoles derivatives has been developed by a four-component reaction between aldehyde, malononitrile, hydrazine hydrate and ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of ammonium chloride in water medium. This method follows the principle of green chemistry by using environmentally benign synthetic method along with use of ammonium chloride as a catalyst and green reaction medium. All the derivatives were evaluated for antimicrobial screening against two Gram-negative bacteria, two Gram-positive bacteria and three fungal species. Among all the tested compo

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Ou, Shih-Fu, Ya-Yun Zheng, Sin-Jen Lee, et al. "N-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots as Fluorescent Bioimaging Agents." Crystals 11, no. 7 (2021): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070789.

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Graphene quantum dots, carbon nanomaterials with excellent fluorescence characteristics, are advantageous for use in biological systems owing to their small size, non-toxicity, and biocompatibility. We used the hydrothermal method to prepare functional N-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) from 1,3,6-trinitropyrene and analyzed their ability to fluorescently stain various bacteria. Our results showed that N-CQDs stain the cell septa and membrane of the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonellaenteritidis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus and the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Li

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Pande, Bhagwati P., Pawan Tamta, and Hoshiyar S. Dhami. "Generation, implementation, and appraisal of an N-gram-based stemming algorithm." Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 34, no. 3 (2018): 558–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqy053.

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Abstract A language-independent stemmer has always been looked for. Single N-gram tokenization technique works well; however, it often generates stems that start with intermediate characters, rather than initial ones. We present a novel technique that takes the concept of N-gram stemming one step ahead and compare our method with an established algorithm in the field, say, Porter’s stemmer for English, Spanish, and Portuguese languages. Results indicate that our N-gram stemmer is comparable with the Porter’s linguistic stemmer.

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Farawn Ogaib, Melad, and Kadhim Mahdi Hashim. "News Classification by N-Gram and Machine Learning Algorithms." Journal of Education for Pure Science- University of Thi-Qar 12, no. 2 (2023): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/jeps.v12i2.202.

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News is information obtained from different sources such as television, internet, newspapers andmagazines. Online news is published in very large numbers, and because there are so many news, it willbe challenging for users to find the pertinent information that matches their preferences. In this paper, thenews is categorized so that a specific category can be obtained quickly and easily. The BBC's newsgroupwas used in its five categories: sports, politics, business, technology and entertainment. The classificationalgorithms Multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB) and decision tree (DT) were applied to t

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Pratama, Zudha, Ema Utami, and M. Rudyanto Arief. "Analisa Perbandingan Jenis N-GRAM Dalam Penentuan Similarity Pada Deteksi Plagiat." Creative Information Technology Journal 4, no. 4 (2019): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.24076/citec.2017v4i4.118.

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Dampak.akses informasi yang mudah membuat tindakan plagiasi makin marak. Tindakan tersebut dapat dicegah dengan menggunakan sistem deteksi plagiat. Sistem tersebut dapat dibangun dengan menggunakan konsep similarity dengan algoritma rabin-karp sebagai string matchingnya dan n-gram sebagai metode parsingnya. Penelitian terdahulu menggunakan kedua algoritma tersebut menunjukkan hasil sistem yang cukup baik untuk deteksi plagiat. Kemudian hasil penelitian dari luar negeri ada yang melakukan hal serupa mengenai deteksi plagiat serta menghasilkan penemuan baru misalnya cross-language similarity. Se

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Amandeep, Singh*1 &. Dr. Dinesh Kumar2. "IMPROVED FEATURE SELECTION FORCLASSIFICATION OF SENTIMENTAL REVIEWS USING N-GRAM MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH." GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND RESEARCHES 5, no. 7 (2018): 278–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1313639.

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The sentiment analysis approach is used to determine the sentiment in the text content by using the keyword intensity or term frequency based approach. The keyword extraction models are used to determine the words containing the sentiment from the text data, and eliminate the remaining content based upon the selection or design of the feature extraction model. The keywords based features are then transformed to the numeric formation by using the ratio, weight or appearance based description, and further classified using the supervised classification model to identify its orientation. In this p

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Baluja, Shipra, Sumitra Chanda, Sushmita Ganguly, Swati Oza, and Kajal Nandha. "Synthesis and antimicrobial screening of some Schiff bases." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 3 (2019): 099–108. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4283231.

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Some new Schiff bases were synthesized from pyrazolo aldehydes and triazoles and their structures were confirmed by IR, <sup>1</sup>H NMR, and Mass spectral data. All these synthesized compounds were tested <em>in vitro</em> for their antimicrobial potential in N, N-dimethyl formamide and dimethyl sulfoxide by agar well diffusion method. The antimicrobial strains were of Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacterial and fungal strains.

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Tian, Jinhao, Zuchao Li, Jiajia Li, and Ping Wang. "N-gram Unsupervised Compoundation and Feature Injection for Better Symbolic Music Understanding." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, no. 14 (2024): 15364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i14.29461.

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The first step to apply deep learning techniques for symbolic music understanding is to transform musical pieces (mainly in MIDI format) into sequences of predefined tokens like note pitch, note velocity, and chords. Subsequently, the sequences are fed into a neural sequence model to accomplish specific tasks. Music sequences exhibit strong correlations between adjacent elements, making them prime candidates for N-gram techniques from Natural Language Processing (NLP). Consider classical piano music: specific melodies might recur throughout a piece, with subtle variations each time. In this pa

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Brooke, Julian, Jan Šnajder, and Timothy Baldwin. "Unsupervised Acquisition of Comprehensive Multiword Lexicons using Competition in an n-gram Lattice." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 5 (December 2017): 455–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00073.

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We present a new model for acquiring comprehensive multiword lexicons from large corpora based on competition among n-gram candidates. In contrast to the standard approach of simple ranking by association measure, in our model n-grams are arranged in a lattice structure based on subsumption and overlap relationships, with nodes inhibiting other nodes in their vicinity when they are selected as a lexical item. We show how the configuration of such a lattice can be optimized tractably, and demonstrate using annotations of sampled n-grams that our method consistently outperforms alternatives by a

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Ibrahim, Arsmah, Zainab Abu Bakar, Nuru’l–‘Izzah Othman, and Nor Fuzaina Ismail. "Assessing the Line-By-Line Marking Performance of n-Gram String Similarity Method." Scientific Research Journal 6, no. 1 (2009): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v6i1.5636.

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Manual marking of free-response solutions in mathematics assessments is very demanding in terms of time and effort. Available software equipped with automated marking features to mark open-ended questions has very limited capabilities. In most cases the marking process focuses on the final answer only. Few available software are capable of marking the intermediate steps as is norm in manual marking. This paper discusses the line-by-line marking performance of the n_gram string similarity method using the Dice coefficient as means to measure similarity. The marks awarded by the automated markin

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Okubo, Seiya, Takaaki Ayabe, and Tetsuro Nishino. "Cluster Analysis Using N-gram Statistics for Daihinmin Programs and Performance Evaluations." International Journal of Software Innovation 4, no. 2 (2016): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsi.2016040103.

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In this paper, the authors elucidate the characteristics of the computer game Daihinmin, a popular Japanese card game that uses imperfect information. They first propose a method to extract feature values using n-gram statistics and a cluster analysis method that employs feature values. By representing the program card hands as several symbols, and the order of hands as simplified symbol strings, they obtain data that is suitable for feature extraction. The authors then evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method through computer experiments. In these experiments, they apply their method

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Nurul Laili, Faiftin, Tri Kurniastuti, and Palupi Puspitorini. "RESPON PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN CABAI MERAH KERITING (Capsicum annum Var. Longun L.) TERHADAP PEMBERIAN DOSIS PUPUK NPK DAN BOKASHI." VIABEL: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian 14, no. 1 (2020): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35457/viabel.v14i1.999.

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The aims of this study was 1) to determine the effect of interactions between the dose of NPK fertilizer and bokashi fertilizer on growth and yield of curly red chilli plants 2) to determine the effect of NPK fertilizer dose on the growth and yield of curly red chili plants 3) to determine the effect of bokashi fertilizer dose on the growth and yield of curly red chilli plants. This study was arranged using a factorial randomized block design (RAK), factor I was NPK fertilizer namely N1: 0.624 gram, N2: 0.832 gram, N3: 1.04 gram, N4 1,248 gram, factor II is fertilizer Bokashi is B1: 20.8 grams

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Buckley, Kevin, and Carl Vogel. "Using character N-grams to explorediachronic change in medieval English." Folia Linguistica 40, no. 2 (2019): 249–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flih-2019-0012.

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Abstract This paper applies character N-grams to the study of diachronic linguistic variation in a historical language. The period selected for this initial exploratory study is medieval English, a well-studied period of great linguistic variation and language contact, whereby the efficacy of computational techniques can be examined through comparison to the wealth of thorough scholarship on medieval linguistic variation. Frequency profiles of character N-gram features were generated for several epochs in the history of English and a measure of language distance was employed to quantify the si

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Zhao, Yuntao, Bo Bo, Yongxin Feng, ChunYu Xu, and Bo Yu. "A Feature Extraction Method of Hybrid Gram for Malicious Behavior Based on Machine Learning." Security and Communication Networks 2019 (February 4, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2674684.

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With explosive growth of malware, Internet users face enormous threats from Cyberspace, known as “fifth dimensional space.” Meanwhile, the continuous sophisticated metamorphism of malware such as polymorphism and obfuscation makes it more difficult to detect malicious behavior. In the paper, based on the dynamic feature analysis of malware, a novel feature extraction method of hybrid gram (H-gram) with cross entropy of continuous overlapping subsequences is proposed, which implements semantic segmentation of a sequence of API calls or instructions. The experimental results show the H-gram meth

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Tandiano, Andreas Halim, and Deny Jollyta. "CLASSIFICATION OF FAKE NEWS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE USING SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE METHOD." JURTEKSI (Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Informasi) 10, no. 2 (2024): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33330/jurteksi.v10i2.2895.

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Abstract: Since information and communication technology has become ingrained in our daily lives, it has become easier to access information. However, there are some concerns. One of them is about fake news. The aim of this study is to develop an Indonesian system for detecting false news by utilizing news headlines. The methods used are linear kernel support vector ma- chine and n-gram. According to the findings of the performance test that was carried out, the linear kernel support vector machine model employing the term frequency inverse document frequency unigram feature performs better th

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Song, Jie, Yixiao Liu, and Yunhua Qu. "N-gram Language Model for Chinese Function-word-centered Patterns." Volume 31, Issue 1 31, no. 1 (2024): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20532/cit.2023.1005719.

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N-gram language modelling, a proven and effective method in NLP, is widely used to calculate the probability of a sentence in natural language. Language pattern is a linguistic level between word/character and sentence, which exists in pattern grammar. In this research, the approach of language model and language pattern are combined for the first time, and language patterns are studied by use of the N-gram model. Chinese function-word-centered patterns are extracted from the LCMC corpus, and aligned into pattern chains. The language model is trained from these chains to investigate the proper

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