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Journal articles on the topic 'Nafion coating and manufacturing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Ahn, Su Min, Hwan Yeop Jeong, Jung-Kyu Jang, et al. "Polybenzimidazole/Nafion hybrid membrane with improved chemical stability for vanadium redox flow battery application." RSC Advances 8, no. 45 (2018): 25304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03921f.

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2

Mohamed, Hamdy F. M., Seiti Kuroda, Yoshinori Kobayashi, Bruno Tavernier, Ryoichi Suzuki, and Akihiro Ohira. "Study of Thin Nafion^® Films for Fuel Cells Using Energy Variable Slow Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy." Materials Science Forum 733 (November 2012): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.733.57.

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Nafion® is one of the most popular proton conducting membranes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). For the integration of Nafion® to the catalyst layers, very thin layers of the polymer are often formed on the catalysts of PEFC from dilute solutions. We applied energy variable positron annihilation to characterizing the structure of thin Nafion® films prepared by spin and dip coating from ethanol/water solutions of Nafion® on Si substrates. Experimental data suggest that the nano-structure of 23 nm thick spin coated Nafion® film is different from 220 nm thick film and also from 26 and 227 nm thick dip coated films, possibly due to the preservation of the unique rod-like structure of Nafion® in the dilute solution.

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3

Lee, Gyu Jei, Han Kyu Lee, and Dong Il Kwon. "Microscratch Analysis and Interfacial Toughness of Catalyst Coating on Electrolyte Polymer in Micro Fuel Cells." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1633.

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This study combined microscratch test and fracture-mechanical analysis to assess the interfacial reliability of Nafion and Pt/Ru catalyst layers in micro fuel cells. Scratch test was used to determine the critical load for interfacial failure, while fracture-mechanical analysis was used to quantify the adhesion between Nafion (the electrolyte polymer substrate) and Pt/Ru alloy (catalyst coating). We also proposed a key of solving ambiguous problems in indentation cracking test by determining geometric information from crack propagation and critical points, as for a hard porous coating on a soft substrate. A comparative analysis of three coating methods, spray, decalcomania and their mixed process, was done to assess the validity of our new method.

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4

Palisoc, Shirley, Vince Aaron Sow, and Michelle Natividad. "Fabrication of a bismuth nanoparticle/Nafion modified screen-printed graphene electrode for in situ environmental monitoring." Analytical Methods 11, no. 12 (2019): 1591–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ay00221a.

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5

Toikkanen, Outi, Mikko Nisula, Elina Pohjalainen, et al. "Al2O3 coating grown on Nafion membranes by atomic layer deposition." Journal of Membrane Science 495 (December 2015): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.08.021.

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6

Luo, Jing, Rung-Chuan Lee, Jian-Ting Jin, Yu-Ting Weng, Chia-Chen Fang, and Nae-Lih Wu. "A dual-functional polymer coating on a lithium anode for suppressing dendrite growth and polysulfide shuttling in Li–S batteries." Chemical Communications 53, no. 5 (2017): 963–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc09248a.

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7

He, Guangwei, Xueyi He, Xinglin Wang, et al. "A highly proton-conducting, methanol-blocking Nafion composite membrane enabled by surface-coating crosslinked sulfonated graphene oxide." Chemical Communications 52, no. 10 (2016): 2173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc07406a.

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8

Cai, Feng, Jian Fei Xia, Zong Hua Wang, Yan Zhi Xia, Fei Fei Zhang, and Lin Hua Xia. "Sensitive Determination of Rutin Using a Nafion/PMB/Graphene Composite-Modified Glassy Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 641-642 (January 2013): 566–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.641-642.566.

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A novel Nafion/PMB/G/GCE was prepared by firstly electro-polymerization of MB to G/GCE and then coating Nafion on PMB/G/GCE. The as-prepared modified electrode combining the advantages of Nafion, methylene blue and G was employed for the sensitive detection of rutin. The results showed that the peak current of rutin obtained on Nafion/PMB/G/GCE was obviously high compared to bare electrode and G/GCE. Under the optimized value of pH, which was pH 3.0, peak current of rutin had good linear relation with the scan rate. At the same time, peak current increased linearly with increasing concentration of rutin. The linear range was from 5×10-7 mol/L to 1.2×10-5 mol/L, and the detection limit was 9.5×10-8 mol/L

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9

Yao, Yuanyuan, Yangping Wen, Jingkun Xu, Long Zhang, and Xuemin Duan. "Application of commercial poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) for electrochemical sensing of dopamine." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 78, no. 9 (2013): 1397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc120927036y.

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In this paper, a simple and stable composite electrode based on intrinsically conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(sty-renesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and ion-exchange polymer Nafion, was successfully fabricated by drop-coating the blended commercially available PEDOT:PSS aqueous dispersion and Nafion solution on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). PEDOT:PSS was used as a matrix, while Nafion was employed to improve the immobilization stability of composite films and adhesion to electrode surface in comparison with PEDOT:PSS films. Cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to characterize the properties of this composite electrode. The as-proposed composite electrode displayed good water-stability. Meanwhile, the composite electrode was applied to electrochemical sensing of dopamine, and the performance of PEDOT:PSS-Nafion composite films was evaluated. These results demonstrate that PEDOT:PSS-Nafion composites are a promising candidate of electrode modified material in electrochemical sensing and other electrocatalytic applications.

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10

Dastorian Jamnani, Bahador, Soraya Hosseini, Saeed Rahmanian, Suraya Abdul Rashid, Sa'ari b. Mustapha, and Sepideh Keshan Balavandy. "Grafting Carbon Nanotubes on Glass Fiber by Dip Coating Technique to Enhance Tensile and Interfacial Shear Strength." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/149736.

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The effects of noncovalent bonding and mechanical interlocking of carbon nanotubes (CNT) coating on tensile and interfacial strength of glass fiber were investigated. CNT were coated over glass fiber by a simple dip coating method. Acid treated CNT were suspended in isopropanol solution containing Nafion as binding agent. To achieve uniform distribution of CNT over the glass fiber, an optimized dispersion process was developed by two parameters: CNT concentration and soaking time. CNT concentration was varied from 0.4 to 2 mg/mL and soaking time was varied from 1 to 180 min. The provided micrographs demonstrated appropriate coating of CNT on glass fiber by use of CNT-Nafion mixture. The effects of CNT concentration and soaking time on coating layer were studied by performing single fiber tensile test and pull-out test. The obtained results showed that the optimum CNT concentration and soaking time were 1 mg/mL and 60 min, respectively, which led to significant improvement of tensile strength and interfacial shear stress. It was found that, at other concentrations and soaking times, CNT agglomeration or acutely curly tubes appeared over the fiber surface which caused a reduction of nanotubes interaction on the glass fiber.

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11

Gouveia-Caridade, Carla, Christopher M. A. Brett, and Hans Dieter Liess. "Development and Interfacial Properties of Novel Polymer-Modified Carbon Film Electrodes." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 1313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1313.

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The surface properties of carbon film electrode sensors covered by coating with Nafion polymer film, before and after electrochemical analysis of sub-micromolar traces of lead and cadmium ions, were investigated. These protective polymer films are applied to the electrode surfaces to prevent the irreversible adsorption of chemical species, such as proteins and surfactants present in natural media, which leads to a decrease in response. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and voltammetric techniques were used for characterisation. The effect of non-ionic surfactant molecules in solution on the behaviour of the polymer-coated electrode was also investigated. It is shown that permanent changes to the structure and morphology of the Nafion film and of the carbon-Nafion interface occur after deposition of the trace metal ions, an effect which is lessened in the presence of surfactant.

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12

Purwanto, Widodo W., S. Slamet, Martin Rifki, et al. "Pengebangan prototipe direct methanl fuel cell (DMFC) dan pengaruh kandungan nafion membrane electrode assembly (MEA)." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 7, no. 2 (2018): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2008.7.2.5.

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The purposes of this research are designing the prototype of DMFC, consist of graphite and aluminium cell stacks and MEA with difference Nafion content. Cell stack has active area of 6.5 cm2, and single serpentine flow field. MEAs were fabricated using Nafion membrane 117 (DuPont), gas diffusion layer (GDL) carbon cloth, and commercial catalysts E-Tek, Pt/C for the cathode side and Pt-Ru/C for the anode. Catalysts loading on the anode are 3 and 4 mgPt-Ru/cm2 and on the cathode is 3 mg/cm2. Dry Nafion content of 20 %-wt and 40 %-wt were used in this experiment. MEA fabrication was done by brush coating and hot pressing. Single cell test conducted to evaluate the performance of DMFC at 70°C with 2M methanol as fuel and air as the oxidant. The results of single cell test showed that cell voltage of 600-750 mV, current density of 100 150 mW/cm2, with maximum power density of 19 mW/cm2 ware achieved. MEA with 40 wt% Nafion content showed the better performance than 20 %-wt with power density 19 mWlcm2 and 6 mW/cm2, respectively. Increasing the catalyst loading from 3 to 4 mgPt-Ru/cm2 improved the power density from 16 to 18 mW/cm2. Keywords: Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, Cel stack, MEA, Nation content. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang sebuah prototipe DMFC dengan cell stack berbahan grafit dan aluminium serta fabrikasi MEA dengan variasi kandungan Nafion. Cell stack memiliki luas aktif 6.5 cm2 dengan flowfield bertipe single serpentine. MEA difabrikasi menggunakan membran Nafion 117 (DuPont), lapisan difusi gas carbon cloth dan katalis komersial E-Tek, Pt/C untuk katoda dan Pt-Ru/Cuntuk anoda. Kandungan katalis adalah 3 dan 4 mgPt-Ru/cm2 pada sisi anoda dan 3 mg/cm2 pada sisi katoda. Kandungan Nafion yang digunakan adalah 20 dan 40 % berat. Fabrikasi MEA dilakukan dengan metode brush coating dan hot pressing. Uji kinerja DMFC dilakukan pada suhu 70°C dengan menggunakan bahan bakar metanal 2M dan udara sebagai oksidan. Hasil uji kinerja DMFC sel tunggal didapatkan potensial sel 600-750 mv densitas arus 100-150 mW/cm serta densitas energi maksimum 19 mW/cm2. MEA dengan kandun?an Nafion 40 % berat memiliki kinerja yang lebih baik dengan densitas energi 19 mW/cm dibandingkan dengan Nafion 20 % berat sebesar 6 mW/cm2. Kenaikan loading katalis anoda dari 3 menjadi 4 mgPt-Ru/cm2 dapat meningkatkan densitas energi dari 16 mW/cm2 menjadi 18 mW/cm2.Kata kunci: Direct Methanol Fuel Cell,Cel stack, MEA, kandungan Nation.

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13

Maciak, Erwin. "Low-Coherence Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensor for Humidity Monitoring Based on Nafion® Thin Film." Sensors 19, no. 3 (2019): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030629.

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The main aim of this work was the design and development simple fiber optic Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) sensor devices for relative humidity (RH) sensing with emphasis on high sensitivity and good stability. The RH fiber FPI sensor is fabricated by coating the end of a cleaved standard multi-mode (MM) fiber with hydrophilic Nafion® sensing film. The Nafion® thin film acts as an active resonance cavity of the low-coherence interferometric sensing structure. The fringe pattern, which is caused by interfering light beam in the Nafion® thin film will shift as the RH changes because the water molecules will swell the Nafion® film and thus change optical pathlength of the sensing structure. The operating principle of a FPI sensor based on the adsorption and desorption of water vapour in the Nafion® and the limitations of this sensor type are discussed in this work. The fiber optic hygrometer was tested in the visible (400–900 nm) region of spectra for measurement of relative humidity (RH) in the range of 5.5–80% at room temperature (RT) in air. The fiber optic humidity sensor has a very short response time (t90 = 5–80 s) and a fast regeneration time (t10 = 5–12 s) as good as commercial sensors.

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14

Peng, Yong, Chuan-Wan Wei, You-Nian Liu, and Juan Li. "Nafion coating the ferrocenylalkanethiol and encapsulated glucose oxidase electrode for amperometric glucose detection." Analyst 136, no. 19 (2011): 4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1an15292k.

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15

Zeng, Jingbin, Cuiying Zhao, Jingjing Chen, et al. "Ordered mesoporous carbon/Nafion as a versatile and selective solid-phase microextraction coating." Journal of Chromatography A 1365 (October 2014): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.094.

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16

Khursheed, Shara, Mohammad Zain Khan, K. M. Moeed, and Saima Sultana. "A review of coating materials for ionic polymer metal compounds for Nafion-117." Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021): 6655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.112.

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17

Palisoc, Shirley Tiong, Michelle Tiamzon Natividad, Patricia Denise DeVera, and Benjamin Simone B. Tuason. "Determination of Lead (Pb2+) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Based on [Ru(NH3)6]3+/Nafion Modified Electrodes." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 17, no. 4 (2014): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v17i4.390.

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Chemically modified [Ru(NH3)6]3+ doped Nafion® thin film was fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass electrodes by using the drop-coating method to detect heavy metal ions of Pb(II) in de-ionized water analyte solution via anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). This study also determined the effect of varying the concentration of the mediator ([Ru(NH3)6]3+) on the detection of the said heavy metals. The redox mediator Ru(NH3)6]3+ used in the study was effectively incorporated and immobilized within the Nafion modified electrodes. Lead concentration in the electrolyte solution and the concentration of the redox mediator was varied to control the properties of the fabricated electrodes which utilized for heavy metal detection through ASV. The conducting properties of ITO electrodes were enhanced with the deposition of Nafion® attaining minimal interference. The stripping current peaks increased with the concentration of the heavy metal present in the solution as well as with the mediator concentration.

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18

Ni, Hongjun, Jiaqiao Zhang, Shuaishuai Lv, Xingxing Wang, Yi Pei, and Fei Li. "Coating Process Parameters and Structural Properties of the Tubular Electrodes of Fuel Cells Based on a Self-Made Coating Device." Coatings 10, no. 9 (2020): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090830.

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The electrode is one of the most important components of tubular direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), and the coating process directly determines its performance. In the present research, a tubular electrode coating device was designed based on planetary gear structures, and the influence of the coating process parameters on the electrode structure’s performance was studied. The experimental results show that: the coating layer on the electrode surface prepared by the self-made device is uniform and dense, and the coating surface quality is better than a manual coating. The best coating environment temperature is 30–40 °C, and the coating spindle speed is 6.67 r/min. Under the condition in which Nafion 117 is used as the proton exchange membrane, the fuel cell is placed in 1 mol/L H2SO4 + 0.5 mol/L CH3OH electrolyte, and high-purity oxygen is fed at a rate of 100 mL/min, the power density of the electrode coated by the self-made device can reach 20.50 mW/cm2, which is about 2.4 times that of the electrode coated manually.

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19

Moussy, F., D. J. Harrison, and R. V. Rajotte. "A Miniaturized Nafion-Based Glucose Sensor: in vitro and in vivo evaluation in dogs." International Journal of Artificial Organs 17, no. 2 (1994): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889401700206.

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We have developed an implantable glucose sensor based on a new tri-layer membrane configuration. The needle-type sensor integrates a Pt working electrode and a Ag/AgCI reference electrode. Its size is equivalent to a 25 gauge needle (0.5 mm in diamater). Poly (o-phenylenediamine) was used as an inner coating to reduce interference by small compounds present in the body fluids, and the perfluorinated ionomer, Nation as a biocompatible, protective, outer coating. Glucose oxidase trapped in an albumin/glutaraldehyde matrix was sandwiched between these coatings. In vitro tests in buffer showed the sensors had a good selectively, a sensitivity of about 25 nA/mM, and a 90% response time of 33 s. Stabilization of the current following polarization required 10 to 30 min in vitro and 30 to 40 in vivo. Although these sensors remained stable for many weeks in saline solution, their implantation in animals resulted in the degradation of the protective Nation outer coating, which in turn, led to the failure of the incorporated reference electrode. We demonstrated that if unprotected, the AgCI layer of the reference electrode rapidly dissolves in the biological environment. However, we later showed that in vivo degradation of Nation can be prevented by heat curing. When heat cured sensors were subcutaneously implanted in dogs, the sensors' signal closely followed the plasma glucose level during glucose tolerance tests. The response of the sensors implanted in dogs was retained for 10 days.

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20

Rattanachai, Yuttakarn, Kamolwan Rintramee, Surachet Rattanasuporn, and Ratchadaporn Supruangnet. "Characterization of Nafion XL membrane for PEMFC after VUV degradation and titanium nitride coating." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 436 (December 2018): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2018.10.013.

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21

Palisoc, Shirley Tiong, Michelle Tiamzon Natividad, and Craig Egan Allistair Dumanon Tan. "Voltammetric determination of copper and zinc in water using a Ruthenium bipyridyl/Nafion-modified indium tin oxide-coated glass electrode." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 20, no. 3 (2017): 089–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v20i3.261.

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Chemically-modified Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates were fabricated by depositing Nafion thin films doped with tris (2,2’-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) dichloride hexahydrate via drop coating deposition technique. The Nafion volume concentration in the film is 1% (v/v) and the mediator concentration is 5 mg per 1 mL Nafion. The chemically-modified electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and were used as working electrodes to detect varying concentrations of copper (Cu2+) and zinc (Zn2+) in a 0.1 M NaCl supporting electrolyte solution via Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV). Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions were successfully determined by ASV. The limits of detection for Cu2+ and Zn2+ were 0.1 ppm and 0.7 ppm, respectively. The modified electrodes were used to determine the presence of Cu2+ and Zn2+ in different real water samples. The presence of Cu2+ was successfully determined in deep well, lake, and tap water samples, while the presence of Zn2+ was successfully determined in sea and tap water samples. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) results confirm the presence of Cu2+ and Zn2+ in the samples.

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22

Kim, Je-Deok, and Akihiro Ohira. "Water Electrolysis Using a Porous IrO2/Ti/IrO2 Catalyst Electrode and Nafion Membranes at Elevated Temperatures." Membranes 11, no. 5 (2021): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11050330.

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Porous IrO2/Ti/IrO2 catalyst electrodes were obtained by coating IrO2 on both sides of three types of porous Ti powder sheets (sample 1, sample 2, and sample 3) using different surface treatment methods, and a hydrogen evolution catalyst electrode was obtained by coating Pt/C on carbon gas diffusion layers. A Nafion115 membrane was used as an electrolyte for the membrane electrode assemblies (MEA). Water electrolysis was investigated at cell temperatures up to 150 °C, and the electrical characteristics of the three types of porous IrO2/Ti/IrO2 catalyst electrodes were investigated. The sheet resistance of sample 1 was higher than those of samples 2 and 3, although during water electrolysis, a high current density was observed due to the nanostructure of the IrO2 catalyst. In addition, the structural stabilities of Nafion and Aquivion membranes up to 150 °C were investigated by using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The polymer structures of Nafion and Aquivion membranes were stable up to 80 °C, whereas the crystalline domains grew significantly above 120 °C. In other words, the initial polymer structure did not recover after the sample was heated above the glass transition temperature.

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23

Zizhou, Rumbidzai E., Ahmet Çay, E. Perrin Akçakoca Kumbasar, and C. Özgür Çolpan. "Production of poly(vinyl alcohol)/Nafion® nanofibers and their stability assessment for the use in direct methanol fuel cells." Journal of Industrial Textiles 50, no. 6 (2019): 773–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083719844611.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the electrospinning of Nafion® nanofibers with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a carrier polymer and to assess the thermal and chemical stability of resultant PVA/Nafion® nanofibers for the use in direct methanol fuel cells, in simulated conditions. Bead-free PVA/Nafion® nanofibers were produced using higher molecular weight PVA. Resultant PVA and PVA/Nafion® nanofibers were stabilized using two different methods which are BTCA crosslinking and thermal stabilization, followed by sulfonation of the PVA part. FT-IR analysis demonstrated that the membranes were stabilized and sulfonated successfully. Thermal, water, methanol and oxidative stability of the membranes were tested in addition to ion-exchange capacity. Morphological changes in the structure were analyzed using SEM analysis. Thermally stabilized PVA/Nafion® nanofibrous membrane was found to be stable against water, methanol and oxidative effects. The nanofibrous structure was well preserved after treatments, while the other membranes became a film-like material. Thermal stability of the PVA/Nafion® nanofibrous membrane was similar to that of commercial Nafion® 115 membrane up to 200℃.

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24

White, Nicholas, Maria Misovich, Andriy Yaroshchuk, and Merlin L. Bruening. "Coating of Nafion Membranes with Polyelectrolyte Multilayers to Achieve High Monovalent/Divalent Cation Electrodialysis Selectivities." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7, no. 12 (2015): 6620–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am508945p.

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Devrim, Yilser. "Preparation and testing of Nafion/titanium dioxide nanocomposite membrane electrode assembly by ultrasonic coating technique." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 131, no. 15 (2014): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.40541.

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26

Ding, X. G., J. X. Liu, and H. Yang. "Improvement of Photo-Catalytic Decomposition of TiO2 to Ipconazole in Agricultural Wastewater by Nafion Coating." Integrated Ferroelectrics 127, no. 1 (2011): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584587.2011.576129.

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27

Kim, Sang Ho, Ji Hoon Oh, Bong Yoo, Da Jung Jung, Ming Hua Piao, and Seong Ho Choi. "Fabrication of Chemiluminescence Sensor Based on the Funcinalized MWCNT-Nafion Composite Film." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 1474–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.1474.

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Tris(2,2’-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) (Ru(bpy)3 2+) electrogerated chemiluminescence (ECL) sensor was fabricated by immobilization of Ru(bpy)3 2+) complex on the functionalized MWCNT-Nafion composite film coated on surface of glass carbon electrode. The functionalized MWCNT was prepared by coating of polythiophene (PTh), polyaniline (PANI), and poly(3-thiophene acetic acid) [P(3-TAA)] on the surface of the carboxylic acid-modified MWCNT. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the prepared ECL sensor to tripropylamine (TPA) was evaluated. As results, the carboxylic acid-modified MWNT composite electrode was high sensitivity and good reproducibility than that of other functionalized MWNT composite electrode.

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Sadok, Ilona, Katarzyna Tyszczuk-Rotko, Robert Mroczka, Jędrzej Kozak, and Magdalena Staniszewska. "Improved Voltammetric Determination of Kynurenine at the Nafion Covered Glassy Carbon Electrode – Application in Samples Delivered from Human Cancer Cells." International Journal of Tryptophan Research 14 (January 2021): 117864692110234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786469211023468.

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Nowadays, development of analytical methods responding to a need for rapid and accurate determination of human metabolites is highly desirable. Herein, an electrochemical method employing a Nafion-coated glassy carbon electrode (Nafion/GCE) has been developed for reliable determination of kynurenine (a key tryptophan metabolite) using a differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry. To our knowledge, this is the first analytical method to allow for kynurenine determination at the Nafion-coated electrode. The methodology involves kynurenine pre-concentration in 0.1 M H2SO4 in the Nafion film at the potential of +0.5 V and subsequent stripping from the electrode by differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimal conditions, the sensor can detect 5 nM kynurenine (for the accumulation time of 60 seconds), but the limit of detection can be easily lowered to 0.6 nM by prolonging the accumulation time to 600 seconds. The sensor shows sensitivity of 36.25 μAμM−1cm−2 and 185.50 μAμM−1cm−2 for the accumulation time of 60 and 600 seconds, respectively. The great advantage of the proposed method is easy sensor preparation, employing drop coating method, high sensitivity, short total analysis time, and no need for sample preparation. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy (using a high-performance liquid chromatography), selectivity (towards tryptophan metabolites and different amino acids), and recovery. The comprehensive microscopic and electrochemical characterization of the Nafion/GCE was also conducted with different methods including atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical profilometry, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The method has been applied with satisfactory results for determination of kynurenine concentration in a culture medium collected from the human ovarian carcinoma cells SK-OV-3 and to measure IDO enzyme activity in the cancer cell extracts.

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Ye, Zhuo, Le Wang, and Jianguo Wen. "A simple and sensitive method for determination of Norfloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 51, no. 2 (2015): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502015000200020.

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<p>In this approach, a new voltammetric method for determination of norfloxacin was proposed with high sensitivity and wider detection linear range. The used voltammetric sensor was fabricated simply by coating a layer of graphene oxide (GO) and Nafion composited film on glassy carbon electrode. The advantage of proposed method was sensitive electrochemical response for norfloxacin, which was attributed to the excellent electrical conductivity of GO and the accumulating function of Nafion under optimum experimental conditions, the present method revealed a good linear response for determination of norfloxacin in the range of 1×10<sup>-8</sup>mol/L-7×10<sup>-6</sup> mol/L with a detection limit of 5×10<sup>-9</sup> mol/L. The proposed method was successfully applied in the determination of norfloxacin in capsules with satisfactory results.</p>

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Johanson, Urmas, Uno Mäeorg, D. Brandell, et al. "Electrode Reactions in Cu-Pt Coated Nafion^® Actuators." Advances in Science and Technology 61 (September 2008): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.61.75.

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Composite actuators consisting of sheets of the solid polymer electrolyte (similar to Nafion®) with Cu2+ counter-ions inserted and coated with platinum and copper metal layers (so called Ionomeric Polymer-Metal Composites; IPMC-s) have been synthesized and their electromechanical performance upon actuation has been monitored. Resistivity measurements on the electrodes show that the electrical conductivity of the membranes metal surface increases on the cathode side during the actuation process, contradictory to the situation when Cu is absent from the metal coating. This phenomenon is explained by the subsequent reduction of Cu2+ ions on the cathode upon actuation; Cu layer growth in this side prevents it from cracking and decreases its electrode resistance. The phenomenon opens up for longer life-times for Cu-based IPMC-s. However, additional problems with Cu layer oxidation and Cu dendrite growth on the electrodes should be considered.

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31

Chou, Jung-Chuan, Si-Hong Lin, Tsu-Yang Lai, et al. "A Facile Fabrication of a Potentiometric Arrayed Glucose Biosensor Based on Nafion-GOx/GO/AZO." Sensors 20, no. 4 (2020): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20040964.

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In this study, the potentiometric arrayed glucose biosensors, which were based on zinc oxide (ZnO) or aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) sensing membranes, were fabricated by using screen-printing technology and a sputtering system, and graphene oxide (GO) and Nafion-glucose oxidase (GOx) were used to modify sensing membranes by using the drop-coating method. Next, the material properties were characterized by using a Raman spectrometer, a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and a scanning probe microscope (SPM). The sensing characteristics of the glucose biosensors were measured by using the voltage–time (V-T) measurement system. Finally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was conducted to analyze their charge transfer abilities. The results indicated that the average sensitivity of the glucose biosensor based on Nafion-GOx/GO/AZO was apparently higher than that of the glucose biosensor based on Nafion-GOx/GO/ZnO. In addition, the glucose biosensor based on Nafion-GOx/GO/AZO exhibited an excellent average sensitivity of 15.44 mV/mM and linearity of 0.997 over a narrow range of glucose concentration range, a response time of 26 s, a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.89 mM, and good reproducibility. In terms of the reversibility and stability, the hysteresis voltages (VH) were 3.96 mV and 2.42 mV. Additionally, the glucose biosensor also showed good anti-inference ability and reproducibility. According to these results, it is demonstrated that AZO is a promising material, which could be used to develop a reliable, simple, and low-cost potentiometric glucose biosensor.

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32

Chiou, Jeffrey S., and Donald R. Paul. "Gas permeation in a dry Nafion membrane." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 27, no. 11 (1988): 2161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00083a034.

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Shin, Woonsup, Enhua Zhu, Rajaram Krishna Nagarale, et al. "Nafion-Coating of the Electrodes Improves the Flow-Stability of the Ag/SiO2/Ag2O Electroosmotic Pump." Analytical Chemistry 83, no. 12 (2011): 5023–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac201118t.

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Zhang, Yuwei, Weiwei Cai, Fengzhan Si, et al. "A modified Nafion membrane with extremely low methanol permeability via surface coating of sulfonated organic silica." Chemical Communications 48, no. 23 (2012): 2870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cc17230e.

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35

Devrim, Yilser, Serdar Erkan, Nurcan Baç, and Inci Eroglu. "Improvement of PEMFC performance with Nafion/inorganic nanocomposite membrane electrode assembly prepared by ultrasonic coating technique." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37, no. 21 (2012): 16748–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.02.148.

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36

Kulova, Tatiana, Alexander Skundin, Andrey Chekannikov, Svetlana Novikova, Daria Voropaeva, and Andrey Yaroslavtsev. "Sodium Rechargeable Batteries with Electrolytes Based on Nafion Membranes Intercalated by Mixtures of Organic Solvents." Batteries 4, no. 4 (2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries4040061.

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The possibilities of manufacturing batteries with Nafion 117 membranes in the Na+-form intercalated by mixtures of non-aqueous organic solvents used both as an electrolyte, separator, and binder were investigated. Electrochemical stability of various organic solvent mixtures based on N,N-dimethylacetamide, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and tetrahydrofuran were characterized. It was shown that a sodium battery based on a Nafion-Na membrane intercalated by mixture of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate with a Na3V1.9Fe0.1(PO4)3/C positive electrode is characterized by a discharge capacity of ≈110 mAh·g−1 (current density of 10 mA·g−1) at room temperature and shows the ability to cycle without degradation during 20 cycles. Batteries with Nafion membrane electrolytes, containing N,N-dimethylacetamide, were characterized using capacity fading during cycling, which is due to the interaction of N,N-dimethylacetamide and a negative sodium electrode.

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Louh, R. F., Hansen Huang, and Felix Tsai. "Novel Deposition of Pt∕C Nanocatalysts and Nafion® Solution on Carbon-Based Electrodes via Electrophoretic Process for PEM Fuel Cells." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no. 1 (2006): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2393307.

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Nanosized platinum particles supported on carbon black carriers (Pt∕C) are popular for use in fabrication of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Here, an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process is proposed to investigate the power performance of Pt∕C nanopowders onto various carbon-based electrodes for the PEMFC applications in a better controlled and cost-effective manner. Novel deposition of Pt∕C nanocatalysts and Nafion® solution via electrophoretic process give rise to higher deposition efficiency and a uniform distribution of catalyst and Nafion ionomer on the electrodes of PEMFCs. Preparation of an EPD suspension with good dispersivity is much desirable for an agreeable overall performance of catalyst coating in terms of types of organic solvents, milling processes, and use of pH adjusting agents and surfactants in the EPD suspension. The EPD suspension was prepared by sonication of mixture of Pt∕C nanopowders, Nafion solution and isopropyl alcohol, the optimal pH value of which was reached by using acetic acid or ammonium hydroxide. The colloidal stability of EPD suspension was achieved at pH ∼10 for an EPD suspension of either Pt∕C catalysts or mixture of Pt∕C catalysts and Nafion ionomer. A nicely distributed deposition of Pt∕C nanocatalysts and Nafion ionomer on both hydrophilic or hydrophobic carbon-based electrodes was successfully obtained by using Pt∕C concentration of 1.0g∕l, electrical field of 300V∕cm, and deposition time of 5min. Microstructural analysis results indicate that Pt∕C nanopowders not only embrace the entire surface of carbon fibers but also infiltrate into the gaps and voids in fiber bundles such that a higher contact area of the same loading of Pt∕C nanocatalysts through the EPD process is thus expected. At present, the EPD process can effectively save more of Pt catalyst loading on electrodes in PEMFC, as compared to conventional methods, such as screen printing, brushing, or spraying through the similar level of power performance for PEMFCs.

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Chin, Chih-Ping, Ho-Shing Wu, and Shaw S. Wang. "Improved Coating Window for Slot Coating." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 49, no. 8 (2010): 3802–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie801900t.

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Palisoc, Shirley T., Michelle T. Natividad, Nicole Mae D. C. Martinez, Rochelle Marie A. Ramos, and Kevin Anthony Y. Kaw. "Fabrication and electrochemical study of [Ru(NH3)6]3+/Nafion modified electrodes for the determination of trace amounts of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ via anodic stripping voltammetry." e-Polymers 16, no. 2 (2016): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2015-0210.

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Abstract[Ru(NH3)6]3+/Nafion modified indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes were fabricated via the drop coating technique and were used for the simultaneous determination of lead (Pb2+), cadmium (Cd2+), and zinc (Zn2+) in trace amounts using anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). The amount of [Ru(NH3)6]3+ in the coating solution was varied at 5 mg, 10 mg, and 15 mg. The fabricated electrodes were used to detect varying concentrations of Pb, Cd and Zn. ASV results showed that as the amount of [Ru(NH3)6]3+ was increased, the reduction current of the heavy metals increased as well. The Pearson correlation values obtained for Pb and Cd were close to 1.0, indicating a strong positive linear relationship between the variables. The minimum heavy metal concentration that can be simultaneously detected by the fabricated electrodes is 0.5 ppm.

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Zhao, Guangxi, Zhengying Wei, Jun Du, Wei Liu, Xin Wang, and Yunfei Yao. "Additive Manufacturing of Sn63Pb37 Component by Micro-coating." Procedia Engineering 157 (2016): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.356.

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Du, Jun, Xin Wang, Hao Bai, Guangxi Zhao, and Yubin Zhang. "Numerical analysis of fused-coating metal additive manufacturing." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 114 (April 2017): 342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2017.01.011.

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Tarbox, Tamara N., Alan B. Watts, Zhengrong Cui, and Robert O. Williams. "An update on coating/manufacturing techniques of microneedles." Drug Delivery and Translational Research 8, no. 6 (2017): 1828–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13346-017-0466-4.

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Kim, Tae Kyoung, Myeongsoon Kang, Yeong Suk Choi, et al. "Preparation of Nafion-sulfonated clay nanocomposite membrane for direct menthol fuel cells via a film coating process." Journal of Power Sources 165, no. 1 (2007): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.11.055.

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Bae, Ki Yoon, Min-woo Kim, Byung Hyuk Kim, Sung Ho Cho, Sam S. Yoon, and Woo Young Yoon. "Effect of electrostatic spray deposited nafion coating on non-lithiated LiV3O8 cathode in lithium-metal rechargeable batteries." Solid State Ionics 331 (March 2019): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2018.12.020.

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Ding, Xiaoyu, Sima Didari, Thomas F. Fuller, and Tequila A. Harris. "A New Fabrication Technique to Manufacture an MEA Using Direct Coating of Nafion® onto Catalyzed GDL." ECS Transactions 33, no. 1 (2019): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3484523.

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46

Zeng, Jingbin, Jinmei Chen, Xinhong Song, et al. "An electrochemically enhanced solid-phase microextraction approach based on a multi-walled carbon nanotubes/Nafion composite coating." Journal of Chromatography A 1217, no. 11 (2010): 1735–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.034.

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47

Sung, Chia-Chi, Chao-Yang Liu, and Colin C. J. Cheng. "Performance improvement by a glue-functioned Nafion layer coating on gas diffusion electrodes in PEM fuel cells." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39, no. 22 (2014): 11700–11705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.05.110.

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48

Palisoc, Shirley, Michelle Natividad, Diana Mae Mae Calde, and Elias Rafael Rosopa. "Trace Determination of Lead and Cadmium using Graphene/[Ru(NH3)6]3+/Nafion Modi-fied Glassy Carbon Electrodes." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 19, no. 4 (2017): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v19i4.277.

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Graphene/[Ru(NH3)6]3+/nafion modified glassy carbon electrodes were fabricated using the drop coating technique. The fab-ricated electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Simultaneous detection of lead (Pb2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) was done via anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). The effects of varying the amounts of graphene and [Ru(NH3)6]3+ on the transport and sensing properties of the modified electrodes were determined. SEM results showed that the deposited films were smooth and uniform. CV results showed that the peak currents increase monotonically with the amounts of graphene and [Ru(NH3)6]3+. ASV results showed that modification of the GCE with graphene, [Ru(NH3)6]3+ and Nafion greatly enhanced the electrode’s sensitivity in detecting Pb2+ and Cd2+. This can be attributed to the high surface area-to-volume ratio of graphene, the mediation of elec-tron transfer by [Ru(NH3)6]3+ and the antifouling and cationic exchange capabilities of Nafion. The highest peak current for both Pb2+ and Cd2+ were obtained from the electrode modified with 1.5 mg [Ru(NH3)6]3+ and 3.0 mg graphene. A linear relationship between the peak current and metal concentration was obtained in the range of 1.4 ppb to 20 ppb for both Pb2+ and Cd2+ with a detection limit of 1.4 ppb. The modified electrodes were successful in detecting Cd2+ in real water samples. ASV results were verified using atomic absorption spec-troscopy.

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Lu, Taofeng, Gregory Reimonn, Gregory Morose, Evan Yu, and Wan-Ting Chen. "Removing Acrylic Conformal Coating with Safer Solvents for Re-Manufacturing Electronics." Polymers 13, no. 6 (2021): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060937.

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Conformal coating is typically composed of polymeric film and is used to protect delicate electronic components such as printed-circuit boards. Without removing conformal coating, it would be difficult to repair these complicated electronics. Methylene chloride, also called dichloromethane (DCM), has a widespread usage in conformal coating stripper products. The high toxicity of DCM increases human health risk when workers are exposed to DCM during the conformal coating removal processes. Therefore, the replacement of DCM would be beneficial to greatly improve the overall safety profile for workers in the electronics and coating industries. This research identified and evaluated alternative chemicals for replacing DCM used in acrylic conformal coating stripping operations. The solubility of an acrylic conformal coating was measured and characterized using Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) theory. Coating dwell time tests using various solvent blends verified the accuracy of the created HSP solubility sphere. A data processing method was also developed to identify and screen potential alternative solvent blends in terms of safety, toxicity, and cost-effectiveness. The identified safer solvent blends were demonstrated to provide equivalent stripping performance as compared to DCM based coating strippers within an acceptable cost range. The results of this research will be of value to other types of conformal coatings, such as silicone and polyurethane, where DCM is commonly used in similar coating stripping operations. By safely removing conformal coating, delicate electronics would be available for re-manufacturing, enabling a circular economy.

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Lee, Dong Bok, T. H. Kim, and J. H. Ko. "Manufacturing and Oxidation Property of Steel and Ti Metal Fibers." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.273.

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Stainless steel and Ti metal fibers having a diameter of 3 µm were produced from wires by multiple extrusions. The suitable sheath coating for stainless steel to extrude the core wires to fibers was the Cu coating having ~30 µm thickness. Zinc was not a suitable sheath coating, because Zn of the low melting point had diffused into the stainless steel wires during extrusion. The oxidation of stainless steel fibers produced using the Cu sheath coating oxidized rapidly above 750°C due to the high surface area of fibers. The utilization of the Cu coating as a sheath material to extrude the core Ti wires to fibers was not possible, because the highly reactive Ti wires resisted deforming to fibers.

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