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1
Mourad, Aya A. H. I., Ameera F. Mohammad, Ali H. Al-Marzouqi, Muftah H. El-Naas, Mohamed H. Al-Marzouqi, and Mohammednoor Altarawneh. "KOH-Based Modified Solvay Process for Removing Na Ions from High Salinity Reject Brine at High Temperatures." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 10200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810200.
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The traditional Solvay process and other modifications that are based on different types of alkaline material and waste promise to be effective in the reduction of reject brine salinity and the capture of CO2. These processes, however, require low temperatures (10–20 °C) to increase the solubility of CO2 and enhance the precipitation of metallic salts, while reject brine is usually discharged from desalination plants at relatively high temperatures (40–55 °C). A modified Solvay process based on potassium hydroxide (KOH) has emerged as a promising technique for simultaneously capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) and reducing ions from reject brine in a combined reaction. In this study, the ability of the KOH-based Solvay process to reduce brine salinity at relatively high temperatures was investigated. The impact of different operating conditions, including pressure, KOH concentration, temperature, and CO2 gas flowrate, on CO2 uptake and ion removal was investigated and optimized. The optimization was performed using the response surface methodology based on a central composite design. A CO2 uptake of 0.50 g CO2/g KOH and maximum removal rates of sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl−), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) of 45.6%, 29.8%, 100%, and 91.2%, respectively, were obtained at a gauge pressure, gas flowrate, and KOH concentration of 2 bar, 776 mL/min, and 30 g/L, respectively, and at high temperature of 50 °C. These results confirm the effectiveness of the process in salinity reduction at a relatively high temperature that is near the actual reject brine temperature without prior cooling. The structural and chemical characteristics of the produced solids were investigated, confirming the presence of valuable products such as sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) and potassium chloride (KCl).
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Lu, Haiping, Amy T. Kan, and Mason B. Tomson. "Effects of Monoethylene Glycol on Carbonate Equilibrium and Calcite Solubility in Gas/Monoethylene Glycol/NaCl/Water Mixed Systems." SPE Journal 15, no. 03 (May 27, 2010): 714–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/121562-pa.
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Summary Monoethylene glycol (MEG), HOCH2CH2OH, is an important raw material with numerous industry applications, which include polyester synthesis, automobile antifreeze, coolant, and aircraft anti-icer. In the oil and gas industry, MEG is commonly used as a gas-hydrate inhibitor, which can prevent the formation of gas hydrate during natural-gas production. However, common gas-hydrate inhibitors have the adverse effects of lowering the solubility of mineral salts and causing a higher risk of scale formation. Despite the importance of scale problems with MEG in oil production, there have been few investigations on the solubility of mineral salt in MEG/brine solutions. In our research, experiments have been conducted on carbonate equilibrium and calcite solubility at 2–70°C, 0- to 6.5-m (m = molality) ionic strengths, and 0–99.67 wt% MEG. A self-consistent activity model based on the Pitzer theory to calculate the effect of salt and a Born-type equation were used to model the effect of MEG. MEG activity coefficients with respect to dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2), sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate (NaHCO3), and calcium are determined as a function of temperature, ionic strength, and mole fraction of MEG in mixed solvent.
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Ullah, Asad, Hye Jin Choi, Mijin Jang, Sanghyun An, and Gyu Man Kim. "Smart Microneedles with Porous Polymer Layer for Glucose-Responsive Insulin Delivery." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12070606.
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A closed-loop system imitating the function of pancreatic cells, connected to microneedles (MNs) that automatically “release” insulin in response to the blood glucose (BG) levels would be highly satisfactory for improving the quality of life and health for diabetes patients. This paper describes an easy, fast and simple technique of coating a porous polymer layer on stainless steel (SS) MNs that release insulin in a glucose-responsive fashion. It was fabricated by sealing insulin, sodium bicarbonate (a pH-sensitive element [NaHCO3]) and glucose oxidase (glucose-specific enzymes [GOx]) into the pores of a porous polymer coating. Glucose can passively diffuse into the pores and become oxidized to gluconic acid by GOx, thereby causing a decrease in local pH. The subsequent reaction of protons with NaHCO3 forms carbon dioxide (CO2) which creates pressure inside the pores, thereby rupturing the thin polymer film and releasing the encapsulated insulin. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images displayed that upon the exposure of MNs to glucose-free phosphate buffer saline (PBS) with pH 7.4, the pores of the porous MNs were closed, while in MNs exposed to a hyperglycemic glucose level, the pores were opened and the thin film burst. These MNs demonstrated both in vitro (in porcine skin and PBS) and in vivo (in diabetic rats) glucose-mediated insulin release under hyperglycemic conditions with rapid responsiveness. This study validated that the release of insulin from porous MNs was effectively correlated with glucose concentration.
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Cordoba-Perez, Maureen, and Hugo de Lasa. "CO2-Derived Carbon Capture Using Microalgae and Sodium Bicarbonate in a PhotoBioCREC Unit: Kinetic Modeling." Processes 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081296.
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By converting bicarbonates via Chlorella vulgaris photosynthesis, one can obtain valuable biofuel products and find a route toward carbon-derived fossil fuel conversion into renewable carbon. In this research, experiments were carried out in the PhotoBioCREC prototype under controlled radiation and high mixing conditions. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) was supplied as the inorganic carbon-containing species, at different concentrations, in the 18 to 60 mM range. Both the NaHCO3 concentrations and the organic carbon concentrations were quantified periodically during microalgae culture, with the pH being readjusted every day to the 7.00 level. It was found that sodium bicarbonate was converted with a selectivity up to 33.0% ± 2.0 by Chlorella vulgaris. It was also observed that the reaction rate constant for inorganic carbon conversion was 0.26 ± 0.09 day−1, while the maximum reaction rate constant for organic carbon formation was achieved with a 28 mM NaHCO3 concentration and displayed a 1.18 ± 0.05 mmole L−1day−1 value.
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Beltran, Arnel B., Daniel C. Gravador, Bea Lutchi O. Ty, and Joceleen Michelle O. Wu. "Evaluation of Ankistrodesmus falcatus for Bicarbonate-Based Integrated Carbon Capture System (BICCAPS)." MATEC Web of Conferences 156 (2018): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815603016.
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This study evaluates the performance of alkaliphilic microalgae Ankistrodesmus falcatus in the Bicarbonate-based Integrated Carbon Capture and Algae Production System (BICCAPS). The system utilized bicarbonate as carbon source for microalgae production. BICCAPS parameters such as pH, algal biomass productivity and CO2 utilization (inorganic carbon conversion, Ci) were observed at different sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) loading concentration and type of culture media. The highest productivity was observed at 10 g/L of NaHCO3 loading in BRSP medium at 3.5539 mg/L/day. This value is 30% lower compared to the control experiment (continuously aerated bioreactor). The Ci values of the different system ranges from 1.17 x 10-4 to 1.51 x 10-4 moles/L/day. Both the pH of the BRSP and NPK media at 10 g/L and 30g/L loading of NaHCO3 increased through time. The result shows that A. falcatus has a potential in BICCAPS utilization.
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Jehle, Andreas W., Helene Hilfiker, Markus F. Pfister, Jürg Biber, Eleanor Lederer, Reto Krapf, and Heini Murer. "Type II Na-Pi cotransport is regulated transcriptionally by ambient bicarbonate/carbon dioxide tension in OK cells." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 276, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): F46—F53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1999.276.1.f46.
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The purpose of the present study was to determine whether isohydric changes in HCO3 concentration and Pco 2directly affect apical Na-dependent Pi(Na-Pi) cotransport in OK cells (opossum kidney cell line). Cells were kept at either 44 mM NaHCO3/10% CO2, pH 7.4 (high-HCO3/CO2condition), or 22 mM NaHCO3/5% CO2, pH 7.4 (low-HCO3/CO2condition) (for 14–24 h). Incubation in lower HCO3/CO2concentrations increased Na-Picotransport 1.5-fold. The increased Na-Pi cotransport was paralleled by a two- to threefold increased expression of the NaPi-4 transporter protein and a two- to threefold increase in NaPi-4 mRNA abundance. The increase in NaPi-4 mRNA could be completely prevented by incubation in the presence of a transcriptional inhibitor, suggesting that the increase in NaPi-4 mRNA results from an increased NaPi-4 mRNA transcription. In agreement, the NaPi-4 promoter activity was stimulated by 50% at lower HCO3/CO2concentrations. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that isohydric changes in HCO3 concentration and Pco 2exert a significant, direct cellular effect on Na-Pi cotransport and NaPi-4 protein expression in OK cells by affecting NaPi-4 mRNA transcription.
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Boink, F. B., P. Bijster, K. L. Vink, and A. H. Maas. "Direct potentiometric determination of sodium ion in blood. III. Influence of (bi)carbonate." Clinical Chemistry 31, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/31.4.523.
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Abstract We measured the emf of a sodium ion-selective electrode in NaCl-NaHCO3 solutions (160 mmol of Na+, 160-120 mmol of Cl-, and 0-40 mmol HCO3- per liter) with a home-built cell in steady-state after 10 min and with two commercial direct potentiometric analyzers about 20 s after the sample was introduced. Substitution of HCO3- for Cl- resulted in a small decrease in emf. We calculated the effect of chloride ion replacement by bicarbonate ion on the liquid-junction potential and found that this accounted only for one-third of the emf decrease. The exact composition of bicarbonate solutions is closely related to the pH. To control the formation of carbonate, we performed measurements with the home-built cell at two pH values (7.0 and 8.2), controlled by tonometry with carbon dioxide. From the differences in the slope of the emf vs the amount of bicarbonate added at the two pHs we calculated the thermodynamic association constants of the sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate complexes (KNaHCO3(0) = 0.53 and KNaCO3- = 24). We conclude that, for the direct potentiometric measurement of sodium ion, only fresh serum should be used, to avoid pH changes. Replacement of sodium chloride by sodium bicarbonate caused different results when emf was measured with commercial analyzers, owing to their short measuring time of about 20 s.
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Mock, Ruth C., Jordan H. Pollack, and Tadayo Hashimoto. "Carbon dioxide induces endotrophic germ tube formation in Candida albicans." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 36, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m90-043.
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Candida albicans formed germ tubes when exposed to air containing 5 to 15% carbon dioxide (CO2). The CO2-mediated germ tube formation occurred optimally at 37 °C in a pH range of 5.5 to 6.5. No germ tubes were produced at 25 °C, even when the optimal concentration of CO2 (10%) was present in the environment. The requirement of CO2 for germ tube formation could be partially substituted by sodium bicarbonate but not by N2. Carbon dioxide was required to be present throughout the entire course of germ tube emergence suggesting that its role is not limited to an initial triggering of morphogenic change. We suggest that carbon dioxide may be a common effector responsible for the germ tube promoting activity of certain chemical inducers for C. albicans. Key words: Candida albican germ tubes, CO2-induced germ tube formation, endotrophic germ tube formation.
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Salbitani, Giovanna, Francesco Bolinesi, Mario Affuso, Federica Carraturo, Olga Mangoni, and Simona Carfagna. "Rapid and Positive Effect of Bicarbonate Addition on Growth and Photosynthetic Efficiency of the Green Microalgae Chlorella Sorokiniana (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 4515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134515.
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Bicarbonate ions are the primary source of inorganic carbon for autotrophic organisms living in aquatic environments. In the present study, we evaluated the short-term (hours) effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) addition on the growth and photosynthetic efficiency of the green algae Chlorella sorokiniana (211/8k). Bicarbonate was added to nonaxenic cultures at concentrations of 1, 2, and 3 g L−1 leading to a significant increase in biomass especially at the highest salt concentration (3 g L−1) and also showing a bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect that helped to keep a reduced microbial load in the algal culture. Furthermore, bicarbonate stimulated the increase in cellular content of chlorophyll a, improving the photosynthetic performance of cells. Since microalgae of genus Chlorella spp. show great industrial potential for the production of biofuels, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, health, and dietary supplements and the use of bicarbonate as a source of inorganic carbon led to short-term responses in Chlorella sorokiniana, this method represents a valid alternative not only to the insufflation of carbon dioxide for the intensive cultures but also for the production of potentially bioactive compounds in a short period.
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Nikinmaa, M., T. Kunnamo-Ojala, and E. Railo. "Mechanisms of pH regulation in lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) red blood cells." Journal of Experimental Biology 122, no. 1 (May 1, 1986): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.122.1.355.
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Mechanisms regulating the red cell pH in lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) were studied using the ammonium chloride prepulse technique. The cells were initially incubated in a physiological saline containing 20 mmol l-1 ammonium chloride, and intracellular pH measured with the DMO technique. Ammonium chloride was then rapidly removed by centrifugation, and the changes in the intracellular pH followed. The intraerythrocytic pH is primarily regulated by an amiloride-sensitive sodium/proton exchange. When sodium is present in the incubation medium, the intracellular pH rapidly recovers from the acidification associated with the removal of ammonium chloride from the incubation. When sodium is removed from the incubation medium, intracellular pH does not recover, and when the cells are treated with 10(−3) mol l-1 amiloride in the presence of sodium, carbon dioxide and bicarbonate, the intracellular pH recovery is drastically reduced. The movements of carbon dioxide, its consecutive catalysed hydration and dissociation to protons and bicarbonate and, possibly, movements of bicarbonate out of the cell acidify the cell contents. This is shown by the observation that the steady-state intracellular pH is higher in a HEPES-buffered medium than in a CO2/HCO3(−)-buffered medium at the same extracellular pH. The acidification is dependent on cellular carbonic anhydrase activity, present in lamprey red cells, which speeds up the hydration reaction. When the action of carbonic anhydrase is inhibited by acetazolamide, removal of ammonium chloride from the incubation medium does not cause intracellular acidification.
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Wang, Xiaofeng, Max R. Salick, Yanhong Gao, Jing Jiang, Xuyan Li, Feifei Liu, Travis Cordie, Qian Li, and Lih-Sheng Turng. "Interconnected porous poly(ɛ-caprolactone) tissue engineering scaffolds fabricated by microcellular injection molding." Journal of Cellular Plastics 54, no. 2 (December 6, 2016): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x16681470.
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In tissue engineering applications, a scaffold containing an interconnected porous structure is often highly desirable since these interconnected pores allow nutrients and signaling molecules to reach all of the cultured cells. In this study, microcellular injection molding, a mass production method for foamed plastic components, was combined with chemical foaming and particulate leaching methods to fabricate an interconnected porous structure using poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL). Sodium bicarbonate (SB) was employed as the chemical foaming agent while carbon dioxide (CO2) was used as the physical foaming (blowing) agent. The results showed that interconnected porous structures of PCL, which depend on the composition of the materials used, could be successfully produced. Sodium bicarbonate not only generated CO2 to supplement the supercritical fluid microcellular injection molding, but also served as the nuclei for heterogeneous cell nucleation. Sodium bicarbonate and its byproduct, sodium carbonate, were also the porogens in the particulate leaching process, which further enhanced the porosity and interconnectivity. The morphologies and mechanical properties of the samples with different material compositions and porosities were discussed. The results of cell viability assays of 3T3 fibroblasts suggested that the resulting interconnected porous PCL scaffolds exhibited good biocompatibility. Cell spreading was affected by the porosity of the scaffold because of the physical restriction effect on the cell migration. Highly improved interconnectivity of the scaffold provided more space for the cells to spread.
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Ratomski, Patryk, Małgorzata Hawrot-Paw, and Adam Koniuszy. "Utilisation of CO2 from Sodium Bicarbonate to Produce Chlorella vulgaris Biomass in Tubular Photobioreactors for Biofuel Purposes." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 14, 2021): 9118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169118.
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Microalgae are one of the most promising sources of renewable substrates used for energy purposes. Biomass and components accumulated in their cells can be used to produce a wide range of biofuels, but the profitability of their production is still not at a sufficient level. Significant costs are generated, i.a., during the cultivation of microalgae, and are connected with providing suitable culture conditions. This study aims to evaluate the possibility of using sodium bicarbonate as an inexpensive alternative CO2 source in the culture of Chlorella vulgaris, promoting not only the increase of microalgae biomass production but also lipid accumulation. The study was carried out at technical scale using 100 L photobioreactors. Gravimetric and spectrophotometric methods were used to evaluate biomass growth. Lipid content was determined using a mixture of chloroform and methanol according to the Blight and Dyer method, while the carbon content and CO2 fixation rate were measured according to the Walkley and Black method. In batch culture, even a small addition of bicarbonate resulted in a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in the amount of biomass, productivity and optical density compared to non-bicarbonate cultures. At 2.0 g∙L–1, biomass content was 572 ± 4 mg·L−1, the maximum productivity was 7.0 ± 1.0 mg·L–1·d–1, and the optical density was 0.181 ± 0.00. There was also an increase in the lipid content (26 ± 4%) and the carbon content in the biomass (1322 ± 0.062 g∙dw–1), as well as a higher rate of carbon dioxide fixation (0.925 ± 0.073 g·L–1·d–1). The cultivation of microalgae in enlarged scale photobioreactors provides a significant technological challenge. The obtained results can be useful to evaluate the efficiency of biomass and valuable cellular components production in closed systems realized at industrial scale.
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Arshad, Muhammad Sohail, Kabindra Sedhain, Amjad Hussain, Nasir Abbas, Jahanzeb Mudassir, Faisal Mehmood, Muhammad Irfan, and Sumera Latif. "Quantification of carbon dioxide released from effervescent granules as a predictor of formulation quality using modified Chittick apparatus." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 18, no. 3 (May 11, 2021): 449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v18i3.1.
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Purpose: To develop a method for the measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) released from effervescent formulations.
Methods: Effervescent granules were prepared using sodium bicarbonate and citric acid by fusion and solvent-assisted granulation methods. The amount of CO2 released was determined from the maximum pressure of gas release, time profile of pressure gradient using modified Chittick apparatus and gravimetric changes following effervescence.
Results: The amount of CO2 released from effervescent granules prepared by fusion method was 8.125, 8.763 and 7.98 mM/g measured by ideal gas equation, pressure gradient and gravimetric method, respectively. The formulation prepared by solvent-assisted granulation showed 5.525, 5.475 5.36 mM/g of carbon dioxide measured by the above three methods, respectively. The effervescent granules prepared by fusion method showed approximately 2 % loss in effervescence. However, approximately 39 % loss in effervescence was observed for the formulation prepared by solventassisted granulation. The commercial products showed a loss in effervescence in the range of 5 - 15%.
Conclusion: Modified Chittick’s apparatus is a useful analytical tool for monitoring of the CO2 from effervescent granules as a function of method of preparation.
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Kanaan, Amjad, Robert M. Douglas, Seth L. Alper, Walter F. Boron, and Gabriel G. Haddad. "Effect of chronic elevated carbon dioxide on the expression of acid-base transporters in the neonatal and adult mouse." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293, no. 3 (September 2007): R1294—R1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00261.2007.
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Several pulmonary and neurological conditions, both in the newborn and adult, result in hypercapnia. This leads to disturbances in normal pH homeostasis. Most mammalian cells maintain tight control of intracellular pH (pHi) using a group of transmembrane proteins that specialize in acid-base transport. These acid-base transporters are important in adjusting pHi during acidosis arising from hypoventilation. We hypothesized that exposure to chronic hypercapnia induces changes in the expression of acid-base transporters. Neonatal and adult CD-1 mice were exposed to either 8% or 12% CO2 for 2 wk. We used Western blot analysis of membrane protein fractions from heart, kidney, and various brain regions to study the response of specific acid-base transporters to CO2. Chronic CO2 increased the expression of the sodium hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) and electroneutral sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBCn1) in the cerebral cortex, heart, and kidney of neonatal but not adult mice. CO2 increased the expression of electrogenic NBC (NBCe1) in the neonatal but not the adult mouse heart and kidney. Hypercapnia decreased the expression of anion exchanger 3 (AE3) in both the neonatal and adult brain but increased AE3 expression in the neonatal heart. We conclude that: 1) chronic hypercapnia increases the expression of the acid extruders NHE1, NBCe1 and NBCn1 and decreases the expression of the acid loader AE3, possibly improving the capacity of the cell to maintain pHi in the face of acidosis; and 2) the heterogeneous response of tissues to hypercapnia depends on the level of CO2 and development.
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Eckardt, K. U., A. Kurtz, and C. Bauer. "Triggering of erythropoietin production by hypoxia is inhibited by respiratory and metabolic acidosis." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 258, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): R678—R683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.3.r678.
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Erythropoietin (EPO) production in response to hypoxic hypoxia is known to be attenuated by simultaneous hypercapnia. This study aimed to investigate whether this inhibitory effect of hypercapnia is 1) a direct effect of carbon dioxide or mediated by changes in pH or bicarbonate, 2) affects also carbon monoxide hypoxia, and 3) influences either the synthesis and release of EPO or the mechanisms by which hypoxia triggers an increase in EPO production rate. We found that EPO formation in mice exposed to normobaric hypoxia (8% O2) or to carbon monoxide (0.1%) was reduced by 30 and 42% when animals were simultaneously exposed to hypercapnia (7% CO2), by 35 and 38% when subjected to metabolic acidosis (NH4Cl), and unchanged when subjected to metabolic alkalosis (NaHCO3). In animals exposed to brief hypoxia (15 min) and subsequent normoxia (2 h), metabolic acidosis did not affect EPO levels when initiated after the hypoxic period. The results indicate that acidosis inhibits hypoxia-induced triggering of EPO formation independently of PCO2 and HCO3 levels. Because this inhibitory effect is also present during carbon monoxide hypoxia, it appears not solely due to potentiated hyperpnea. Alternatively, it may result from a facilitated intrarenal oxygen release or a direct effect at the EPO production sites.
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Cameron, B., and B. Tufts. "IN VITRO INVESTIGATION OF THE FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE UNIQUE CO2 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF BLOOD IN THE SEA LAMPREY (PETROMYZON MARINUS)." Journal of Experimental Biology 197, no. 1 (December 1, 1994): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.197.1.337.
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In vitro experiments were conducted to determine the factors contributing to the unusual distribution of CO2 in the blood of the sea lamprey. When rainbow trout red blood cells (RBCs) were equilibrated with a 3 % CO2:nitrogen mixture in either normal saline or sodium-free saline, the extracellular total carbon dioxide content (CCO2ext) was highly dependent upon the fraction of RBCs in the suspension. In contrast, when lamprey RBCs were equilibrated in normal saline, the CCO2ext decreased with increasing hematocrit. In the absence of extracellular sodium, however, the CCO2ext in the lamprey RBC suspension also became positively correlated with hematocrit. These results suggest that the membrane of sea lamprey RBCs may be somewhat permeable to bicarbonate, but that transmembrane bicarbonate movements may only be detectable in vitro when Na+/H+ exchange is inactivated. Also in contrast to the results for rainbow trout, the changes in CCO2 that occurred in lamprey RBC suspensions following a step increase in PCO2 were not associated with any change in RBC chloride concentration and were not markedly affected by the chloride/bicarbonate exchange inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS). When lamprey RBCs in sodium-free saline were treated with an ionophore for anions, tributyl tin chloride (TBTC), however, the distribution of anions across the RBC membrane came to resemble that of the trout. Furthermore, the relationship between CCO2ext and hematocrit in suspensions of TBTC-treated lamprey RBCs also resembled that of trout in normal saline. Thus, these results demonstrate that both the presence of Na+/H+ exchange and the absence of significant anion exchange contribute to the unique CO2 transport properties of sea lamprey blood.
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Kim, Jung-Youn, Young-Hoon Yoon, Sung-Woo Lee, Sung-Hyuk Choi, Young-Duck Cho, and Sang-Min Park. "Accuracy of transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring in hypotensive patients." Emergency Medicine Journal 31, no. 4 (February 12, 2013): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2012-202228.
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ObjectivesContinuous blood gas monitoring is frequently necessary in critically ill patients. Our aim was to assess the accuracy of transcutaneous CO2 tension (PtcCO2) monitoring in the emergency department (ED) assessment of hypotensive patients by comparing it with the gold standard of arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA).MethodsAll patients receiving PtcCO2 monitoring in the ED were included. We excluded paediatric patients, patients with no ABGA results during a hypotensive event, patients whose ABGA was not performed simultaneously with PtcCO2 monitoring, and patients who received sodium bicarbonate for resuscitation. The included patients were classified into hypotensive patients and normotensive patients. A hypotensive patient was defined as a patient showing a mean arterial pressure under 60 mm Hg. The agreement in measurement between PaCO2 tension (PaCO2) and PtcCO2 were investigated in both groups.ResultsThe mean difference between PaCO2 and PtcCO2 was 2.1 mm Hg, and the Bland–Altman limits of agreement (bias±1.96 SD) ranged from −15.6 to 19.7 mm Hg in the 28 normotensive patients. The mean difference between PaCO2 and PtcCO2 was 1.1 mm Hg, and the Bland–Altman limits of agreement (bias±1.96 SD) ranged from −19.5 to 21.7 mm Hg in the 26 hypotensive patients. The weighted κ values were 0.64 in the normotensive patients and 0.60 in the hypotensive patients.ConclusionsPtcCO2 monitoring showed wider limits of agreement with PaCO2 in urgent situations in the ED environment. However, acutely developed hypotension does not affect the accuracy of PtcCO2 monitoring.
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Berntsen, T., M. Seiersten, and T. Hemmingsen. "Effect of FeCO3 Supersaturation and Carbide Exposure on the CO2 Corrosion Rate of Carbon Steel." Corrosion 69, no. 6 (January 3, 2013): 601–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/0553.
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The effect on corrosion of carbon steel of varying bicarbonate (HCO3−) and ferrous ion (Fe2+) concentrations in carbon dioxide (CO2) purged in 1 wt% sodium chloride (NaCl) and 50 wt% monoethylene glycol (MEG, C2H6O2) solutions was studied. The iron carbide (Fe3C) in the steel was exposed by pre-corrosion to explore its role in the iron carbonate (FeCO3) film formation process at pH-stabilized conditions. The corrosion layers formed ranged from being protective and showing passive behavior (corrosion potential approximately −0.5 V vs. silver/silver chloride [Ag/AgCl]) to being non-protective despite highly supersaturated solutions and long exposure times. The corrosion rate and potential development are discussed based on thermodynamic, kinetic, and electrochemical principles. The corrosion potential increased sharply after a protective FeCO3 film was established, indicating passivation. New reaction mechanisms are proposed at these high potentials, which are more anodic than that obtainable by H+ reduction. Dissolved Fe3C and magnetite (Fe3O4) are important factors in this passive potential range.
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Dobrianskyi, D. V., R. I. Ilnytskyi, G. L. Gumeniuk, А. І. Zavatska, and О. О. Ilyk. "Application of sodium hydrocarbonate solution on purpose of correction acid-base state in patient with comorbid pathology – COPD and community-acquired pneumonia." Infusion & Chemotherapy, no. 3.1 (October 11, 2020): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32902/2663-0338-2020-3.1-25.
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Background. Community-acquired pneumonia is a frequent complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), especially in patients with small weight. Respiratory acidosis is a natural manifestation of COPD, which clinically is characterized by dominated obstructive pulmonary ventilation. Respiratory acidosis is a form of acid-base deviation which associated with insufficient excretion of carbon dioxide by the lungs. But in patients with comorbid pathology (COPD and community-acquired pneumonia) in addition to respiratory acidosis also can be evolved a metabolic acidosis (MA) conditioned by tissue hypoxia, intense systemic inflammation with next disturbances in correlation between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, accelerating catabolic processes. The severity of acid-base deviation in patients with the possibility of developing decompensated acidosis depends not only on the degree of obstructive ventilation disorders, but also increasingly to the gravity of community-acquired pneumonia which causes severe acidotic metabolic changes.
Objective. To evaluate the expediency of application 4.2 % buffered sodium bicarbonate solution (Soda-buffer) in the case of mixed acidosis in patients with comorbid pathology: COPD which is compounded by community-acquired pneumonia.
Materials and methods. To all patients with comorbid pathology aged from 18 to 75 were prescribed the drug Soda-buffer manufactured by “Yuria-Pharm” (Ukraine), which contains 42 mg of sodium bicarbonate intravenously at a rate of 1.5 mmol/kg per hour (4.2 % Soda-buffer – 3 ml/kg per hour) under control of blood pH, acid-base and water-electrolyte (water-salt) balance of the body.
Results and discussion. Qualified treatment of patients with comorbid pathology (COPD and community-acquired pneumonia) should be comprehensive and directed towards the struggle against the manifestations of obstructive ventilation disorders and hypoxemia, lower respiratory tract infection, intense inflammatory process in the lung parenchyma and bronchial tree. The complex treatment includes not only modern antibacterial drugs in combination with systemic glucocorticoids, but also methods of correction of metabolic, hemodynamic and coagulation disorders. With the aim of acidosis correction the most effective way is using infusion solutions which contain sodium bicarbonate. Due to dissociation of sodium bicarbonate has released a bicarbonate anion that binds hydrogen ions to form of carbonic acid, which then decomposes into water and carbon dioxide. In case of severe respiratory insufficiency oxidation of sodium hydrocarbonate can contribute increasing of hypercapnia by the connection with the accumulated CO2. It was found that 4.2 % buffered sodium bicarbonate solution in the comprehensive therapy of patients with comorbid pathology of COPD and community-acquired pneumonia helps to restore acid-base balance, reduce metabolic disorders and improve the clinical condition of patients. In the matter of normalization of the function of external respiration and reduction of the manifestations of respiratory insufficiency, usually substantially reduces not only respiratory, but also MA. Therefore, during correction of concomitant MA by Soda-buffer we should compensate the deficiency of bases not more than half percentage. In situation with rapid balancing of acidosis, particularly in the case of impaired pulmonary ventilation, the rapid release of CO2 may exacerbate cerebral acidosis. It’s a well known fact that small uses of Soda-buffer together with other infusion solutions with an acidic pH are provided a neutralizing agent and prevent the appearance of post-infusion phlebitis after administration of widely used infusion solutions (glucose fluids of different concentrations, chloride solution, ciprofloxacin and some other fluoroquinolones).
Conclusions. Soda-buffer (4.2 % sodium bicarbonate buffered solution) is an effective infusion agent for the correction of MA in patients with comorbid pathology (COPD and community-acquired pneumonia) in condition of provided effective gas exchange. This solution is a physiological bicarbonate buffer that maintains a constant pH level, prevents abrupt alkalization of the blood and provides a smooth correction of acidosis at the same time with increasing alkaline blood reserves. The drug also increases the excretion of sodium and chlorine ions, osmotic diuresis, alkalizes urine.
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Sahlu, T., N. Jacquemet, H. Carneiro, S. P. Hart, and P. D. Klein. "Application of 13CO2 measurements to the estimation of energy expenditure in goats." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, no. 2 (June 1, 1992): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas92-031.
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The use and limitations of 13C stable isotopes as tracers in animal experimentation was investigated using 13C-labeled bicarbonate to estimate CO2 production and energetic requirement of free-ranging goats. Goats were fed wheat hay (Triticum aestivum; C3) or Old World Bluestem hay (Bothriochloa caucasica; C4; OWBS) ad libitum for 21 d. Parotid salivary ducts were cannulated for saliva collection. Isotopic bicarbonate (13C) was infused at a constant rate into the peritoneal cavity. In exp. 1, saliva samples were obtained at successive 2-h periods for 20 h to establish the time to achieve equilibrium. The half-life of bicarbonate was 2.9 h for animals consuming the wheat diet and 4.1 h (P < 0.06) for animals consuming OWBS diet. The time required to reach equilibrium was 12 h for animals on the wheat diet and 16 h for animals on OWBS diet. The error in the technique arising from animals consuming C3 vs. C4 species (which have different endogenous 13C contents) was studied in exp. 2. If species composition (C3 vs. C4) of the diet remains constant within 10%, the error is negligible. In exp. 3, estimation of CO2 production from continuous saliva samples had a lower coefficient of variation (6.3 vs. 10.0%) than measurements based on spot serum samples. Energy expenditure of goats in stalls consuming hay ad libitum was similar to that of ad-libitum-fed sheep at similar body weights. The 13C methodology appears to be a promising method for measuring energy expenditure of grazing animals. Key words: Energy requirement, stable isotopes, carbon dioxide, sodium bicarbonate
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Napolitano, Denise C., Hilairy E. Hartnett, and Pierre Herckes. "A Novel Method for Carbonate Quantification in Atmospheric Particulate Matter." Atmosphere 11, no. 6 (June 20, 2020): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060661.
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Inorganic carbonate can be an important component of atmospheric particulate matter in arid environments where mineral dust components contribute significantly to air particulate matter. Carbonate carbon (CC) is only rarely quantified in atmospheric studies and methods to quantify carbonate in atmospheric samples are rare. In this manuscript, we present a novel protocol for quantifying carbonate carbon in atmospheric particulate matter samples, through the acidification of aerosol filters at ambient pressure and temperature and subsequent measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) released upon acidification. This method is applicable to a variety of filter media used in air pollution studies, such as Teflon, cellulose, or glass fiber filters. The method allows the customization of the filter area used for analysis (up to 24 cm2) so that sufficient CO2 can be detected when released and to assure that the sample aliquot is representative of the whole filter. The resulting detection limits can be as low as 0.12 µg/cm2. The analysis of a known amount of sodium bicarbonate applied to a filter resulted in a relative error within 15% of the known mass of bicarbonate when measured 20 min after acidification. A particulate matter sample with aerodynamic diameter larger than 2.5 µm (PM>2.5) collected via cascade impaction on a high-volume aerosol sampler yielded good precision, with a CC concentration of 4.4 ± 0.3 µgC/cm2 for six replicates. The precision, accuracy, and reproducibility of this method of CC measurement make it a good alternative to existing quantification methods.
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Stopic, Srecko, Christian Dertmann, Giuseppe Modolo, Philip Kegler, Stefan Neumeier, Dario Kremer, Hermann Wotruba, et al. "Synthesis of Magnesium Carbonate via Carbonation under High Pressure in an Autoclave." Metals 8, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8120993.
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Magnesium carbonate powders are essential in the manufacture of basic refractories capable of withstanding extremely high temperatures and for special types of cement and powders used in the paper, rubber, and pharmaceutical industries. A novel synthesis route is based on CO2 absorption/sequestration by minerals. This combines the global challenge of climate change with materials development. Carbon dioxide has the fourth highest composition in earth’s atmosphere next to nitrogen, oxygen and argon and plays a big role in global warming due to the greenhouse effect. Because of the significant increase of CO2 emissions, mineral carbonation is a promising process in which carbon oxide reacts with materials with high metal oxide composition to form chemically stable and insoluble metal carbonate. The formed carbonate has long-term stability and does not influence the earth’s atmosphere. Therefore, it is a feasible and safe method to bind carbon dioxide in carbonate compounds such as magnesite. The subject of this work is the carbonation of an olivine (Mg2SiO4) and synthetic magnesia sample (>97 wt% MgO) under high pressure and temperature in an autoclave. Early experiments have studied the influence of some additives such as sodium bicarbonate, oxalic acid and ascorbic acid, solid/liquid ratio, and particle size on the carbonation efficiency. The obtained results for carbonation of olivine have confirmed the formation of magnesium carbonate in the presence of additives and complete carbonation of the MgO sample in the absence of additives.
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Djordjevic, Natasa, Slavica Mihajlovic, and Aleksandra Pataric. "Thermodynamic aspect of sodium carbonate mechanical transformations under different environment." Science of Sintering 52, no. 4 (2020): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos2004433d.
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During mechanical activation, the energy of treated material is raised to a higher level that can lead to the chemical transformation of the activated material. This is the point that should be considered as a phenomenon of the mechanochemical transformations appearing as a result of mechanical activation. Sodium carbonate as a substance that is often subjected to mechanochemical synthesis was mechanically activated in this study. The subject was the monitoring of changes in the physico-chemical characteristics of sodium carbonate after exposure to different degrees of activation time within the range of 1-28 minutes. After activation, the samples were deposited in three environments, CO2, air, and vacuum, at room temperature, in a period of 64 days. The mass changes occurring during the treatment were measured depending on the processing environment. Increasing the mass was evident and was attributed to the chemisorption of moisture and carbon dioxide present in the air as a consequence of the sodium carbonate activation. The methods also used were calcimetric chemical analysis and X-ray structural analysis. According to obtained results, it was found that activated sodium carbonate is mass-transformed into sodium bicarbonate, whereby these changes are functionally dependent on activation time and the processing environment.
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Stopic, Srecko, Christian Dertmann, Ichiro Koiwa, Dario Kremer, Hermann Wotruba, Simon Etzold, Rainer Telle, Pol Knops, and Bernd Friedrich. "Synthesis of Nanosilica via Olivine Mineral Carbonation under High Pressure in an Autoclave." Metals 9, no. 6 (June 24, 2019): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9060708.
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Silicon dioxide nanoparticles, also known as silica nanoparticles or nanosilica, are the basis for a great deal of biomedical and catalytic research due to their stability, low toxicity and ability to be functionalized with a range of molecules and polymers. A novel synthesis route is based on CO2 absorption/sequestration in an autoclave by forsterite (Mg2SiO4), which is part of the mineral group of olivines. Therefore, it is a feasible and safe method to bind carbon dioxide in carbonate compounds such as magnesite forming at the same time as the spherical particles of silica. Indifference to traditional methods of synthesis of nanosilica such as sol gel, ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method and hydrothermal synthesis using some acids and alkaline solutions, this synthesis method takes place in water solution at 175 °C and above 100 bar. Our first experiments have studied the influence of some additives such as sodium bicarbonate, oxalic acid and ascorbic acid, solid/liquid ratio and particle size on the carbonation efficiency, without any consideration of formed silica. This paper focuses on a carbonation mechanism for synthesis of nanosilica under high pressure and high temperature in an autoclave, its morphological characteristics and important parameters for silica precipitation such as pH-value and rotating speed.
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Méndez, D. G., O. N. di Marco, and P. M. Corva. "Energy expenditure of cattle walking on a flat terrain." Animal Science 63, no. 1 (August 1996): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800028265.
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AbstractA study was carried out to evaluate the effect of horizontal walking upon CO2 production rate by the carbon dioxide dilution rate technique. This was used as an indicator of animal energy expenditure. Two groups of three 18-month-old Aberdeen-Angus steers were assigned to two experiments. Average weights were 290 (s.e. 7·6) kg and 285 (s.e. 1·0) kg for experiments 1 and 2 respectively. Animals were allocated to individual pens and given 5·0 and 4·5 kg dry matter of a mixed diet for experiments 1 and 2 respectively. After a 45-day training period they were assigned to three walking treatments: 0 (T0), 3 (T3) and 6 (T2) km at 3 km/hfor 3 days in a Latin square design (3 × 3). 14C labelled sodium bicarbonate (5·4 μCi/h), diluted in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer sterile solution 0·1 mol/l, was infused for 92 h intraperitoneally with portable peristaltic pumps carried by the animals. The CO2 production rate was calculated as the ratio between the rate of infusion (μCi/h) and the specific activity of CO2 (μCi/ml CO2) in saliva samples, which were taken, in experiment 1, as an average of the day (09.00 to 16.00 h) and the night (16.00 to 09.00 h of the following day). In experiment 2 the day was divided as follows: prior to activity (09.00 to 13.00 h), activity (14.00 and 15.00 h) and post activity (16.00 h). CO2 production rate (ml CO2 per h per kg M0·75) at resting was 817 (412 kj/kg M0·75), increasing during walking to 1·46 of the resting level (T1 and T2, experiment 2) with no differences between the 1st and 2nd h of activity. One hour post activity, the CO2 production rate returned in T2 to the level of T0 but in T2 remained at 1·28 times that of T0. The average CO2 production rate during a complete day or night (experiment 1) was not affected significantly by the activity. Assuming that CO2 production rate during walking is 1·46 of resting (experiment 2) and remains at that level even at lower speeds, it can be estimated that a daily 6 km walk would increase resting energy expenditure from 1·04 when walking takes 2 h, as in this experiment (3 km/h), to 1·11 when the animal spends 6h(1 km/h).
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Gehrcke, Martielo Ivan, Doughlas Regalin, Vanessa Sasso Padilha, Felipe Comassetto, Gizelli Da Silva, Aury Nunes de Moraes, and Nilson Oleskovicz. "Arterial, Mixed Venous or Central Venous Hemogasometry and End Tidal CO2 in Dogs under Different Hemodynamic States." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 45, no. 1 (June 20, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.80007.
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Background: Hemogasometric analysis is used in the interpretation of acid-base balance (ABB) and to access pulmonary ventilation. Already mixed venous oxygen saturation obtained at pulmonary artery correlates with tissue oxygenation. However, both samples can be difficult to access because of the difficulties in arterial and pulmonary catheterization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of replacing the arterial and mixed venous bloods, the end tidal pressure of carbon dioxide (EtCO2) and central venous blood in the analysis of pulmonary ventilation, tissue oxygenation and ABB in dogs under different hemodynamic states.Material, Methods & Results: Nine dogs were used with an average weight of 19.6 ± 1.3 kg, anesthetized with isoflurane at 1.4 V% diluted on oxygen 60% (Baseline), and subsequently undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV) and the hypodinamic state (Hypo) with isoflurane at 3.5V% and mean arterial pressure (MAP) lower than 50 mmHg and hyperdynamic state (Hyper) by dobutamine infusion at 5 μg/kg/min and with MAP 30% higher than baseline. For each time allowed a 15 min of stabilization by each hemodynamic status. Simultaneously were collected samples of 0.6 mL of arterial blood by metatarsal artery, mixed and central venous blood by pulmonary artery and right atrium for hemogasometric analysis. To access lung function we correlated and compared the EtCO2 values obtained by gas analyzer with expired carbon dioxide pressure in the arterial blood (PaCO2), mixed venous blood (PmvCO2) and central venous blood (PcvCO2). For the interpretation of tissue oxygenation we correlated and compared the values of mixed (SmvO2) and central (ScvO2) venous oxygen saturation. For the acid-base balance we used the correlation of potencial hydrogen (pH); carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2); bicarbonate ion (HCO3-); base excess (BE); anion GAP (AG); sodium ions (Na+), chlorine ions (Cl-), potassium ions (K+) and ionized calcium (iCa) of arterial (a) mixed venous (mv) and central venous (CV) bloods. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA-RM followed by Dunnet test for differences between times and Tukey’s test for differences among the samples (P ≤ 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis was performed using linear regression and for comparison methods we used the Bland-Altman analysis The EtCO2 values correlated (r = 0.87) and were according to Bland-Altman analysis with PaCO2 values (mean difference of -1.6 ± 2,9 mmHg for PaCO2. There were no differences (P ≤ 0.05) from SmvO2 and ScvO2. ScvO2 correlated (r = 0.91) with SmvO2 at different hemodynamic states and with a mean difference of -0.4 ± 2.5%. Both venous bloods were correlated with the analysis of arterial blood acid-base balance and electrolytes in different hemodynamic states. However, the ionized calcium levels were 40% lower in arterial blood.Discussion: EtCO2 measurement depends of monitor technology and proper pulmonar ventilation and perfusion. In this study the limiting factor in replacing the PaCO2 hair EtCO2 was spontaneous ventilation because in this state pulmonary ventilation is compromissed. With the use of MV was possible get up similar results in the pulmonar function analysis using the EtCO2 and PaCO2. The use of central venous blood instead mixed venous blood at oxygen saturation analysis provided adequate estimate this parameter. This being easier and less invasive technique. ABB was possible with all samples with own reference values for venous and arterial samples. This is an interesting result for critical patients where the arterial sample is difficult. In electrolytes the sample was indifferent except for calcium because pH interfere in this values. It was conclude that the values of EtCO2 and central venous blood are correlated and can replace arterial and mixed venous bloods in the analysis of lung function, tissue oxygenation and acid base balance.
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Calvo, Jorge Lorenzo, Huanteng Xu, Daniel Mon-López, Helios Pareja-Galeano, and Sergio Lorenzo Jiménez. "Effect of sodium bicarbonate contribution on energy metabolism during exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 18, no. 1 (February 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00410-y.
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Abstract Background The effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on anaerobic and aerobic capacity are commonly acknowledged as unclear due to the contrasting evidence thus, the present study analyzes the contribution of NaHCO3 to energy metabolism during exercise. Methods Following a search through five databases, 17 studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses of standardized mean differences (SMDs) were performed using a random-effects model to determine the effects of NaHCO3 supplementation on energy metabolism. Subgroup meta-analyses were conducted for the anaerobic-based exercise (assessed by changes in pH, bicarbonate ion [HCO3−], base excess [BE] and blood lactate [BLa]) vs. aerobic-based exercise (assessed by changes in oxygen uptake [VO2], carbon dioxide production [VCO2], partial pressure of oxygen [PO2] and partial pressure of carbon dioxide [PCO2]). Results The meta-analysis indicated that NaHCO3 ingestion improves pH (SMD = 1.38, 95% CI: 0.97 to 1.79, P < 0.001; I2 = 69%), HCO3− (SMD = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.10 to 2.17, P < 0.001; I2 = 80%), BE (SMD = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.16 to 2.19, P < 0.001, I2 = 77%), BLa (SMD = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.34 to 1.11, P < 0.001, I2 = 68%) and PCO2 (SMD = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.90, P = 0.009, I2 = 0%) but there were no differences between VO2, VCO2 and PO2 compared with the placebo condition. Conclusions This meta-analysis has found that the anaerobic metabolism system (AnMS), especially the glycolytic but not the oxidative system during exercise is affected by ingestion of NaHCO3. The ideal way is to ingest it is in a gelatin capsule in the acute mode and to use a dose of 0.3 g•kg− 1 body mass of NaHCO3 90 min before the exercise in which energy is supplied by the glycolytic system.
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R, ADITI, ADITI SREENIVAS, GAYATHRI V, GRISSEL MYRTLE FERNANDES, NITHYA SIMHA, and C. T. PUTTASWAMY. "CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE USING GRAPHENE OXIDE MEMBRANE AND ITS USAGE." Global Journal of Science & Engineering, December 21, 2020, 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37516/global.j.sci.eng.2020.131.
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With increase in the emissions of carbon dioxide gas (CO2), Global warming and climate change have become the deadliest issues to conquer and hence efforts to reduce its atmospheric concentration is made globally. In order to have a positive effect on our environment by reducing carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere, carbon dioxide capture and utilization or storage is being researched upon recently to make it more efficient and economical. In this paper, the literature survey gathers light upon the different methods of carbon dioxide capture, its advantages and disadvantages, study on membrane technology, graphene membrane properties and synthesis and suitable graphene based composite membrane for carbon dioxide capture. In this paper, capturing and usage of carbon dioxide gas is discussed along with the economics of it. Sodium chloride (NaCl) and glycerin was recovered from a process waste by-product of an industry named Cardolite for the usage of captured CO2. The purity of NaCl after recovery was determined using flame photometric estimation of Sodium ion content and titration method using Silver Nitrate for the Chloride ion content & the total purity was found. Sodium carbonate is formed by adding ammonium bicarbonate to the obtained NaCl solution which is one of the methods to form sodium carbonate from NaCl. The other method of forming sodium carbonate from NaCl is by bubbling carbon dioxide through ammoniacal brine solution. This method is highlighted in the carbon dioxide kit in which CO2 gas is filtered using membrane technology-Graphene Oxide (GO) composite membrane. Graphene oxide is prepared using modified Hummer’s method. The obtained GO was confirmed using various analytical methods viz. SEM, EDAX and XRD. The GO composite membrane is placed in the carbon dioxide capturing kit and the mixture of gases is passed through. The filtered CO2 is then tested for its concentration using gas sensors and hence process is repeated till the required efficiency. The pure CO2 is made to pass through recovered NaCl to obtain sodium carbonate Na2CO3 which can be used for commercial purposes.
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Bonfim-Rocha, Lucas, André Batista Silva, Sérgio Henrique Bernardo de Faria, Marcelo Fernandes Vieira, and Marcos de Souza. "Production of Sodium Bicarbonate from CO2 Reuse Processes: A Brief Review." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, October 31, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2018-0318.
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Abstract Research activities discuss about the global environmental impacts of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Government authorities and international conferences aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and encourage the development of sustainable processes using renewable sources. In order to reduce emissions from the industrial sector, CO2 capture and reuse as a raw material in the production of marketable products have encouraged the development of technologies. Among many possible chemical products manufactured from CO2, sodium bicarbonate appears in this context as an important compound in the chemical, food, textile and pharmaceutical industries. Then, the main objective of this work was to carry out a bibliographical review of the main production processes available in the literature for synthesis of sodium bicarbonate and the main chemical reactions involved in the crystallization reactor. Regarding to the processes, soda ash carbonation from trona, the Solvay process and the sodium sulfate route were assessed and compared. Among the main raw materials used in the production process of sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride is presented as most economically feasible while sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate are indicated as the most environmentally viable alternatives. Beyond, the global processes were presented for each route discussing advantages and disadvantages for the separation and purification steps required after the reaction. It is notable that the main raw material is sodium chloride due to its easy possibility of obtaining, from seawater, and large availability for applications at the food industry. Indeed, the production of sodium bicarbonate by means of the Solvay process was the route that presented the best results regarding to the technology development and economic cost. Use of sodium sulfate as raw material has proved to be a possible route, besides presenting numerous advantages such as production of valuable byproducts. However, this route may be not totally viable compared to conventional routes due to the complexity of products separation and purification. The review showed that there is a lack in the scientific literature regarding to the development of studies evaluating sodium bicarbonate crystallization and purification in a cost effective and technical detailed approach.