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1

Chong, Ho Phin, Kae Yi Tan, Bing-Sin Liu, Wang-Chou Sung, and Choo Hock Tan. "Cytotoxicity of Venoms and Cytotoxins from Asiatic Cobras (Naja kaouthia, Naja sumatrana, Naja atra) and Neutralization by Antivenoms from Thailand, Vietnam, and Taiwan." Toxins 14, no. 5 (2022): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050334.

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Envenoming by cobras (Naja spp.) often results in extensive local tissue necrosis when optimal treatment with antivenom is not available. This study investigated the cytotoxicity of venoms and purified cytotoxins from the Monocled Cobra (Naja kaouthia), Taiwan Cobra (Naja atra), and Equatorial Spitting Cobra (Naja sumatrana) in a mouse fibroblast cell line, followed by neutralization of the cytotoxicity by three regional antivenoms: the Thai Naja kaouthia monovalent antivenom (NkMAV), Vietnamese snake antivenom (SAV) and Taiwanese Neuro bivalent antivenom (NBAV). The cytotoxins of N. atra (NA-
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2

Deka, Archana, Siddharth Bhatia, Vishal Santra, et al. "Multilevel Comparison of Indian Naja Venoms and Their Cross-Reactivity with Indian Polyvalent Antivenoms." Toxins 15, no. 4 (2023): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15040258.

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Snake envenoming is caused by many biological species, rather than a single infectious agent, each with a multiplicity of toxins in their venom. Hence, developing effective treatments is challenging, especially in biodiverse and biogeographically complex countries such as India. The present study represents the first genus-wide proteomics analysis of venom composition across Naja species (N. naja, N. oxiana, and N. kaouthia) found in mainland India. Venom proteomes were consistent between individuals from the same localities in terms of the toxin families present, but not in the relative abund
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3

Ahmad, Bahtiar, and Nancy Margarita Rehatta. "Naja Kaouthia Snake Bite: Case Report." JAI (Jurnal Anestesiologi Indonesia) 16, no. 3 (2024): 249–55. https://doi.org/10.14710/jai.v0i0.59758.

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Background: Snakebites prevalent globally, pose a severe threat, especially in resource-limited regions. The impact is substantial, affecting millions annually, with a significant number of fatalities.Case: A 37-year-old man experienced deterioration leading to cardiac arrest after being bitten by a Naja Kaouthia snake. Adequate management in the intensive care unit (ICU), including antivenom administration, restored the patient's condition to return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC).Discussion: Snake venom causes various symptoms, from tissue damage to breathing and heart issues. Treating wit
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4

Zukifli, Nor Asyikin, Zalikha Ibrahim, Iekhsan Othman, et al. "In Vitro neurotoxicity and myotoxicity of Malaysian Naja sumatrana and Naja kaouthia venoms: Neutralization by monovalent and Neuro Polyvalent Antivenoms from Thailand." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (2022): e0274488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274488.

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Naja sumatrana and Naja kaouthia are medically important elapids species found in Southeast Asia. Snake bite envenoming caused by these species may lead to morbidity or mortality if not treated with the appropriate antivenom. In this study, the in vitro neurotoxic and myotoxic effects N. sumatrana and N. kaouthia venoms from Malaysian specimens were assessed and compared. In addition, the neutralizing capability of Cobra Antivenom (CAV), King Cobra Antivenom (KCAV) and Neuro Polyvalent Antivenom (NPAV) from Thailand were compared. Both venoms produced concentration-dependent neurotoxic and myo
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5

Chuaikhongthong, Wanida, Wipapan Khimmaktong, Natyamee Thipthong, Nissara Lorthong, and Janeyuth Chaisakul. "Respiratory Muscle Injury Following Acute Monocled Cobra (Naja kaouthia) Envenoming: Histopathological Study in Rat Diaphragm." Current Issues in Molecular Biology 47, no. 2 (2025): 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47020086.

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Clinical symptoms of monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia) envenoming include the paralysis of extraocular muscles, local tissue necrosis and death through respiratory failure. These neurotoxic outcomes are mainly due to the inhibitory action of postsynaptic neurotoxins to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. However, injuries involving respiratory muscles have rarely been investigated. In this study, we determined the effect of N. kaouthia envenoming on morphological changes in the rat diaphragm. The efficacy of cobra monovalent antivenom in neutralising the histopathological effects of N. kaouthia ve
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6

Fletcher, Jeffrey E., Ming-Shi Jiang, Qi-Hua Gong, and Leonard A. Smith. "Snake venom cardiotoxins and bee venom melittin activate phospholipase C activity in primary cultures of skeletal muscle." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 69, no. 4 (1991): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o91-042.

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The effects of cardiotoxin fractions from Naja naja kaouthia and Naja naja atra snake venoms and synthetic melittin peptide were examined on lipolytic activity in red blood cells and primary skeletal muscle cultures. Both native cardiotoxin fractions caused considerable producion of free fatty acids in red blood cells. This production was abolished when the fractions were first treated with p-bromophenacyl bromide to reduce the venom phospholipase A2 activity contamination. In equine and human primary cultures of skeletal muscle, the N. n. kaouthia cardiotoxin (10 μM) and melittin (2 μM) cause
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7

CHAIYABUTR, NARONGSAK, LAWAN CHANHOME, TAKSA VASARUCHAPONG, PANITHI LAOUNGBUA, SUNUNTA PUEMPUNPANICH, and TANAPONG TAWAN. "Differences in Body Water Turnover Rate Between Naja kaouthia Lesson, 1831 and Malayopython reticulatus (Schneider, 1801) Snakes." Tropical Natural History 22 (June 6, 2022): 25–29. https://doi.org/10.58837/tnh.22.1.254818.

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Total body water and the water turnover were studied in Naja kaouthia Lesson, 1831 and Malayopython reticulatus (Schneider, 1801) snakes by tritiated water dilution techniques. Both snakes species were injected intramuscularly with an aqueous solution carrier-free tritiated water (3H2O) at a single dose of 10 mCi/kg body mass. The equilibration time was determined by taking blood samples for 8 days after the injection. The results show that the absolute values of the rate of water turnover (WTO), water space (TOH) and total body water (TBW) of M. reticulatus were significantly higher than thos
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8

Shi, Sheng-Chao, Gernot Vogel, Li Ding, et al. "Description of A New Cobra (Naja Laurenti, 1768; Squamata, Elapidae) from China with Designation of a Neotype for Naja atra." Animals 12, no. 24 (2022): 3481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12243481.

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Taxonomic frameworks for medically important species such as cobras (genus Naja Laurenti, 1768; Squamata, Elapidae) are essential for the medical treatment of snake bites and accurate antivenin development. In this paper, we described the former N. kaouthia populations recorded from China as a new species and designated a neotype for N. atra-based morphological and mitochondrial phylogenetic analysis. The new species N. fuxisp. nov. was morphologically diagnosed from N. kaouthia by (1) regular single narrow crossband present on the middle and posterior parts of the dorsum (3–15, 7.9 ± 2.7, n =
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9

Giri, Rohit, Rishi Baral, Roshan Giri, Karan Bahadur Shah, and Frank Tillack. "First Records of the Spitting Behavior of Monocled Cobra (Naja kaouthia) from Nepal." Russian Journal of Herpetology 28, no. 2 (2021): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2021-28-2-122-124.

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10

Chiszar, David, Kathryn Stimac, Thomas Poole, Tracy Miller, Charles W. Radcliffe, and Hobart M. Smith. "Strike Induced Chemosensory Searching in Cobras: (Naja naja kaouthia, N. mossambica pallida)." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 63, no. 1 (2010): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb00740.x.

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11

Рябинин, В. В., Р. Х. Зиганшин, В. Г. Старков, В. И. Цетлин та Ю. Н. Уткин. "Внутривидовая изменчивость состава яда моноклевой кобры Naja kaouthia". Биоорганическая химия 45, № 3 (2019): 272–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0132342319020118.

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12

Khandelwal, Gautam, Kenneth D. Katz, Daniel E. Brooks, Stephanie M. Gonzalez, and Colleen D. Ulishney. "Naja kaouthia: Two cases of Asiatic cobra envenomations." Journal of Emergency Medicine 32, no. 2 (2007): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2006.05.047.

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13

Feofanov, Alexei V., George V. Sharonov, Maria V. Astapova, Dmitriy I. Rodionov, Yuriy N. Utkin, and Alexander S. Arseniev. "Cancer cell injury by cytotoxins from cobra venom is mediated through lysosomal damage." Biochemical Journal 390, no. 1 (2005): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20041892.

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Cytotoxins from cobra venom are known to manifest cytotoxicity in various cell types. It is widely accepted that the plasma membrane is a target of cytotoxins, but the mechanism of their action remains obscure. Using the confocal spectral imaging technique, we show for the first time that cytotoxins from cobra venom penetrate readily into living cancer cells and accumulate markedly in lysosomes. Cytotoxins CT1 and CT2 from Naja oxiana, CT3 from Naja kaouthia and CT1 from Naja haje are demonstrated to possess this property with respect to human lung adenocarcinoma A549 and promyelocytic leukaem
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14

Zainal Abidin, Syafiq, Yee Lee, Iekhsan Othman, and Rakesh Naidu. "Malaysian Cobra Venom: A Potential Source of Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Agents." Toxins 11, no. 2 (2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11020075.

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Cancer is a deadly disease and there is an urgent need for the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents to treat it. Snake venom is a complex mixture of bioactive proteins that represents an attractive source of novel and naturally-derived anticancer agents. Malaysia is one of the world’s most biodiverse countries and is home to various venomous snake species, including cobras. Naja kaouthia, Naja sumatrana, and Ophiophagus hannah are three of the most common cobra species in Malaysia and are of medical importance. Over the past decades, snake venom has been identified as a potenti
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15

Ismail, Ahmad Khaldun, Zhi Xuan Ng, Syahirah Rezwan Eskandar, Hamelda Tanisha Ganaprakasam, and Zainalabidin Mohamed. "The frequency, clinical characteristics and outcomes of Naja species related injuries in Malaysia consulted to Remote Envenomation Consultancy Services from 2020–2023." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 19, no. 7 (2025): e0013271. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013271.

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Naja species bites and envenomation are common in Malaysia. This retrospective cohort study of diagnosed Naja species cases consulted to Remote Envenomation Consultancy Services (RECS) from 2020 to 2023. This study aimed to identify the frequency, geographical distribution, clinical features, treatments, and outcomes of Naja species-related injuries. Data was extracted following the approval of the institutional research ethics committee and all patient’s information were kept anonymous. From 4474 RECS consultations, 512 incidents were diagnosed as caused by Naja species. Naja kaouthia case co
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16

Tan, Choo, Kin Wong, Nget Tan, Tzu Ng, and Kae Tan. "Distinctive Distribution of Secretory Phospholipases A2 in the Venoms of Afro-Asian Cobras (Subgenus: Naja, Afronaja, Boulengerina and Uraeus)." Toxins 11, no. 2 (2019): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11020116.

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The protein abundances of phospholipases A2 in cobra venom proteomes appear to vary among cobra species. To determine the unique distribution of snake venom phospholipases A2 (svPLA2) in the cobras, the svPLA2 activities for 15 cobra species were examined with an acidimetric and a colorimetric assay, using egg yolk suspension and 4-nitro-3-octanoyloxy benzoic acid (NOBA) as the substrate. The colorimetric assay showed significant correlation between svPLA2 enzymatic activities with the svPLA2 protein abundances in venoms. High svPLA2 activities were observed in the venoms of Asiatic spitting c
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17

Pithayanukul, Pimolpan, Pakatip Ruenraroengsak, Rapepol Bavovada, Narumol Pakmanee, Rutt Suttisri, and Suwipa Saen-oon. "Inhibition of Naja kaouthia venom activities by plant polyphenols." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97, no. 3 (2005): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.12.013.

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18

Sekhar, C. Chandra, and Dibakar Chakrabarty. "Fibrinogenolytic toxin from Indian monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia) venom." Journal of Biosciences 36, no. 2 (2011): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12038-011-9068-3.

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19

Huynh, Tam M., Wayne C. Hodgson, Geoffrey K. Isbister, and Anjana Silva. "The Effect of Australian and Asian Commercial Antivenoms in Reversing the Post-Synaptic Neurotoxicity of O. hannah, N. naja and N. kaouthia Venoms In Vitro." Toxins 14, no. 4 (2022): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14040277.

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Despite antivenoms being the only established specific treatment for neuromuscular paralysis arising from snake envenoming, their ability to reverse the post-synaptic neurotoxicity in snake envenoming is poorly understood. We investigated the ability of five commercial antivenoms i.e., King cobra monovalent, Thai cobra monovalent, Thai neuro polyvalent, Indian polyvalent and Australian polyvalent antivenoms to reverse neurotoxicity induced by the venoms of King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah, 3 µg/mL), Indian cobra (Naja naja, 5 µg/mL) and Thai cobra (Naja kaouthia, 3 µg/mL) using the in vitro chic
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20

Madrigal-Anaya, Jesús del Carmen, Andrea Cruz-Ibarra, Nancy Cristal Rodríguez-Uvalle, et al. "A case of exotic envenomation by Naja kaouthia in Mexico." Latin american journal of clinical sciences and medical technology 4, no. 1 (2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.34141/ljcs4666817.

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In Mexico, an average of 3,893 venomous snakebites is registered annually. Since not all bites are informed, that figure is likely an underestimation. Most bites involve snakes native to Mexico, but reports do not distinguish among the species involved, so the percentage of bites caused by exotic (non-native) snakes is unknown. However, numerous exotic species of venomous snakes are kept in the country, both legally and illegally. Commonly, owners of these snakes do not acquire appropriate antivenoms, leaving themselves vulnerable to severe envenomation. In this article we present the clinical
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21

Reali, Marielga, Francine G. Serafim, Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling, and Marcos D. Fontana. "Neurotoxic and myotoxic actions of Naja naja kaouthia venom on skeletal muscle in vitro." Toxicon 41, no. 6 (2003): 657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(03)00005-9.

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22

Mukherjee, A. K., and C. R. Maity. "Biochemical composition, lethality and pathophysiology of venom from two cobras — Naja naja and N. kaouthia." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 131, no. 2 (2002): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00473-0.

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23

Namiranian, Sholeh, and R. C. Hider. "Use of HPLC to demonstrate variation of venom toxin composition in the Thailand cobra venoms Naja naja kaouthia and Naja naja siamensis." Toxicon 30, no. 1 (1992): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(92)90501-u.

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24

Stiles, B. G., F. W. Sexton, S. B. Guest, M. A. Olson, and D. C. Hack. "Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against Naja naja oxiana neurotoxin I." Biochemical Journal 303, no. 1 (1994): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3030163.

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Seven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were developed against neurotoxin I (NT-1), a protein from central Asian cobra (Naja naja oxiana) venom which binds specifically to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AchR). All of the mAbs cross-reacted with another long-chain post-synaptic neurotoxin, Bungarus multicinctus alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BT), but not Naja naja kaouthia alpha-cobratoxin, in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (e.l.i.s.a.). Short-chain post-synaptic neurotoxins like Naja naja atra cobrotoxin, Laticauda semifasciata erabutoxin b, or N. n. oxiana neurotoxin II did not cross-react wit
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25

Wongtongkam, Nualnong, Henry Wilde, Chitr Sitthi-Amorn, and Kavi Ratanabanangkoon. "A Study of Thai Cobra (Naja kaouthia) Bites in Thailand." Military Medicine 170, no. 4 (2005): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed.170.4.336.

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26

Kulkeaw, Kasem, Yuwaporn Sakolvaree, Potjanee Srimanote, et al. "Human monoclonal ScFv neutralize lethal Thai cobra, Naja kaouthia, neurotoxin." Journal of Proteomics 72, no. 2 (2009): 270–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2008.12.007.

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27

Vasaruchapong, Taksa, and Lawan Chanhome. "Surgical Treatment of Renal Gout in Monocellate Cobra, Naja kaouthia." Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 42, no. 3 (2012): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.56808/2985-1130.2412.

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28

Feofanov, A. V., G. V. Sharonov, M. A. Dubinnyi, et al. "Comparative Study of Structure and Activity of Cytotoxins from Venom of the Cobras Naja oxiana, Naja kaouthia, and Naja haje." Biochemistry (Moscow) 69, no. 10 (2004): 1148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:biry.0000046890.46901.7e.

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29

Sakurai, Yoshihiko, Hideo Takatsuka, Akira Yoshioka, et al. "Inhibition of human platelet aggregation by l-amino acid oxidase purified from Naja naja kaouthia venom." Toxicon 39, no. 12 (2001): 1827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00133-7.

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30

Tan, Nget-Hong, and Somasundaram Swaminathan. "Purification and properties of the l-amino acid oxidase from monocellate cobra (Naja naja kaouthia) venom." International Journal of Biochemistry 24, no. 6 (1992): 967–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-711x(92)90105-a.

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31

Mahapatra, A., V. Santra, S. Jana, and SK Ghorai. "Cobras in peril: Reporting the death of two monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia)(Squamata: Elapidae) due to consumption of anthropogenic plastic debris." Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 16 (June 7, 2023): 255–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2023.01.008.

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The impacts of commonly used and often carelessly discarded plastics are well reported in marine animals but have been poorly reported in the terrestrial animals. Here, we report for the first time two cases of dead N. kaouthia from two different habitat types due to consumption of plastic bag and fishing net. We performed a postmortem and recorded observations for both cases, confirmed the cause of death as plastic ingestion and briefly describe the clinical signs and how plastic consumption causes death in N. kaouthia. Here, we highlight how improper waste management impacts each individual'
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32

Paterna, Alessandro. "Spitting behaviour in the Chinese cobra Naja atra." Herpetological Bulletin, no. 148, Summer 2019 (July 1, 2019): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hb148.2225.

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This study describes the ability of a captive Chinese cobra (Naja atra) to spit venom and presents a video analysis of a strike and spit manoeuvre. However, among the many specimens of N. atra raised by the author only the female examined in this study regularly displayed spitting behaviour, and then only within the confines of its terrarium. Fang morphology of N. atra was investigated by microscopy and compared with that of a ‘true’ spitting cobra, Naja sputatrix. The results show that N. atra does not have specially modified fangs so that venom is ejected downwards from the fangs, not forwar
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33

KOPCZYNSKI, JAN. "Breeding and exhibiting the Monocellate cobra Naja kaouthia at Plock Zoo." International Zoo Yearbook 32, no. 1 (1992): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1992.tb02501.x.

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KOPCZYNSKI, JAN. "Breeding and exhibiting the Monocellate cobra Naja kaouthia at Plock Zoo." International Zoo Yearbook 32, no. 1 (2007): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1993.tb03535.x.

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35

Khow, O., N. Pakmanee, V. Sitprija, and T. Tirawatnpong. "Antigenic cross-reactivity between Naja kaouthia and N. siamensis crude venom." Toxicon 35, no. 4 (1997): 499–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(97)84779-4.

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36

Jackson, Kate. "Post-ovipositional development of the monocled cobra, Naja kaouthia (Serpentes: Elapidae)." Zoology 105, no. 3 (2002): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0944-2006-00077.

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37

Khow, Orawan, Narumol Pakmanee, Lawan Chanhome, Supod Sriprapat, Tamotsu Omori-Satoh, and Visith Sitprija. "Cross-neutralization of Thai cobra (Naja kaouthia) and spitting cobra (Naja siamensis) venoms by Thai cobra antivenom." Toxicon 35, no. 11 (1997): 1649–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00035-4.

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38

Vernon, Leo P., and Audrae Rogers. "Effect of calcium and phosphate ions on hemolysis induced by Pyrularia thionin and Naja naja kaouthia cardiotoxin." Toxicon 30, no. 7 (1992): 701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(92)90004-o.

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39

Danpaiboon, Witchuda, Onrapak Reamtong, Nitat Sookrung, et al. "Ophiophagus hannah Venom: Proteome, Components Bound by Naja kaouthia Antivenin and Neutralization by N. kaouthia Neurotoxin-Specific Human ScFv." Toxins 6, no. 5 (2014): 1526–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins6051526.

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40

Ong, Vinh AN, Ngoc THAO Hoang, Xuan QUANG Hoang, Thi TUYET Nguyen, and Anh TUAN Ho. "SURVEY RESULTS ON AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN NAM DAN DISTRICT, NGHE AN PROVINCE, VIETNAM." Studia Universitatis Moldaviae Seria Stiințe ale naturii, no. 3(133) (July 21, 2020): 135–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3954013.

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A total number of 47 species of amphibians and reptiles were recorded during a recent field survey from Nam Dan district, Nghe An province (Vietnam). Including 13 amphibians species, 10 lizards species, 18 snakes species, and 6 turtles species. Among them, 10 species are rare, recorded in Vietnam Red Data Book (2007) and 5 species in IUCN Red List species (2019). Three species are recorded for the first time from Nghe An province: <em>Ptyas carinata, Naja kaouthia</em>, and <em>Pelodiscus variegatus</em>.
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41

Dutta, Sourav, Monish Kumar Thapa, Hirakjyoti Das, Tilak Kumar Pradhan, Debajit Mahanta, and Sanjib Deka. "Albinism in a Monocled Cobra, Naja kaouthia (Lesson 1831), from northeastern India." Reptiles & Amphibians 28, no. 3 (2021): 440–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v28i3.15645.

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42

Осипов, Алексей, Анна Мещерякова, Владислав Старков та ін. "НОВЫЙ ПАРАДОКСАЛЬНЫЙ ТРЁХПЕТЕЛЬНЫЙ ТОКСИН ИЗ ЯДА КОБРЫ NAJA KAOUTHIA: ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ И ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА". Доклады Академии наук, № 2 (2017): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s0869565217200233.

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43

Kulkeaw, Kasem, Wanpen Chaicumpa, Yuwaporn Sakolvaree, Pongsri Tongtawe, and Pramuan Tapchaisri. "Proteome and immunome of the venom of the Thai cobra, Naja kaouthia." Toxicon 49, no. 7 (2007): 1026–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.01.019.

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Pratanaphon, Ronachai, Surasak Akesowan, Orawan Khow, Supod Sriprapat, and Kavi Ratanabanangkoon. "Production of highly potent horse antivenom against the Thai cobra (Naja kaouthia)." Vaccine 15, no. 14 (1997): 1523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00098-4.

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Khanongnoi, Jirawat, Siratcha Phanthong, Onrapak Reamtong, Anchalee Tungtronchitr, Wanpen Chaicumpa, and Nitat Sookrung. "Human Monoclonal scFvs that Neutralize Fribrinogenolytic Activity of Kaouthiagin, a Zinc-Metalloproteinase in Cobra (Naja kaouthia) Venom." Toxins 10, no. 12 (2018): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120509.

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Snake venom-metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are the primary factors that disturb hemostasis and cause hemorrhage in the venomous snake bitten subjects. Kaouthiagin is a unique SVMP that binds and cleaves von Willebrand factor (vWF) at a specific peptide bond leading to inhibition of platelet aggregation, which enhances the hemorrhage. Kaouthiagin is a low abundant venom component of Thai cobra (Naja kaouthia); thus, most horse-derived antivenins used for cobra bite treatment do not contain adequate anti-kaouthiagin. This study aimed to produce human single-chain antibody variable fragments (HuscFvs
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Chanhome, Lawan, Merel J. Cox, Henry Wilde, Piboon Jintakoon, Narongsak Chaiyabutr, and Visith Sitprija. "Venomous Snakebite in Thailand I: Medically Important Snakes." Military Medicine 163, no. 5 (1998): 310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/163.5.310.

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Abstract Thailand has an abundance of venomous snakes. Among the neurotoxic family Elapidae, there are three species of the genus Naja (cobras), three of the genus Bungarus (kraits), and the king cobra of the genus Ophiophagus. Other Elapidae snakes in Thailand include sea snakes and Asian coral snakes of the genus Calliophis. They have potent venoms but rarely bite humans. Tissue and hemotoxic snakes are represented by family Viperidae, subfamilies Viperinae and Crotalinae. They remain an occupational hazard for farmers and rubber tappers, causing serious morbidity but only rare deaths, since
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Ohkura, N., S. Inoue, K. Ikeda, and K. Hayashi. "Isolation and Characterization of a Phospholipase A2 Inhibitor from the Blood Plasma of the Thailand Cobra Naja naja kaouthia." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 200, no. 2 (1994): 784–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1994.1519.

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Puzari, Upasana, Mojibur R. Khan, and Ashis K. Mukherjee. "Diagnosis of Indian Big Four and monocled Cobra snakebites in envenomed plasma using smartphone-based digital imaging colourimetry method." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 19, no. 3 (2025): e0012913. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012913.

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Background Venomous or dry bites can result from snake envenomation. Therefore, developing a detection test for venomous snakebites in envenomed patients can prevented from unnecessary antivenom therapy for dry bites, thereby, saving them from adverse effects and cost of antivenom therapy. Methodology This study demonstrates a method for the diagnosis of medically significant ‘Big Four’ Indian snake venoms (Naja naja, Bungarus caeruleus, Daboia russelii, Echis carinatus) in the plasma of experimentally envenomed animals (envenomed under laboratory conditions). Rabbit polyclonal antibodies (PAb
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Vasaruchapong, Taksa, Panithi Laoungbua, Tanapong Tawan, and Lawan Chanhome. "The survey of internal parasites of consumed - Siamese cobra ( Naja kaouthia ) in Thailand." Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 9 (August 2017): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.06.005.

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Deka, Archana, Manoj Sharma, Rupak Mukhopadhyay, Arpita Devi, and Robin Doley. "Naja kaouthia venom protein, Nk-CRISP, upregulates inflammatory gene expression in human macrophages." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 160 (October 2020): 602–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.169.

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