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Journal articles on the topic 'Naja-naja sumatrana'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 20 July 2025

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1

Cham, Gregory, Francis Lim, Arul Earnest, and Ponnampalam Gopalakrishnakone. "Cross-Reactivity against Naja sumatrana (Black Spitting Cobra) Envenoming from the Haffkine Antivenom in a Mouse Model." ISRN Toxicology 2013 (August 12, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/247645.

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Naja sumatrana is the dominant cobra species in Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, and Sumatra, and it does not have specific antivenom. The Haffkine antivenom has been advocated instead. This study aims to determine the efficacy of this antivenom against Naja sumatrana envenoming using a mouse model. Methods. Male Swiss albino mice were used. Intravenous LD50 was first determined separately for Naja naja and Naja sumatrana venom. ED50 was determined by preincubating antivenom with each venom at 2.5 LD50 before administering the mixture into the tail vein. Validation was carried out using a challeng

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2

Chong, Ho Phin, Kae Yi Tan, Bing-Sin Liu, Wang-Chou Sung, and Choo Hock Tan. "Cytotoxicity of Venoms and Cytotoxins from Asiatic Cobras (Naja kaouthia, Naja sumatrana, Naja atra) and Neutralization by Antivenoms from Thailand, Vietnam, and Taiwan." Toxins 14, no. 5 (2022): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050334.

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Envenoming by cobras (Naja spp.) often results in extensive local tissue necrosis when optimal treatment with antivenom is not available. This study investigated the cytotoxicity of venoms and purified cytotoxins from the Monocled Cobra (Naja kaouthia), Taiwan Cobra (Naja atra), and Equatorial Spitting Cobra (Naja sumatrana) in a mouse fibroblast cell line, followed by neutralization of the cytotoxicity by three regional antivenoms: the Thai Naja kaouthia monovalent antivenom (NkMAV), Vietnamese snake antivenom (SAV) and Taiwanese Neuro bivalent antivenom (NBAV). The cytotoxins of N. atra (NA-

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3

Tan, Choo, Kin Wong, Nget Tan, Tzu Ng, and Kae Tan. "Distinctive Distribution of Secretory Phospholipases A2 in the Venoms of Afro-Asian Cobras (Subgenus: Naja, Afronaja, Boulengerina and Uraeus)." Toxins 11, no. 2 (2019): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11020116.

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The protein abundances of phospholipases A2 in cobra venom proteomes appear to vary among cobra species. To determine the unique distribution of snake venom phospholipases A2 (svPLA2) in the cobras, the svPLA2 activities for 15 cobra species were examined with an acidimetric and a colorimetric assay, using egg yolk suspension and 4-nitro-3-octanoyloxy benzoic acid (NOBA) as the substrate. The colorimetric assay showed significant correlation between svPLA2 enzymatic activities with the svPLA2 protein abundances in venoms. High svPLA2 activities were observed in the venoms of Asiatic spitting c

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4

Ismail, Ahmad Khaldun, Zhi Xuan Ng, Syahirah Rezwan Eskandar, Hamelda Tanisha Ganaprakasam, and Zainalabidin Mohamed. "The frequency, clinical characteristics and outcomes of Naja species related injuries in Malaysia consulted to Remote Envenomation Consultancy Services from 2020–2023." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 19, no. 7 (2025): e0013271. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013271.

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Naja species bites and envenomation are common in Malaysia. This retrospective cohort study of diagnosed Naja species cases consulted to Remote Envenomation Consultancy Services (RECS) from 2020 to 2023. This study aimed to identify the frequency, geographical distribution, clinical features, treatments, and outcomes of Naja species-related injuries. Data was extracted following the approval of the institutional research ethics committee and all patient’s information were kept anonymous. From 4474 RECS consultations, 512 incidents were diagnosed as caused by Naja species. Naja kaouthia case co

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5

Tan, Choo Hock, Kae Yi Tan, Kin Ying Wong, Nget Hong Tan, and Ho Phin Chong. "Equatorial Spitting Cobra (Naja sumatrana) from Malaysia (Negeri Sembilan and Penang), Southern Thailand, and Sumatra: Comparative Venom Proteomics, Immunoreactivity and Cross-Neutralization by Antivenom." Toxins 14, no. 8 (2022): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080522.

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The Equatorial Spitting Cobra (Naja sumatrana) is a medically important venomous snake species in Southeast Asia. Its wide geographical distribution implies potential intra-specific venom variation, while there is no species-specific antivenom available to treat its envenoming. Applying a protein-decomplexing proteomic approach, the study showed that three-finger toxins (3FTX), followed by phospholipases A2 (PLA2), were the major proteins well-conserved across N. sumatrana venoms of different locales. Variations were noted in the subtypes and relative abundances of venom proteins. Of note, alp

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6

Chong, Ho Phin, Kae Yi Tan, Nget Hong Tan, and Choo Hock Tan. "Exploring the Diversity and Novelty of Toxin Genes in Naja sumatrana, the Equatorial Spitting Cobra from Malaysia through De Novo Venom-Gland Transcriptomics." Toxins 11, no. 2 (2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11020104.

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The equatorial spitting cobra, Naja sumatrana, is a distinct species of medically important venomous snakes, listed as WHO Category 1 in Southeast Asia. The diversity of its venom genes has not been comprehensively examined, although a few toxin sequences annotated to Naja sputatrix were reported previously through cloning studies. To investigate this species venom genes’ diversity, de novo venom-gland transcriptomics of N. sumatrana from West Malaysia was conducted using next-generation sequencing technology. Genes encoding toxins represented only 60 of the 55,396 transcripts, but were highly

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7

Zukifli, Nor Asyikin, Zalikha Ibrahim, Iekhsan Othman, et al. "In Vitro neurotoxicity and myotoxicity of Malaysian Naja sumatrana and Naja kaouthia venoms: Neutralization by monovalent and Neuro Polyvalent Antivenoms from Thailand." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (2022): e0274488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274488.

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Naja sumatrana and Naja kaouthia are medically important elapids species found in Southeast Asia. Snake bite envenoming caused by these species may lead to morbidity or mortality if not treated with the appropriate antivenom. In this study, the in vitro neurotoxic and myotoxic effects N. sumatrana and N. kaouthia venoms from Malaysian specimens were assessed and compared. In addition, the neutralizing capability of Cobra Antivenom (CAV), King Cobra Antivenom (KCAV) and Neuro Polyvalent Antivenom (NPAV) from Thailand were compared. Both venoms produced concentration-dependent neurotoxic and myo

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8

Zainal Abidin, Syafiq, Yee Lee, Iekhsan Othman, and Rakesh Naidu. "Malaysian Cobra Venom: A Potential Source of Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Agents." Toxins 11, no. 2 (2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11020075.

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Cancer is a deadly disease and there is an urgent need for the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents to treat it. Snake venom is a complex mixture of bioactive proteins that represents an attractive source of novel and naturally-derived anticancer agents. Malaysia is one of the world’s most biodiverse countries and is home to various venomous snake species, including cobras. Naja kaouthia, Naja sumatrana, and Ophiophagus hannah are three of the most common cobra species in Malaysia and are of medical importance. Over the past decades, snake venom has been identified as a potenti

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9

Abdullah, Nur Atiqah Haizum, Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad Rusmili, Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin, Mohd Farooq Shaikh, Wayne C. Hodgson, and Iekhsan Othman. "Isolation and Characterization of A2-EPTX-Nsm1a, a Secretory Phospholipase A2 from Malaysian Spitting Cobra (Naja sumatrana) Venom." Toxins 13, no. 12 (2021): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13120859.

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Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) toxins are one of the main toxin families found in snake venom. PLA2 toxins are associated with various detrimental effects, including neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, hemostatic disturbances, nephrotoxicity, edema, and inflammation. Although Naja sumatrana venom contains substantial quantities of PLA2 components, there is limited information on the function and activities of PLA2 toxins from the venom. In this study, a secretory PLA2 from the venom of Malaysian N. sumatrana, subsequently named A2-EPTX-Nsm1a, was isolated, purified, and characterized. A2-EPTX-Nsm1a was purif

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10

Tansuwannarat, Phantakan, Achara Tongpoo, Suraphong Phongsawad, Charuwan Sriapha, Winai Wananukul, and Satariya Trakulsrichai. "A Retrospective Cohort Study of Cobra Envenomation: Clinical Characteristics, Treatments, and Outcomes." Toxins 15, no. 7 (2023): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070468.

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This study investigated the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of envenomation involving cobra species in Thailand (Naja kaouthia, Naja siamensis, and Naja sumatrana). Data of patients who had been bitten by a cobra or inoculated via the eyes/skin in 2018–2021 were obtained from the Ramathibodi Poison Center. There were 1045 patients admitted during the 4-year study period (bite, n = 539; ocular/dermal inoculation, n = 506). Almost all patients with ocular/dermal inoculation had eye involvement and ocular injuries, but none had neurological effects. Most of the patients bitten

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11

Choo, Kim Hoon, Anisah binti Adnan, and Ahmad Khaldun Ismail. "Multiple ventricular premature complexes following equatorial spitting cobra (Naja sumatrana) envenomation." Toxicon 250 (November 2024): 108099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108099.

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12

Polláková, M., V. Petrilla, Z. Andrejčáková, M. Petrillová, D. Sopková, and E. Petrovová. "Spitting cobras: Experimental assay employing the model of chicken embryo and the chick chorioallantoic membrane for imaging and evaluation of effects of venom from African and Asian species (Naja ashei, Naja nigricollis, Naja siamensis, Naja sumatrana)." Toxicon 189 (January 2021): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.10.025.

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13

Shi, Sheng-Chao, Gernot Vogel, Li Ding, et al. "Description of A New Cobra (Naja Laurenti, 1768; Squamata, Elapidae) from China with Designation of a Neotype for Naja atra." Animals 12, no. 24 (2022): 3481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12243481.

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Taxonomic frameworks for medically important species such as cobras (genus Naja Laurenti, 1768; Squamata, Elapidae) are essential for the medical treatment of snake bites and accurate antivenin development. In this paper, we described the former N. kaouthia populations recorded from China as a new species and designated a neotype for N. atra-based morphological and mitochondrial phylogenetic analysis. The new species N. fuxisp. nov. was morphologically diagnosed from N. kaouthia by (1) regular single narrow crossband present on the middle and posterior parts of the dorsum (3–15, 7.9 ± 2.7, n =

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14

Zukifli, Nor Asyikin, Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad Rusmili, Iekhsan Othman, Ahmad Khaldun Ismail, Janeyuth Chaisakul, and Zalikha Ibrahim. "Study on the Binding Interaction of Three-finger Toxins From Cobras And Mangrove Catsnake Toward Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: A Computational Approach." Journal of Pharmacy 2, no. 2 (2022): 122–40. https://doi.org/10.31436/jop.v2i2.171.

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Introduction: Snake venom is a combination of various proteins and peptides that cause diverse biological effects on multiple organ systems. In elapid venom, three-finger toxins are the most abundant type of toxin. Although toxins share similarities in their structure, they are known for their capability to cause a myriad of toxic actions such as neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and cytotoxicity. Unfortunately, many of these toxins are not fully characterized especially on their binding affinity and selectivity towards receptors and their effect to the organ system. Materials and method: Therefo

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15

Ahmed, Naseer, Garnis Putri Erlista, Tri Joko Raharjo, Respati Tri Swasono, and Slamet Raharjo. "Anticancer Activity of Venom Protein Hydrolysis Fraction of Equatorial Spitting Cobra (<i>Naja sumatrana</i>)." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 23, no. 2 (2023): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.80720.

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Bioactive peptides play an important role in targeting cancer cells. Venom protein from Naja sumatrana can be explored as a source of bioactive peptides. This research aims to identify and study the molecular docking of bioactive peptides (BPs) from trypsin hydrolysate of N. sumatrana venom protein which was fractionated using an SPE C18 column. The venom of N. sumatrana was hydrolyzed with trypsin enzyme. The protein hydrolysate was then fractionated using an RP-SPE HyperSep Retain PEP column, and the peptide fractions were tested for their anticancer activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cell

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16

Aulan, Rahmadi, Fandy Muhammad, Mirza D. Kusrini, and Ani Mardiastuti. "Diversity of Amphibians and Reptiles Based on Differences in Altitude in Sipirok, Batang Toru Forest Area, North Sumatra Province." Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 20, no. 2 (2024): 167–77. https://doi.org/10.47349/jbi/20022024/167.

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This research aims to analyze the differences in amphibian and reptile diversity based on elevation in the Sipirok, Batang Toru Forest Area. Data were collected from February to April 2020 across elevations ranging from 400 m to 1400 m above sea level, with altitude intervals of 200 meters, using the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method and glue traps. We identified 26 amphibians from 6 families, with Limnonectes khasianus being the most widely distributed species in the area. A total of 27 reptile species from 10 families were recorded. Three species - Varanus salvator, Naja sumatrana, and Op

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17

Yap, Michelle Khai Khun, Shin Yee Fung, Kae Yi Tan, and Nget Hong Tan. "Proteomic characterization of venom of the medically important Southeast Asian Naja sumatrana (Equatorial spitting cobra)." Acta Tropica 133 (May 2014): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.01.014.

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18

Yap, Michelle Khai Khun, Nget Hong Tan, Si Mui Sim, Shin Yee Fung, and Choo Hock Tan. "Pharmacokinetics of Naja sumatrana (Equatorial Spitting Cobra) Venom and Its Major Toxins in Experimentally Envenomed Rabbits." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8, no. 6 (2014): e2890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002890.

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19

Ahmed, Naseer, Slamet Raharjo, Respati Tri Swasono, and Tri Joko Raharjo. "THE ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDES (AMPs) ORIGINATED FROM TRYPTIC HYDROLYSIS OF Naja sumatrana VENOM FRACTIONATED USING CATION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 04 (2022): 2642–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1548066.

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Bioactive peptides bring revolutions in the medical field and become an attractive target for new antibiotics. The bioactive peptides can be derived from the hydrolysis of protein. This study aims to explore the antibacterial peptide from venom hydrolysate of the Spitting cobra (Naja sumatrana). The venom protein was isolated from venom using a gel filtration technique. The digestion of venom protein was performed using trypsin with and without alkylation and reduction. After that, fractionation was carried out using a strong cation exchange solid-phase extraction, followed by antibacterial ac

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20

Kuleshina, Olga, Elena Kruykova, Elena Cheremnykh, et al. "Screening Snake Venoms for Toxicity to Tetrahymena Pyriformis Revealed Anti-Protozoan Activity of Cobra Cytotoxins." Toxins 12, no. 5 (2020): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12050325.

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Snake venoms possess lethal activities against different organisms, ranging from bacteria to higher vertebrates. Several venoms were shown to be active against protozoa, however, data about the anti-protozoan activity of cobra and viper venoms are very scarce. We tested the effects of venoms from several snake species on the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. The venoms tested induced T. pyriformis immobilization, followed by death, the most pronounced effect being observed for cobra Naja sumatrana venom. The active polypeptides were isolated from this venom by a combination of gel-filtration, io

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21

Hiu, Jia Jin, and Michelle Khai Khun Yap. "The effects of Naja sumatrana venom cytotoxin, sumaCTX on alteration of the secretome in MCF-7 breast cancer cells following membrane permeabilization." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 184 (August 2021): 776–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.145.

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22

Openg, E. B. L. "The potential role of herpetofauna species diversity on palm oil agro-ecosystems: a case study in the plantation of PT BSM South Sumatra." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1243, no. 1 (2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1243/1/012012.

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Abstract The palm oil industry is one of the national strategic industries that must gradually apply the concept of green economy where the use of biodiversity (to reduce the use of chemicals in increasing land fertility and controlling pests/diseases) should be optimized in various aspects of management. Therefore, the potential for species diversity and the role of biodiversity in palm oil agro-ecosystems needs to be investigated, one of which is herpetofauna diversity. Data collection on the diversity of herpetofauna species was carried out simultaneously on seven types of land cover for PT

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23

Leong, Poh Kuan, Shin Yee Fung, Choo Hock Tan, Si Mui Sim, and Nget Hong Tan. "Immunological cross-reactivity and neutralization of the principal toxins of Naja sumatrana and related cobra venoms by a Thai polyvalent antivenom (Neuro Polyvalent Snake Antivenom)." Acta Tropica 149 (September 2015): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.020.

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24

Cham, Gregory, James Chuan-Hsin Pan, Francis Lim, Arul Earnest, and P. Gopalakrishnakone. "Effects of Topical Heparin, Antivenom, Tetracycline and Dexamethasone Treatment in Corneal Injury Resulting from the Venom of the Black Spitting Cobra (Naja sumatrana), in a Rabbit Model." Clinical Toxicology 44, no. 3 (2006): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650600584451.

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25

Md Fauzi, Noor Faradiana, Mohammad Shahfiz Azman, Nor Hazwani Ahmad Ruzman, et al. "Herpetofauna surveys at CFS ecological corridor (J-PL2: Panti Forest Reserve-Ulu Sedili Forest Reserve), Johor, Malaysia." BIO Web of Conferences 73 (2023): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20237301011.

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Herpetological surveys were conducted at Panti Forest Reserve and Ulu Sedili Forest Reserve of Johor in March and April 2019. These forest reserves are identified as one of the designated primary linkages under the Central Forest Spine (CFS) Masterplan, named as J-PL2 or previously known as CFSII PL3. The objective of the study is to document updated list of herpetofauna species recorded at the J-PL2. During this study, onehectare study plot was established at Panti Forest Reserve and Ulu Sedili Forest Reserve, respectively. Each study plot was equipped with 10 transect lines. A total of 25 pi

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26

Kurniawan, Nia, Mulyadiane M. Putri, Ahmad M. Kadafi, Dea J. Chrestella, Muhammad A. Fauzi, and Agung S. Kurnianto. "Phylogenetics and Biogeography of Cobra (Squamata: Naja) in Java, Sumatra, and Other Asian Region." Journal of Experimental Life Sciences 7, no. 2 (2017): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jels.2017.007.02.06.

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27

OKAYASU, JURIYA. "Velvet ants of the tribe Smicromyrmini Bischoff (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)of Japan." Zootaxa 4723, no. 1 (2020): 1–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4723.1.1.

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Japanese species and genera of the tribe Smicromyrmini Bischoff, 1920 are revised. Most of the relevant types were examined. The following eight species in the genera Smicromyrme Thomson, 1870, Nemka Lelej, 1985, Mickelomyrme Lelej, 1995, Andreimyrme Lelej, 1995, Ephucilla Lelej, 1995 and Sinotilla Lelej, 1995 are recognized from Japan: Sm. lewisi Mickel, 1935, ♂♀; N. yasumatsui (Mickel, 1936), stat. rev. et comb. nov., ♂♀; M. hageni (Zavattari, 1913), ♂♀; A. substriolata (Chen, 1957), ♀ (Amami-ôshima Is., Okinawa-jima Is.); E. yoshitakei sp. nov., ♂♀ (Amami-ôshima Is.), E. suginoi sp. nov., ♂

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28

Atanacio, Ronald Comedia, Jose Atanacio Escarlos, Joycelyn Grace Atanacio Escarlos, et al. "Immunocytoaffinity Assay pf the Philippine Cobra ( Naja philippinensis, Naja samarensis, Naja sumatrana and Ophiophagus Hannah) Venom Using Naja philippinensis Antivenin." FASEB Journal 21, no. 6 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.21.6.lb79-b.

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29

A.S., Sikarwar, Ambu S., and .H. Wong T. "Evaluation of Newly Developed Dot-ELISA Test for Identification of Naja-naja sumantrana and Calloselasma rhodostoma Venom Antigens." August 24, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1059785.

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Snake bite cases in Malaysia most often involve the species Naja-naja and Calloselasma rhodostoma. In keeping with the need for a rapid snake venom detection kit in a clinical setting, plate and dot-ELISA test for the venoms of Naja-naja sumatrana, Calloselasma rhodostoma and the cobra venom fraction V antigen was developed. Polyclonal antibodies were raised and further used to prepare the reagents for the dot-ELISA test kit which was tested in mice, rabbit and virtual human models. The newly developed dot- ELISA kit was able to detect a minimum venom concentration of 244ng/ml with cross react

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30

Chong, Ho Phin, Kae Yi Tan, and Choo Hock Tan. "Cytotoxicity of Snake Venoms and Cytotoxins From Two Southeast Asian Cobras (Naja sumatrana, Naja kaouthia): Exploration of Anticancer Potential, Selectivity, and Cell Death Mechanism." Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 7 (November 11, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2020.583587.

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31

Abdullah, Nur Atiqah Haizum, Nur Qisya Afifah Veronica Sainik, Ezalia Esa, et al. "Neuroprotective effect of phospholipase A2 from Malaysian Naja sumatrana venom against H2O2-induced cell damage and apoptosis." Frontiers in Pharmacology 13 (October 14, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.935418.

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Oxidative stress is one of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. It has been reported that a secretory phospholipase A2 known as A2-EPTX-NSm1a has lower cytotoxicity in neuronal cells compared to its crude Naja sumatrana venom. In this study, A2-EPTX-NSm1a was tested for its neuroprotective activity on human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) differentiated into cholinergic neurons against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). H2O2 treatment alone increased the caspase-3 and caspase-8 activities, whereas pre-treatment with A2-EPTX-NSm1a redu

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32

"Correction: Pharmacokinetics of Naja sumatrana (Equatorial Spitting Cobra) Venom and Its Major Toxins in Experimentally Envenomed Rabbits." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8, no. 9 (2014): e3277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003277.

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33

Teoh, Shun Qi, and Michelle Khai Khun Yap. "Naja sumatrana venom cytotoxin, sumaCTX exhibits concentration-dependent cytotoxicity via caspase-activated mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis without transitioning to necrosis." Toxin Reviews, July 28, 2020, 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2020.1799408.

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