Journal articles on the topic 'Names, Geographical, English'

In recent years, with increasing international communication and cooperation, the consensus of toponymic information among different countries has become increasingly important. A large number of English geographical names are in urgent need of translation into Chinese, but there are few studies on machine translation of geographical names at present. Therefore, this paper proposes a method of automatically translating English geographical names into Chinese. First, the lexical structure of the geographic names is analyzed to divide the whole name into two parts, the special name and the general name, in an approach based on the statistical template model that implements pointwise mutual information and a directed acyclic graph data structure on the extracted names from different categories of a geographical name corpus. Second, the two parts of the geographic names are translated. The general name can be directly translated via methods of free translation. For the transliteration of the special name, the phonetic symbols are generated based on the cyclic neural network, and then, the syllables are divided based on the minimum entropy and converted into Chinese characters. Finally, the two parts of Chinese characters are combined, and criteria are prepared to evaluate the translation reliability according to the translation process to realize automatic quality inspection and screening of geographical names. As the experimental results show, the method is effective in the translation process of English geographic names into Chinese. This method can be easily extended to other languages such as Arabic.

The new book on the toponymy of Flintshire is notable in several respects, including the scope of the study that goes well beyond the geographical borders of this county. This review addresses the virtues and the shortcomings of the publication. Two academic monographs, several books for a wider audience, and a number of articles had already been devoted to Flintshire’s geographical names. A new study is considered against this background and includes an analysis of the book, its features, and the evaluation of the authors’ contribution to the study of the toponymy of North East Wales. The book covers 801 geographical names of 753 places in Flintshire (Welsh Sir y Fflint) before the administrative reform of 1994. Given that 62% of the toponyms under study (including those that disappeared from modern maps) are Welsh, the review focuses on the analysis of this set of data, with attention to chronological layers and the etymologies of some geographical names, as well as their translation into English. The author points out that the English layer of Flintshire’s toponymy deserves a more detailed coverage. The layout of the data in this work makes it possible to express some considerations regarding the general trends observed in the toponymic studies of Wales.

This article deals with the study of toponyms of Kazakh and English toponymy in the context of cognitive linguistics and the mechanism of interpretation of representation and perception of color names in toponyms and the principles of construction of these mechanisms. Toponyms are analyzed as a speech expression processed in the consciousness of the linguistic image of the world-the relationship of man and the environment. The modern stage of place names in cognitive research includes the consideration of language as one of the cognitive subsystems and onomastic vocabulary in the formulation of surrounding truths. The composition of the national toponymic picture of the world determines the motivation of the land-water names made in relation to the color names. Studying the combination of onym appellation, nominated from the attributes of the colors used in both languages. The color designation in toponyms is considered in connection with the peculiarities of geographical objects and their perception by human visual organs. Due to the fact that the external world is transmitted to different peoples in the form of specific idioethnic patterns, in place names of different ethnic groups, color symbols are recognized by new facets. The article discusses the color characteristics of the space in the names earth-water, given as a sample. Various approaches to the nature of the color components of geographical names are analyzed, and the possibility of symbolic and orientational interpretation of color is shown. The fact that the color in toponyms can serve as an orientation function, and not just as an indicator of the horizon side, also does not go unnoticed. The toponyms also present the results of research related to the nature of the object in which the symbolism of color orientation is nominated.

This article deals with the study of toponyms of Kazakh and English toponymy in the context of cognitive linguistics and the mechanism of interpretation of representation and perception of color names in toponyms and the principles of construction of these mechanisms. Toponyms are analyzed as a speech expression processed in the consciousness of the linguistic image of the world-the relationship of man and the environment. The modern stage of place names in cognitive research includes the consideration of language as one of the cognitive subsystems and onomastic vocabulary in the formulation of surrounding truths. The composition of the national toponymic picture of the world determines the motivation of the land-water names made in relation to the color names. Studying the combination of onym appellation, nominated from the attributes of the colors used in both languages. The color designation in toponyms is considered in connection with the peculiarities of geographical objects and their perception by human visual organs. Due to the fact that the external world is transmitted to different peoples in the form of specific idioethnic patterns, in place names of different ethnic groups, color symbols are recognized by new facets. The article discusses the color characteristics of the space in the names earth-water, given as a sample. Various approaches to the nature of the color components of geographical names are analyzed, and the possibility of symbolic and orientational interpretation of color is shown. The fact that the color in toponyms can serve as an orientation function, and not just as an indicator of the horizon side, also does not go unnoticed. The toponyms also present the results of research related to the nature of the object in which the symbolism of color orientation is nominated.

In Lincolnshire as a whole, place-names which have Old English burh ‘a fortified place’ as their generics fall into two distinct geographical groups (fig. 1). In the northern half of the county, the locations of these names suggest that a comprehensive system of defence was eventually created for the territory of the Lindisfaran. In the far south, the two isolated instances of burh may signal original strongholds of Middle Angles styled in The Tribal Hidage the Bilmigas (but who on place-name evidence are more correctly to be called the Billingas) and the Gyrwe. It is, however, the burh names in that region defined as Lindsey in The Lindsey Survey of the reign of Henry I (1100–35) which are the focus of this paper.

This article presents three English translations of the Slovenian tale Martin Krpan z Vrha (1858) by Fran Levstik and focuses on the translation of personal and geographical names with the aim of examining the application of domestication and foreignization translation strategies. The comparative analysis of the English names aims to find out if the cultural gap between the source and the target cultures has been diminishing over the years. The study also highlights the role of the chronotope that gives the work, one of the most frequently translated Slovenian texts, a distinctive cultural character.

Introduction. By its very nature, a way of existence and potential possibility - language occupies a special place in the system of values and priorities of a cultures. Language and culture are seen as co-development factors enrichment - and existence. Participating in a single historical process, each nation in a special way perceives and evaluates the world around him, which depends on many factors: the peculiarities of historical development, lifestyle, geographic and climatic conditions of living, customs and traditions. National literature is worthy general - of people. Fiction reflects the historical era, with socio-political structure, geographical conditions, especially to - one the customs and traditions of the people. The names of such realities as dishes are constantly found in the works of Russian and English classics.

The purpose of this paper is to present and exploit fundamental information, such as semantic meanings and geographical features, of phytotoponyms (a type of toponym that includes plant names) in Kazakhstan and the UK (United Kingdom). Toponymy data for this study were obtained from the place names database of Kazakhstan and the UK (United Kingdom). The results showed that the most common plant names recognisable in place names are common plants that have a close connection with daily life and positive morals in Kazakh and English culture and literature. The occurrence of plant names can reflect the characteristic plants of a city. The vegetation coverage rate where phytotoponyms are located is higher than that in non-phytotoponym areas. Altitude has a stronger correlation with the number of phytotoponyms than slope and vegetation coverage degree. The toponymic image of the world can be characterized from two sides as the relation to the ethnos (nation, nationality) and to the person (toponymic person, representative of the nation). A phytotoponym is also defined as a unit of vocabular relating to the area of spatial relationships and reflecting the location of a particular specified object.

Translation procedure is a procedure or a method to translate the unit of language from the source language to the target language. Every linguistic part needs to be translated. It means including the proper names in the literary work. This study is aimed at identifying and analyzing the types of the proper name and their translation procedures in the novel entitled Pembunuhan di Orient Express. The problems in this study are discussed based on the theory of proper name and the theory of the translation procedure by Newmark (1988). The method used to collect the data was documentation method. This study applied the descriptive qualitative method in analyzing the data. The result of the analysis was presented using an informal method. The analysis showed three types of proper names in the data sources. They are people’s names, the name of an object, and the geographical term. The translator uses seven methods from 18 translation procedures that were proposed by Newmark (1988).

Geographical analysis of scientific communication is given in the article based on comparison of geographical distribution of the authors and their citations in English and Russian peer-reviewed journals. Despite the urgency of the problem of inclusion of Russian scientists in the international scientific community, studies of geography of scientific communication between Russian and foreign colleagues are poorly developed. As a model the geographic analysis of the articles with the keyword «periphery» is chosen as one of the main concepts in the World Geography. The databases of the Web of Science, ArticlesPlus, and Elibrary were used for the analysis. Because of evident peripheral location of the Russian articles in the Web of Science database the analysis of distribution of citations was based on wider data bases of ArticlesPlus and Elibrary. It was noted that the articles in English follow the trends described above, while in the Russian papers the native specificity was distinguished by centralized arrangement of space, as well as by close connections with the neighboring countries. As a result, it was concluded that the peripheral location of the Russian geographic articles is associated not only with the language barrier, but also with the limited number of citations in the Russian articles. The practical implications of the articles are related to the prospects of creating an application that would make geographical maps of citation networks based on the given key words or the names of the authors.

Spanish components in the toponymy of the state of Jamaica are semiotic markers of the Spanish culture in this region that are presented in peculiar cartographic forms of the Spanish language. The variety of forms of geographical names under study indicates the clash of civilizations, points to heterogeneity of language contacts and multitude of lexical resources of the local toponymic system. The article presents the results of an integrated linguistic analysis with the aim to describe Jamaican Spanish toponymic units and examine their current functioning with consideration of language contacts with English and other languages. Over 300 place names of the region were identified and analyzed at the micro- and macrotoponymic levels. Using the method of thorough sampling, the units with a Spanish component, amounting to a fourth of all the studied toponyms, were identified, their structure and etymology were described. Hypotheses about the origin of some Hispanic geographical names of the region are put forward and verified. Numerous examples of Hispanic place names reflect the historical processes that influenced the birth of toponymic nominations in this multinational region from the times of Columbus to the present day. The structural and chronological criteria were taken into consideration while developing a classification of Hispanic place names of Jamaica.

The transcription of geographical names on maps in one given language is a very complex process. Depending on the used language, toponyms are mostly deformed from their natural language. In the Arab world, this deformation is treated in various ways. In many cases, Arabic place names suffer a double distortion when first transcribed from Arabic or another original language into French or English, and second when taking the same way back. Through a review of examples from some Arab place names, a few cases are analyzed to reveal the mechanisms of such anomaly and a strategy is recommended to avoid it.<br> Departing from Arabic atlases, we will realize three steps. First, we examine this anomaly through case studies taken from the English and French toponymic transcriptions. Second, the produced names area compared to those of other countries, considering the processes and mechanisms involved. Third, we propose a global strategy to overcome this anomaly in transcribing names in the Arab world by prioritizing produced transformations.<br> The proposed strategy witnesses the concept of standardized “exendonyms” presented and discussed in a previous research for foreign languages such as French or English. When Arabic is used, the phonetic local transcription is recommended but should also fit transcription rules of the used language as much as possible. In doing so, transcripts should not shift or deviate so far from original name places and much ambiguity can be avoided. This strategy must obey standardized international rules and may repose on modern techniques or media.

The article considers such aspects of modern English vocabulary as the names of culinary dishes, food consumption and the history of their names. In modern conditions of intercultural communication the formation, strengthening of intercultural relations, specific features of each language come to the fore. Food itself is one of the main manifestations of cultural relationships today. That is why the study of various aspects of gastronomic discourse, which are influenced by different national cuisines in our rapidly changing modern world, is gaining new impetus. Under the gastronomic discourse in our work we understand a special kind of verbal and social discourse, the purpose of which is to achieve a certain type of communication. It is a piece of text or language related to the eating process in which the participants are considered, the conditions, the ways of communication, the environment in which the conversation takes place. In modern conditions of intercultural communication, the formation, strengthening of intercultural relations, specific features of each gastronomic preference have been formed over the centuries, and, of course, features such as geographical location, climate, religion, traditions and foundations, as well as economic factors could not affect them. . It is often enough to just look at what a person eats to determine where he comes from, what beliefs he has and what lifestyle he leads. It is known that the linguistic personality exists in a certain culture and has basic values – cultural concepts. The concepts that exist in the collective consciousness are essential for both the individual and for collective cultural identity in general. The problem of defining the concept of "food" as a cultural concept in modern language theory in the 21st century is of great interest to linguists and linguistic and cultural scientists. This concept in linguistic culture is one of the least studied and defined, although its meanings and cultural values are quite high. The food and cuisine of any nation are integral to the language and are reflected in its vocabulary. In the system of national values, the cultural concept of "food" occupies one of the key places. This phenomenon can be viewed from different angles.

The article considers such aspects of modern English vocabulary as the names of culinary dishes, food consumption and the history of their names. In modern conditions of intercultural communication the formation, strengthening of intercultural relations, specific features of each language come to the fore. Food itself is one of the main manifestations of cultural relationships today. That is why the study of various aspects of gastronomic discourse, which are influenced by different national cuisines in our rapidly changing modern world, is gaining new impetus. Under the gastronomic discourse in our work we understand a special kind of verbal and social discourse, the purpose of which is to achieve a certain type of communication. It is a piece of text or language related to the eating process in which the participants are considered, the conditions, the ways of communication, the environment in which the conversation takes place. In modern conditions of intercultural communication, the formation, strengthening of intercultural relations, specific features of each gastronomic preference have been formed over the centuries, and, of course, features such as geographical location, climate, religion, traditions and foundations, as well as economic factors could not affect them. . It is often enough to just look at what a person eats to determine where he comes from, what beliefs he has and what lifestyle he leads. It is known that the linguistic personality exists in a certain culture and has basic values – cultural concepts. The concepts that exist in the collective consciousness are essential for both the individual and for collective cultural identity in general. The problem of defining the concept of "food" as a cultural concept in modern language theory in the 21st century is of great interest to linguists and linguistic and cultural scientists. This concept in linguistic culture is one of the least studied and defined, although its meanings and cultural values are quite high. The food and cuisine of any nation are integral to the language and are reflected in its vocabulary. In the system of national values, the cultural concept of "food" occupies one of the key places. This phenomenon can be viewed from different angles.

It has been proposed that there is a universal principle of grammar denying access to phonological information by syntactic rules (in English, the Principle of Phonology-Free Syntax). This paper examines three cases in French that appear to falsify this principle: (i) the claimed relevance of syllable count in describing the placement of attributive adjectives; (ii) mention of consonantality in stating the agreement rule for adverbial TOUT; and (iii) preposition choice (e.g. EN vs. AU) with geographical proper names. We show using independent evidence that the analyses employing phonology-sensitive syntax are wrong and that the prediction of the universal principle is correct.

Unlike physical linguistic landscapes, virtual linguistic landscapes (VLL) target speakers who are not confined to a geographical area. Hence, a linguistic landscape created in cyberspace is expected to be multilingual, not English monolingual, regardless of the geographical backgrounds of its creators. Yet, different entrepeneurs may have diverging linguistic preferences when creating a VLL. Hence, the current paper provides, to the best of the writer’s knowledge, a first report on the linguistic choices of Arabic-speaking enterpreneurs in a VLL. The study explores the linguistic choices of 400 randomly selected businesses of Saudi entrepreneurs, listed on a local business website (Maroof). Data from three fields, the business name, logo, and description, were classified as either Arabic monolingual, English monolingual, or multilingual. The multilingual signs were further classified following Reh (2004): duplicating, complementary, fragmentary, and overlapping. The results show that the polled sample had varying preferences depending on the genre of the text. Business names were mostly duplicating, while business logos were mostly English monolingual and business descriptions were predominantly written in Arabic only. Since the data showed a great deal of inconsistency across different text genres, the results call for more systematic analyses of VLLs that pay more attention to the genre of the text rather than to the linguistic backgrounds of those who created these landscapes.

The article deals with the ways and methods of cultural specific vocabulary in Mariia Skrypnyk`s translation of the novel On Sunday morning she gathered herbs by Olha Kobylianska in English. It was shown that different methods and means of translation should be combined for successful rendering of national coloring.The relevance of this work is based on the rapid development of Ukrainian culture, literature and economy on the world stage.The aim of the work is to study the peculiarities of the translation of cultural realities of the Ukrainian text.The research is based on the translation-comparative method, the comparative method, the method of translation analysis.Each language group has its own cultural and specific feature.It is established that the cultural-specific vocabulary includes realities, non-equivalent vocabulary, exclamations, proper names, geographical names. The following translation transformations were used for their transmission: transcription, transliteration, tracing, descriptive translation and explanations in the commentary. All these translation transformations are aimed at the successful transfer of nationally marked vocabulary and the preservation of the national colors of a certain nation.Despite the fact that many works by various scholars have been devoted to the translation of non-equivalent vocabulary, translators still have difficulty in conveying the meaning and understanding of realities. Accurate translation of national vocabulary is very important for understanding the text, especially fiction, because it is an important way of intercultural communication.For the successful reproduction of nationally marked vocabulary, the translator must have the necessary knowledge of the semantics and meaning of words in the original language.Because language is dynamic and can change quite rapidly, the translation of culturally specific vocabulary is an inexhaustible topic for research.

<em>Translation of Culture-Specific Items (CSIs) is one of the challenges translators face in choosing the appropriate strategies and finding solutions to the translation problems. In this descriptive study four tourist brochures that promoted the UNESCO-heritage Penang Island in Malaysia were analysed. The texts were selected purposefully from Malaysian tourist websites. Based on Newmark’s (1988) model, the CSIs were categorised, and the problems in translation process were described after employing Venuti’s domestication and foreignisation strategies for translating the items. Overall, 76 CSIs were identified in the four brochures among which the most frequent items were Material Culture (65%) with the subcategories of House/City (39%), Food (10%), Transport (15%), and Traditional Weapons (1%). Ecology category built up 13% of the whole items where 5% were related to Fauna and Geographical features, 3% to Flora and 5% to Geographical location. CSIs related to the subcategory of Artistic Thing and Craft formed 8% of the total items. The CSIs related to Social Culture consisted of 13%, including Work (11%), Names and Terms of Address (1%), and Kinship (1%). One outstanding problem during the translation process was finding dynamic equivalence for the words or phrases in the target language (Malay). The findings revealed that domestication strategy and formal equivalence is more appropriate for translating the tourist brochures from English to Malay, which may enhance understanding of linguistically accurate and culturally interesting translation.</em>

Translation of self-names becomes important if it is associated with important documents, such as agreement documents and inter-institutional or interstate cooperation. This study aims to describe the type of self-name of a foreign language that is translated into Indonesian and describes the procedure of equivalence of self-names in foreign languages into Indonesian. The source of this qualitative research data is the Indonesian online newspaper, while the research data is all words which are the names of the translation results from English. Data collection is done by reading and writing. The instrument of this study is a human instrument based on indicators of language units in the form of self names. The analysis technique used is a translational equivalent. The results of the study are as follows. First, there are four types of self-names of foreign languages that are translated into Indonesian, namely people's names, geographical names, institution names, and celebrations. The name itself is made up of three patterns, namely a combination of general vocabulary, a combination of general vocabulary and self names, and a combination of self-names. Self-name patterns will affect the translation procedure. Second, there are four equivalent procedures for self-names in foreign languages in Indonesian, namely transfer, substitution, translation, and modification. People's names use transfer, substitution and translation procedures. Geographical names use transfer, substitution, translation and modification procedures. The name of the institution uses translation and transfer procedures. The name of the celebration or festival uses translation and transfer proceduresKey Word: equivalence, proper name, transfer, substitution, modification EKUIVALENSI NAMA DIRI DALAM BAHASA ASING KE DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA AbstrakPenerjemahan nama diri menjadi penting jika dikaitkan dengan dokumen penting, seperti dokumen penjanjian dan kerjasama antarlembaga atau antarnegara. Penelitian ini bertujuan menjabarkan tipe nama diri bahasa asing yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia dan menjabarkan prosedur ekuivalensi nama diri dalam bahasa asing ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Sumber data penelitian kualitatif ini adalah surat kabar on line berbahasa Indonesia, sedangkan data penelitian ini adalah semua kata yang merupakan nama diri hasil penerjemahan dari bahasa Inggris. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara baca dan tulis. Instrumen penelitian ini adalah human instrumen dengan berpedoman pada indikator satuan bahasa yang berupa nama diri. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah padan translasional. Hasil penelitian sebagai berikut. Pertama, ada empat tipe nama diri bahasa asing yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, yaitu nama orang, nama geografis, nama lembaga, dan nama perayaan. Nama diri tersebut ada yang terbetuk dari tiga pola, yaitu gabungan kosakata umum, gabungan kosakata umum dan nama diri, dan gabungan nama diri. Pola nama diri akan berpengaruh pada prosedur penerjemahannya. Kedua, prosedur ekuivalensi nama diri dalam bahasa asing ke dalam bahasa Indonesia ada empat, yaitu transfer, substitusi, penerjemahan, modifikasi. Nama diri orang menggunakan prosedur transfer, substitusi, dan penerjemahan. Nama geografis menggunakan prosedur transfer, substitusi, penerjemahan, dan modifikasi. Nama lembaga menggunakan prosedur penerjemahan dan transfer. Nama perayaan atau festival menggunakan prosedur penerjemahan dan transfer. Kata Kunci: ekuivalensi, nama diri, transfer, substitusi, modifikasi

AbstractThis paper provides new empirical evidence about English and Welsh charities operating internationally. It answers basic questions unaddressed in existing work: how many charities work overseas, and how has this number changed over time? In which countries do they operate, and what underlies these geographical patterns? It makes use of a unique administrative dataset which records every country in which each charity operates. The results show a sizeable increase in the number of charities working overseas since the mid-1990s. They show that charities are much more likely to work in countries with colonial and linguistic ties to the UK, and less likely to work in countries with high levels of instability or corruption. This considerable geographical unevenness, even after controlling for countries’ population size and poverty, illustrates the importance of supply-side theories and of institutional factors to an understanding of international voluntary activity. The paper also serves to provide a new perspective on international charitable operation: while it is the large development charities that are household names, the results reveal the extent of small-scale ‘grassroots’ registered charitable activity that links people and places internationally, and the extent of activity in ‘developed’ as well as ‘developing’ country contexts.

Central Arrernte is the language of an area centred on the present-day town of Alice Springs, in Central Australia. It is one of a group of dialects or closely-related languages spoken or formerly spoken over most of the southeast quarter of the Northern Territory and extending on the east side into the far-western part of Queensland; a slightly less closely-related language extends south into the north-central part of South Australia. They include varieties using the names Anmatyerr, Alyawarr and Antekerrepenh as well as several varieties using the name Arrernte with (nowadays) English geographical qualifiers. The major surviving varieties, Eastern, Central and Western Arrernte, Eastern and Western Anmatyerr, Southern and Northern Alyawarr each have several hundred to a thousand speakers, and are still being learned by many of the children, who grow up bilingual (in English) or multilingual. Breen (2001) is a brief introduction to the phonology of these languages.

Like other areas of linguistic study, toponymy as a domain of analysis does not present itself as being overly reflective of its own assumptions. I ask whether a sub-category or sub-analysis dedicated to toponymy is required at all if we analyse toponyms, landscape terms, and geographical names within the scope of general linguistic analysis (lexical semantics, morphosyntax, and phonology). Or put succinctly: Is toponymy necessary? Data from a longitudinal study of Norfolk Island and Kangaroo Island toponymy indicate there are no marked aberrancies in either sets of data which cannot be accounted for by either more general Norf’k (the Norfolk Island language) or English rules. I conclude by suggesting future studies in landscape terminology should be more mindful of the requirements of the linguistic study of toponymy, especially within lexical, morphosyntactic, and phonological concerns, rather than just within the semantic domain.

AbstractIn this study, we target the speech act of direction-giving using variationist sociolinguistic methods within a corpus of vernacular speech from six Ontario communities. Not only do we find social and geographical correlates to linguistic choices in direction-giving, but we also establish the influence of the physical layout of the community/place in question. Direction-giving in the urban center of Toronto (Southern Ontario) contrasts with five Northern Ontario communities. Northerners use more relative directions, while Torontonians use more cardinal directions, landmarks, and proper street names – for example, Go east on Bloor to the Manulife Centre. We also find that specific lexical choices (e.g., Take a right vs. Make a right) distinguish direction-givers in Northern Ontario from those in Toronto. These differences identify direction-giving as an ideal site for sociolinguistic and dialectological investigation and corroborate previous findings documenting regional variation in Canadian English.

Massive discussion has been done related to the translation strategy, including the proper name. This study discussed the types of a proper name and the translation strategy of a proper name in an English-Indonesian Novel Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret. The data will be presented qualitatively by using Peter Newmark and Lincoln Fernandes theories. Six data are frequently typed into addressing name, four are typed as a geographical place, and one as an object name. Moreover, the most strategies used to engage the equivalence effect are copy strategy with seven data, rendition strategy with three data, and re-creation strategy with one datum. Therefore, the copy strategy can be a solution to deliver proper names into TL because it preserves the proper name and introduces the foreign name of foreign culture to the target language and target culture. Moreover, if a proper name has its equivalence meaning in TL, it might be translated by rendition strategy.

Selecting the terminology is as important as creating concepts which represent the first nucleus and cornerstone in building perspectives from which the process of change emerges. On the other hand, the negligence of this pivotal and essential aspect leads to deficiencies and disastrous effects on community awareness and its preparatory process for change. Consequently, it is of utmost importance in the stage of knowledge-based preparation for the liberation of Bayt al-Maqdis (Islamicjerusalem) from the current occupation, to ground and root the concept and the prophetic terminology “Bayt Al-Maqdis”. As well as clarifying what is meant by this concept and term as a first foundational intellectual step for the upcoming liberation plan for this blessed and Holy Land. Thus, the key objective of this article is namely to ground the term and prophetic concept of “Bayt al-Maqdis,” and to clarify the need to revive this Islamic terminology. To achieve this goal, this article is divided into two parts; the first part discusses the origin of the name “al-Quds” and what is meant by it and its geographical boundaries in our current time, followed by discussing the origin of the term “Bayt al-Maqdis,” and how a new prophetic concept and term “Bayt al-Maqdis” was established with its sacred religious boundaries. The article presents the linguistic evidence from Arabic lexicons for the designation of the names “al-Quds” and “Bayt al-Maqdis,” the English translation of Bayt al-Maqdis to Islamicjerusalem and its consequences, and the importance of distinguishing between “Bayt al-Maqdis” and “al-Bayt al-Muqaddas” and identifying the meaning of the names associated with the Al-Aqsa Mosque and its compound. As for the second part of the article, it presents the urgent need for liberating the terminology and restoring its Islamic historical and geographical identity, thorough reviving the prophetic terminology used by the Messenger of God (PBUH), and clarifying the reasons that make the term “Bayt al-Maqdis” one of the best, most comprehensive, deepest, broadest and strongest terms. As well as the need for Muslims to use it and disseminate it. The discussion is then concluded by highlighting examples of the institutionalisation of the revival of the prophetic term “Bayt al-Maqdis” that has been commenced by the Academy of Islamicjerusalem Studies since 1990 worldwide.

The aim of the research is to provide a comprehensive linguocultural characteristic of a folk tale. The research is based on the material of the Irish Fairy and Folk Tales tale anthology, compiled and edited by W. B. Yeats. The research results allow for a suggestion that linguocultural markers are to be found on both ideologic-compositional and speech levels of a text. Thus, the motives of Christian morality form the basis for reciprocal altruism which is the conceptual entity of Irish folk tales. The tale structure is often linear and consists of a short introduction, the main part and the climax turning into a short sharp denouement. Irish folk tales are often a metaphor for the rite of passage. The didactic function of tales consists in demonstrating the possibilities of sin purge through their recognition and repentance. Tales also set social rules and norms. Culture-specific language units encountered in the texts of Irish folk tales belong to different levels of the English language system. The phonetic level reveals such features as metathesis, final consonant reduction, imitation of aspiration, alliteration, wordplay based on homophony, etc. They imitate a peculiar Irish accent and exert some vernacular effect. The lexical level is represented by culture-bound vocabulary including ethnographical terms, anthroponyms and geographical names, both real and invented, various kinds of borrowings from Irish Gaeilge,quotations etc. Some cultural features are exhibited in grammar and text rhythm, chiefly through the use of specific verb forms of Irish English as well as certain correlations of repetition-based rhythmic devices – polysyndeton, diacope, anaphora, epizeuxis, symploce etc. The study of linguocultural text markers gives a comprehensive idea of intra- and extralinguistic characteristics of the tale.

The article describes basic data about the features of creating and operating of NATO maps. The article provides informationabout scale standards for NATO topographic maps. The structure of topographic maps, the order of their creation, mainpurposes, tasks, requirements according to NATO standards are considered. Topographic maps at scales of 1:25 000, 1:50 000and 1: 100 000 are created by NATO countries in accordance with national requirements while maintaining their traditionaltransition to the creation of topographic maps, but adhering to a single NATO standard for mandatory mapping of WGS -84 andUTM grids, the printing of explanation symbols and abbreviations in English and application of geographical names in Latin. Atpresent, there is a coherent NATO geopolitics for the creation of topographic special maps (including digital maps), the basicprinciple of which is that each NATO member is responsible for providing the necessary cartographic materials to its troops andNATO forces on its territory and to the globe. for planning and conducting military operations. A 1: 250,000 scale map is used tostudy and evaluate in detail individual, relatively small but important areas, when crossing water obstacles, during hostilities inlarge settlements, as well as when designing and constructing large engineering structures. Projections of topographic maps ofscale 1: 250 000 are considered, specifics of delineation and designations adopted for the map, features of the content of th etopographic map according to NATO standards. The maps are created in the Universal Transversal Mercator Projection (UTM),the Universal Polar Stereographic Projection (UPS) and the Lambert Conformal Conic Projection. The article presents a system ofgraphic symbols and symbols of NATO.

The article presents a sociocultural lingual description of ethnic labels created within rhyming slang (Rh.sl.) and used to refer to Europeans. The study and description of ethnic stereotypes and labels have attracted attention of researchers due to the practical significance in regulating, controlling and manipulating the direct contacts and interaction between different ethnic groups. The authors have focused their attention on the so-called «hidden» or «implicit» forms of Rh.sl. Along with the explicit, direct, offensive and non-politically correct ethnic labels and nicknames there are quite a few with a deceptive, innocuous shape that conceals their offensive content. That's why they should be perceived as potentially (if not indeed) offensive names. The authors put the ethnic labels produced in Rh.sl into this category. Since Rh.sl. is subject to a strong influence of the word play and its items are perceived as humorous and ironic nominations, they are not always discerned as offensive by the English speakers. The article contains a linguistic-and-socio-cultural analysis of some implicit forms of ethnic insult of the Germans, the French, the Italians, the Spaniards, the Portuguese and some other Europeans as well as the native inhabitants of the British Isles. The undertaken analysis of ethnic labels as used to name people from Europe has revealed a broad spectrum of Rh.sl. ethic labels. The description was based on extra-linguistic factors (geographical, demographic, social) comprising the settlement and resettlement, compact presence on a certain territory, statehood. In this respect, there is an ethnic group that falls out - the gypsies (or Roma), as they are scattered across the world and still have a nomadic and semi-nomadic way of life.

In his Roman de Brut (1155), the Norman Robert Wace of Caen recounts the founding of Britain by Brutus of Troy to the end of legendary British history, while adapting freely the History of the Kings of Britain (1136) by Geoffrey of Monmouth. Wace’s Brut inaugurated a new genre, at least in part, commonly known as the “romances of antiquity” (romans d'antiquité). The Roman de Troie by Benoît de Sainte-Maure, dating to around 1165, is, along with the Roman de Thèbes and the Roman d’Énéas, one of the three such romances dealing with themes from antiquity. These creations initiated the subjects, plots and structures of the genre, which subsequently flowered under authors such as Chrétien de Troyes. As an account of the Trojan War, Benoît’s version of necessity deals with war and its causes, how it was fought and what its ultimate consequences were for the combatants. How to explain its success? The author chose the standard and successful poetic form of the era—octosyllabic rhyming couplets; he was fond of extended descriptions; he could easily recount the intensity of personal struggles; and, above all he was fascinated by the trials and tribulations of love, a passion that affects several prominent warriors (among them Paris and his love for Helen, and Troilus and his affection for Briseida). All these elements combined to contour this romance in which events from the High Middle Ages were presented as a likeness of the poet’s own feudal and courtly spheres. This long-awaited new translation, the first into English, is accompanied by an extensive introduction and six-page outline of the work; two appendices (on common words, and a list of known Troie manuscripts); nearly twenty pages of bibliography; plus exhaustive indices of personal and geographical names and notes. As the two senior scholars assert (p. 3), By translating Benoît’s entire poem we seek to contribute to a greater appreciation of its composition and subject-matter, and thus to make available to a modern audience what medieval readers and audiences knew and appreciated.

Ornithology has developed bodies to make collective decisions on the taxonomy, scientific names, and common names of birds. This tradition within ornithology assists with communication and reduces confusion. For North and Central America, a committee of the American Ornithologists' Union standardizes the taxonomy and nomenclature of all the birds that naturally occur within that area. This paper makes the point that this activity has been dominated by members from the United States, with insufficient attention paid to the appropriate use of the term "American" or to the concerns of citizens of countries other than the USA. As a result, the term "American" is used inappropriately as a synonym for North American in a geographic distribution sense. In addition, the terms "Canadian" and "Mexican" are used very sparingly or not at all in the English common name for species that occur in those countries. Suggestions are made with regards to the membership of the nomenclature committee and for remedying this problem with English common names.

Our personal names are a potential source of information to those around us regarding several interconnected aspects of our lives, including our: ethnic, geographic, linguistic and cultural community of origin, and perhaps our national identity. However, interpretations regarding identifiably “White British” names and naming practices are problematic, due to the incorrect underlying assumption of a homogeneity in the indigenous communities of ‘Britain.’ The field of names and naming is a particularly good example of the wide linguistic and cultural chasm between the Welsh and English indigenous ‘British’ communities, and thus the generally paradoxical concept of “Britishness” in its wider sense. In this paper, I will explore names and naming practices which are particularly distinctive to a Welsh context, thus unearthing and opening up for wider debate the hidden diversity within the assumed and imposed category of “White British privilege.”

AbstractThis article presents the first fruits of a long-term project which aims to identify all the landholders named in Domesday Book, and to build up a picture of English landed society before and after the Norman conquest. The first part describes the project's methods and illustrates them with a selection of short profiles of individuals whose careers add distinctive colour to the emerging picture. The second offers firstly an analysis of the social distribution of landed wealth in England in 1066 and 1086, quantifying the numbers of landholders in different groups defined by the amount of the land assigned to them in Domesday. We then turn to a spatial analysis of landed society, using maps to illustrate the geographical distribution of landholding. In doing so, we offer fresh perspectives on the transformation of English landed society in the aftermath of conquest.

В статье определено историческое значение путешествия тверского купца Афанасия Никитина в аспекте его влияния на последующее развитие культурных контактов между Россией и Индией, а также выявлен ряд обстоятельств, связанных с установкой в Индии единственного памятника путешественнику. Проанализирован текст литературного памятника XV в. «Хожение за три моря», использованы результаты исследований индийских и российских ученых, ряд англоязычных источников. Подчеркивается историческая ценность путевых заметок А. Никитина как единственного свидетельства о реалиях жизни индийского общества в государстве Бахманидов, что позволило автору обоснованно внести ряд корректив в исторические данные. Подвергнута критике концепция ориентализма в оценке значимости и мотивов деятельности известных российских путешественников и исследователей Востока. Сооружение памятника А. Никитину в 2001 г. трактуется как событие, придавшее новый импульс развитию и расширению российско-индийского сотрудничества. The article defines the historical significance of the journey of the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin in terms of its influence on the subsequent development of cultural contacts between Russia and India, and also reveals a number of circumstances associated with the installation of the only monument to this traveler in India. The text of a 15th-century literary monument, A Journey Beyond the Three Seas, is analyzed. The results of research by Indian and Russian scholars and a number of English-language sources are used. Systemic-historical, historical-genetic methods and a number of methods of historical source study related to the interpretation and analysis of textual content are applied. The book by Nikitin has been studied in the aspect of comparing its content with information provided, among others, by Portuguese authors. The historical value of Nikitin’s travel notes is emphasized as of the only evidence of the realities of the life of Indian society in the Bahmanid state, which allowed the author to reasonably make a number of corrections to the historical data. The late 19th-century publications of British and Indian authors dedicated to the detailed reconstruction of Afanasy Nikitin’s route and published in Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency are studied. The versions of the interpretation of the geographical names given in A Journey Beyond the Three Seas are considered. In the light of the publications that appeared on the pages of Gazetteer, the key stages of Nikitin’s journey through the territory of the Western Deccan are considered. Discussions caused by the study of the Journey by Indian authors at the end of the 19th century are analyzed. The author claims that, in his notes, Nikitin sought to comprehend and understand what he saw rather than compare the incomprehensible with the usual realities and condemn it for the fact that it does not fit into his own ideas at all. The concept of Orientalism in assessing the significance and motives of the activities of famous Russian travelers and researchers of the East is criticized. An extensive factual record of events related to the erection of the monument to Afanasy Nikitin in the vicinity of Mumbai in 2002 is presented. The construction of the monument to Nikitin is interpreted as an event that gave a new impetus to the development and expansion of Russian-Indian cooperation. The author points out that the cultural resource is the basis in building a general concept of interstate relations and continues to play a significant role in interstate cooperation between Russia and India.

I present estimates here of the geographic persistence of estate owners and managers in Barbados during 1673–1723. The estimates are based on evidence generated by the functioning of an economic market; the evidence was produced by tracing the names of purchasers over time through the invoice accounts of slave sales held by the Royal African Company on the island.Estimated rates of out-migration from Barbados were low during the 1670s, comparable in magnitude to those found in colonial New England towns, but the rates rose considerably during the following decades. The initially low rates of out-migration might have been the result of the great profitability of sugar planting in early Barbados, while the subsequent increase might have been due to the development of methods of plantation management that allowed estate owners to earn profits as absentees.

The headings that cannot be idioms in the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, İ, J, K and L in the English idioms dictionary named “Oxford Dictionary of Idioms” have been examined in six previous studies. This work is a continuation of other works. In the study, the structures that cannot be an idiom among the 297 headlines under the letter M in the dictionary of idioms were revealed with numerical data. Different from other studies, some structures that are common with 154 headlines in the idioms dictionary prepared by Longman have been drawn attention and structures that cannot be idioms have been revealed. In addition, attention was drawn to 72 common structures between the head of the article under the letter M of both dictionaries and the interpretation was made by explaining how many of these structures were idioms. In these two dictionaries, some proverbs, which are considered as idioms under the heading of the letter M, have been evaluated by taking into consideration the dictionary named “The Facts On File Dictionary Of Pro ve r b s”. As it is known, idioms are not found only in Turkish. There are also idioms in languages (Turkish, English, German, etc.), which are generally rooted, have many speakers and writers, and are spoken in a large geographical area. Idioms are figurative phrases consisting of at least two words. Idioms in English are given with their explanations in the dictionary named “Oxford Dictionary of Idioms”. The universe of this study is the idioms that have a head in the dictionary named “Oxford Dictionary of Idioms”. Its subject consists of examining the structures that are considered as idioms at the beginning of the items under the letter M in the same dictionary but cannot be an idiom, and revealing the structures that can actually be idioms with their numbers. Key words: Idioms, Oxford Dictionary of Idıoms, VII.

Abstract. The present study aims at identifying and apportioning the major sources of fine aerosols in Paris (France) – the second largest megacity in Europe –, and determining their geographical origins. It is based on the daily chemical composition of PM2.5 characterised during one year at an urban background site of Paris (Bressi et al., 2013). Positive Matrix Factorization (EPA PMF3.0) was used to identify and apportion the sources of fine aerosols; bootstrapping was performed to determine the adequate number of PMF factors, and statistics (root mean square error, coefficient of determination, etc.) were examined to better model PM2.5 mass and chemical components. Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) and Conditional Probability Function (CPF) allowed the geographical origins of the sources to be assessed; special attention was paid to implement suitable weighting functions. Seven factors named ammonium sulfate (A.S.) rich factor, ammonium nitrate (A.N.) rich factor, heavy oil combustion, road traffic, biomass burning, marine aerosols and metals industry were identified; a detailed discussion of their chemical characteristics is reported. They respectively contribute 27, 24, 17, 14, 12, 6 and 1% of PM2.5 mass (14.7 μg m−3) on the annual average; their seasonal variability is discussed. The A.S. and A.N. rich factors have undergone north-eastward mid- or long-range transport from Continental Europe, heavy oil combustion mainly stems from northern France and the English Channel, whereas road traffic and biomass burning are primarily locally emitted. Therefore, on average more than half of PM2.5 mass measured in the city of Paris is due to mid- or long-range transport of secondary aerosols stemming from continental Europe, whereas local sources only contribute a quarter of the annual averaged mass. These results imply that fine aerosols abatement policies conducted at the local scale may not be sufficient to notably reduce PM2.5 levels at urban background sites in Paris, suggesting instead more coordinated strategies amongst neighbouring countries. Similar conclusions might be drawn in other continental urban background sites given the transboundary nature of PM2.5 pollution.

Here we present an Android mobile application (app) for the identification of Brazilian phlebotomine sand fly species. The app, which is named LutzoDex™, relies on information included in a data source with morphological and morphometrical characters. This tool can present up to seven answer options to a question. Images of morphological structures can be referenced to make identification easier, and users can see a list of possible species based on the features they report. Maps are also used to determine the geographical distribution and whether the species is incriminated or suspected as a vector of Leishmania spp. in Brazil. The app is available free of charge in both English and Portuguese in the Google Play Store at https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=max.com.lutzodex&hl=pt_BR.

This study uses a field experiment to study bias against living with Arab American women, a group whose position in the U.S. race system remains uncertain. We developed fictitious female white and Arab American identities and used the audit method to respond to 560 roommate-wanted advertisements in four metro areas: Los Angeles, New York, Detroit, and Houston. To focus on social—rather than purely economic—biases, all responses identified the sender as college-educated and employed and were written in grammatically correct English. We compare the number of replies received, finding that Arab-origin names receive about 40 percent fewer replies. We then model variation in discrimination rates by proximity to mosques, geographic concentration of mosques, and the percentage of Arabs living in a census tract so as to test ethnic competition theory and the contact hypothesis. In Los Angeles and New York, greater discrimination occurred in neighborhoods with the highest concentration of mosques.

Abstract This paper is a corpus-based study of the various forms and uses of clefts in Naija, the largest West-African English lexifier pidgincreole, spoken in Nigeria and its diaspora as a second language by close to 100 million speakers. The data on which this paper is based is taken from the 500,000 word ANR-NaijaSynCor corpus, consisting of 300 samples of spontaneous speech, recorded in 2017 in 13 different locations in Nigeria, from 330 different speakers of both sexes, of various ages, education levels, and geographic origins. The quantitative data is taken from a sub-section of 9,621 sentences (almost 150,000 tokens) that constitute a syntactic treebank mirroring the social and geographic sampling of the full corpus. Clefts, pseudo-clefts and reverse pseudo- clefts are examined. Four types of clefts are described: wey-clefts, bare clefts, double clefts and zero-copula clefts. The properties of those clefting patterns are represented using a UD-type annotation scheme named SUD for Surface-Syntactic Universal Dependencies. The quantitative analysis of the data and comparison with former descriptions of the language underline the massive domination of bare clefts, and the emergence, among these various patterns, of a relative pronoun nãĩ “who/which” used only with cleft constructions, while the relativiser wey is being abandoned and specialises as relative clause operator.

As was mentioned by known sociologist Kenneth Ewart Boulding, the human community, divided into various social organizations, is the most complex class of biological systems. This article is dedicated for mathematical modeling of the process of historical interaction between Russians and foreigners, which are reflected in the formation of a living Russian language. The difficulty lies not only in the large number of relationships, but also in the complexity experienced by the researcher who is inside the system under study. The natural desire to abstract in this study from the system itself can be realized using a strictly scientific approach and computational programming. Namely, by using formal objects and the same formal methods of comparing them, as is customary in mathematics, physics, and other sciences that study the laws of nature in areas that are not directly related to human being and society. To form an objective knowledge base about the interaction of social groups of people, you can use the analysis of traces of this interaction, one of which is their language. It is in the language of a people that the main factors of influence of other peoples - native speakers of another language-remain. These traces, in particular, are borrowed words and expressions. To work with such words and expressions, you must first discard those matches that can be attributed to random. Only in this case can the nature of our research be objective. This article uses statistical analysis methods to identify the fact of accidental coincidence of phonetic and semantic images of words from different languages. The basic tool we have chosen is the birthday paradox theorem. As a result, a method for identifying borrowed words that appeared in the language as a result of the interaction of native speakers of different languages, excluding the random nature of their coincidence, is obtained. The application of software definition of matching words in digitized dictionaries is justified. The method is applied to the Russian language. Conclusions are made about the history of the development of the Russian people and its language. These conclusions are that the main significant influence on the Russian population and its language was exerted by Europeans, primarily the French. At the same time, no traces of the influence of Mongolian or other Eastern languages were found. The influence of the Turkic language group and the Greek language occupy a middle position. At the same time, if the semantic load of Turkic and Greek borrowings is of a general scientific or economic nature, then European borrowings are primarily associated with trade, administration, war, and luxuries. The authors concludes that the family character of interaction between native English speakers and language groups close to the English geographically with the Russian population, since the names of the main family members are borrowed mainly from the English language, while the corresponding names was already exist in the old Slavonic language.

Specific terms in relation to geographic names and expressions of different culture often make difficulties for translators of literary works especially novel. This article is an investigation-based work on the translation work of an English-published novel into Bahasa Indonesia. The research studied the terms and expressions available in the translation version used by the translators in translating the novel into Bahasa Indonesia version. Some theories were applied in the data analysis such as the related factors that, during the translation, help the translator finish his work which sometimes is identified as a very difficult work, especially during making decision which translation theory to refer to and to apply as well as to select which principle to convey. This is crucial due to whether the translators should urge the receptor expression or to keep the original thought of the source terms. In some terms, translation should be faithful in one hand and beautiful in other hand, should be literal to keep the original and be free to smoothly pass the message to the readership. The research then showed that the translation is sometimes smooth but broken in other places. The research finally emphasized the truth of never-lasting dichotomy of translation between the attempt to maintain the form or the struggle for the content. This had long been discussed not only in years but also decade by decade even in centuries.

ABSTRACTMatthias Alexander Castrén (1813–1852), a great Finnish researcher and fieldworker, the first professor of the Finnish language, undertook a vast range of studies, geographically from Norwegian Lapland to Siberia and in subjects from linguistics to ethnology. His extensive work in the Russian north made him one of the principal figures of Siberian and Finno-Ugrian studies. Castrén's pioneering contributions in Turkology, Mongolian studies and archaeology are also noteworthy. He spent almost ten years on expeditions outside Finland and during his short life, he died at the age of 39, he managed to collect a vast amount of material, which is set out in 32 volumes of his manuscripts. However, his name is less known than are the names of some of his prominent friends. In English there are only few comments on his travels and work and these are in the context of the history of Finnish science in the 19th century. Published materials of Castrén's work include two volumes in Finnish translated from Swedish, six volumes in Swedish, and twelve volumes in German. Castrén was born in a period which is often regarded as a turning point in Finnish history and as a key period in the formation of the Finnish nation. Presenting an overview of different fields of Castrén's research, this article analyses his scientific contribution along two lines: in the context of the rising national awareness in Finland in the 19th century and of the mainstream developments in the scientific scene of this time. Based on Castrén's travel diaries, correspondence and lectures, the article seeks to contribute to understanding the historical aspects that shaped this great researcher situated as he was between three national traditions of his time: his writing was mostly in Swedish, his research activities were mainly carried out on behalf of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and yet he is most prized as a pioneer of Finnish linguistics, ethnography, archaeology and other disciplines.

English: The research study area presented is "Rural Development Dynamics in Jaunpur District: A Geographical Study" under the rural model of industrial development and planning for integrated rural development. At present, rural agriculture, rural industry, business employment are the resources of rural development for social, economic, political development in the Indian rural area. India is a country of villages, so for the development of the villages, there is an urgent need for coordinated planning of small and cottage industrial development for rural development. "The glorious point of Jaunpur district from the past is in front of us on the peak of the Sultanate. According to historian Afrikan is not true. Jaunpur city was inhabited since ancient times and had the distinction of being the capital of an ancient Hindu kingdom. The ancient city of Jaunpur was named Javanpur. Ferozeshah Tughlaq laid the foundation of Jaunpur city on the banks of the Gomti River in 1394, in the full memory of his cousin Juna Kha (Mo. Binu Tughlaq), Yavanpur was named after the ancient sage Yamadagni who later converted to Jaunpur, which was renovated by Firoz Shah Tughlaq had. The policy is important for rural development.
 
 Hindi: प्रस्तुत शोध अध्ययन क्षेत्र ‘‘ जौनपुर जनपद में ग्राम्य विकास गतिकी: एक भौगोलिक अध्ययन ’’के अन्तर्गत औद्योगिक विकास का ग्राम्य प्रतिरूप तथा समन्वित ग्राम्य विकास हेतु नियोजन का अध्ययन है। वर्तमान समय में भारतीय ग्राम्य क्षेत्र में सामाजिक, आर्थिक, राजनैतिक विकास के लिए ग्राम्य कृषि , ग्राम्य उद्योग , व्यापार रोजगार ग्राम्य विकास का संसाधन है। भारत गॉवों का देश है अतः ग्राम्यों के विकास के लिए लघु एवं कुटीर औद्योगिक विकास का ग्राम्य विकास हेतु समन्वित नियोजन की अति आवश्यकता है। ‘‘ अतीत समय से जौनपुर जनपद गौरवमयी बिन्दुस्पर्शी सल्तनत होने के शिखर पर हमारे सामने है। इतिहासकार अफ्रीक के अनुसार सत्य नहीं है। जौनपुर नगर प्राचीन काल से ही बसा बसाया था और इसे एक प्राचीन हिन्दू राज्य की राजधानी होने का गौरव प्राप्त था। जौनपुर का प्राचीन नगर का नाम जवनपुर था। फिरोजशाह तुगलक अपने चचेरे भाई जूना खा ( मो0 बिनु तुगलक) की पूर्ण स्मृति में गोमती नदी के तट पर जौनपुर नगर की नींव 1394 रखी थी, प्राचीन ऋषि यमदग्नि के नाम पर यवनपुर रखा गया था जो आगे चलकर जौनपुर में परिवर्तित हो गया जिसका जीर्णोद्धार फिरोजशाह तुगलक ने किया था ।[1] आधुनिक समय में ग्रामीण विकास के लिए ग्राम्योद्योग एवं कृषि विकास के संसाधनों का विकास करके ग्राम्य क्षेत्रों में लोगों को शिक्षा के द्वारा समग्र रोजगार का प्रशिक्षण तकनीकी कौशल के माध्यम से ग्रामीण रोजगार उपलब्ध कराकर सम्पूर्ण ग्राम विकास हेतु समन्वित नियोजन की नीति ग्राम्य विकास के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है।

AbstractIn this address, I examine the lexical, geographic, temporal and philosophical origins of two key concepts in modern political thought: colonies and statistics. Beginning with the Latin word colonia, I argue that the modern ideology of settler colonialism is anchored in the claim of “improvement” of both people and land via agrarian labour in John Locke's labour theory of property in seventeenth-century America, through which he sought to provide an ideological justification for both the assimilation and dispossession of Indigenous peoples. This same ideology of colonialism was turned inward a century later by Sir John Sinclair to justify domestic colonies on “waste” land in Scotland—specifically Caithness (the county within which my own grandparents were tenant farmers). Domestic colonialism understood as “improvement” of people (the “idle” poor and mentally ill and disabled) through engagement in agrarian labour on waste land inside explicitly named colonies within the borders of one's own country was first championed not only by Sinclair but also his famous correspondent, Jeremy Bentham, in England. Sinclair simultaneously coined the word statistics and was the first to use it in the English language. He defined it as the scientific gathering of mass survey data to shape state policies. Bentham embraced statistics as well. In both cases, statistics were developed and deployed to support their domestic colony schemes by creating a benchmark and roadmap for the improvement of people and land as well as a tool to measure the colony's capacity to achieve both over time. I conclude that settler colonialism along with the intertwined origins of domestic colonies and statistics have important implications for the study of political science in Canada, the history of colonialism as distinct from imperialism in modern political thought and the role played by intersecting colonialisms in the Canadian polity.

The scientific discussion concerning the development of the promising approaches for phyto-diversity conservation and the rational use of plant resources in Russian Federation was held at the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences in December 2019. After the reports of leading scientists from biological institutes, a resolution No. 195 dated December 10, 2019 «Global changes in terrestrial ecosystems of Russia in the 21st century: challenges and opportunities» was adopted. The resolution includes a set of priority scientific aims including the development and application of modern technologies for inventory of the plant communities and the development of vegetation classification in Russia. As a result of the opinion exchange between phytocoenologists from different regions, the Concept of Russian Vegetation Classification was proposed. It is based on the following principles. 1. The use of the ecological-floristic approach and the hierarchy of the main syntaxonomic categories applied for the Classification of Vegetation of Europe. 2. Development of the Russian archive of geobotanical relevés and syntaxa in accordance with international standards and with the remote access functions. 3. Application of strict rules for syntaxon names formulated in the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. The Concept assumes the development of a special program «Russian Vegetation Classification» with the justification of the necessity for targeted funding of the program in Research Institutions and Universities involved for solving this scientific problem on the principle of network collaboration. The final results of this program will be represented in the multi-volume publication «Vegetation of Russia». A shortened version of the Concept (English version was kindly revised by Dr. Andrew Gillison, Center for Biodiversity Management, Cairns, Queensand, Australia) is below. Vegetation classification of Russia Research Program Concept Systematic classification and inventory of plant communities (phytocoenoses) is fundamental to the study and forecasting of contemporary complex processes in the biosphere, controlled among other factors, by global climate change. Vegetation classification serves as a common language that enables professionals in various fields of science to communicate and interact with each other in the process of studying and formulating practical ecosystem-related management decisions. Because plant community types can carry a great deal of information about the environment, nearly all approaches to simulation of changes in global biota are based inevitably on vegetation categories. Phytocoenosis is a keystone element when assessing the biodiversity genetic potential, formulating decisions in biological resource management and in sustaining development across Russian territories. Among the world’s vegetation classification systems, phytosociology is a system in which the concept of plant association (basic syntaxon) is the basic element in the classification of phytocoenoses. The phytosociological approach as applied in this concept proposal, has its origins in the Brussels Botanical Congress in 1910. However, despite the broad acceptance of phytocoenotic diversity as a fundamental methodological tool for understanding biosphere processes and managing biological resources nowadays, we still lack a unified approach as to its systematization at both global and country levels with the consequence that, there is no a single classification system. The results obtained by vegetation scientists working under European Vegetation Survey led by L. Mucina became the effective reference for international cooperation in vegetation classification. In the last 17 years they have produced a system of vegetation classification of Europe, including the European part of Russia (Mucina et al., 2016. «Vegetation of Europe: hierarchical floristic classification system of vascular plant, bryophyte, lichen, and algal communities»). Despite the fact that «Vegetation of Europe» is based on ecological and floristic principles, it nevertheless represents an example of the synthesis of one of the most effective approaches to systematizing vegetation diversity by different vegetation science schools. The synthetic approach implemented in this study assumes full accounting of the ecological indicative significance of the floristic composition and structure of plant community and habitat attributes. The approach has already demonstrated its high efficiency for understanding and forecast modeling both natural and anthropogenic processes in the biosphere, as well as in assessment of the environmental and resource significance of vegetation (ref). The demand for this approach is supported by its implementation in a number of pan-European and national projects: NATURE 2000, CORINE, CarHAB, funded at the state and pan-European levels. Currently, one of the main systems for the study and protection of habitats within the framework of environmental programs of the European Union (Davies, Moss, 1999; Rodwell et al., 2002; Moss, 2008; Linking..., 2015; Evans et al., 2018) is EUNIS (European Nature Information System), the framework of which is a multilevel classification of habitats in Europe has been established. EUNIS was used as the basis for the preparation and establishment of the Red List of European Habitats (Rodwell et al., 2013). It is approved by the Commission of the European Union (EU) (Habitats Directive 92/43 / EEC, Commission of the European Communities) for use in environmental activities of EU countries. In its Resolution of 10.12.2019, the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) expressed the need in a modern vegetation classification for the assessment of the ecosystem transformations under current climate changes and increasing anthropogenic impacts, as well as in development of effective measures for the conservation and rational use of plant resources of Russia. The resolution recommended the development of the Concept of Vegetation Classification of Russia to the Science Council for biodiversity and biological resources (at RAS Department of biological sciences — Section of Botany). As a consequence, a group of Russian vegetation researchers has developed the Concept for Vegetation Classification of Russia and proposed principles and a plan for its implementation. Aim Elaboration of a system of vegetation classification of Russia reflecting the natural patterns of plant communities formation at different spatial and geographical levels and serving as the fundamental basis for predicting biosphere processes, science-based management of bioresources, conservation of biodiversity and, ultimately, rational nature management for planning sustainable development of its territories. Research goals 1. Development of fundamental principles for the classification of vegetation by synthesis of the achievements of Russian and world’s vegetation science. 2. Inventory of plant community diversity in Russia and their systematization at different hierarchical levels. Elaboration and publication of a Prodromus of vegetation of Russia (syntaxon checklist) with an assessment of the correctness of syntaxa, their Nomenclatural validization and bibliography. Preparation and publication of a book series «Vegetation of Russia» with the entire classification system and comprehensive description of all syntaxonomic units. 3. The study of bioclimatic patterns of the phytocoenotic diversity in Russia for predictive modeling of biosphere processes. Assessment of qualitative changes in plant cover under global climate change and increasing anthropogenic impact in its various forms. 4. Assessment of the conservation value of plant communities and ecosystems. Habitat classification within Russia on the basis of the vegetation classification with a reference to world experience. 5. Demonstration of the opportunities of the vegetation classification for the assessment of actual plant resources, their future prognoses under climate and resource use change, optimization of nature management, environmental engineering and planning of projects for sustainable development. Basic principles underlying the vegetation classification of Russia I. Here we address the synthesis of accumulated theoretical ideas about the patterns of vegetation diversity and the significant features of phytocoenoses. The main goal is to identify the most significant attributes of the plant cover at different hierarchical levels of classification: floristic, structural-phytocoenotic, ecotopic and geographical.We propose the following hierarchy of the main syntaxonomical categories used in the classification of European vegetation (Mucina et al., 2016) by the ecological-floristic approach (Braun-Blanquet): Type of vegetation, Class, Order, Alliance, Association. Applying the ecological-floristic approach to the vegetation classification of Russia will maximize the use of the indicative potential of the plant community species composition to help solve the complex tasks of modern ecology, notably plant resource management, biodiversity conservation, and the forecast of vegetation response to environmental change of environment changes. II. We plan to establish an all-Russian archive of geobotanical relevés in accordance with international standards and reference information system on the syntaxonomical diversity coupled with implemented remote access capabilities. At present, the archives in botanical, biological, environmental and geographical institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as those of universities, have accumulated a large mass of geobotanical relevés for most regions of Russia (according to preliminary estimates — more than 300,000). These documents, which are fundamental to solving the most important national tasks for the conservation and monitoring of the natural human environment, need to be declared a National treasure. In this respect, the development of the all-Russian Internet portal for the vegetation classification is an urgent priority. III. The vegetation classification procedure will be based on a generalization of field data (geobotanical relevés) performed in accordance with international standards, using up-to-date mathematical and statistical methods and information technology. IV. The vegetation classification of Russia will be based on strict rules for naming of syntaxa, according to their validity as formulated in the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature, which is constantly being improved (Weber et al., 2020). These underlying principles will help develop the ecological indicative potential of a wide range of vegetation features that can be used to focus on solving a range of global and regional ecology problems, plant resources management, biodiversity protection, and forecasting of the consequences of environmental changes. Prospects for the implementation of the concept «Vegetation classification of Russia» At present, the academic research centers and universities of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Vladivostok, Irkutsk, Murmansk, Crimea, Bashkiria, Komi and other regions have sufficient scientific potential to achieve the goals in the framework of the special Program of the Russian Academy of Sciences — that is, to develop a vegetation classification of Russia. To achieve this goal will require: - organization of a network of leading teams within the framework of the Scientific Program of the Russian Academy of Sciences «Vegetation classification of Russia», adjustment of the content of state assignment with the allocation of additional funding. - approval of the thematic Program Committee by the RAS for the development of organizational approaches and elaboration of specific plans for the realization of the Scientific Program, - implementation of the zonal-geographical principle in organization of activity on developing the regional classifications and integrating them into a single classification system of the vegetation of Russia. - ensuring the integration of the system of vegetation classification of Russia with similar systems in the countries of the former USSR, Europe, USA, China, Japan, etc. Potential organizations-participants in the scientific Program — 18 institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences and 8 Universities. Estimated timelines of the implementation of the concept «Vegetation classification of Russia» — 2021–2030. General schedule for the entire period of research 2021. Approval of classification principles, unified methodical and methodological approaches by project participants. Discussion and elaboration of the rules of organization of the all-Russian archive of geobotanical relevés and syntaxa. 2022–2026. Formation of all-Russian archive of geobotanical relevés and syntaxa. Development of plant community classification and identification of the potential indicative features of units of different ranks based on quantitative methods and comparative syntaxonomic analysis with existing classification systems in Europe, North and East Asia. Justification of new concepts for key syntaxa. The study of environmental and geographical patterns of the vegetation diversity in Russia using up-to-date methods of ordination modeling and botany-geography ana­lysis. 2022. Publication of a Prodromus of vegetation classification of Russia. Schedule for the publication of volumes of the «Vegetation classification of Russia» 2023. «Boreal forests and pre-tundra woodlands» 2024. «Forests of the temperate zone» 2025. «Tundra and polar deserts» and «Alpine ve­getation» 2026. «Steppe vegetation» and «Meadow vegetation» 2027. «Aquatic and bog vegetation» 2028. «Halophytic vegetation» 2029. «Synanthropic vegetation» 2027–2030. Development of criteria for assessing the environmental significance of the plant community syntaxonomic categories for various natural zones based on world criteria. Preparation of the volume «Classification of habitats of Russia and assessment of their environmental significance».

Following the monumental translation project of al-Ṭabarī’s History (40 vols., Albany: SUNY Press), completed in 2007, the editors of this three-vol- ume work have supervised the translation of the writings of another im- portant early historian: Ibn Wāḍiḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (d. shortly after 295/908). It contains fully annotated translations of al-Yaʿqūbī’s History (Tārīkh), his Geography (Kitāb al-buldān), his short political essay The Book of the Adap- tion of Men to Their Time and Their Dominant Characteristics in Every Age (Mushākalat al-nās li-zamānihim wa-mā yaghlibu ʿalayhim fī kull ʿaṣr) and a few fragmentary texts found in other pre-modern Arabic works. The first volume (the subject of this review) contains The Adaption of Men, The Ge- ography, and the fragmentary texts, while the latter two volumes contain The History divided into two parts. Because of their early date and richness of information on a wide range of historical subjects, al-Yaʿqūbī’s works are important sources to consider for anyone interested in early Islamic history and the historical tradition that developed in the first centuries AH. That was also, as stated in the introduction, the main reason for this translation project that took over two decades to complete. In the first introductory chapter (1:1-8), Matthew S. Gordon makes clear that the translation project sought to address two main groups of readers: (1) “scholars in related fields who, in most cases, are unable to read al-Yaʿqūbī in the original Arabic” and (2) “students of early Near Eastern and Islamic history” (1:2). These are important clarifications and answers to the question that might otherwise arise: What is the use of translating these rather specialized Arabic texts into English? One answer is, as Gor- don points out, that they are useful to scholars in related fields. In the case of al-Yaʿqūbī, considering his broad interests as a historian and geographer, the translation of his works will be particularly useful for historians of Late Antiquity from outside the field of Arabic and Islamic studies. Another answer would be, as also pointed out, that they are useful for undergradu- ate and graduate students of Islamic history, as well as teachers and course organizers, who usually have to rely on texts in translation. A third answer that is not explored in the introduction—except perhaps alluded to in the reference to the translation of al-Ṭabarī’s History as an “invaluable resource for scholars and students alike” (1:2)—is that critical and fully-annotat- ed translations of classical works may function as “commentaries” on the original Arabic texts and can thus be useful to scholars who are capable of reading the original texts. This is, for example, how the translation of al- Ṭabarī’s History has often been used; scholars may (or rather should) read the text in the original Arabic, but for clarifications of difficult passages, meanings of certain words in context or questions how to translate terms or passages, they may consult the critical and annotated translations. Gordon’s introduction briefly introduces al-Yaʿqūbī and his three surviving works, noting their general content, some of their characteristics and, especially in relation to The History, al-Yaʿqūbī’s Shīʿī views and his “Shiʿite reading of Islamic history” (1:5). The introduction is useful in what it contains, but would have benefitted from a more thorough discussion of how al-Yaʿqūbī worked as a historian and geographer—including subjects such as his intel- lectual context, audience, sources, methods of compilation, and historical views. Instead, it is simply noted that some of these topics “deserve further investigation” (1:6). The second introductory chapter contains a “biographical sketch” of al-Yaʿqūbī by Sean Anthony and Matthew S. Gordon (1:9-22). Despite the scarcity of biographical information (“there is little that can be known for certain about al-Yaʿqūbī and his life,” 1:10), Anthony and Gordon provide a useful summary of what we can know about him, based on a few accounts of other historians who cite his works and what might be inferred from his own writings: his hardline Shīʿism, the works he compiled, the approxi- mate date of his death (shortly after 295/908), his many travels, some of the places in which he lived from al-Fusṭāṭ to Iṣfahān, his links to certain dynasties (Ṭāhirids in Iran and Ṭūlūnids in Egypt), his involvement in the bureaucratic circles of the ʿAbbāsid era and his particular attachment to, and historical interest in, the ʿAbbāsid dynasty. Either here or in the first introductory chapter, however, a lot more could be said about al-Yaʿqūbī as a historian and a geographer; after all, what we really know about him and have access to is the results of his historical and geographical writings: The History and The Geography. The third and final introductory chapter, by Everett K. Rowson, out- lines the manuscripts, printed editions and translations of al-Yaʿqūbī’s three works (1:23–27). Rowson notes “that three of al-Yaʿqūbī’s works have been preserved, although not in optimal form, and that they have received con- siderable scholarly attention” (23). Most of the discussion pertains to The History. He points out that there are two more or less identical surviving manuscripts of The History, one of which is based on the other. The stan- dard and “only respectable” Arabic edition of the text (ed. M. Th. Houtsma, 2 vols., Leiden: Brill, 1883) is based on the later of the two manuscripts, while the translators in this project have prioritized the earlier one as the “only independent source for text readings” and mainly used the later copy (including Houtsma’s published edition) for interpretations of words and phrases that are hard to read. This raises the question if it would not have been a good idea to provide a critical edition of the Arabic text before a translation (of the manuscript text) into English; after all, a new critical and accessible edition of the original Arabic text is needed in the field. However, it is possible that such a project of re-editing al-Yaʿqūbī’s History is already underway, which would make this question unnecessary. The first of the three volumes contains the translation of The Adap- tion of Men (31-60, trans. Michael Fishbein), The Geography (64-199, trans. Elton Daniel and Paul M. Cobb), and some fragmentary texts (203-34, trans. Cobb, Gordon and Fishbein). The first is a short political essay com- prised of chronologically arranged anecdotes about the caliphs—begin- ning with Abū Bakr (r. 11-13/632-4) and ending with al-Muʿtaḍid (r. 279- 89/892-902)—and examples of how the people of their times, according to al-Yaʿqūbī, tended to follow them in their conduct and tastes. Fishbein’s translation is clear and the annotation is very informative, essentially functioning as a useful commentary with information about mentioned indi- viduals, places, and events as well as clarifications of terms and difficult passages. It is interesting to note that al-Yaʿqūbī’s image of the first three caliphs is surprisingly positive for a “hardline” Shīʿī historian—Abū Bakr, for example, is described as “the most abstemious of men, the most humble and sparing in his clothing” and ʿUmar, among other things, as “strict in matters relating to God” (31-33)—which might illustrate the difficulty of categorizing al-Yaʿqūbī’s Shiʿism. The second translated text is The Geography, which, as Gordon notes, is a book of “administrative geography” that al-Yaʿqūbī seems to have com- piled in order to “provide his fellow regional functionaries with the kind of information required to carry out their administrative duties” (6). It con- tains descriptions of the major towns and cities in the Muslim world of al-Yaʿqūbī’s time and information about practical matters such as distanc- es, agriculture, crafts, products, successions of governors, and the religious and ethnic composition of the local populations. The translation is clear and very readable, despite the sometimes difficult terminology and numer- ous place names, and the annotation is extensive and useful. Altogether, this translation of al-Yaʿqūbī’s works is a very welcomed addition to the field of early Islamic history and historiography, comparable in this respect to the translation of al-Ṭabarī’s History, which has proven its importance for both students and scholars. Similar to that project, the translations of al- Yaʿqūbī’s writings are carried out by twelve specialists in the field, which is evident from the translated texts as well as the accompanying annotations and the concise but useful introductory material. One does, however, hope that the translations will be complemented by new critical editions of the Arabic texts, at least in the case of The History, and new detailed historio- graphical studies on al-Yaʿqūbī as a historian and as a geographer.
 Tobias Andersson Faculty Member Department of Theology Uppsala University

BSHS members might be interested to learn that an organization named the ‘A. R. Wallace Memorial Fund’ has recently been established in order to restore and protect the hitherto neglected grave of Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), one of the greatest tropical naturalists of the nineteenth century. Wallace is best known as being the co-originator, with Charles Darwin, of the theory of evolution by natural selection, and for his book The Malay Archipelago, which is regarded as one of the most important of all Victorian travel works.Wallace is buried together with his wife Annie in Broadstone Cemetery, Dorset. The grave is marked by an unusual and striking monument: a seven-foot tall fossilised conifer trunk from the Portland beds mounted on a large cubic base of Purbeck stone. Unfortunately, the monument has not been properly maintained for many years and it is now in poor condition. Furthermore, the lease on the grave has only fourteen years left to run before it expires, after which there is a danger that the plot could be used for another burial.The primary aims of the Wallace Memorial Fund are to restore the monument, apply for it to be officially listed by the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, and to extend the lease on the plot. A. R. Wallace's grandson Mr Richard Wallace (who is the treasurer of the Fund) plans to transfer the lease to the Linnean Society of London once the restoration work has been completed. This will ensure the grave's long-term protection.A secondary aim of our project is to commission English Heritage to produce a commemorative ceramic plaque and install it on ‘The Dell’ (Grays, Essex), where Wallace lived from 1872 to 1876. This is the only surviving one of three houses which Wallace built (it is currently a convent) and he wrote his important book The Geographical Distribution of Animals there. It is also notable in being one of the first houses in Britain to have been constructed of concrete.The total cost of the project will be approximately £4955. Contributions to date total £3000 leaving £1955 still to be raised. If any members of the Society would like to make a donation then cheques should be made payable to ‘The A. R. Wallace Memorial Fund’ and sent to Dr G. W. Beccaloni, A. R. Wallace Memorial Fund, c/o Entomology Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London SW7 5BD (Tel. 0207 942 5361, E-mail: g.beccaloni@nhm.ac.uk).

e18541 Background: With increasing numbers of newly approved cancer immunotherapy regimens, research is needed to understand whether these costly treatments are equally used by all patients who could benefit from them. The aim of this systematic review was to identify variables linked to whether patients diagnosed with cancer were treated with checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Methods: Using the PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) framework, we conducted a systematic review searching Medline (New PubMed), Embase.com, and the Cochrane Library (Wiley) for papers published in English between January 1, 1997 and July 27, 2020. Inclusion criteria were: 1) primary, peer-reviewed research article; and 2) article reported variables associated with whether patients were treated with checkpoint inhibitors or CAR T-cell therapy. Seven coders independently reviewed titles, abstracts, full texts, and extracted data. The systematic review adhered to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Results: In total, 5958 titles and abstracts and 134 full texts were screened. Sixteen studies were included in final analyses. All were conducted in the United States using data from national databases (N = 15) or electronic medical records (N = 1). Eleven were cross-sectional, and 5 were cohort studies. Studies looked at melanoma (N = 10), non-small cell lung cancer (N = 3), renal cell carcinoma (N = 2), colorectal cancer (N = 1), prostate cancer (N = 1), and hepatobiliary cancer (N = 1). Studies looked at nivolumab (N = 1), pembrolizumab (N = 1), ipilimumab (N = 1), and sipuleucel-T, (N = 1), and 12 studies did not specify medication names. Treatment facility characteristics (N = 9), geographic location within the United States (N = 1), locale classification (N = 2), distance to treatment facility (N = 2), insurance type (N = 9), age (N = 7), race (N = 5), sex (N = 1), income (N = 4), neighborhood educational attainment (N = 2), comorbidities (N = 6), disease stage (N = 1), metastases (N = 3), clinical trial participation (N = 1), recency of diagnosis (N = 2), other treatments received (N = 3), and lesion characteristics (N = 1) were reported to be associated with whether patients were treated with checkpoint inhibitors or CAR T-cell therapy. Other studies found that insurance type (N = 1), race (N = 3), sex (N = 1), other treatments received (N = 1), and lesion characteristics (N = 1) were not associated with receiving checkpoint inhibitors or CAR T-cell therapy. Conclusions: Findings provide evidence of disparate access to checkpoint inhibitors and CAR T-cell therapy. More studies are necessary to thoroughly understand how the factors highlighted in our findings intersect to create and maintain disparities in cancer treatment. This level of information is necessary to create interventions that promote equitable access to novel cancer immunotherapies.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The publication of the first National Atlas in 1899 marked the emergence of an atlas category that thrived over the upcoming century. The "Atlas de Finlande", successfully presented at the Paris World Exhibition in 1900, used to coin this title and being published in Paris by the National Geographic Society of Finland, had a true nation-building function.</p><p>In the same year, following the US victory in the Spanish-American War, the Atlas of the Philippine Islands (Atlas de Filipinas) was published by the US Coastal and Geodetic Survey, containing two front pages, one in English indicating the USC&GS as publisher, the other in Spanish mentioning the supervision of the project by Father J. Algue, the director of the Manila Observatory. Never referred to as a national atlas, it comprises a series of maps on the Islands and a bilingual abstract on map conventions, a bilingual gazetteer and a thorough introduction into places, places names and their pronunciation. For these atlases, the publication circumstances remain somehow heterogeneous and cannot be compared with modern national atlases and even atlases published in the same period seem to have different hallmarks.</p><p>Why considering the Atlas de Finlande a national atlas but define the 1878 Statistical Atlas of the United States only a statistical Atlas? Because of the title? What atlases are more nationally defined than school atlases? Is an atlas published by a non-governmental executing agency a national atlas? Is governmental support and approval needed?</p><p>How national atlases fit into different approaches to thoroughly define them (e.g. Salischew 1967) has been subject to academic cartographic self-conception that ignored technological, institutional, economic and user-related developments over time. In addition, these approaches to categorise atlases solely focused structural elements, such as the number and topics of maps and their temporal and spatial sequence. The question of how atlases have been characterised by their publishers and have been perceived in closely following reviews is a possible approach to either situate national atlases as a strict category or a politically induced perception.</p><p>The article introduces a post-structuralist approach focussing the textual analysis of both, self-perception verbalized through introductions and prefaces in respective atlases and reviews, contemporarily published in the following years. Introducing common definitions and juxtapose the historical perception of national atlases tries to operationalize Harley's critical approach, that situates maps in their respective historical context. By regarding an atlas not only as a bound collection of maps but as a carefully organised selection of spatial information unveils the power of atlases, which maybe exceeds those of single maps. To analyse atlases in their historic context by including their self-definition and contemporary perception will identify so far unattended aspects and to alternative views on national atlases and their editing and production frameworks. Thus retrograde definitions can be reconsidered.</p>