Academic literature on the topic 'Namibia – Economic conditions ; Investments, Foreign'
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Journal articles on the topic "Namibia – Economic conditions ; Investments, Foreign"
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Willemot, Yves. "Namibië Drie Jaar Later: Politiek Ontvoogd Maar Economisch Wankel." Afrika Focus 8, no. 3-4 (February 2, 1992): 179–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0080304002.
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Namibia, After Three Years : Political Independent but Economic Unstable Namibia became independent on the 21st of March 1990, after seventy-five years of South African colonial and racial rule. SW APO fought a long war for liberation, but the independence was also gained thanks to the diplomatic pressure from the United Nations. The United Nations were actively involved in the organisation of the first free elections which were held on the 7th of November 1989. The SW APO liberation movement became by far the most important political party in the Namibian Parliament. But from the beginning the SWAPO-leaders explained that the past should be forgotten. They promoted a constructive political and economic collaboration with all Namibians, African and European. Due to this atmosphere of reconciliation Namibia had a successful political independence. One of the world's most progressive constitutions was written. It ends all racial discrimination and guarantees an extensive review of the human rights. The rules for the organisation of the legislative, executive and judiciary power are respected by all political parties. Namibia is without any doubt an example for a lot of African countries, which are now making steps towards democracy and multi-partyism. The Namibian government has still a lot of problems to deal with. The major ones are the social and economic inequalities that still exist between African and European Namibians. The conditions of life of the European Namibians are comparable to these in modern western societies, while African Namibians are living in poverty. The government will have to change this, because in the long term one cannot expect to build democracy on empty stomachs. But in order to realize the necessary economic growth, Namibians are also counting on the support and the investments from abroad. A member of government recently said: “Now we’ve installed democracy and the human rights are respected, where are the foreign investments and the international aid?”
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Arystanbekov, K. "Kazakhstan's Economic Policy under Conditions of High Level of Foreign Investments." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 8 (August 20, 2004): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2004-8-110-119.
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Kazakhstan's economic policy in the sphere of attracting foreign investments in 1993-2003 is considered in the article. Special attention is paid to the analysis of their macroeconomic efficiency. It is concluded that high rates of economic growth in Kazahkstan in 2000-2003 are conditioned not so much by the inflow of foreign investments as by exchange rate and currency policies of monetary authorities of the country. The tendency of growing interfirm indebtedness and negative balance of current accounts in favor of foreign investors is also analyzed.
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Geci, Fatos. "Foreign Direct Investments in Kosovo." SHS Web of Conferences 114 (2021): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111401016.
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Purpose: The purpose of studying this topic is because in Kosovo the foreign direct investment has been consistently considered as a key factor in the potential development of the country. Knowing that investments are one of the most important macroeconomic aggregates of a country. Undoubtedly, their study has great importance with a special emphasis on the development of countries such as Kosovo, where economic, social and political circumstances require the continued absorption of investments by other countries. In general, for the country's economy, it is important to know what impact foreign investments have on economic growth, the factors that influence the growth of these investments and the actions of policy makers to attract investors. Design/methodology/approach: The data mainly obtained from the World Bank have compared Foreign Investments with the countries of the region. We consider the information to be accurate. Findings: From the findings we have made we consider that the main obstacles to foreign direct investment in Kosovo are at a high level of corruption, and politics, where we have disclosed several years of small investments due to non-approval of laws in the Assembly of Kosovo. Originality/value: The findings from this study can contribute to the improvement of policies, so that Kosovo as a transition country needs a lot of foreign direct investment that will change the economic conditions of the citizens.
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Durmaz, Nazif. "Foreign direct investments, democracy, and economic growth in Turkey." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 2 (February 13, 2017): 232–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-01-2015-0015.
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Purpose In the last decade, foreign direct investment (FDI) flows have increased dramatically in the world, especially in the emerging economies. Some of these countries make changes in their market conditions that will improve the civil rights and liberties to attract better FDI flows. The purpose of this paper is to test the linkage between democracy and FDI flows to Turkey. Design/methodology/approach The present study employs a bounds testing procedure developed (Pesaran et al., 2001) for cointegration analysis on six different long-run models with selected determinants of FDIs with yearly data from 1977 to 2011. Findings The intuition the paper empirically provides how improvements in democracy have a significant positive impact on FDI flows to Turkey. The results may also put forward that, in the long run, FDI inflows will have spillover effects in Turkey’s economy. Research limitations/implications Although one drawback in the study is having a small sample size of 35 observations, estimating six different long-run models is one way to overcome it. Thus presented results may be in short of simplification for some readers. This, however, opens an opportunity for future studies to further the proposal by employing in different models and/or longer data sets if possible. Practical implications A stable government policies, more civil freedom, and sustained institution politics should not be ignored in Turkey given its geopolitical location. Originality/value This paper satisfies the established need to study of democracy and FDI flows link is necessary in an emerging market such as Turkey.
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Kálmán, Botond, and Arnold Tóth. "The Success of Japanese Foreign Market Investments in Hungary." International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 12, no. 4 (August 2021): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijtef.2021.12.4.700.
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This study examines the recent history and current state of a special area of Japanese-Hungarian economic relations, foreign direct investments (FDI) in Hungary. We reviewed the flow of Japanese capital into Hungary. Foreign direct capital investments can improve productivity on the one hand via technology transfer, and one the other hand, they may have further positive effects through corporate relationships, such as market access or improved financing conditions. Through these means, they strengthen economic growth. When analyzing the data on the historical development of Japanese investment, we showed that the automotive industry plays a dominant role. Based on our results, the influx of Japanese FDI into the Hungarian economy is mutually advantageous to both parties. The most important result for Hungary was economic growth and for Japan, the easier access to the EU markets. Japanese-Hungarian relations are not limited to economic cooperation, they are present in everyday life and continue to grow closer.
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Tripathi, Swastika, Manjula Jain, and Viksit Tripathi. "Greenfield Investments: An Economic and Financial Key Driver for India’s Growth." Management and Economics Research Journal 5 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2019.739951.
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Since ages, India has held the flagship of being prosperous, economically viable, financially sound, rich in resources, and diverse in traditional and cultural aspects, yet has never failed to cater to the needs of crores of citizens. The economic factors and flow of financial wherewithal have pushed Indian economy to the brighter side of development. However, the growth aspects led to a significant decrease in the climatic and weather conditions and therefore an urgent need to mend up the environmental issues. Greenfield investments were sought as remedial measure to sustain the issues of environment as well as economic and financial feasibility in the form of investments. Investment is a gizmo for creating wealth by employing funds with an intention of achieving additional income or growth in the value and gets rewarded by return. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is such an investment wherein foreign investors make their funds employable in the foreign-based company either through greenfield investments, brownfield investments, or through portfolio investment. In Indian context, overseas investments can be made either through automatic route or through Reserve Bank of India and Government of India. The highlight of this paper is the significance of greenfield investments in the developmental aspects of Indian economy.
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Asafo-Adjei, Emmanuel, Daniel Agyapong, Samuel Kwaku Agyei, Siaw Frimpong, Reginald Djimatey, and Anokye M. Adam. "Economic Policy Uncertainty and Stock Returns of Africa: A Wavelet Coherence Analysis." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (November 22, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8846507.
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This study explores how global economic policy uncertainty (EPU) shocks comove with stock returns (SR) of eight African countries—Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, and Zambia. The study employed daily data from December 2010 to December 2019 using wavelet coherence analysis. The results showed that global EPU comoves with most of the SR of African markets and was concentrated in the longer term, especially during the period between 2011 and 2019, although not substantially. The findings indicate that short-term investments in African stocks are less susceptible to global economic policy uncertainty. It is recommended that foreign investors could hedge agaist policy uncertainties by investing in stock listed in African Stock exchanges while appropriate country-level policies are deployed to manage long-term effect of EPU.
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ZOZULYA, V. V., and A. A. FEDINA. "WORLD INVESTMENTS IN THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY IN MODERN REALITIES." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, no. 4 (2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.04.02.002.
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This article analyzes the state of foreign investment in the economy of the Russian Federation in conditions of economic, political and infectious instability. Countries investing in the Russian economy are analyzed, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foreign investment in the Russian economy is assessed. The author identifies the problems that restrain the growth of foreign investment in the Russian economy, and considers the prospects for the development of foreign investment. A number of measures have been proposed to solve the identified problems.
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Kabir, L. S. "STATE SUPPORT FOR «GREEN» INVESTMENTS AND MARKET «GREEN» FINANCING: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE." Innovatics and Expert Examination, no. 1(26) (March 15, 2019): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.35264/1996-2274-2019-1-97-108.
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The present study reveals the trends and features of the current state of financing the foreign countries’ transition to a new «green» economic growth model. To summarize the contemporary experience of countries’ integration into public administration practice the approaches and standards in the field of «green» investments financing.The subject of the study is the set of measures implemented by countries to develop sources of finance for «green» economy projects.Tasks: 1) to consider the principal directions of the «green» investments state policy support, its purpose, and the tools used; 2) to identify the market’s role in the «green» economy financing; 3) to clarify the main issues constraining private investments in «green» projects. The countries’ approach to «green» economic growth financing is examined in the present paper by means of common methods of scientific knowledge.There reviewed the arguments justifying the government support for «green» investments. There revealed the problems constraining the market «green» financing development and speculations about their origins. The study concludes that the countries’ economic policies are aimed at improving the existing model’s efficiency, not at the transition to the new «green» economy model. Thus, through the state support tools, there being generated strong signals signifying the creation of favorable market conditions for the functioning of a new economy sector – the sector of «green» technologies.
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Metyakubov, A., and D. Matrizayeva. "Economic Analysis of Industrial Investment Management Efficiency." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/56/27.
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The paper analyses the issues related to main areas of efficacy of managing investment projects at enterprises of the construction materials industry in the conditions of diversification and increasing its investment attraction. The research team proposed recommendations on improving diversification of the structure of construction materials industry, wide attracting of foreign investments for modernization, technological and technical reequipping of enterprises of the branch and its export potential.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Namibia – Economic conditions ; Investments, Foreign"
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Muruko, Veundjua. "Foreign direct investments and economic growth in Namibia." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42797.
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In capital-scarce low income economies, FDI is seen as a stable and important source of financing for developing economies. FDI is therefore expected to generate effects on the country's economic growth potential. However, despite the long history of FDI, it was only after 1990 that Sub-Saharan African countries experienced vast increase in FDI inflows into the region. Evidence of effectiveness of such flows has remained debateable, particularly with the dominance of cross-country studies in such enquiry. With yet no existing country study for Namibia, this research investigates the relationship between FDI and economic growth in the country and the determinants of FDI flows to Namibia. The methodologies adopted in this study are mainly based on co-integration analysis. In order to investigate the impact of FDI on economic growth we employ co-integration tests and estimate both long-run effects and short-run dynamics using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The study also extends co-integration testing by applying the asymmetric (ARDL) model to test for asymmetry. The standard co-integration tests are also appropriately used to investigate the macroeconomic determinants of FDI flows to Namibia. Appropriate econometric procedure has also been employed to examine the sector level FDI and economic growth using a dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) model and mean-group (MG) estimation, to consider for the assumptions of both a homogeneity and heterogeneity case across units. Arising from a pluralistic analytical framework involving a triangulation of econometric estimation approaches, the study finds that FDI in Namibia is significant in promoting economic growth in the country. In terms of the impact on growth, the results show a positive relationship between FDI and economic growth. They also indicate that FDI consistently exerts a positive impact on growth when we incorporate trade openness, inflation and gross fixed capital formation in the analysis. This proves that these variables are indeed important in explaining economic growth in the long-run in the country and its development. With respect to the analysis, the study extended upon the linear framework to allow for the detection of asymmetric effects both in the short and long-run, as not to limit the study to the assumption of a linear paradigm only. The results show no evidence of asymmetric pattern in the relationship between FDI and economic growth. Meaning, the responsiveness of economic growth to FDI flow variations is linear. In terms of the macroeconomic determinant of FDI in Namibia the study finds that the potential market size, interest rates, initial level of income, labour force, the provision of infrastructural facilities and inflation are important determinants of FDI into the country. Although openness is found to be positive it is insignificant in determining FDI to Namibia. This could possibly act as a deterrent and as such the institutional set up's for the export and investment promotion services need a criterion for a successful export and investment support function in order to increase FDI inflows into the country and remove such factors that could inhibit such flows. In terms of sector specific FDI and economic growth the results show a co-integrating relationship. Therefore, there is long run relationship in conformity with the study hypothesis. Accounting for causality the study finds feedback effects between FDI and economic growth both in the short and long-run. Furthermore, the study also finds that FDI to Namibia is not only resource seeking but that Namibia has seen an increase in market-seeking and efficiency seeking foreign investors. As such, differentiated efforts towards attracting different forms of FDI flows to varied sectors are crucial if the economic significance of FDI is to be improved in Namibia.
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Nashidengo, Victoria Ndinoshisho Peneyambeko. "The role of FDI in economic growth in Namibia." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/8878.
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This report examines the role of FDI in economic growth in Namibia using annual time series data from 1980 to 2012. The relationship was explored using the VAR framework, in particular, the Granger causality. Impulse response functions and forecast error variance techniques were used for analysis. The results show that there is a positive relationship between FDI and economic growth in Namibia. The study then concluded that Namibia need more investment in other sectors such as education taking into consideration that most foreign capital is directed into the mining and manufacturing sectors. However, Namibia does not have all the necessary skill to be able to sustain the growth in GDP as a result of FDI. The study further suggested that Namibia can take advantage of export-led growth because of the positive relationship that exists between growth and export. However, there is great need to improve and diversify by focusing on exporting semi-finished and finished manufactured products instead of solid minerals and primary products that are of low value. This will enhance competitive advantage on foreign markets.
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Idhenga, Salome Ngwedha. "Exchange rate and foreign direct investment inflows: a case of Namibia 1990-2014." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6762.
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Purpose - this study is aimed at to investigating the effects exchange rate and other variables on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows have on the Namibian economy. Methodology -The model comprises of the unit root test, the co-integration test, the long run equation co-efficient, an error correction model, the normality test and the stability test, were employed to estimate and interpret the results. Finding and recommendations - The results of the study have revealed that a relationship exists between exchange rate and FDI. However, this relationship is said to be statistically insignificant. It cannot therefore be used as a tool to influence FDI in Namibia. The results further indicated that GDP and trade openness were the most significant determinants of FDI in Namibia. The recommendations of this study thus suggest that the government should implement policies to diversify its production across all sectors and increase the manufacturing of finished goods, so as to enhance the GDP growth. Namibia should further advance its trade open through in-creased and fast-tracked trade agreements at both bilateral and multilateral levels.
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Keding, Wolfgang. "Investment opportunities and poverty alleviation in Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49699.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Republic of Namibia gained its independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990. The divided economic sector between modem European orientated and the underdeveloped African sector places major challenges on the government, the business sector and on the population itself. Vast differences exist between income, educational level, and living conditions and life expectations. The economy can be described as stable. Mining, fishing and agriculture are the main contributors to the economy. Currently the government maintains a budget deficit of 23.5% of the Gross Domestic Product. The economic policy can be described as open and democratic. Exchange rates and interest rates are market-determined. The comparatively high Gini - Coefficient of 0,7%, an unemployment rate of 34% and the decrease of the life expectancy rate are major challenges faced by the government of the day. Since independence Namibia has become a member of many regional and world organisations. These organisations support Namibia in various development projects, which will contribute t a stable economy. The composition of the Namibian population together with the size of the country and its various natural resources makes Namibia not very attractive for major manufacturers or industrialisation. Therefore the development of Small Macro and Medium Enterprises are of utmost importance. Namibia has developed a sophisticated financial sector, compared to other African countries. The Namibian Stock Exchange was established during 1992 and has developed into the second largest stock exchange in Africa. Treasury Bills and Government Bonds have been introduced as investment tools. Various state-supported institutions have been founded to support economic development. The Ministry of Trade and Industry implemented various tax incentives to attract foreign and local investments. However these measures have not had the expected effect. Namibia can learn few things from Mauritius, which has had basically the same historical development and economic composition. To ensure future investments in Namibia the government should consider the implementation of an investment tax, the implementation of an Unemployment Insurance Fund, and the support of unemployed people. The effect of HIV/AIDS will have a major impact on the economy of the country. The regional development will have a major effect on the national economy. The Southern African Development Community should create a regional currency, a standard economic and political structure and a free trade area. Such a regional development will have a positive effect on all national economies. Namibia has enough investment opportunities for national and foreign investors. Political and economical stability has to be maintained to ensure continuous future support of the investors. To fight poverty additional steps have to be taken so that within 20 years poverty in Namibia is not an issue anymore.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Republiek van Namibië het op 21 Maart 1990 onafhanklik geword. Die groot ekonomiese verskille tussen moderne Europese en ander ontwikkelde Afrikaanse sektore plaas die regering, die besigheids sektor en die inwoners voor 'n groot uitdaging. Groot verskille bestaan tussen inkomste, opvoeding, lewens omstandighede en verwagte lewensduur. Die ekonomie kan as stabiel beskryf word. Huidiglik handhaaf die regering 'n begrotingstekort van 23.5% van die Nasionale Bruto Binnelandse Produk. Die ekonomiese beleid kan as demokraties en oop beskryf word. Die wisselkoerse en rentekoerse word deur die mark bepaal. Die relatief hoë Gini koefisiënt van 0.7%, 'n werkloosheidspersentasie van 34% en 'n daling in die verwagte lewensduur stel die regering voor 'n groot uitdaging. Sedert onafhanklikheid het Namibië lid geword van talle streeks- en werêld organisasies. Hierdie organisasies ondersteun Namibië in verskillende ontwikkelingsprojekte, wat 'n stabiele ekonomie tot gevolg sal hê. Die samestelling van die bevolking van Namibië en die grootte van die land tesame met die natuurlike hulpbronne maak dit aanloklik vir groot fabrieke en industrieë. Die ontwikkeling van mikro en klein besighede is dus uiters belangrik. Namibië het 'n gesofistukeerde finansiële sektor in vergelyking met ander Afrika lande ontwikkel. Die Namibiese effektebeurs is 1992 in die lewe geroep en het tot die tweede grootste effektebeurs in Afrika ontwikkel. Skatkis briewe en regerings skuldbriewe is ingevoer as beleggings moontlikhede. Verskillende regerings en ondersteunende instansies het onstaan om ekonomiese ontwikkelling te bevorder. Die Ministerie van Handel en Ontwikkeling het verskillende belasting voordele geskep om buitelandse beleggers te trek. Tot op die huidige dag het hierdie voordele nie die gewensde effek gehad nie. Namibië kan baie van Mauritius leer, wat basies dieselfde historiese ontwikkeling gehad het en dieselfde ekonomiese samestelling het. Om toekomstige ontwikkeling te verseker, behoort die regering die implementering van 'n beleggersbelasting te oorweeg, sowel as 'n werkloosheidsversekeringsfonds om werklose mense te help ondersteun. Die effek van MIV/VIGS sal 'n groot uitwerking hê op die ekonomie van die land. Streeksontwikkeling in Suider-Afrika sal 'n groot effek op die ontwikkelling van die nasionale ekonomie hê. Die Suid Afrikaanse Ontwikkelings Vereniging behoort een gesamentlike geldeenheid, 'n standaard ekonomiese en politieke beleid te hê om 'n vrye handelssone te implementeer. Die streeksontwikkeling sal 'n positiewe effek op alle nasionale ekonomieë hê. Namibië het genoeg beleggingsmoontlikhede vir nasionale en buitelandse ontwikkellaars. Politieke en ekonomiese stabiliteit behoort gehandhaaf te word om toekomstige steun van beleggers te waarborg. Om armoede te bekamp, moet addisionele stappe geneem word om te verseker dat dit oor 20 jaar geen probleem meer sal wees nie.
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Joffrion, Justin Louis. "Determinants of foreign direct investment entry into China." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30560.
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Wong, Pui Yan Pennie. "FDI, forms of trade and economic growth in China." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2009. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1057.
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Amadhila, Nelago Ndapandula Ndanyanyukwa. "Perspectives on China's rise in Namibia: the effects on foreign policy and domestic politics." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002968.
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This thesis analyses the different levels at which China’s presence in Namibia affects Namibia’s domestic politics and foreign policy from a constructivist viewpoint. Constructivist theory is used to examine the different perceptions of the Chinese in Namibia and how these inform Namibian politics and Sino-Namibian relations. These perceptions are formed at different levels of society in formal and informal relations, state-to-state, state-to-business,business-to-business and individual-to-group relations. The way in which perceptions of Chinese involvement in Namibia at the grassroots level of society differ from those at the top increasingly has an effect on domestic Namibian politics and, as such, Sino-Namibian relations. This identifies official and non-official perceptions of China’s political, economic and social presence to determine the effects of grassroots on China vis-à-vis official perceptions in Namibian politics and the effects of grassroots views on Namibian politics and on official views and state behaviour towards China and China’s presence in the country.
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Smith, Francois. "The impact of economic integration on the economy of Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50495.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Theory states that if a country opens its markets to free trade that it facilitates the better utilization of resources for all the parties participating in the agreement resulting to a relative lowering of production cost, the increase in export earnings, larger markets to benefit from economies of scale and subsequent investment in production facilities will increase employment and general welfare. Namibia has three major free trade agreements or economic integration arrangements namely the Southem Africa Customs Union (SACU), the Cotonou agreement defining its export regime to the European Union and the South Africa European Union Trade Development and Co-operation Agreement defining its import regime via the Southem African Customs Union and the African Growth and Opportunities Act defining its relationship with the United States of America. These agreements are at varying levels of integration with the Southem African Customs Union in place already in 1920. Namibia uses taxes on international trade as a primary source of state income (28% to 32 %). As part of its membership to the SACU's Common External Pool revenue distribution, Namibia is compensated for not being able to charge import taxes on South African imports. South Africa has determined trade policy for SACU since its exception and used tariffs more as a form of protection of its own industries, rather than a source of state income. The lowering of tariffs on EU imports by means of the SA EU TDCA as well as WTO obligations will see the reduction of state income of Namibia of an estimated amount of N$ 480 million [Schade 20051. This will have dire consequence for the Namibian economy as the deficit of the state budget is already 4.7 % as compared to a norm of 3%. In this study the growth in export earnings as well as the investment response of the various free trade agreements have been analysed. Contrary to theory, economic integration has not led to the desired growth in export earnings as well as significant investment responses due to preferential access provided by these agreements. Significant growth in exports is limited to specific sectors, notably fish to the European Union and apparel to the USA. Investments were also limited to these sectors. Free trade and preferential access did not lead to the diversification of the Namibian economy and has on the contrary inflicted severe blows to the critical beef industry in the near past and over the long term has led to trade diversion towards South Africa as well as the European Union. Investments and increases in export earnings are too little to offset the reduction of state income by the liberalization of tariffs and will result in Namibia becoming more marginalised if it does not counter the situation by better trade policies that are to be formulated along with the other SACU members. These policies will take time to be concluded as of yet none of the institutions of SACU has become operational.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die teorie van vryhandel bepaal as 'n land sy mark oopmaak vir vryhandel dat dit sal lei tot die verbeterde benutting van hulpbronne vir al die partye tot 'n vryhandelsooreenskoms deur middel van die verlaging van produksiekoste, die verhoging van uitvoerinkomste, die vergroting van markte wat kan voordeel trek uit skaal van, ekonomieë asook die verhoging van gepaardgaande belegging wat werkskepping en die algemene welsyn sal verhoog. Namibie is deel van drie vryhandelsooreenkomste of ekonomiese integrasie samewerking naamlik die Suider Afrikaanse Doane Unie (SADU), die Cotonou verdrag wat sy uitvoer na die Europese Unie bepaal, die Suid Afrika Europese Unie Handel, Ontwikkeling en Samewerkingsooreenkoms (SA EU TOCA) wat sy invoere vanaf Suid Afrika via die SADU bepaal en die African Growth and Opportunffies Act wat sy uitvoere na die VSA bepaal. Hierdie ooreenkomste is op verskillende vlakke van ekonomiese integrasie met SADU wat alreeds sedert 1920 bestaan. Namibie gebruik belasting op intemasionale handel as 'n primere bron van staatsinkomste (28% tot 32 %). Namibia word as lid van SADU gekompenseer deur middel van die Gemeenskaplike Eksteme Inkomste Poel vir die gebrek om invoerbelasting op Suid Afrikaanse produkte te hef. Suid-Afrika het sedert die ontstaan van SADU die handelsbeleid daarvan bepaal en het tariewe gebruik om sy eie industrieë te beskerm in plaas van 'n bron van staatsinkomste. Die verlaging van tariewe deur middel van die SA EU TOCA asook verpligtinge van die Wereldhandelsorganisasie sal tot gevolg hê die vermindering van Namibiese staatsinkomste van N$ 480 miljoen, Dit sal geweldige negatiewe gevolge inhou vir Namibie wat alreeds met 'n tekort op die begroting van 4.7% sit in vergelyking met 'n aanvaarde norm van 3%. In hierdie werkstuk is die groei in uitvoerverdienste asook die beleggingsreaksie van die verskillende ooreenskomste ondersoek. Daar is gevind dat desnieteenstaande die teorie, ekonomiese integrasie nie gelei het tot die verlangde groei in uitvoere of beleggings nie. Uitsondenike groei in uitvoere is beperk tot spesifieke sektore naamlik vis na die Europese Unie en klerasie na die VSA. Beleggings is ook beperk tot hierdie sektore. Vryhandel en voorkeurtoegang het nie gelei tot die diversifikasie van Namibie se ekonomie nie en het dit op die keper beskou gelei tot kritiese terugslae op die kritiese beesvleisindustrie in die nabye verlede en het dit oor die langtermyn gelei tot die wegleiding van handel na Suid - Afrika en die Europese Unie. Beleggings en toename in uitvoer is te min om die vermindering van staatsinkomste deur middel van die liberalisering van handel teen te werk. Dit sal tot gevolg hê dat Namibia al meer gemarginaliseerd gaan raak indien dit nie die situasie kan teenwerk deur middel van beter handelsbeleid wat bepaal moet word deur onderhandeling met ander SADU lede nie. Hierdie beleidsrigtings sal lank neem voordat dit van krag sal kom aangesien nie een van die SADU instellings al in volle bedryf is nie.
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Mukosera, Precious Sipho. "Foreign direct investment and socio-economic development : the South African example." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018760.
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It is widely accepted by governments of many developing countries that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is crucial to the socio-economic development of their nations and have developed various policies in an effort to attract FDI, as a result. FDI is a crucial source of technology, capital and skills for developing countries for economic growth that may ultimately lead to poverty reduction, employment creation and modernisation. However, results from many studies have been inconclusive and have failed to find a direct link between the increase of FDI and the associated socio-economic development of recipient nations. South Africa is no exception to this debate as it seeks to turn its back on decades long apartheid, which has entrenched poverty in the majority of its population and exacerbated social tensions. The main socio-economic challenges that South Africa faces include high unemployment, skills shortages, poverty and high inequality, and the 2008/2009 global financial and economic crisis has exacerbated the crisis. Despite these challenges South Africa‘s macro-economic strategies have had a good reputation since 2000. The monetary policy has turned out to be more transparent and predictable, and a sound fiscal policy has sustained its framework. The study analyses the role that FDI plays in the socio-economic development of South Africa since 1995 by focusing on selected case studies: ABSA Bank, General Motors South Africa (GMSA) and the Mining Sector of South Africa. The research concludes that although ABSA Bank has implemented several corporate social responsibility (CSR), and various employee development programmes, there is hardly any evidence to suggest that Barclays Bank‘s takeover of ABSA Bank has positively impacted on these programmes. General Motors South Africa (GMSA), which came into South Africa many decades ago through a Greenfield Investment, has played a positive role in the economy of the Eastern Cape Province as well as that of South Africa, having created jobs directly and indirectly. The company has also designed and implemented various educational, housing as well as health and awareness programmes for its employees and for the communities. Mining companies that operate in South Africa formed partnerships in the communities in which they operate in an effort to improve the lives of people. While these various projects have been a source of employment, they have had a limited impact on the core causes of social problems surrounding the mines. Many of these root causes relate to core business practices of the mining companies, especially employee recruitment, wages and housing. These root causes where witnessed in the Lonmin tragedy and in other strikes that spread throughout the sector in 2012. The study concludes that although FDI does play a role in the socio-economic development of South Africa, especially Greenfield investment, the same argument could not be made on Mergers and acquisitions (M&As). Finally, the South African government needs to play a proactive role in ensuring that foreign companies that invest in the country need to be well aware of the socio-economic needs of South Africa, and be willing to play a positive role in that regard.
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Lo, Wai Lun. "Foreign investment in Guangdong : effects on economic growth and regional distribution determinants." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2005. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/633.
Full textBooks on the topic "Namibia – Economic conditions ; Investments, Foreign"
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Iipumbu, Sakaria, ed. Chinese investments in Namibia: A labour perspective. Windhoek: Labour Resource and Research Institute, 2009.
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Ashipala, John. The Impact of public investment on economic growth in Namibia. Ausspannplatz, Windhoek, Namibia: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit, 2003.
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Smith, Susanna. Namibia, a violation of trust. [Oxford, U.K.]: Oxfam Public Affairs Unit, 1986.
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Pioneering economic reforms in China's special economic zones: The promotion of foreign investment and technology transfer in Shenzhen. Aldershot [England]: Ashgate, 1999.
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Conditions for foreign direct investment in India. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science, 2010.
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Foreign investment and economic development in China: 1979-1996. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998.
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Sing, Lim Hua. Japanese direct foreign investment (DFI) and Singapore's economic development. Nagoya, Japan: Economic Research Center, Faculty of Economics, Nagoya University, 1989.
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Labutienė, Elvyra Stefanija. Guide for foreign investors in Lithuania. Vilnius: Lithuanian Information Institute, 1996.
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Kvedaraitė, Violeta. Guide for foreign investors in Lithuania. Vilnius: Lithuanian Information Institute, 1998.
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Hou, Chi-ming. Foreign investment and economic development in China, 1840-1937. London: Routledge, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Namibia – Economic conditions ; Investments, Foreign"
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Káposzta, József, Krisztián Ritter, and Henrietta Nagy. "Local Economic Development in Transition Economies." In Foreign Direct Investments, 522–39. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2448-0.ch022.
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There are significant inequalities in development both within and over the borders of countries, in addition, urban and rural areas show significant differences in the level of development. The reason for the occurrence of spatial discrepancies is that the economic and social processes are always restructured in space and time and such processes are even accelerated by the globalization. In order to get precise and realistic picture about territorial processes, it is worth to learn the spatial processes that have already happened as well as their impacts on the spatial structure, since these may enable the regions to break out from the disadvantaged situation. In such a multivariable system, the development strategies need to be built on the endogenous potentials and own strengths of the regions. The aim of this chapter is to highlight the importance of local values and local conditions in the sustainable rural development, thus emphasizing the importance of localization in long-term progress. The chapter puts emphasis on the characteristics and features of transition countries.
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Karnaukhova, Oxana. "Securitization and the Economy of Risks." In Foreign Direct Investments, 1662–75. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2448-0.ch073.
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In the beginning of the 21st century the society of the Second Modernity with incalculable risks marks human conditions in orientation and self-categorization on the basis of historical memory. The dichotomy “We-Other” influences strategic risk decisions. Security is becoming the umbrella topic referring to public goods, transnational markets, “the specific way of life”. In the context of different agreements and regulations co-existence (such as European Economic Area, Eurasian Economic Union, BRIC etc.) claims for personal and collective safety together with the rhetoric of memorization influences decision-making process and becomes a burden of securitization. The “Eurasian” project of integration is observed in its transformation from being based on the post-Soviet memory toward economically beneficial cooperation. Still the Eurasian Economic Union is seen as vague in its goals and instruments, relying on the approach to economic integration with the reference to the common past, memories and identity.
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Uğurlu, Mine. "Firm-Level Determinants of Foreign Investment and M&A Activity." In Foreign Direct Investments, 1676–705. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2448-0.ch074.
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The last decade is marked with acceleration of mergers, corporate restructuring and governance activities. M&A activity has been driven by factors such as technological change, globalization, free trade, deregulation, attempts to attain economies of scale, rise in entrepreneurship, and economic growth. Corporations need to adjust to the change in the environment and expand their markets to achieve growth and protection against volatile economic conditions. Firms can achieve international expansion through foreign direct investments (FDIs) which can take the form of cross-border acquisitions (brownfield investments) and Greenfield investments. This chapter covers an overview of the literature on the determinants of FDI forms of entry, and M&A activity followed with an empirical investigation of the firm-level determinants of foreign investment in Turkey with emphasis on cross-border acquisitions and Greenfield investments. Summary of the findings is followed with the economic implications of forms of FDI entry. The concluding remarks cover the implications of the results for policy makers.
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Nikitaeva, Anastasia Y. "Objective and Subjective Aspects of Decision-Making Support at the Mesoeconomic Level." In Foreign Direct Investments, 882–914. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2448-0.ch037.
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This chapter substantiates the importance of improving management effectiveness of mesoeconomic systems in current economic conditions and the features of mesoeconomy as a management object which defines the high complexity of decision making at the meso level. There are approaches, methods, and technologies which provide support of the decision making process via the integration of formal methods for objective data analysis and methods of accounting to solve semi-structured complex problems of mesoeconomy. A cognitive approach, and an approach involving the integration of the On-Line Analytical Processing and Data mining technologies with methods of a multi-criteria assessment of alternative, in particular methods of Multi-Attribute Utility Theory are considered in the chapter. Cognitive mapping of interaction between state and business in a mesoeconomic system are included as a case-study.
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Uğurlu, Mine. "Firm-Level Determinants of Foreign Investment and M&A Activity." In Handbook of Research on Comparative Economic Development Perspectives on Europe and the MENA Region, 265–92. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9548-1.ch013.
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The last decade is marked with acceleration of mergers, corporate restructuring and governance activities. M&A activity has been driven by factors such as technological change, globalization, free trade, deregulation, attempts to attain economies of scale, rise in entrepreneurship, and economic growth. Corporations need to adjust to the change in the environment and expand their markets to achieve growth and protection against volatile economic conditions. Firms can achieve international expansion through foreign direct investments (FDIs) which can take the form of cross-border acquisitions (brownfield investments) and Greenfield investments. This chapter covers an overview of the literature on the determinants of FDI forms of entry, and M&A activity followed with an empirical investigation of the firm-level determinants of foreign investment in Turkey with emphasis on cross-border acquisitions and Greenfield investments. Summary of the findings is followed with the economic implications of forms of FDI entry. The concluding remarks cover the implications of the results for policy makers.
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Ghenova, Svetlana. "Growing Opportunities in Attracting Investments for the Sustainable Socio-Economic Development of the ATU Gagauzia (Republic of Moldova)." In Building an Entrepreneurial and Sustainable Society, 260–73. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2704-7.ch013.
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This chapter discusses the wide range of created opportunities for stimulating, developing the business area and attracting investments in the region of ATU Gagauzia. The general idea of the chapter is the fact that only developing the economy at the expense of domestic and foreign investments can create jobs, increase budget revenues, and accordingly, develop social infrastructure and living standards in the ATU Gagauzia (Republic of Moldova). The analysis of indicators characterizing the development of entrepreneurial activity in the autonomy was conducted, the dynamics of indicators showing the improvement of the business and investment climate in the region was presented, and the creation of favorable conditions in terms of attracting investment in main sectors of the region's economy was presented. This chapter carries out the qualitative conclusions and presents information on the need to develop the important directions that will enable the achievement of the goals for improving investment clime and increasing of volume in the region ATU Gagauzia.
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Khudzhatov, Mikail. "Non-Arctic Countries of Asia and Russia." In Handbook of Research on International Collaboration, Economic Development, and Sustainability in the Arctic, 185–206. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6954-1.ch009.
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The Arctic is characterized by a significant potential in terms of mineral resources, raw materials, hydrocarbons, and energy. In the North, mining and extractive industries are booming, but the expansion of exploration in the severe climate conditions requires the use of advanced technologies, many of which have not been developed and adopted in Russia. For this reason, there is a need to promote investment activity in the Arctic. This chapter discusses the most effective customs instruments for the attraction of foreign investments, identifies critical problems in the sphere of development of investment collaboration between Russia and non-Arctic countries of Asia (China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea), and offers practical solutions in the field of investment collaboration in the High North.
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Bartilow, Horace A. "The Privatization of Terror." In Drug War Pathologies, 109–36. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469652559.003.0005.
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Building on the arguments presented in the previous chapters, this chapter is motivated by the following question: How does the drug enforcement regime’s addiction to increasing counternarcotic aid facilitate the expansion of American and other transnational corporate investments in Latin America and, in the process, create the conditions that give rise to corporate-induced repression? In answering this question, the chapter develops a theoretical framework that draws insights from the literature on foreign aid and its effect on foreign capital flows and then integrates these insights into theories of repression in dependent capitalist societies. It is argued that, in addition to combating drug trafficking, U.S. counternarcotic aid facilitates the expansion of American and other transnational corporate investments in Latin America by financing countries’ infrastructure development. In conjunction with neoliberal economic reforms, drug war infrastructure financing in Latin America is likely to facilitate the expansion of corporate investments by resource-seeking industries that require greater land use, which encroaches on the ancestral territories of Indigenous peoples. And, in response to Indigenous resistance to corporate appropriation of ancestral lands, resource-seeking transnational corporations will collude with local security forces, private security firms, and paramilitary death squads to repress and eliminate resistance to capital accumulation.
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O'Neill, Daniel C. "Sino-Cambodian Ties That Bind." In Dividing ASEAN and Conquering the South China Sea, 112–45. Hong Kong University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888455966.003.0006.
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This chapter first surveys the close historical ties between the governments of China and Cambodia, as well as between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Cambodian People’s Party (CPP). It then presents data on Cambodia’s dependence on Chinese “aid” and other forms of capital, including foreign direct investment (FDI). It argues that both the relatively high levels of Chinese funding as well as the “no strings attached” nature of that funding, which lacks the conditions for political and economic reforms often attached to foreign aid by other governments and multilateral institutions, provide additional leverage for China over Hun Sen’s government. The chapter shows how China uses this leverage both to help its state-owned enterprises (SOEs) overcome the high risk in Cambodia’s investment environment for their very specific (immobile) assets and to gain the support of the Cambodian government on issues vital to the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party, including its territorial claims in the South China Sea. The chapter specifically analyses cases of Chinese investments in Cambodian hydropower projects and shows how Chinese influence over the Cambodian government helps overcome domestic opposition to these projects and secures long-term guarantees for the profitability of investments in this sector.
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Sen, Saurabh, and Ruchi L. Sen. "Impact of NPAs on Bank Profitability." In Handbook of Research on Strategic Business Infrastructure Development and Contemporary Issues in Finance, 124–34. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5154-8.ch010.
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NPA is a “termite” for the banking sector. It affects liquidity and profitability of the bank to a great extent; in addition, it also poses a threat to the quality of asset and survival of banks. The post-reform era has changed the whole structure of the banking sector of India. Now, the economy is not confined to the domestic boundary of the country. The core intention of economic reforms in India was to attract foreign investments and create a sound banking system. This chapter provides an empirical approach to the analysis of profitability indicators with a focal point on Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) of commercial banks in the Indian context. The chapter discusses NPA, factors contributing to NPA, magnitude, and consequences. By using an analytical perspective, the chapter observes that NPAs affected significantly the performance of the banks in the present scenario. On the other hand, factors like better credit culture, managing the risk, and business conditions led to lowering of NPAs. The empirical findings using observation method and statistical tools like correlation, regression, and data representation techniques identify that there is a negative relationship between profitability measure and NPAs.
Conference papers on the topic "Namibia – Economic conditions ; Investments, Foreign"
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Cuk, Melina, and Dina Vasic. "Foreign Direct Investments in Croatia: Dynamics, Components and International Comparison." In Organizations at Innovation and Digital Transformation Roundabout: Conference Proceedings. University of Maribor Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-388-3.7.
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t Foreign direct investments benefit the economy of the recipient-country, as they has a positive impact on components of GDP and economy in general. To analyse the impact of foreign direct investments on the recipient country's economy and other factors that are important for the development of the economy and its competitiveness on the market, it is essential to understand dynamics and structure of the foreign direct investments. Thus, the subject of the analysis in this study are the dynamics and structure of foreign direct investments in Croatia. We based the study on the review of available data on foreign direct investments in Croatia and EU-CEE countries, where economic and market conditions are similar. In comparison to studies published earlier, this study used a relatively new time series of collected data on foreign direct investments for the analysis.
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Dzhailova, Asel, and Arzybek Kozhoshev. "Potential of Development of Trade and Economic Cooperation of Kyrgyzstan under Conditions of Deepening Integration." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02397.
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The main directions of trade and economic cooperation of Kyrgyzstan at the present stage are considered. Structural changes in trade and economic cooperation of Kyrgyzstan are identified in the context of deepening integration processes. The assessment of foreign economic activity of Kyrgyzstan is presented. The factors of unbalanced development of the foreign trade turnover of Kyrgyzstan, as well as a decrease in the volume of attracting foreign investment, are highlighted. The positive shifts in the foreign trade of Kyrgyzstan within the framework of the EAEU and the efficiency of the use of investments of the main economic partners are determined. The directions of the effective use of potential and prospects for improving trade and economic cooperation of Kyrgyzstan within the EAEU and the implementation of the Silk Road integration model are substantiated. Particularly highlighted are the opportunities for the dynamic development of foreign economic cooperation of Kyrgyzstan with the countries of Central Asia for the joint use of the economic potential of the region.
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Koychuev, Turar. "Kyrgyzstan: The Hard way to Recovery." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00160.
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The paper analyzes the reasons of the overturn in the power in April 2010, considers the economical difficulties, the country is facing on, the present condition of the economy and its perspectives. It indicates the priorities of the Kyrgyz foreign economic activity. The problems of governing over the economy and social-economical policies are considered.
The world economic crisis, undoubtedly, has influenced on the economy of the country. Reduction of international financial resources decreased inflow of foreign investments in the country. The financial crisis influenced on the demand of our export. The import of manufacturing and consumer goods decreased, whereas our republic is very dependent from import. The crisis influenced on technological modernization and renewal of production. In addition, the crisis in our country could provoke to growth of corruption.
Nevertheless all these negative conditions could move us to positive solutions. The economy of the country must find effective methods for using internal investments, accumulate them in government and private founds for this could secure the economy in risky situations. It is time to create efficient system of ruling over the economy and activity of the Kyrgyz Republic.
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Tsintsadze, Asie, Irina Vashakmadze, Irina Tavadze, and Lilit Meloyan-Phutkaradze. "Analysis of the Financial Market as a Driving Force of the Regional Economy in the Conditions of pre- and post – Pandemic." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.025.
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The pandemic has negatively affected the financial sector, as well as the real sector of the economy, both losses and credit risks in the financial market have increased on the background of the economic activity slowed-down. In 2019, the credit activity was high, however after the spread of the virus the activity slowed down significantly. This is natural, as due to the suspension of production –organizing, the unemployment has increased. Volume of the direct foreign investments has decreased by 42 %. Government of Georgia has developed an anti-crisis plan, important part of which is about the mitigation of deteriorated living conditions caused by the unemployment, whereas the National Bank of Georgia has pursued monetary and fiscal policies for the purpose of mitigation of negative influence of COVID-19 on the country’s financial sector and for the stimulation of the country's economy. In general, saving the business is considered as a priority. The current situation in the banking, insurance and stock markets and their role in the fight for maintaining the economic stability are analysed in the present article. It is important to note that, the insurance sector is the part of the economic, which did not need financial assistance in a difficult situation, but due to the common socio-economic situation, diseases caused by the stressful conditions of the population, it was necessary to make significant changes in the list of the insurance services. This, to the extent had led to some unforeseen costs, which had affected the financial conditions of the companies. According to the evaluation of the credit rating company -Fitch, the trustworthy policy implemented by the National Bank of Georgia, had played an important role in the maintenance of the financial stability and Georgian sovereign rating remained unchanged, at BB level, however, what parameters and in what area was the rating maintained and how the positions of the main players in the financial market have been changed, are the main directions of the article's research.
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Karatalov, Omurbek. "Open Economy and Economic Integration within the Framework of Eurasia." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00633.
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The Kyrgyz Republic economy openness is studied within the framework of the Eurasia. Insufficient level of the financial and economic standing of Kyrgyzstan is clarified. Reasons for Governmental regulating use in the area of monetary, tax and budget policy in USA have been set up. Conditions of the development of industrial countries economy are under consideration. The necessity of financialisation of all capital of country is defined. Kyrgyzstan public budget’s permanent deficiency formation reasons are studied. A necessity of integration economic relations development within the framework of Eurasia is offered. A necessity of sustainable economic relations establishment as well as finding solution for external debt between Kyrgyzstan and Russia have been justified. It is recommended to strengthen effective fight against a scale corruption, «shadow» economy and criminalization of economy and finances. The increase of efficiency and responsibility of top managers of the public administration level have been offered. The necessity of the independent mastering of own gold-mining fields is justified. The need to attract the foreign direct investments to the area of mining and processing industry have been offered. Within the framework of acceleration of economic integration. Needs for the development of exploring and processing of hydrocarbons as well as building of large economic entities especially the hydroelectric power stations, namely Kambar-Ata-1 Hydro-Power Plants have been suggested. By this it is also suggested to Russia to develop this as strategic partner of Kyrgyzstan. Creation of integral customs system and energy cooperation suggested. It should be supported by establishment of unique equivalent among Eurasia states. By this it is to be possible to find acceptable solutions in finance and economy and to form a united economic cooperation considering a sovereignty of each state. It is necessary to develop the identical financial reporting of point-of-sale and payment balances, balance of international investments, compliable national republics and on the whole on Eurasia. To walk away from the calculation and actual use of dollar of the USA in finance and economic operations. Based on econometric prognosis of gross internal product and the public budget of Kyrgyzstan is made calculating on the per to 2025 year.
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Yılmaz, Durmuş. "Global Economy and Turkey: 2016 and Beyond." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01815.
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Irrespective of whether advanced economies (AEs) or emerging market economies (EMEs), the number one problem of the global economy is not being able to generate a satisfactory growth. Income levels is in some countries are barely above the per-crisis level. Despite ample liquidity due to quantitative monetary policies, consumption and investment demands are weak. Because high level of indebtedness deter economic agents from using credit. Credit markets still do not function well either.
Quantitative easing policies have been successful in containing further deterioration. Despite ample liquidity inflation has not risen, but it did delivered the expected growth. Because banking system in AEs is weak and monetary transmission mechanisms are not functioning well. As for EMEs, commodity prices and World trade appears to be weak; economic growth are slowing down, capex is visibly falling in heavy industrial sectors due to already existing excess capacity.
The academia as well as the business community are worried about the appropriateness of the present policies in case another recession comes, central banks will have little ammunition to deal with it. The option being talked of now is what is dubbed as “helicopter Money”.
Turkey being an open economy, has been and will be effected by the developments in the global economy through trade, capital flows and expectation channels.
By international standards, Turkey have a reasonable growth rate of 3 to 4 %, implying a new growth era where high growth cycle ended due to changing global financial conditions and its structural problems. Future growth performance will depend on the level of investments and savings to finance it. As her own saving is low, foreign capital flows is crucial.
High inflation and interest rate are the two negatives, but it has a strong fiscal position, debt / GDP is 32.3%, the budget is almost balanced, producing primary surplus which proved it is resilience in the face of recent failed coup and the negative attitudes displayed by the rating agencies.