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1
Barusch, Amanda S. "Deficit Commission Targets Social Security: Privatization Revisited?" Journal of Gerontological Social Work 54, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2011.545000.
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Eisele, Katharina. "Social security coordination in Association Agreements." European Journal of Social Security 20, no. 2 (June 2018): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262718771785.
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In March 2012, the European Commission adopted a Communication on the external dimension of EU social security coordination. On the one hand, the Commission explained that social security coordination between the EU and rest of the world is dealt with at a national level. On the other hand, the Commission argued that a common EU approach to social security coordination with third countries was under development. This common EU approach to social security coordination consists of a number of elements. One element relates to Association Agreements and Stabilisation and Association Agreements. These Agreements and specific Decisions taken by Association Councils (established by such Agreements) stipulate rules, which govern social security coordination for workers and their families, who move between the EU and the associated country. According to the Commission, once the Association Council Decisions are adopted, the common EU approach to social security coordination will be implemented. Six years after the publication of the 2012 European Commission Communication, questions arise as to whether or not the Association Agreements have been implemented, and the reasons for this. This article seeks to examine and contrast selected Association Agreements and Stabilisation and Association Agreements (SAAs), which provide social security rules for the nationals of the contracting parties. These will include the Ankara Agreement concluded with Turkey, the Euro-Mediterranean Agreements with Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, and the SAAs with the Balkan countries. The aim of this article is to provide an overarching overview of the different legal positions that third-country nationals may rely on, based on their nationality, and to explore whether or not Association Agreements have been implemented in terms of social security coordination rules.
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Melin, Pauline. "Member States’ social security agreements with India." European Journal of Social Security 20, no. 2 (June 2018): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262718771786.
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In a 2012 Communication, the European Commission described the current approach to social security coordination with third countries as ‘patchy’. The European Commission proposed to address that patchiness by developing a common EU approach to social security coordination with third countries whereby the Member States would cooperate more with each other when concluding bilateral agreements with third countries. This article aims to explore the policy agenda of the European Commission in that field by conducting a comparative legal analysis of the Member States’ bilateral agreements with India. The idea behind the comparative legal analysis is to determine whether (1) there are common grounds between the Member States’ approaches, and (2) based on these common grounds, it is possible to suggest a common EU approach. India is taken as a third-country case study due to its labour migration and investment potential for the European Union. In addition, there are currently 12 Member State bilateral agreements with India and no instrument at the EU level on social security coordination with India. Therefore, there is a potential need for a common EU approach to social security coordination with India. Based on the comparative legal analysis of the Member States’ bilateral agreements with India, this article ends by outlining the content of a potential future common EU approach.
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Cogan, John F., and Olivia S. Mitchell. "Perspectives from the President's Commission on Social Security Reform." Journal of Economic Perspectives 17, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 149–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/089533003765888485.
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Recently we were asked to serve on the President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security (CSSS) along with 14 other members drawn equally from both major political parties. The Commission's charge was to provide recommendations to modernize the Social Security system, restore its fiscal soundness, and develop a workable system of Personal Retirement Accounts. This paper explains how the Commission arrived at some of its recommendations and the role that economics played in contributing to these recommendations. We describe the key institutional constraints confronting efforts to reform Social Security and how these constraints influenced Commission decisions. We also illustrate how economics research influenced the Commission's analysis of how to structure personal accounts, ways to enhance traditional Social Security program finances, and means of measuring the extent of financial progress achieved through reform.
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SHAN, Wei. "Social Instability and State Responses in China." East Asian Policy 07, no. 01 (January 2015): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930515000057.
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The year of 2014 in China saw rising terrorist attacks by Uighur minority in Xinjiang, as well as a number of massive protests caused by environmentally risky projects. Hardline policy on public opinion and liberal intellectuals had been continued. The year also witnessed a series of reforms in the party-state's security and legal apparatus, including the creation of the National Security Commission, judicial reform, and redefining the power of the Politics and Law Commission.
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ENGELHARDT, GARY V., and ANIL KUMAR. "Social security personal-account participation with government matching." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 4, no. 2 (July 2005): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747205002052.
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This paper examines the potential impact of government matching contributions on personal-account participation in the President's Commission on Strengthening Social Security's Model 3 for Social Security reform. Given the government's choice of four plan-design parameters, the magnitude of the match is determined solely by the differential return personal-account assets receive above the notional return, referred to as the ‘personal-account premium’, akin to the equity premium. The impact of matching on personal-account participation is simulated for older workers (ages 40 to 65) in the first wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) using empirical estimates from a structural model of the impact of employer matching on participation in corporate 401(k) plans. For a personal-account premium of three percentage points, which implies a match rate of 7.5% for middle- to lower-income workers, the simulations imply that 72% of mid-career and older workers would participate in voluntary personal accounts. The response of participation to matching is very inelastic; it seems not unlikely that participation by mid-career and older workers would achieve the mid-range assumption by the Commission of 67%. There is substantial heterogeneity in participation across subsets of older workers: participation would be the lowest for low-educated, minority, female, and unmarried mid-career and older workers.
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Spicker, Paul. "The devolution of social security benefits in Scotland: the Smith Commission." Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 23, no. 1 (February 27, 2015): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/175982715x14226074788880.
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Campling, Jo. "Social Policy Digest." Journal of Social Policy 24, no. 2 (April 1995): 261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400024909.
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The Commission on Social Justice set up by the late John Smith presented its proposals for the reform of Britain's tax and benefit system in October (87—22/3—1.8). They included taxing child benefit for higher earners and abolishing married couples′ allowance, a minimum pension guarantee and a national minimum wage. A Social Security Advisory Committee (SSAC) paper on the relationship between private insurance and the state social security system concluded that state benefits must remain the major source of provision for benefits, and suggested that there is only limited scope for further development of private sector alternatives. Meanwhile the 1994 edition of social security statistics showed that 521,320 families received family credit at January 1994, an increase of 119,900 over 1993. In April 1994 there were approximately 540,000 recipients.
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Gustman, Alan L., and Thomas L. Steinmeier. "Retirement Effects of Proposals by the President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security." National Tax Journal 58, no. 1 (March 2005): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2005.1.02.
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McClure, Margaret. "A Decade of Confusion: The Differing Directions of Social Security and Accident Compensation 1969 – 1979." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 34, no. 2 (June 2, 2003): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v34i2.5784.
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Overlapping with the implementation of ACC in New Zealand was a parallel review of Social Security, charged with making recommendations for the overall system of social entitlements. The review took place in the context of global economic pressure and changes in family structure during the early 1970s, and represents a marked contrast in tone and ambition from the Woodhouse Commission. This paper contrasts the more modest direction taken by the 1972 Royal Commission on Social Security with the Woodhouse proposals, focusing on such matters as the structure of benefits and the underlying social and community objectives.
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Kokott, Juliane B. "Queen and Secretary of State for Social Security ex parte Equal Opportunities Commission." American Journal of International Law 87, no. 3 (July 1993): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203654.
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Yoo Jung Hwa and 이형석. "A Study on Social Security System in Africa - Focusing on Republic of South Africa and Namibia -." 법과정책 22, no. 1 (March 2016): 93–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.36727/jjlpr.22.1.201603.004.
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Laurell, Asa Cristina. "The Mexican Social Security Counterreform: Pensions for Profit." International Journal of Health Services 29, no. 2 (April 1999): 371–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002073149902900201.
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The social security counterreform, initiated in 1997, forms part of the neoliberal reorganization of Mexican society. The reform implies a profound change in the guiding principles of social security, as the public model based on integrality, solidarity, and redistribution is replaced by a model based on private administration of funds and services, individualization of entitlement, and reduction of rights. Its economic purpose is to move social services and benefits into the direct sphere of private capital accumulation. Although these changes will involve the whole social security system—old-age and disability pensions, health care, child care, and workers’ compensation—they are most immediately evident in the pension scheme. The pay-as-you-go scheme is being replaced by privately managed individual retirement accounts which especially favor the big financial groups. These groups are gaining control over huge amounts of capital, are authorized to charge a high commission, and run no financial risks. The privatization of the system requires decisive state intervention with a legal change and a sizable state subsidy (1 to 1.5 percent of GNP) over five decades. The supposed positive impact on economic growth and employment is uncertain. A review of the new law and of the estimates of future annuities reveals shrinking pension coverage and inadequate incomes from pensions.
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Ferraro, Steven R., and Richard W. Powell. "The National Commission On Fiscal Responsibility And Reform: How Its Report Can Impact Marginal Tax Rates." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 9, no. 6 (May 24, 2011): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v9i6.4376.
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The United States government has a serious budget problem. In 2010 President Barack Obama created the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform to deal with the problem by identifying policies to improve the fiscal situation. Among the Commissions recommendations was a proposal to modify payments under Social Security. For most recipients, the modifications would decrease Social Security benefits although benefits would increase for the poorest quintile of recipients. The purpose of this paper is to construct a model for evaluating the proposed shift in Social Security payments. From the perspective of Social Security recipients, the model shows the cutbacks as the partial loss of an annuity stream, as the loss of a lump sum that is capable of generating the partial annuity stream, and as a tax increase for the remainder of the recipients working years as they deposit a special tax into a retirement account designed to replace the lost benefits.
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Margit Kärrström. "Psychiatry, compulsion and legal security — a report from the social affairs commission in Sweden." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 8, no. 3 (January 1986): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-2527(86)90063-4.
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Deleeck, Herman. "The Adequacy of the Social Security System in Belgium, 1976–1985." Journal of Social Policy 18, no. 1 (January 1989): 91–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400017220.
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ABSTRACTFor over 15 years the Centre for Social Policy at the University of Antwerp has been involved in research on social security. More specifically, it has tried to develop research methodologies which would make it possible to quantify the adequacy of the social security system in Belgium, and to assess its impact on the income of households. The first part of this article provides a broad outline of the social security system in Belgium. The second and major part presents the main results of the research. The same methodology and the same standardised presentation of results is currently being used in a comparative study financed by the Commission of the European Community and undertaken by research groups in Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Ireland, Spain and Greece.
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Nurgaliev, B. M., and B. B. Nurgaliev. "SPECIFICITY OF THE MECHANISM AND METHODS OF CRIMES IN THE SPHERE OF SOCIAL SUPPORT." National Association of Scientists 2, no. 29(56) (July 14, 2020): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/nas.2413-5291.2020.2.56.240.
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This article discusses certain problems of investigation of crimes in the field of social security based on the commission of fraudulent acts. Basedon the forensic literature and the analysis of forensic investigative practice, the article reveals some aspects of forensically significant information about the methods and the mechanism of fraudulent actions.
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HICK, ROD. "Enter the Troika: The Politics of Social Security during Ireland's Bailout." Journal of Social Policy 47, no. 1 (March 2, 2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279417000095.
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AbstractThis paper examines the influence of the Troika on the retrenchment and reform of social security in Ireland during its bailout between 2010 and 2013. To do this, it draws on data from in-depth interviews with senior civil servants and civil society organisation staff who met with the Troika as part of their quarterly missions to Ireland during this period. The key themes which emerged from these interviews include the largely domestic origins of social security retrenchment and reform; the surprising, and distinctive, positions adopted by the European Commission and the International Monetary Fund (IMF); the extent of the Irish government's room for manoeuvre in this area, and the ways in which the Irish government defended social security against proposals for additional cuts put forward by the Troika. The paper concludes by arguing that the scope for domestic decision-making was heavily constrained, yet non-trivial, and that the Troika's influence comprised not only ‘powering’ but also ‘persuasion’.
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WARNER, JEROEN, and INGRID BOAS. "SECURITISATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE: THE RISK OF EXAGGERATION." Ambiente & Sociedade 20, no. 3 (September 2017): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asocex0003v2022017.
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Abstract The present contribution focuses on the ‘selling’ of the ‘climate crisis’ to intended key audiences, both in the international domain and at home. We look into the mechanics of crisis framing, the audience, and the resonance that the frame had, as well as development over time in two cases: the UK addressing the UN Security Council and the State Advisory Commission on Deltas (‘Delta Commission’) seeking support in the Netherlands for drastic measures to address sea level rise. For this, we apply the conceptual framework from critical security studies and securitisation, with contributions from the domains of crisis and disaster studies. Both case studies discussed show a dramatic securitising move, where climate change is presented as the source of great potential crisis that will harm us all, unless we take urgent action - either for mitigation (the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions) or for adaptation.
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Rif'ah, Erwin Nur. "Freedom or Restraint: Redefining the Concept of Human Security within the Indonesian Muslim Community." Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights 1, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v1i2.6131.
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This study aimed to explore the changing concept of human security in Indonesia. It concentrates on how Indonesian Muslim define human security based on their experiences and opinion by referring to the definition of Human security provided by the Commission of Human Security. The setting of this study is in two districts: Cianjur, West Java and Bulukumba, South Sulawesi where the Perda Sharia has been implemented. The research focuses on the interplay between human security and women’s security discourse and the changing religious, social and political constellation in relation to the implementation of Perda Sharia (Sharia-influenced Regional Regulation). Human security, by reffering to the concept of Commission of Human Security’s (CHS), means: protecting fundamental freedoms; ‘freedom from want, freedom from fear, and freedom to take action on one’s own behalf’. This study found that, although the implementation of Perda Sharia has been widespread and its impact on the security of women has been subject to many discussion, however, the discussion on the concept of human security and women’s security has been subject to little discussion and is not popular in Indonesia. Surprisingly, that most informants argued that freedom is a western concept, which has negative connotations and is contrary to Islamic teachings and Indonesian culture. And, the informants argued that they did not seek ‘freedom’, but rather sought ‘refrain’
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Martin, John R. "Establishment of the Accident Compensation Commission 1973: Administrative Challenges." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 34, no. 2 (June 2, 2003): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v34i2.5785.
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Alongside the process of legislative review and enactment, questions of administrative structure and implementation received lively consideration. At stake were such issues as whether to treat the new scheme as a matter of law reform or an aspect of social security. ACC's eventual status as an independent commission posed challenges to public officials from several departments, while preserving certain tensions that would emerge later in the 1970s. This paper credits the New Zealand public service for its creative response to implementing ACC, which required it to bridge the structural divides and alternative conceptions of how the new scheme might work. The paper describes the pivotal decisions and persons that guided ACC into its initial decade.
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Johanson, Eva. "Psychiatry, compulsion and legal security — a report from the social affairs commission in Sweden: A critical response." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 8, no. 3 (January 1986): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-2527(86)90064-6.
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Dekker, Ron. "Social Data: CESSDA Best Practices." Data Intelligence 2, no. 1-2 (January 2020): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dint_a_00044.
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The European Commission report “Turning FAIR into reality” provides an index of 27 FAIR Action Plan recommendations. This index is used for a self-assessment on CESSDA, the Consortium of European Social Science Data Archives. CESSDA is performing well on “Concepts for FAIR implementation”, “Skills for FAIR”, and “Investment in FAIR”; there is work in progress on “FAIR culture”, and work to start up on “FAIR ecosystem” and especially on “Incentives and metrics for FAIR data and services”. Next, an analysis on the FAIR components, reveals that CESSDA has accomplished the “F”, is working on the “A” – considering the sensitivity and security requirements of social data, just started on “I”, and that there is lack of clarity on what should be in “R”. On Findability, the CESSDA Data Catalogue is explained, showing the building blocks that need to be in place before one can produce a catalogue. The article ends with a forward look on CESSDA's deployment on the FAIR principles.
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Bennett, Fran. "Social Policy Digest." Journal of Social Policy 25, no. 1 (January 1996): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400000088.
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A study by the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) found that whilst the income of the poorest tenth of society fell by 18 per cent in real terms between 1979 and 1992 (after housing costs), their expenditure rose by 14 per cent. In a separate report on changes in individuals' incomes over time, the IFS found significant movement in and out of the poorest sections of society between 1991 and 1992. The latest edition ofHouseholds Below Average Incomeshowed that real net income rose by an average of 38 per cent (after housing costs) between 1979 and 1992/93, but fell by 17 per cent for the bottom tenth of the population (24:3/95,1.1). The narrowing of the gap in the north–south divide has halted, but a report on the geography of poverty explores many other divisions between and within areas of the UK. The report of the Commission headed by Lord Dahrendorf called for a new investment strategy and benefits structure, as well as measurement of social and environmental conditions as part of an annual audit of ‘wealth’. Tony Blair, the Labour Party leader, promised a fundamental review of the social security system once in power.
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Laird, Sally. "Diary of Russian enlightenment." Index on Censorship 17, no. 4 (April 1988): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064228808534395.
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Moscow, January 1988: Lawyers plan changes in the law. The existence of ‘Press Club Glasnost’ is questioned by the Soviet Committee for European Security and Cooperation. Professor Morozov explains the Serbsky Institute. Skandal threatens the Burlatsky Commission. A dinner for Andrei Sakharov. A meeting with ‘The Victims’ — and with the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. Civilisation at the ‘Club for Social Initiatives’.
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Labate, Grazia. "L'UmanitÀ di Achille Ardigň." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 2 (September 2009): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2009-su2020.
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- I met Achille Ardigň at the establishment by the Minister Foschi (Minister of Labor and Social Security) of the National Commission on the issues of family, when I was still a young researcher of IRLES (Ligure Insitut for Economic and Social research). I was appointed in the National Commission Institute on Family in the group that had to analyze the evolutionary trends in the 80's of public social policies. Working with Prof. Sgritta of the Sapienza University in Rome, with Prof. Alba Dini of the Pontifical Gregorian University and Livio Labor chairman of the ACLI, I had to study the theories of Ardigň and Donati. Hence the encounter with Ardigň was decisive. From the methodological point of view: he taught me the need to combine several disciplines, to find a common point of view, with no hegemonic pretension.Keywords: family, maternity, Welfare, network, coresponsibility, social value.Parole chiave: famiglia, maternitÀ, Welfare, rete, corresponsabilitÀ, valore sociale.
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Spiegel, Bernard. "National approaches of EU Member States in concluding bilateral social security agreements with third countries." European Journal of Social Security 20, no. 2 (June 2018): 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262718780747.
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For EU Member States like Austria, the EU Regulations on the coordination of social security schemes are the focus of academic and political attention. They deal with many cases and are usually very complex. They are supervised by the European Commission and the CJEU. Compared to these EU rules, bilateral agreements with third countries are treated as step-children. They do not get the academic and political attention they deserve, taking into account their importance in practice. They have common features compared to the EU rules, but there are also remarkable differences in the texts and their interpretation. The differences sometimes lead to practical problems of application and interpretation in the EU Member States. Based on Austrian experiences, all these aspects are elaborated in this article. Enhanced cooperation and exchange of information between the EU Member States in the future could help to improve the negotiating position of these countries and also guarantee greater esteem for the bilateral agreements.
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Christopher, Gail C. "Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki Commission): Briefing on Truth, Reconciliation, and Healing Toward a Unified Future Thursday, July 18, 2019." Health Equity 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 662–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/heq.2021.29007.chr.
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Golynker, Oxana. "EU coordination of social security from the point of view of EU integration theory." European Journal of Social Security 22, no. 2 (June 2020): 110–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262720938154.
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This article comprises a study of the negotiation of the Commission’s proposal for amending Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 on the coordination of social security systems and Regulation (EC) No 987/2009 in the context of EU integration theories. This analysis is used to argue that the current integration stage in the coordination of social security is a complex phenomenon which displays elements of intergovernmentalism, neo-functionalism and post-functionalism. The negotiation process highlights the disagreements between the key players which may have important consequences for the future of EU regulation in the area of coordination of social security. The article concludes that the signs of intergovernmentalism are prevalent, as evident in the attention the Commission has given to the concerns of the Member States, the negotiating position of the Council, and the vote of the European Parliament which failed to approve the proposal at the first reading. This prevalence has led to a pause in the reform of the coordination regulations and may eventually lead to compromises that will weaken the progress of integration in the future. At the same time, the article argues that the theory of post-functionalism is important in explaining the phenomenon of Brexit with regard to the UK’s position in the negotiation of the Commission’s proposal and its future relevance for UK and EU citizens affected by the UK’s departure from the EU. The article concludes that disintegration along the lines of post-functionalism should not prevent the reintegration of the UK into the EU coordination of social security schemes, but may reinforce the prevalence of intergovernmentalism.
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De Juan, Alexander, Fabian Krautwald, and Jan Henryk Pierskalla. "Constructing the State: Macro Strategies, Micro Incentives, and the Creation of Police Forces in Colonial Namibia." Politics & Society 45, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 269–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032329217705352.
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How do states build a security apparatus after violent resistance against state rule? This article argues that in early periods of state building two main factors shape the process: the macro-strategic goals of the state and administrative challenges of personnel management. These dynamics are studied in the context of the establishment of police forces in the settler colony of German Southwest Africa, present-day Namibia. The empirical analysis relies on information about the location of police stations and a near full census of police forces, compiled from the German Federal Archives. A mismatch is found between the allocation of police presence and the allocation of police personnel. The first was driven by the strategic value of locations in terms of extractive potential, political importance, and the presence of critical infrastructure, whereas the allocation of individual officers was likely affected by adverse selection, which led to the assignment of low-quality recruits to strategically important locations.
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McCormack, Gerard. "UNCITRAL, security rights and the globalisation of the US Article 9." Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 62, no. 4 (March 11, 2020): 485–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v62i4.432.
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This article provides a critical analysis of the UN Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) proposals for developing – through its Legislative Guide (the Guide) – a 'liberal' global secured credit law regime that opens up the range of assets that can be used for securing loans and that limits formal procedures required for taking security interests. The article argues that UNCITRAL’s reliance on Article 9 of the US Uniform Commercial Code is problematic for various reasons. First, it neglects reference to indigenous secured credit law norms that also reflect national social policy choices in a range of countries. Second, it questions the idea that global 'liberal' secured credit law of the kind articulated in the Guide helps to achieve 'economic efficiency', since it relies on a narrow conception of private property. Moreover, by relying on existing property rights distributions, a liberal secured credit law can further entrench existing socio-economic disparities in a society. The article therefore casts doubt on the idea that UNCITRAL’s Legislative Guide is an example of a successful 'harmonized, modernized and marketized' secured credit law, and instead – in Polanyian terms – draws attention to its potential to further disembed markets in credit out of social relationships.
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De Becker, E. "The (Possible) Role of the Right to Social Security in the EU Economic Monitoring Process." German Law Journal 17, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 277–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200019787.
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The outbreak of the financial and economic crisis in 2008 had a severe impact on the member states of the European Union. Countries like Greece had to ask the Troika (the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund) for financial aid. In return, they were obliged to reduce public spending and, as a result, national social security systems were drastically reformed. Furthermore, the EU has exercised its competences to supervise national budgets more extensively, even for countries not applying for financial aid through the Country Specific Recommendations under the European Semester. Like the decisions providing financial support, these recommendations also touch upon member states' social security systems. Moreover, the actions of the EU seem to generate a tension between the social rights provisions in (inter)national human rights instruments and the EU economic monitoring process, hence creating a possible deficit at the level of the EU. The five collective complaints against Greece under the framework of the European Social Charter (Council of Europe) illustrate this tension. This Article investigates this tension further and provides insights in possible ways to close the gap between (inter)national social rights provisions and the EU economic monitoring process by looking at the right to social security in the EU legal order. In doing so, this Article scrutinizes the judicial safeguards available at EU level, namely the right to social security in the Charter of Fundamental Rights (CFEU) and the role of general principles of Union's law for the protection of fundamental rights. It will become clear that a lot of uncertainty still remains regarding the content and scope of the right to social security in the CFEU, as well as the enforceability of this provision in the EU economic monitoring process.
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Nda, Agbor Charles. "The practice of social security in black Africa; a shadow of the real concept: The Cameroonian transcript." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss10.2607.
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Social security is a corner stone for the socio-economic and even political development of many countries in the world today. Developed countries like Germany, Britain and many western countries have developed and made use of theories propounded by founders of the concept of social security like Otto von Bismarck and Lord Beveridge to develop their societies. But the unfortunate thing is that all along their stay in Africa, these colonial powers did not border to institute and impregnate Africans with the concept, thus, living Africans completely ignorant of the concept of social security. Studies have proven that the application of this concept in Africa, especially south of the Sahara is still a nightmare. Africans are unable to put into place a veritable social security scheme, yet most of them aspire to emerge by 2035. With the example of Cameroon, the causes of this failure are attributed to the colonial masters and poor governance in post-colonial Africa. As a remedy to this situation, results of this research demand that African governments must show prove of good governance and elaborate an inclusive social protection scheme. Besides, specialize United Nations agencies like the International Labour organization (ILO) and the Human Rights Commission must stand by these countries with their technical knowhow to help develop a meaningful social protection scheme in Africa. As an alert to those countries warming up for emergence, it is an illusion if the welfare of these people is not put at the center of every development action.
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Reutov, Viktor Yevgeniyevich, and Diana Dmitrievna Burkaltseva. "ECONOMIC CRIME: SOCIO—ECONOMIC CONDITIONS." Scientific Bulletin: finance, banking, investment., no. 3 (52) (2021): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2312-5330-2020-3-118-129.
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Of course, in any country, including Russia, the relevance of research to prevent an increase in the level of economic crime is important. Moreover, its level is an indicator of the country’s economic security. Accordingly, in the conditions of restrictions, the consequences of the pandemic associated with an increase in unemployment, a decrease in the income of the population, the factors affecting an increase in this indicator — the level of crime in the economic sphere — are increasing. The article provides a forecast of socio-economic indicators: the development of the social sphere, the level and quality of life. The decomposition of institutionalization of preventive measures aimed at counteracting the commission of economic crime is built. A portrait of a criminal in cybercrime conditions is highlighted and the dynamics of registered crimes is considered. At the same time, in the institutional structure of the decomposition of preventive measures aimed at counteracting the commission of economic crime, a component of socio-economic conditions is highlighted, contributing to the increase in the commission or reduction of this type of economic crime.
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PRICE, DEBORA. "Closing the Gender Gap in Retirement Income: What Difference Will Recent UK Pension Reforms Make?" Journal of Social Policy 36, no. 4 (August 8, 2007): 561–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279407001183.
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AbstractThe second report of the Pensions Commission sought to establish a framework for a sustainable pension system for future generations of pensioners in the UK. The framework has been largely accepted by government in their recent White Paper, Security in Retirement: Towards a New Pension System (2006). Legislation will follow. The Commission and the government have made a number of claims about how their proposals will benefit women. Reforms have been welcomed by women's lobby groups. This article presents a gendered analysis of the Pensions Commission proposals using unpublished data generated by Pensim2, a pensions' simulator developed by the Department for Work and Pensions. Substantial improvements for women will be in the long term only, and will depend heavily on the extent to which gendered patterns of work and family life change in future. For women who follow traditional paths of combining part-time work with looking after children and kin, outcomes will depend on partnering arrangements. If they are married or cohabiting, they will be better off; but if they live alone in later life, the principal advantage of the proposals will be a reduction in means testing rather than an improvement in levels of income.
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Roberts, Simon. "Brexit and the reform of social security coordination: The UK’s metamorphosis from rule maker to rule taker." European Journal of Social Security 22, no. 2 (May 27, 2020): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262720927113.
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This article examines the United Kingdom’s negotiating position on the revision of the EU Coordinating Regulations proposed by the European Commission in December 2016, in the context of Brexit and the negotiations on the Withdrawal Agreement. The Withdrawal Agreement contains provisions on the future coordination of social security for UK and EU nationals who have exercised their freedom of movement rights before the end of the transition period. The coordination envisaged by the Withdrawal Agreement has not been sealed at the point of the UK’s departure but will continue to evolve and incorporate future changes in the EU Coordinating Regulations, including the reforms contained in the Commission’s current legislative proposal. The UK had a seat at the negotiating table until it left the European Union on 31 January 2020, which it used to try to influence the reform of the Coordinating Regulations to reflect its future interests. The article finds that, while the UK participated in negotiating the current revision of the Coordinating Regulations and several of the revisions are in line with its aims, its influence is waning as the UK moves from being a rule maker to a rule taker in Europe.
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Shakya, HS, and NP KC. "Family Planning and Health Commodities Security in Nepal." Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences 3, no. 1 (May 6, 2014): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v3i1.10359.
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Background: Commodity security is essential for effective delivery of quality health services. Commodity security exists when people are able to choose, obtain and use products whenever they need them. With leadership of Government of Nepal’s Logistics Management Division and with technical assistance from United States Aid for International Development funded projects have been consistently working toward this goal with priority to Family Planning (FP), Reproductive Health, and Maternal Child Health commodities. Methods: A National Consensus Contraceptive Security Forecast meeting is held annually at center. The meeting is participated by Regional, District, Program Divisions, National Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance, External Donor Partners, Social Marketing agencies, and Non Governmental Organizations (NGO). The quantity needed, shipment schedule, funding requirement and funding shortfall, distribution and storage strategies for the Public, Social Marketing, and NGO sectors are presented for next five years. Results: With secured funding, increased availability of family planning commodities (stock-outs rate is less than 2%) at service delivery sites have contributed to improve national health indicators like Total Fertility Rate and Contraceptive Prevalence Rate. Key program interventions have ensured FP commodity security through effective coordination of public, private and external donor partners. Conclusion: Key lessons learned was a spirit of ‘Teamwork’ and good coordination –active involvement of other stakeholders is essential for ensuring FP commodity security. Other was an importance of ‘Advocacy’ for commodity security at district, regional and central levels of government and among stakeholders. Challenges are complexity of public procurement procedure and frequent transfer of trained staff, and distribution and transportation of health commodities from district to health facilities still poses a challenge to supply chain management. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences | Volume 03 | Number 01 | January-June 2014 | Page 51-56 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v3i1.10359
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Nzuve, Stephen N. M., and Mwangi Pauline Njambi. "FACTORS PERCEIVED TO INFLUENCE EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE: A CASE OF THE INDEPENDENT ELECTORAL AND BOUNDARIES COMMISSION." Problems of Management in the 21st Century 10, no. 2 (December 20, 2015): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pmc/15.10.88.
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Performance is associated with quantity of output, quality of output, timeliness of output, presence or attendance on the job, efficiency of the work completed and effectiveness of work completed (Mathis et al., 2009). In an organization, committed employees are regarded as being willing to build and maintain long-lasting relationships with their employer (Argyris, 1998). Effective management teams need to recognize that positive employee attitudes are often vital to achieving organizational goals and this will be achieved when the employees are satisfied. The objective of the study was to determine the factors perceived to influence employees’ performance at Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. The research design adopted was descriptive research design. The population of the study comprised of all the 175 employees in the commission head office. The study used primary data that was collected through self-administered questionnaires. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software and presented using tables and figures. The study found out that the employees of the commission perceived their performance to be influenced by rewards, job design and training and development opportunity. Management style was found to have hindered performance of employees. The employees were satisfied with wages and salaries paid, retirement benefit scheme, job security, performance appraisals were satisfactory hence encouraging the employees to work in the commission and improve their performance. Key words: employee performance, employee perception, Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission of Kenya.
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Sachs, Ignacy. "Entering the anthropocene: ‘Geonauts’ or sorcerer’s apprentices?" Social Science Information 50, no. 3-4 (August 31, 2011): 462–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018411411028.
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The Second Earth Summit to be held in Rio de Janeiro in 2012 will coincide with the ratification by the International Commission on Stratigraphy of the concept of a new geological era, the anthropocene. This term emphasizes the acknowledgement of the increasing impact of human intervention on the future of the Spaceship Earth. Humanity is thus at a crossroads and we need, more than ever, to abide by the principle of responsibility. We must mobilize ourselves to learn how to speedily mitigate deleterious climate change without losing sight of the urgent need to reduce the abyssal social disparities. The immediate imperative is to propose long-term development strategies to go hand in hand with an aggiornamento of long-term democratic planning. Such strategies must rely on two pillars: food security and energy security. Last but not least, the United Nations ought to take advantage of the forthcoming Earth Summit to set in motion a global transition towards a socially inclusionary and environmentally sustainable path.
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Rogerson, Pippa. "Habitual Residence: The New Domicile?" International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49, no. 1 (January 2000): 86–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300063971.
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There have been several cases reported over the last few years on the meaning of “habitual residence”. This comparatively new phrase is much in use not only in domestic legislation but also in various Hague Conventions on the reform of private international law and it is in widespread use by the European Commission. Habitual residence is the basis for allocating jurisdiction to that State's court, especially in relation to matrimonial causes and child custody. For example, it has been proposed by the European Commission as a replacement for domicile in the new Convention on the Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil Matters. Habitual residence is also extremely important in connection with tax matters and social security. It is additionally used in the Immigration Act 1971. Other than its purpose in allocating jurisdiction, habitual residence is beginning to be adopted as a connecting factor for choice of law, for instance the Rome Convention on Choice of Law in Contract.
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Quiroga-Villamarín, Daniel Ricardo. "‘An Atmosphere of Genuine Solidarity and Brotherhood’: Hernán Santa-Cruz and a Forgotten Latin American Contribution to Social Rights." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d'histoire du droit international 21, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 71–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340103.
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Abstract Latin America played a crucial role in furthering the cause of human rights at the nascent United Nations (UN) when great powers were mostly interested in limiting the scope to issues of collective security. Following this line of thought, this article aims to understand the Latin American contributions to the promotion of ESCRs in both global and regional debates by tracing the figure of the Chilean diplomat Hernán Santa-Cruz and his efforts as both a drafter of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and founder of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). In Santa-Cruz’s silhouette we can find a vivid example of Latin American thought regarding social rights, marked by the intersections and contradictions of regional discourses such as social Catholicism, socialist constitutionalism, and developmentalist economic theories.
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Hamzah, Intan Suria. "Keselamatan Peribadi di Facebook: Ancaman dan Penyelesaian." Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication 37, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2021-3701-22.
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Personal Security on Facebook: Threats and Solutions ABSTRACT In the age of globalization and sophistication of information technology, society is increasingly exposed to current changes and criminal threats such as personal security threats through online applications like Facebook. Therefore, this study discusses the forms of personal security threats through Facebook and its solution in Malaysia. Facebook is one of the most popular communication mediums in Malaysia and has millions of users both domestically and abroad. It is friendly, easy, fast and can share all your daily activities whether in writing, picture or video status. This study aims to highlight the forms of personal security threats that start on Facebook, give public awareness to the Malaysian community while using Facebook and provide recommendations on remedial measures before or after fraud on social media. This study used qualitative methods to obtain data and information from the Royal Malaysian Police, the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission as well as the library study. The study found that Facebook helps people to connect, trading and communicate with individuals and communities. However, it also has an impact on personal safety for individuals, communities and organizations through cybercrime threats, fraud, data theft, exploitation and leakage of personal information, love fraud, slander, cyberbullying, encourage teen problems and cheating couples. This study can help the public to be more cautious when using Facebook, not just provide personal information to strangers and give them exposure to the actions they need to take when they become victims of fraud. Keywords: Social media, Facebook, communication, threat, personal security.
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Krychun, Yuriy. "War crime in the conditions of the Joint Forces Operation: a criminological description." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-3-179-185.
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The article is devoted to the study of the concept of war crime and analysis of its forensic characteristics. The study analyzed the concepts of crime, war crime and the probable reasons for their commission. It is determined that military service is an extremely important type of activity, as it is designed to ensure state security and protection of the state border of Ukraine. The main military formation in Ukraine is the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the procedure of which is determined by the relevant legislation, according to which the Armed Forces is an independent state and legal institution, a reflection of modern Ukrainian society, but with its specific demographic, organizational, social, psychological and legal features. It is established that any crime is a negative social phenomenon that poses a threat to both society and the state. The social danger of each crime is manifested in the task or the creation of the danger of causing significant harm to public relations: the interests of the individual, society, state, which are protected by criminal law. But in war crimes behind these relations are the interests of a higher order – the military security of the state: the state of combat capability of the Armed Forces, other military formations, the ability to perform tasks set by the state, and ultimately protect the country from possible military aggression. Any crime against military service undermines the combat capability of military units, as a consequence, causes significant damage to the combat capability of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and, ultimately, to the military security of the state. Thus, the social danger of war crimes finds its expression in the task or in the creation of a threat of significant damage to the interests of military security of the state in the field of its defense and, therefore, is characterized by an increased degree of public danger. For Ukraine, in terms of the Operation joint forces, war crimes are extremely negative, as these are the factors that undermine combat readiness, military discipline and legal consciousness of the servicemen, creates the conditions for the loss of military personnel, military property, and therefore requires the authorities to use all necessary resources to fight and prevent the Commission of war crimes. Thus, the data on the person that has committed war crimes, as an element of criminalistic characteristics are of fundamental importance because they are a solid information base, which later during the establishment of corresponding co-dependent relationships will determine the other unknown elements of criminalistic characteristics.
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Revenkov, Pavel, Alexander Berdyugin, and Pavel Makeev. "Assessment of the Risk of a Cybersecurity Breach in a Commercial Bank (by the Example of an Attacks “Brute Force” and “Black Box” on ATMS)." Voprosy kiberbezopasnosti, no. 3(43) (2021): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21681/2311-3456-2021-3-20-30.
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Abstract. During the XX–XXI century there was a development of technologies, which resulted in the creation of a global financial system that allows you to quickly make money transactions in opposite points of the Earth. The progress of digital transformation of society and, in particular, financial and economic systems leads to the complication of the problems of information security of competing entities. By focusing on scientific research, we can achieve success in these areas. The purpose of the study: to increase the level of security of banking services for individuals and legal entities in accordance with the recommendations of information security standards by analyzing the risk of information security violations in electronic banking technologies (on the example of the “Brute force” and “Black box” attacks). Research methods: empirical methods of scientific knowledge (observation, measurement, experiment), theoretical methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction, formalization), graphical interpretation of information, probability theory methods and computer programming. The result of the study: standards for effective management of information security management at the enterprise are considered. The advantage of social engineering methods over the “Brute force” method of PIN codes is shown quantitatively. The time characteristics of its commission and protective measures against attacks of the “Black box” type are analyzed. A method for improving the effectiveness of the response and protection of ATMS from attacks of the “Black box” type is proposed.
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Ettin, Mark F. "The Babel of Tower: The Process and Dynamics of Reagan's National Security Council Group as Presented by the Tower Commission Report." Group Analysis 21, no. 1 (March 1988): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316488211007.
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Hartlapp, Miriam. "Integrating across policy sectors: how the wider public impacts on the drafting process of EU trans-border healthcare." International Review of Administrative Sciences 84, no. 3 (August 5, 2016): 486–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852316648225.
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Policy-making in the EU has been depicted as being starkly fragmented: initiatives are drafted in separate Directorates-General of the EU Commission, discussed in specific policy communities and decided upon in sectoral European Parliament Committees and Council formations. At the same time, we see growing numbers of complex policy problems that require cross-sectorally integrated solutions. This article argues that there are good grounds to expect policy-making in the EU Commission to favour fragmented solutions, while diffuse public interests will tend to push for integrated policies. However, it is only under specific constellations that the EU Commission will respond to these interests. The argument will be demonstrated using case study material on three policy instruments that address trans-border healthcare policy. While the Coordination of Social Security Systems Regulation and the Services in the Internal Market Directive favour largely fragmented solutions, the Patient Mobility Directive takes a more integrated approach. Points for practitioners Today, complex policy problems often demand integrated policy solutions that cut across organizational borders and areas of responsibility. At the same time, decision-making is often easier if policy solutions remain fragmented. Internal coordination is an important means for public administrations to reach integrated instead of fragmented policy solutions. Periods with high public attention are more likely to lead to more integrated policy solutions, since policy-makers will seize internal coordination to anticipate the interests of a wider public that is following the policy-making process. Evidence is provided from drafting processes inside the EU Commission on trans-border healthcare acts.
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Appiah, Divine Odame, Felix Asante, and Bernice Nketiah. "Perspectives on Agricultural Land Use Conversion and Food Security in Rural Ghana." Sci 1, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci1010014.v1.
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Rapid peri-urbanization has resulted in increasing demand for and pressure on peri-urban lands at the expense of agricultural lands. Households’ decision to convert from agricultural land uses to residential and commercial land uses is driven by a myriad of factors, ranging from social to economic, in the Asante-Akim South district of the Asante region, Ghana. The paper examined the effects of agricultural land use trade-off on food production in the district. Using a triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods, 115 household respondents were proportionately sampled from three selected communities in the district, for the collection of data through the administration of questionnaires. The data were subjected to the Pearson’s chi-square, embedded in the SPSS V.16, to test for association among the variables. We report that the increasing rate of agricultural land uses conversions was as a result of increasing demand for residential and commercial land usage at the expense of agricultural land uses. Converting prime agricultural lands into other land uses was seen as profitable to agricultural expansion. A re-examination of the district land use plans by the Ghanaian Physical (Town and Country) Planning Department in tandem with the Lands Commission is therefore recommended.
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Pardo, Neyla G. "The dual causes of fragmentation: Democratic security and the communitarian state in Colombian politics." Discourse & Society 31, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 64–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926519877694.
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This chapter analyzes speeches delivered by former Colombian President, Álvaro Uribe Vélez, between August 2002 and August 2009, which can be found on the official website of the presidency: ( http://web.presidencia.gov.co/discursos/ ). We attempt to identify the webs of meaning surrounding the concepts of ‘Democratic Security’ and ‘Communitarian State’ with awareness of the relationship between discourse, ideology and power. The aim is to better understand the political power of the plans, programs and projects developed by Uribe’s administration, and how this was affected by widespread deployment of the media. These policies are conditioned by a set of colonialist principles that are embodied in symbolic-discursive strategies that result in representations, by means of which mechanisms of marginalization, discrimination and polarized hierarchy are legitimized from the different social spheres. During the 7-year period analyzed there were controversial debates over the commission of crimes against humanity by national security agents, as well as corruption scandals over topics like ‘para-politics’, ‘false positives’, selective arrests, extrajudicial killings and violations of the sovereignty of bordering countries. Within this political context, we attempt to identify the inherent tensions and social conflicts. It is argued that the analyzed discourses reproduce colonialist thoughts, in relation to neoliberal principles and the application of global policies. Using the principles of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), we explore the strategies and resources used in Uribe’s speeches and how major themes are positioned to reproduce systems of beliefs, values and attitudes.
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McGuire, John Thomas. "From Economic Security to Equality: Frieda Miller, Esther Peterson, and the Revival of the Alternative View of Public Administration, 1945-1964." American Review of Public Administration 48, no. 8 (November 14, 2017): 795–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074017740969.
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This article examines how Frieda Miller and Esther Peterson, two influential directors of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Women’s Bureau after World War II, revived and continued the alternative view of public administration through a combination of primary and secondary sources. Miller, who served as director from 1944 through 1953, reestablished a social justice–centered view of public administration through the creation of a special advisory committee and the institution of a new agenda that stressed equality over economic security. Peterson, who served from 1961 through 1964, quickly moved the Women’s Bureau into a political network with women’s labor leaders and the John F. Kennedy presidential administration, helping to create the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) and to enact a federal Equal Pay Act.
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Holmes, Courtney M., and Christine A. Reid. "Ethics in Telerehabilitation: Looking Ahead." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 49, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.49.2.14.
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Given the fast-paced growth of telerehabilitation, an updated integrated analysis of the ethical codes and ramifications for telerehabilitation practice is warranted. This article sensitizes rehabilitation counselors to ethical issues associated with providing telerehabilitation services and provides suggestions for safeguards and resources for addressing ethical challenges. Recent publications of the American Counseling Association (ACA, 2014), the Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification (2017), and the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC, 2016a) highlight ethical issues such as privacy, security, informed consent, and social media guidelines. Suggestions for practitioners to address ethical challenges include acquiring compliant software, receiving training, setting clear boundaries with clients through an informed consent procedure, and using an ethical decision-making model.