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Journal articles on the topic 'Nano fibrils of cellulose'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Hrabalova, Marta, Manfred Schwanninger, Rupert Wimmer, Adriana Gregorova, Tanja Zimmermann, and Norbert Mundigler. "Fibrillation of flax and wheat straw cellulose: Effects on thermal, morphological, and viscoelastic properties of poly(vinylalcohol)/fibre composites." BioResources 6, no. 2 (March 23, 2011): 1631–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.2.1631-1647.

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Nano-fibrillated cellulose was produced from flax and wheat straw cellulose pulps by high pressure disintegration. The reinforcing potential of both disintegrated nano-celluloses in a polyvinyl-alcohol matrix was evaluated. Disintegration of wheat straw was significantly more time and energy consuming. Disintegration did not lead to distinct changes in the degree of polymerization; however, the fibre diameter reduction was more than a hundredfold, creating a nano-fibrillated cellulose network, as shown through field-emission-scanning electron microscopy. Composite films were prepared from polyvinyl alcohol and filled with nano-fibrillated celluloses up to 40% mass fractions. Nano-fibrillated flax showed better dispersion in the polyvinyl alcohol matrix, compared to nano-fibrillated wheat straw. Dynamic mechanical analysis of composites revealed that the glass transition and rubbery region increased more strongly with included flax nano-fibrils. Intermolecular interactions between cellulose fibrils and polyvinyl alcohol matrix were shown through differential scanning calorimetry and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The selection of appropriate raw cellulose material for high pressure disintegration was an indispensable factor for the processing of nano-fibrillated cellulose, which is essential for the functional optimization of products.

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2

Chen, Wen Shuai, Hai Peng Yu, Peng Chen, Nai Xiang Jiang, Jiang Hua Shen, Yi Xing Liu, and Qing Li. "Preparation and Morphological Characteristics of Cellulose Micro/Nano Fibrils." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.255.

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Cellulose micro/nano fibrils generated from biomass are relative new reinforcing materials for polymer composites, which have potential lightweight and high strength and are renewable. In the present study, the preparation method of extracting cellulose micro/nano fibrils from wood was introduced. After successful disintegration, the morphological characteristics of the wood fibers, purified cellulose fibers, cellulose fibers activated by ultrasonic-wave and cellulose micro/nano fibrils after homogenization treatment, were compared by visual examination and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that cellulose micro/nano fibrils have been efficiently extracted from wood, which have great potential in the application areas of papermaking, bio-nanocomposites, food, cosmetics/skin cream, medical/pharmaceutical, and so on.

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3

Wu, Yan, Zhi Hui Wu, and Ji Lei Zhang. "Preparation of Cellulose Micro/Nano Fibrils by Sonochemical Method and its Morphological Characterization." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.864.

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The eucalyptus cellulose micro/nano fibrils were prepared by using high intensity ultrasonication with chemical pretreatment. The basic characteristics of cellulose micro/nano fibrils were evaluated by wide-angle X-ray diffraction instrument (WAXD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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4

Ioelovich, Michael. "Cellulose as a nanostructured polymer: A short review." BioResources 3, no. 4 (October 30, 2008): 1403–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.3.4.ioelovich.

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Cellulose has a complex, multi-level supermolecular architecture. This natural polymer is built from superfine fibrils having diameters in the nano scale, and each such nanofibril contains ordered nanocrystallites and low-ordered nano-domains. In this review, the nano-structure of cellulose and its influence on various properties of the polymer is discussed. In particular, the ability of nano-scale crystallites to undergo lateral co-crystallization and aggregation, as well as to undergo phase transformation through dissolution, alkalization, and chemical modification of cellulose has been the subject of investigation. The recent investigations pave the way for development of highly reactive cellulosic materials. Methods for preparation nanofibrillated cellulose and free nano-particles are described. Some application areas of the nanostruc-tured and nano-cellulose are discussed.

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5

Figovsky, Oleg, and Michael Ioelovich. "Nano Structure and Properties of Beta–D-Poly-Glucopyranose." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 739–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.739.

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Beta–D-poly-glucopyranose is widespread class of the natural semi-crystalline polysaccharide known as cellulose. This polymer has complicated multi-level supermolecular structure. It is built from elementary nano-fibrils and their aggregates; moreover, each nano-fibril contains ordered nanocrystallites and low-ordered amorphous nano-domains. Therefore cellulose can be a pronounced and eminent representative of nano-structured matters. Such nano matter has peculiar physico-chemical properties depending on specific surface of nano-scale constituents. In this paper, physico-chemistry of the nano-structured cellulose is discussed. In particular, the ability of nano-scale crystallites to co-crystallization and aggregation, as well as their ability to phase transformation through dissolution, alkalization and chemical modification was a subject of the investigation. Structural characteristics of paracrystalline surface layers of nano-crystallites and their effect on physico-chemical properties of the polysaccharide have been discussed.

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6

Wang, Xin, Yan Wu, and Jin Tian Huang. "Investigation of Morphology of Vetier (Vetiveria zizanioides) Cellulose Micro/Nano Fibrils Isolated by High Intensity Ultrasonication." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 796–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.796.

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The Vetier (Vetiveria zizanioides) cellulose micro/nano fibrils (VCMNFs) were isolated by high intensity ultrasonication (HIUS). The morphology and diameter distribution of cellulose fiber and micro/nano fibrils were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electric microscopy (SEM) and laser diameter analysis instrument. The range of diameter distribution of micro/nano fibrils was from 0.24 μm to 426 μm. With the variation of treating amplitude and time by HIUS, the extent of fibrillation and diameter distribution were different. There were significant changes of diameter distribution treated at amplitude of 90% and 30 min or 60 min and the diameter distribution was showed from 7.0 to 80 μm.

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7

Pitkänen, Marja, Heli Kangas, Ossi Laitinen, Asko Sneck, Panu Lahtinen, Maria Soledad Peresin, and Jouko Niinimäki. "Characteristics and safety of nano-sized cellulose fibrils." Cellulose 21, no. 6 (September 4, 2014): 3871–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0397-x.

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8

Salari, Maryam, Dimitrios Bitounis, Kunal Bhattacharya, Georgios Pyrgiotakis, Zhenyuan Zhang, Emilia Purington, William Gramlich, et al. "Development & characterization of fluorescently tagged nanocellulose for nanotoxicological studies." Environmental Science: Nano 6, no. 5 (2019): 1516–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8en01381k.

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9

Wu, Yan, Zhi Hui Wu, Xu Jun Zhang, Ji Lei Zhang, and Xiao Xing Yan. "Influence of Sonomechanical Treatment on the Structure of Cellulose Micro/Nano Fibrils." Key Engineering Materials 609-610 (April 2014): 526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.609-610.526.

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The fast-growing Eucalyptus (E. Europhylla) was used as the raw materials to prepare for micro/nanocellulose fibrils. The morphology changes of cellulose by sodium hydroxide linkage ultrasonic energy treatment was discussed. The properties of treated cellulose was evaluated by X-ray , scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. By the degree of crystallinity of the experimental test results showed that: a high concentration (17.5%, mass fraction) NaOH solution swelling with ultrosonication chemical pretreatment of cellulose prepared micro/nanofibrils change in crystal form, that is transformed cellulose I into cellulose II. However, the cellulose micro/nanofibrils remained crystalline cellulose I type after treated by a low concentration (2%, mass fraction) NaOH solution swelling with ultrosonicaion chemical pretreatment. High alkali activation sound chemical pretreatment increased the crystallinity of obtained micro/nanofibrils, the corresponding values were 89.2% and 86.3%. Observed by the scanning electron microscope that: a low concentration alkaline with ultrosonication chemical pretreatment increased the degree of sub-wire broom, the fiber surface area increased accordingly, and the fiber is more "open", so that the reaction activity of the cellulose fibers improved. The infrared spectrum showed that: the chemical changes between cellulose micro/nanofibrils and NaOH occurred after mercerization.

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10

Wang, Xin, Yan Wu, and Jin Tian Huang. "Research on Performance of Vetier (Vetiveria zizanioides) Cellulose Micro/Nano Fibrils Isolated by High Intensity Ultrasonication." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 1405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.1405.

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The cellulose micro/nano fibrils of Vetier (Vetiveria zizanioides) were isolated by high intensity ultrasonication in this paper. The basic properties of micro/nano fibrils were evaluated by WAXD and FTIR. The results showed that the relative crystallinity decreased when treated by high intensity ultrasonication. The characteristic absorption peak moved to higher wave number and the type of group increased with increasing the vibration of ultrasonication. The characteristic absorption peak moved to higher wave number with increasing treated time, however, the effect was insignificant.

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11

Mukwaya, Vincent, Weidong Yu, Rabie AM Asad, and Hajo Yagoub. "An environmentally friendly method for the isolation of cellulose nano fibrils from banana rachis fibers." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 1 (July 22, 2016): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517515622155.

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Cellulose nano fibrils (CNFs) were isolated from banana rachis bran using enzyme hydrolysis with subsequent ultra-sonic treatment. The CNFs and bran were characterized by particle size distribution (only the CNFs), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; the morphology of the banana rachis fiber and CNFs was observed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The furnished nano fibrils had an average diameter of 14.02 ± 2.10 nm and length of 619.6 ± 90.7 nm. The aspect ratio of the CNFs is in the range of long fibrils, that is 44.18. XRD studies revealed that CNFs (48.83%) were more crystalline than the banana bran (27.76%). TGA and derivative thermogravimetry thermograms showed that CNFs were more thermally stable than the bran.

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12

Liu, Xu, Yang Wang, Zheng Cheng, Jie Sheng, and Rendang Yang. "Nano-sized fibrils dispersed from bacterial cellulose grafted with chitosan." Carbohydrate Polymers 214 (June 2019): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.055.

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13

Hu, Yue, Da Gang Li, Qiao Yun Deng, Yu Mei Wang, and Dong Liang Lin. "Novel Poly (vinyl Alcohol) Nanocomposites Reinforced with Nano Cellulose Fibrils Isolated from Plants by Mechanochemical Treatment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 870–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.870.

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The objective of this study was to reinforce biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with nano cellulose fibrils generated from poplar and cotton through mechanochemical treatment. A method used a combination of acid and alkali treatment to obtain cellulose from poplar and cotton. The cellulose of both fibers was further processed by grinder treatment. PVA/nano cellulose composite was prepared successfully by an immersion method. The cellulose nanofibers and nanocomposite films were characterized with scanning electron microscope (SEM), tensile testing machine, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis). SEM showed the diameter of the cellulose was range between 30-100 nm and exhibited a high aspect ratio of over 1500. The mechanical properties of PVA were improved significantly and the two plant nanofibers had the similarly reinforcing effects in the matrix. Cellulose nanofibers as a future resource have tremendous potential since they are one of the most abundant organic resources on the earth.

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14

Wan, Tong, Li Ying Liu, Wei Zeng, and Yong Zhu. "Studies on Surface Hydroxypropylation and Swellability of Bacterial Cellulose." Advanced Materials Research 601 (December 2012): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.601.12.

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Bacterial Cellulose (BC) consisting of hydrophobic ultra-ﬁne ﬁbers was produced by Acetobacter xylinum. Hydroxypropyl bacterial celluloses (HPBC) were synthesized by surface modification of nano-fibrils via hydroxypropylation using two modifier systems, sodium hydroxide/ propylene oxide as system (I) and sodium hydroxide/urea/propylene oxide as system (II) respectively. The equilibrium swelling ratio (ESR) of HPBC was studied. ESR of HPBC obtained from system (I) was significantly higher than that obtained from system (II). The maximum ESR of HPBC was nearly 70 times larger than that of air dried BC and 10 times larger than that of freeze dried BC.

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15

Khodayari, Ali, Aart W. Van Vuure, Ulrich Hirn, and David Seveno. "Tensile behaviour of dislocated/crystalline cellulose fibrils at the nano scale." Carbohydrate Polymers 235 (May 2020): 115946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115946.

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16

Shi, Xiangning, Qiuyan Cui, Yudong Zheng, Shuai Peng, Guojie Wang, and Yajie Xie. "Effect of selective oxidation of bacterial cellulose on degradability in phosphate buffer solution and their affinity for epidermal cell attachment." RSC Adv. 4, no. 105 (2014): 60749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra10226f.

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Oxidized bacterial cellulose showed the 3D nano-fibrils structure of BC. The mass loss and degradation rate of OBC were much higher than those of BC. When immersed in PBS, OBC degraded gradually. Cell-adhesion and proliferation studies revealed that OBC had excellent cellular affinity.

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17

PANDEY, JITENDRA KUMAR, and HITOSHI TAKAGI. "SELF HEALING POTENTIAL OF GREEN NANOCOMPOSITES FROM CRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 25, no. 31 (December 20, 2011): 4216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979211066611.

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In plant cell walls, stiff semicrystalline nano dimensional cellulose microfibrils are embedded in a pliable amorphous matrix where the size and shape of the cellulose fibrils are controlled by the dimensions of crystalline regions, providing them a unique structural and physical combination to be applied as load-bearing constituent in composites. The qualities such as specific orientation under magnetic field, extraction through simple process, abundantly available source from nature and desirable modifications have deliberately directed the intense research efforts in a number of disciplines ranging from commodity to higher applications, not only in the area of high performance polymer based composites but also to develop biosensors, magnetic strips and optical devices. The present work is focused on the use of cellulose nano-fillers for creating the self-healing function and their effect on material properties of resulting composites. The present work is in initial stage and reviews the use of cellulose nano-fillers for creating the self-healing function and their effect on material properties of resulting composites.

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18

Takana, Hidemasa, and Mengfei Guo. "Numerical simulation on electrostatic alignment control of cellulose nano-fibrils in flow." Nanotechnology 31, no. 20 (February 28, 2020): 205602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab703d.

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19

Luo, Jiaqian, Yanqun Su, Jinghuan Chen, Xiaohan Wang, and Jingang Liu. "Pretreatment of lignin-containing cellulose micro/nano-fibrils (LCMNF) from corncob residues." Cellulose 28, no. 8 (April 2, 2021): 4671–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03798-7.

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20

Shakya, Subarna. "Automated Nanopackaging using Cellulose Fibers Composition with Feasibility in SEM Environment." June 2021 3, no. 2 (July 8, 2021): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jei.2021.2.004.

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By contributing to the system enhancement, the integration of Nano systems for nanosensors with biomaterials proves to be a unique element in the development of novel innovative systems. The techniques by which manipulation, handling, and preparation of the device are accomplished with respect to industrial use are a critical component that must be considered before the system is developed. The approach must be able to be used in a scanning electron microscope (SEM), resistant to environmental changes, and designed to be automated. Based on this deduction, the main objective of this research work is to develop a novel design of Nano electronic parts, which address the issue of packaging at a nanoscale. The proposed research work has used wood fibres and DNA as the bio material to develop nanoscale packaging. The use of a certain atomic force microscope (ATM) for handling DNA in dry circumstances is demonstrated with SCM wood fibrils/fibers manipulation in a scanning electron microscope (SEM).Keywords: Nano electronics, bioelectronics, scanning electron microscope (SEM), packaging, atomic force microscope (ATM)

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21

Liu, Cong, Yang Zhang, and Yong Su. "Preparation and Characteristics of the Micro/Nano Fibrils from the Wheat-Straw Treated by Enzyme." Applied Mechanics and Materials 432 (September 2013): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.432.20.

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Single-factor experiment was applied to get the optimum enzyme treatment condition: water bath in the oscillation trough at the frequency of 80 in 50°C with enzyme usage 35 IU/g for 48h. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), laser granularity distributing machine, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and X-ray diffractor (XRD) were used to analyze the product with enzyme treatment. Observing by TEM, we could see large volume of micro/nanofibrils had gathered together, while fibre was 100-300 nm long and far less than 100nm radial, meeting the requirement of micro/nanofibrils. Being analyzed with laser granularity distributing machine, part of the product had reached the micro/nanolevel. Analyzing by FTIR, we can conclude that after enzyme treatment and ultrasonic dispersion cellulose had no change in functional groups. From the crystallinity atlas, we find the crystallinity of wheat-straw micro/nanofibrils improved from 65.55% to 72.99%, showing that cellulose enzyme destroyed the non-crystallizing field effectively

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22

Jung, Hyun, Hyun Kwak, Jinyoung Chun, and Kyeong Oh. "Alkaline Fractionation and Subsequent Production of Nano-Structured Silica and Cellulose Nano-Fibrils for the Comprehensive Utilization of Rice Husk." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041951.

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The parameters of the alkaline fractionation process were investigated and optimized using a statistical analysis method to simultaneously remove hemicellulose and ash from rice husk (RH) concomitantly. After the alkaline fractionation process, the residual solid contained high cellulose, and the recovery yield of hemicellulose was enhanced in the fractionated liquid hydrolyzate. The hemicellulosic sugar recovery yield (71.6%), de-ashing yield (>99%), and lignin removal (>80%) were obtained at the reaction conditions of 150 °C of temperature, 40 min of reaction time, and 6% (w/v) of NaOH concentration. Subsequently, nano-structured silica was synthesized using black liquor obtained as a by-product of this fractionation process. For the production of nano-structured silica, it was observed that the pH of a black liquor and the heat treatment temperature significantly influenced the textural properties of silica product. In addition, the two-stage bleaching of solid residue followed by colloid milling for the production of high value-added CNF with was attempted. As a result, in addition to 119 g of fermentable sugar, 143 g of high-purity (>98%) silica with a surface area of 328 m2g−1 and 273.1 g of high-functional CNF with cellulose content of 80.1% were simultaneously obtained from 1000 g of RH.

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23

Bitounis, Dimitrios, Georgios Pyrgiotakis, Douglas Bousfield, and Philip Demokritou. "Dispersion preparation, characterization, and dosimetric analysis of cellulose nano-fibrils and nano-crystals: Implications for cellular toxicological studies." NanoImpact 15 (March 2019): 100171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2019.100171.

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24

Lee, Ji Young, Tae Ung Park, Eun Hea Kim, Hae Min Jo, Chul Hwan Kim, Tae Young Kim, Yong Dae Heo, Jong Hyun Lee, and Jun Kyu Kim. "Effect of Production Conditions on the Characteristics and the Drainage of Cellulose Nano-fibrils." Journal of Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry 49, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7584/jktappi.2017.06.49.3.126.

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25

Sankhla, Sangeeta, Hafijul Hossain Sardar, and Swati Neogi. "Greener extraction of highly crystalline and thermally stable cellulose micro-fibers from sugarcane bagasse for cellulose nano-fibrils preparation." Carbohydrate Polymers 251 (January 2021): 117030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117030.

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26

Oliaei, Erfan, Pär A. Lindén, Qiong Wu, Fredrik Berthold, Lars Berglund, and Tom Lindström. "Microfibrillated lignocellulose (MFLC) and nanopaper films from unbleached kraft softwood pulp." Cellulose 27, no. 4 (December 28, 2019): 2325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02934-8.

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Abstract Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) is an important industrial nanocellulose product and material component. New MFC grades can widen the materials property range and improve product tailoring. Microfibrillated lignocellulose (MFLC) is investigated, with the hypothesis that there is an optimum in lignin content of unbleached wood pulp fibre with respect to nanofibril yield. A series of kraft fibres with falling Kappa numbers (lower lignin content) was prepared. Fibres were beaten and fibrillated into MFLC by high-pressure microfluidization. Nano-sized fractions of fibrils were separated using centrifugation. Lignin content and carbohydrate analysis, total charge, FE-SEM, TEM microscopy and suspension rheology characterization were carried out. Fibres with Kappa number 65 (11% lignin) combined high lignin content with ease of fibrillation. This confirms an optimum in nanofibril yield as a function of lignin content, and mechanisms are discussed. MFLC from these fibres contained a 40–60 wt% fraction of nano-sized fibrils with widths in the range of 2.5–70 nm. Despite the large size distribution, data for modulus and tensile strength of MFLC films with 11% lignin were as high as 14 GPa and 240 MPa. MFLC films showed improved water contact angle of 84–88°, compared to neat MFC films (< 50°). All MFLC films showed substantial optical transmittance, and the fraction of haze scattering strongly correlated with defect content in the form of coarse fibrils. Graphic abstract

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27

SAITOH, Ken-ichi, Haruhiko OONO, and Syu-ichiro MATSUO. "1006 Atomic-level Simulation Study on Structure and Strength of Cellulose Nanofiber and Nano-fibrils." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2012.25 (2012): 501–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2012.25.501.

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28

Zhang, Wei, Yaan Zhang, Canhui Lu, and Yulin Deng. "Aerogels from crosslinked cellulose nano/micro-fibrils and their fast shape recovery property in water." Journal of Materials Chemistry 22, no. 23 (2012): 11642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm30688c.

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29

LU, YUAN, HALIL LEVENT TEKINALP, CLAUDE CLIFFORD EBERLE, WILLIAM PETER, AMIT KUMAR NASKAR, and SOYDAN OZCAN. "Nanocellulose in polymer composites and biomedical applications." June 2014 13, no. 6 (July 1, 2014): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj13.6.47.

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Nanocellulose materials are nano-sized cellulose fibrils or crystals produced by bacteria or derived from plants. These materials exhibit exceptional strength characteristics, light weight, transparency, and excellent biocompatibility. Compared with some other nanomaterials, nanocellulose is renewable and less expensive to produce, and a wide range of applications for nanocellulose has been envisioned. The areas most extensively studied include polymer composites and biomedical applications. Cellulose nanofibrils and nanocrystals have been used to reinforce both thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. Given the hydrophilic nature of these materials, the interfacial properties with most polymers are often poor; thus, various surface modification procedures have been adopted to improve the interaction between polymer matrix and cellulose nanofibrils or nanocrystals. The applications of nanocellulose as a biomaterial also have been explored, including wound dressing, tissue repair, and medical implants. Nanocellulose materials for wound healing and periodontal tissue recovery have become commercially available, demonstrating the great potential of nanocellulose as a new generation of biomaterials.

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30

KIUCHI, Misaki, Yusuke TAKEDA, and Hidemasa TAKANA. "108 Electrostatic Alignment of Nano Fibrils in Flow for the Fabrication of a Single Cellulose Fiber." Proceedings of Conference of Tohoku Branch 2018.53 (2018): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeth.2018.53.15.

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31

Chen, Yan Mei, Ting Fei Xi, Yu Feng Zheng, Liang Zhou, and Yi Zao Wan. "In Vitro Structural Changes of Nano-Bacterial Cellulose Immersed in Phosphate Buffer Solution." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 10 (May 2011): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.10.55.

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Nano-bacterial cellulose (nBC), secreted by Acetobacter xylinum, is expected to have potential applications in tissue engineering. In this paper, the in-vitro degradation performance and the corresponding mechanism of nBC immersed in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) for different time periods was investigated. The pH value variation of solution, material degradation, and the swelling and structural changes of nBC was analysed successively. The results indicate that water molecules attack the exposed nBC fibrils, weakening the bonding strength of inter- and intra-molecular chains and disconnecting partial C-O-C bonds. The disconnection of C-O-C bonds is considered the primary reason for the degradation of nBC large molecular chains after nBC is immersed in PBS. The present work is instructive for controlling the in-vivo degradation performance of nBC acting as bone tissue engineered scaffold materials.

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32

Sharma, Sudhir, Xiaodan Zhang, Sandeep S. Nair, Arthur Ragauskas, Junyong Zhu, and Yulin Deng. "Thermally enhanced high performance cellulose nano fibril barrier membranes." RSC Adv. 4, no. 85 (2014): 45136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07469f.

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33

Saito, Tsuguyuki, Masayuki Hirota, Naoyuki Tamura, Satoshi Kimura, Hayaka Fukuzumi, Laurent Heux, and Akira Isogai. "Individualization of Nano-Sized Plant Cellulose Fibrils by Direct Surface Carboxylation Using TEMPO Catalyst under Neutral Conditions." Biomacromolecules 10, no. 7 (July 13, 2009): 1992–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm900414t.

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34

Chen, Chao, and Monica Ek. "Antibacterial evaluation of CNF/PVAm multilayer modified cellulose fiber and cellulose model surface." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 33, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2018-3050.

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Abstract Earlier studies have shown that 3-layer-modified cellulose fibers with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as the middle layer between two cationic polyelectrolyte polyvinylamine (PVAm) layers have strong antibacterial efficacy in terms of both bacteria adsorption and bacterial growth inhibition. In the present work, the fossil-based PAA middle layer was replaced by sustainable wood-based cellulose nano-fibrils (CNF), i. e., the fibers were modified by a 3-layer PVAm/CNF/PVAm system. Interestingly, the antibacterial efficacy of this system was greater than that of the previous PVAm/PAA/PVAm system. A higher salt concentration and lower assembly pH in the multilayer build-up resulted in better bacterial reduction. As the surface of a cellulose fiber is heterogeneous, making it difficult to characterize and visualize at high resolution, more homogeneous cellulose model surfaces were prepared by spin coating the dissolved cellulose fiber onto a silica surface to model the fiber surface. With increasing ionic strength, more aggregated and heterogeneous structures can be observed on the PVAm/CNF/PVAm modified model surfaces. The adsorbed bacteria distributed on the structured surfaces were clearly seen under fluorescence microscopy. Adsorbed amounts of bacteria on either aggregate or flat regions were quantified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). More adsorbed bacteria were clearly seen on aggregates than on the flat regions at the surfaces. Degrees of bacteria deformation and cell damage were also seen under SEM. The surface roughness of the modified model surfaces was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and a positive correlation was found between the surface roughness and the bacterial adhesion. Thus, an additional factor that controls adhesion, in addition to the surface charge, which is probably the most dominant factor affecting the bacteria adhesion, is the surface structures, such as roughness.

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Laitinen, Ossi, Terhi Suopajärvi, and Henrikki Liimatainen. "Enhancing packaging board properties using micro- and nanofibers prepared from recycled board." Cellulose 27, no. 12 (May 29, 2020): 7215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03264-w.

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Abstract In this study, cellulose microfibers and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) prepared from recycled boxboard pulp using a mechanical fine friction grinder were used as reinforcements in a board sheet. Micro- and nanofibers manufactured by mechanical grinding have typically broad particle size distribution, and they can contain both micro- and nano-sized fibrils. Deep eutectic solvent of choline chloride and urea was used as a non-hydrolytic pretreatment medium for the CNF, and reference CNF were used without any chemical pretreatment. The CNF were ground using three grinding levels (grinding time) and their dosage in the board varied from 2 to 6 wt%. The results indicate that the board properties could be tailored to obtain a balance between the processability and quality of the products by adjusting the amount of CNF that was added (2–6 wt%). A preliminary cost assessment indicated that the most economical way to enhance the board strength properties was to add around 4% of CNF with a moderate grinding level (i.e., grinding energy of 3–4 kWh/kg). Overall, the strength properties of the manufactured board sheets improved by several dozen percentages when CNF was used as the reinforcement.

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Orasugh, Jonathan Tersur, Nayan Ranjan Saha, Dipak Rana, Gunjan Sarkar, Md Masud Rahaman Mollick, Atiskumar Chattoapadhyay, Bhairab Chandra Mitra, Dibyendu Mondal, Swapan Kumar Ghosh, and Dipankar Chattopadhyay. "Jute cellulose nano-fibrils/hydroxypropylmethylcellulose nanocomposite: A novel material with potential for application in packaging and transdermal drug delivery system." Industrial Crops and Products 112 (February 2018): 633–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.12.069.

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Mo, Yang, Lijun Yang, Tiantian Zou, Wei Hou, and Ruijin Liao. "Preparation of Composite Insulating Paper With Decreased Permittivity, Good Mechanical and Thermal Properties by Kevlar/Nano Cellulose Fibrils/Softwood Pulp Hybrid." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 104258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2930981.

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Swingler, Sam, Abhishek Gupta, Hazel Gibson, Marek Kowalczuk, Wayne Heaselgrave, and Iza Radecka. "Recent Advances and Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Biomedicine." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030412.

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Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an extracellular polymer produced by Komagateibacter xylinus, which has been shown to possess a multitude of properties, which makes it innately useful as a next-generation biopolymer. The structure of BC is comprised of glucose monomer units polymerised by cellulose synthase in β-1-4 glucan chains which form uniaxially orientated BC fibril bundles which measure 3–8 nm in diameter. BC is chemically identical to vegetal cellulose. However, when BC is compared with other natural or synthetic analogues, it shows a much higher performance in biomedical applications, potable treatment, nano-filters and functional applications. The main reason for this superiority is due to the high level of chemical purity, nano-fibrillar matrix and crystallinity. Upon using BC as a carrier or scaffold with other materials, unique and novel characteristics can be observed, which are all relatable to the features of BC. These properties, which include high tensile strength, high water holding capabilities and microfibrillar matrices, coupled with the overall physicochemical assets of bacterial cellulose makes it an ideal candidate for further scientific research into biopolymer development. This review thoroughly explores several areas in which BC is being investigated, ranging from biomedical applications to electronic applications, with a focus on the use as a next-generation wound dressing. The purpose of this review is to consolidate and discuss the most recent advancements in the applications of bacterial cellulose, primarily in biomedicine, but also in biotechnology.

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Thomas, Jeena, Prakash Periakaruppan, Vinoy Thomas, Archana Raj, Titu Thomas, Jasmine Jose, M. S. Latha, Rani Abraham, and Jeyaprabha Balasubramanian. "Plasmon Based Cellulose Nano Fibril–PVA Film for Effective Ultra Violet Radiation Blocking." Journal of Cluster Science 31, no. 5 (November 13, 2019): 1147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10876-019-01722-5.

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40

PHIMNUAN, Preeyawass, Swanya YAKAEW, Atchariya YOSBOONRUANG, Witoo LUANGBUDNAK, Francois GRANDMOTTET, and Jarupa VIYOCH. "Development of Anti-Acne Film from Bio-Cellulose Incorporating Punica granatum Peel Extract." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 16, no. 10 (May 15, 2018): 765–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2019.4702.

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The aim of this study was to formulate bio-cellulose film incorporating Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel extract for application as anti-acne product. The dried pomegranate peels were extracted by water (PPEwater), 50 % (PPE50E), 70 % (PPE70E) or 95 % (PPE95E) (v/v) ethanol. The extracts were total phenolic content (TPC) and free radical scavenging activity. PPE50E had highest TPC (55.95±1.44 gGAE/100g of dried peel extract), highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 18.77±1.73 µg/ml and exerted the activity of bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acne (P. acne). The PPE50E was selected for formulating anti-acne bio-cellulose (BC) film. The BC film prepared from bacteria Acetobacter xylinum. It showed a strong film with the tensile strength in range of 5 - 15 MPa and the elongation at break about 5 %. The simple soaking method was used to combine BC with 5 or 10 mg/ml of PPE50E. By the SEM, the assemble nano-fibrils and the layer structure of the BC combining with the PPE50E (BCP) was found. The BCP had higher tensile strength and lower elongation at break than the BC. The BCP at wet state showed a soft and flexible film. The anti-bacterial efficacy of the BCP against tested bacteria was observed, according to the disc diffusion assay. The P. acne inhibition zones of the BCP at the concentration of 5 and 10 mg/ml were 27.7 and 35.5 mm which closed to the clindamycin (45.5 mm) as positive control. From the remarkable results, the BCP is interestingly natural device for acne treatment.

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Li, Na, Quiyang Xia, Yuan Li, Xiaobang Hou, Meihong Niu, Qingwei Ping, and Huining Xiao. "Immobilizing Laccase on Modified Cellulose/CF Beads to Degrade Chlorinated Biphenyl in Wastewater." Polymers 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10070798.

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Novel modified cellulose/cellulose fibril (CF) beads (MCCBs) loaded with laccase were prepared to degrade polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in wastewater. The proper porous structure in MCCBs was achieved by introducing nano CaCO3 (as a pore forming agent) in cellulose/CF (CCBs) beads during the preparation process. Cellulose/CF composite beads were modified by maleic anhydride to introduce carboxyl groups. Laccase was immobilized on the MCCBs through electrostatic adsorption and covalent bonding. The effects of pH, laccase concentration and contact time on immobilization yields and recovered activity were investigated. The best conditions were pH 4, concentration 16 g/L and contact time 3 h. The immobilized laccase under these conditions showed a good performance in thermal and operational stability. The laccase immobilized on MCCB beads can remove 85% of 20 mg/L 4-hydroxy-3,5-dichlorobiphenyl (HO-DiCB) in wastewater. The results demonstrated that MCCBs, as a new type of green-based support, are very promising in material immobilizing laccase. This technology may be of potential advantage for the removal of polychlorinated biphenyls in wastewater from an environmental point of view.

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Ofem, M. I., E. B. Ene, P. A. Ubi, S. O. Odey, and D. O. Fakorede. "Properties of cellulose reinforced composites: A review." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 2 (July 16, 2020): 386–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i2.9.

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This paper provides a review of cellulose, sources, extraction, molecular structure, cellulose whiskers, preparations, and morphology. The mechanical and thermal properties of cellulose reinforced composites are also discussed. Detail structure of Nano whiskers is also reported. As a renewable biomaterial, the most common source of cellulose is the plant. These plants include fruit fibers (coir), seed fibers (cotton), wood, leaf fibers (sisal), bast fibers (jute, kenaf, and hemp). Other sources of cellulose are from micro-organisms such as fungi, tunicates, bacteria, and algae. Cellulose whiskers are isolated from cellulose fibers by acid hydrolysis. Cellulose micro fibril structures are made of both amorphous and crystalline regions. The amorphous regions are vulnerable to hydrolysis by acids compared to the crystalline domains. Several techniques among which are Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) have been used to study the morphology of cellulose whiskers. An interface between cellulose whisker and matrix is a transition zone between the matrix and the cellulose whiskers. It plays an important role in the overall mechanical properties of the composites. A soft interface domain will yield a greater resistance to fracture, while the composite will be low in stiffness and strength. On the other hand, a stiffer interface domain may cause the composite to be strong and stiff and less resistant to fracture. The addition of CW into polymers matrices has little or no effect on the glass transition temperature, (Tg) except on the modification of CW. Keywords: Cellulose, whiskers, mechanical, thermal, properties, biomaterials

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Checchetto, Riccardo, Daniele Rigotti, Alessandro Pegoretti, and Antonio Miotello. "Chloroform desorption from poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites: a thermal desorption spectroscopy study." Pure and Applied Chemistry 92, no. 3 (March 26, 2020): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-1216.

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AbstractBiopolymer nanocomposites were prepared by solvent casting dispersing lauryl-functionalized cellulose nano-fibrils (CNF) in a poly(lactic acid) matrix (PLA). The release of residual chloroform (CHCl3) solvent molecules was studied by Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS) analysis. TDS spectra of the PLA matrix show a single desorption peak at TP = 393 K with FWHM ~10 K, compatible with a zero-order desorption kinetics. This narrow TDS peak was accurately reproduced assuming that: (i) the rate limiting step is given by the CHCl3 de-trapping from sites in the PLA matrix where residual solvent molecules form small aggregates and (ii) the activation energy for desorption linearly decreases from 1.19 eV for saturated traps to 1.11 eV when the traps occupancy by solvent molecules approaches zero. The balance energy term ϵD = −0.08 eV is due to the attractive interactions between trapped CHCl3 molecules. Adding CNF particles to the PLA matrix the zero-order peak shifts to lower temperatures and a second peak with FWHM ~60 K appears at higher temperatures. This second peak is compatible with a first-order desorption kinetics and is attributed to the release of dispersed CHCl3 molecules from trapping sites in PLA-CNF interface region. The obtained information are of interest for applications in food and electronic packaging and for the development of medical materials.

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Cheropkina, Romaniia, and Anna Denysenko. "Сhemical processing of corn head wrappers on fiber semi-finished products." Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.1.2021.228142.

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Non-woody plant raw materials are of scientific interest in the effective processes of their chemical processing into fibrous semi-finished products and the properties of the finished product. A feature is the study of local species of annual plants that are among the most cultivated. Therefore, scientists are increasingly experimenting with corn waste for the possibility of their use in the manufacture of paper or cardboard, the study of their properties, but the results are not always stable. Our work focuses on the use of corn waste in the form of cob wrappers and obtaining from them fibrous semi-finished products by the soda-soda method. The restraining factor of obtaining cellulose from this raw material is the variability of chemical composition, features of morphological structure, the insufficient study of delignification depending on the cost of active alkali, the influence of impregnation on this process, its duration, and temperature. Wraps in the form of chaff were boiled with a solution at the consumption of active alkali 6 %, 10 %, and 14 % in units. Na2O by mass abs. dry. raw materials for impregnation for 15 min or without impregnation and subsequent cooking at a final temperature in the range of 100 0C - 160 0C for 15 or 30 min. The semi-finished products obtained as a result of cooking were ground, samples were made and their strength indicators were determined. It should be noted that the wrappers contain about twice less lignin, about 7.5-14 %, compared to wood – 23-28 %, which led to the choice of the minimum duration of cooking. However, the semi-finished products obtained from them are difficult to grind. This pattern is partly explained by the location of fibrils in the secondary wall of the middle layer S2 at an angle of 45-500 to the fiber axis, and the direction of fibrils in adjacent layers S1 and S3 of the cell wall is opposite, which inhibits splitting into individual fibrils. It is shown that impregnation has a positive effect on the quality of raw material digestion and physical and mechanical properties. At a temperature of 130 0C for only 15 and 30 minutes of cooking with impregnation and the consumption of active alkali 14 % in units. Na2O achieved high strength of semi-finished products. Increasing the cooking temperature to 160 0C and the maximum consumption of active alkali to 14 % per unit. Na2O leads to a sharp decrease in the yield and strength of semi-finished products. This pattern is logically explained by theoretical provisions on the processes of delignification of raw materials. At the same time, the temperature and the consumption of alkali increase the destruction of the carbohydrate part, primarily its low-molecular fractions, which are responsible for the formation of strong hydrogen bonds between the fibers. The optimal conditions for delignification at a temperature of 160 0C can be considered the consumption of active alkali 10 % per unit. Na2O with impregnation and cooking time of 15 minutes and obtaining high yield cellulose. The proposed raw materials for corn cob wrappers and technological modes of its chemical processing provide the production of fibrous semi-finished products with high strength.

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Lim, B. R., S. N. A. Mazlan, S. Ghazali, S. Abd Rahim, and S. S. Jamari. "Effect of Nano-fibril Cellulose (NFC) Filler towards the Swelling and Diffusion Behavior of Superabsorbent Polymer Composite." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 991 (December 22, 2020): 012114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/991/1/012114.

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KIUCHI, Misaki, Yusuke TAKEDA, and Hidemasa TAKANA. "Control of Cellulose Nano Fibril Alignment by Electric Field in Elongational Flow for High Strength Single Fiber Fabrication." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2018 (2018): S0530106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2018.s0530106.

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Farhadinejad, Z., M. Ehsani, B. Khosravian, and G. Ebrahimi. "Study of thermal properties of wood plastic composite reinforced with cellulose micro fibril and nano inorganic fiber filler." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 70, no. 6 (July 20, 2012): 823–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-012-0630-y.

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48

Lavrič, Gregor, Ana Oberlintner, Inese Filipova, Uroš Novak, Blaž Likozar, and Urška Vrabič-Brodnjak. "Functional Nanocellulose, Alginate and Chitosan Nanocomposites Designed as Active Film Packaging Materials." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 2523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152523.

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The aim of the study was to characterize and compare films made of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), nano-fibrils (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) in combination with chitosan and alginate in terms of applicability for potential food packaging applications. In total, 25 different formulations were made and evaluated, and seven biopolymer films with the best mechanical performance (tensile strength, strain)—alginate, alginate with 5% CNC, chitosan, chitosan with 3% CNC, BNC with and without glycerol, and CNF with glycerol—were selected and investigated regarding morphology (SEM), density, contact angle, surface energy, water absorption, and oxygen and water barrier properties. Studies revealed that polysaccharide-based films with added CNC are the most suitable for packaging purposes, and better dispersing of nanocellulose in chitosan than in alginate was observed. Results showed an increase in hydrophobicity (increase of contact angle and reduced moisture absorption) of chitosan and alginate films with the addition of CNC, and chitosan with 3% CNC had the highest contact angle, 108 ± 2, and 15% lower moisture absorption compared to pure chitosan. Overall, the ability of nanocellulose additives to preserve the structure and function of chitosan and alginate materials in a humid environment was convincingly demonstrated. Barrier properties were improved by combining the biopolymers, and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) was reduced by 15–45% and oxygen permeability (OTR) up to 45% by adding nanocellulose compared to single biopolymer formulations. It was concluded that with a good oxygen barrier, a water barrier that is comparable to PLA, and good mechanical properties, biopolymer films would be a good alternative to conventional plastic packaging used for ready-to-eat foods with short storage time.

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Sauerbier, Philipp, James Anderson, and Douglas Gardner. "Surface Preparation and Treatment for Large-Scale 3D-Printed Composite Tooling Coating Adhesion." Coatings 8, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8120457.

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Recent advances in large-scale thermoplastic additive manufacturing (AM), using fused deposition modelling (FDM), have shown that the technology can effectively produce large aerospace tools with common feed stocks, costing 2.3 $/kg, such as a 20% carbon-filled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Large-scale additive manufacturing machines have build-volumes in the range of cubic meters and use commercially available pellet feedstock thermoplastics, which are significantly cheaper (5–10 $/kg) than the filament feedstocks for desktop 3D printers (20–50 $/kg). Additionally, large-scale AM machines have a higher material throughput on the order of 50 kg/h. This enables the cost-efficient tool production for several industries. Large-scale 3D-printed tooling will be computerized numerical control (CNC)-machined and -coated, to provide a surface suitable for demolding the composite parts. This paper outlines research undertaken to review and improve the adhesion of the coating systems to large, low-cost AM composite tooling, for marine or infrastructure composite applications. Lower cost tooling systems typically have a lower dimensional accuracy and thermal operating requirements than might be required for aerospace tooling. As such, they can use lower cost commodity grade thermoplastics. The polymer systems explored in the study included polypropylene (PP), styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA), and polylactic acid (PLA). Bio-based filler materials were used to reduce cost and increase the strength and stiffness of the material. Fillers used in the study included wood flour, at 30% by weight and spray-dried cellulose nano-fibrils, at 20% by weight. Applicable adhesion of the coating was achieved with PP, after surface treatment, and untreated SMA and PLA showed desirable coating adhesion results. PLA wood-filled composites offered the best properties for the desired application and, furthermore, they have environment-friendly advantages.

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Zimmermann, T., E. Pöhler, and T. Geiger. "Cellulose Fibrils for Polymer Reinforcement." Advanced Engineering Materials 6, no. 9 (September 2004): 754–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.200400097.

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