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Journal articles on the topic 'Nano-spheres'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 9 July 2025

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1

Kang, Li Bin, Shi Chao Zhang, and Ruo Xu Lin. "Preparation of Tin Nano-Spheres Film Anode Based on Copper-Nickel Nano-Pillars for Lithium Ion Batteries." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 1467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.1467.

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Tin nano-spheres film was synthesized by electrodeposition based on the copper-nickel nano-pillars which were prepared by electrochemical method on the copper foil in an aqueous solution containing Cu (II) and Ni (II) at room temperature. The morphology, structure and composition of the as-prepared copper-nickel nano-pillars and tin nano-spheres were characterized by SEM, XRD, and EDS. The tin nano-spheres film anode features the large surface area, good electronic conductivity, and adhesion with the current collector, leading to the enhanced performance in lithium-ion batteries.

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2

Chong Zhang, Chong Zhang, Jiaqi Ma Jiaqi Ma, Dongdong Zhu Dongdong Zhu, et al. "Tadpole-shaped Au nano-particles fabricated by laser fragmentation of Au nano-spheres in liquid." Chinese Optics Letters 14, no. 8 (2016): 081403–81406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201614.081403.

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3

Bhat, V., Supriya S, and G. Hegde. "Superior Supercapacitors based on Biowaste Materials." Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research 1, no. 1 (2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jesr.v1i1.6.

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Carbon nano spheres derived from Allium cepa were synthesized at differenttemperatures in a one-step pyrolysis process for supercapacitor electrodes. Obtainedcarbon nano spheres were analyzed using SEM, FTIR, BET and XRD. The nanomaterials were fabricated into conducting electrodes for cyclic voltammetry, constantcurrent charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies. All thestudies were done in 3.0 M KOH electrolyte. Specific capacitance from chargedischarge experiments were found to be 132.03 F/g and 149.49 F/g for nano materialssynthesized at 500ºC and 600ºC respectively. Obtained values suggest a way forward inproducing a green electrode for commercial applications.Keywords: Carbon nano spheres, supercapacitor electrodes, bio material

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4

Li, Jia Shen, and Arthur F. T. Mak. "Hydroxyapatite Nano-Particles Coating on the Pore Surface Within Poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) Scaffold." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 1237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.1237.

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This paper describes a novel method for coating hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) nano-particles onto poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold. Paraffin micro-spheres were used as porogens to create porous scaffolds and as vehicles to transfer HA into PLGA scaffold. HA nano-particles / 50% ethanol suspension was mixed with paraffin micro-spheres. The paraffin micro-spheres / HA suspension were pressed together to form a paraffin scaffold. After it was dried, the HA was coated on the surface of the paraffin spheres. Then, PLGA solution was cast into the inter space among the paraffin micro-spheres and then the solvent was evaporated. Afterwards, the paraffin micro-spheres were dissolved and removed. PLGA scaffolds with controlled pore size, good interconnectivity and high porosity were obtained. The HA nano-particles were transferred from the paraffin surface to the surface of the pore wall throughout the PLGA scaffold.

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5

Cheng, Ji Hang, Shuang Xu, and Chang Hong Ding. "Uniform Nano/Micron-Sized ZnO Spheres with Controllable Diameter." Advanced Materials Research 496 (March 2012): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.496.268.

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Novel uniform nano/micron-sized ZnO spheres assembled from the aggregation of nano-particles have been synthesized by hydrothermal method. It was observed that ZnO spheres with controllable diameter were obtained when various volume ratios of triethanolamine (TEA) to H2O were used. Increasing the volume ratio of TEA to H2O could result in the formation of loosely packed ZnO spheres. The UV-visible absorption spectra show that the absorption peak red-shifts with the increasing average diameter of the spheres.

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6

Shan, Aixian, Xue Wu, Jing Lu, Chinping Chen, and Rongming Wang. "Phase formations and magnetic properties of single crystal nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) with different morphologies." CrystEngComm 17, no. 7 (2015): 1603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ce02139h.

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Nickel ferrite nanomaterials with different morphologies, including nano-spheres, nano-rods and nano-octahedrons have been synthesized by a single mild hydrothermal method at 160 °C without any surfactant.

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7

Li, Zhi Fei, Jun Jie Li, Dan Qun Huo, et al. "Study on the Preparation of Streptomycin Imprinted Polymers on the Surface of Silica Micro and Nano Spheres." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 920–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.920.

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The integration of molecular imprinting technique and solid-phase extraction (SPE) implements an effective alternative for sample pre-concentration in the determination and analysis of veterinary drug/pesticide residues. Herein, we reports a preliminary study on the preparation of streptomycin imprinted polymers on the surface of silica micro-spheres (with an average size of 50μm) and nano-spheres (with an average size of 500nm) via sol gel method. A mixed solution of tetrahydrofuran, ethanol and water (volume ratio is 7:1:1) was choose as dispersion agent, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and phenyltriethoxysilane as functional monomers, and tetraethyl orthosilicate as cross-linker, while ammonia solution served as catalyst in the polymerization process. Scanning electron microscopic characterization was employed, suggesting that activating time exerts important influences on the morphology of activated silica micro-spheres, and also resultant molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs). The absorption capacity and selectivity of the obtained two MIPs were also evaluated for streptomycin and its analogue compounds in water samples. The results illustrate that the streptomycin-imprinted silica micro-spheres (MMIP) exhibited both larger absorption capacity and higher selectivity than those of silica nano-spheres (NMIP). The variant analytical performance might result from inadequate polymerization on the surface of silica nano-spheres.

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8

Dhinakaran, Manivannan Kalavathi, Kamalakannan Soundarajan, and Thangamuthu Mohan Das. "Self-assembly of novel benzimidazole N-glycosylamines into nanofibers and nanospheres." New J. Chem. 38, no. 7 (2014): 2874–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nj00038b.

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9

Sarkar, Debasish, Arup Ghosh, Rupali Rakshit, and Kalyan Mandal. "Magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nano-hollow spheres." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 393 (November 2015): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.05.061.

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10

Nishimura, Naoto, Satoshi Ota, and Chikara Egami. "Jitter-Free Nano-Spheres Data Storage System." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 505, no. 1 (2009): 44/[282]—50/[288]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421400902941658.

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11

Yu, Kejing, Zhongjie Du, Hangquan Li, and Chen Zhang. "Facile approach to prepare PIPD nano-spheres." Journal of Nanoparticle Research 12, no. 1 (2009): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-009-9616-z.

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12

Xiao, Yao, Ronghua Ma, Changjian Wang, Xinkai Chen, Xvsheng Qiao, and Xianping Fan. "High performance hierarchical nanoporous antireflective films by a facile sol–gel process." RSC Advances 6, no. 115 (2016): 113911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra20524k.

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13

Ali, Saif M., and Logean Qadri Al-Karam. "Nano Gold Spheres and Rods: Synthesis and Characterization." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2114, no. 1 (2021): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2114/1/012032.

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Abstract The present study aims to synthesised nano gold with chemical method with two shape sphere and rod with multi diameter and aspect ratio and then characterize the synthesised material with Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Ultraviolet-visible (UV–Visible ) spectrophotometer. The AFM and TEM characterization result of three samples for each sphere and rods show that the synthesised material are in nano range with diameter 31.9 nm, 36.19 nm and 79.37 nm respectively for nano sphere and diameters 39.9nm, 36.05 nm and 28 nm respectively for nano-rods samples and the UV-Visible spectrophotometer show that peak of surface plasmon resonance of nano-sphere are at wavelengths 532 nm, 535 nm and 546 nm and all are in the visible range and nano-rod have two peaks one in the visible range at wavelengths 525nm,518nm and 531nm and the other peak is in the near infrared range at wavelengths 633nm, 680nm and 875 nm respectively.

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14

Mirda, Erisna, Rinaldi Idroes, Khairan Khairan, et al. "Synthesis of Chitosan-Silver Nanoparticle Composite Spheres and Their Antimicrobial Activities." Polymers 13, no. 22 (2021): 3990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13223990.

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Synthesis of silver nanoparticles–chitosan composite particles sphere (AgNPs-chi-spheres) has been completed and its characterization was fulfilled by UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and zetasizer nano. UV–vis spectroscopy characterization showed that AgNPs-chi-spheres gave optimum absorption at a wavelength of 410 nm. The XRD spectra showed that the structure of AgNPs-chi-spheres were crystalline and spherical. Characterization by SEM showed that AgNPs-chi-spheres, with the addition of 20% of NaOH, resulted in the lowest average particle sizes of 46.91 nm. EDX analysis also showed that AgNPs-chi-spheres, with the addition of a 20% NaOH concentration, produced particles with regular spheres, a smooth and relatively nonporous structure. The analysis using zetasizer nano showed that the zeta potential value and the polydispersity index value of the AgNPs-chi-sphere tended to increase with an increased NaOH concentration. The results of the microbial activity screening showed that the AgNP-chi-Spheres with highest concentration of NaOH, produced the highest inhibition zone diameters against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans, with inhibition zone diameters of 19.5, 18.56, and 12.25 nm, respectively.

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15

Deng, Qinglin, Mengjiao Li, Junyong Wang, et al. "Boosted adsorption–photocatalytic activities and potential lithium intercalation applications of layered potassium hexaniobate nano-family." RSC Advances 7, no. 45 (2017): 28105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra03499g.

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16

Chen, Ming, DaMeng Wang, and XiangDong Liu. "Direct synthesis of size-tailored bimetallic Ag/Au nano-spheres and nano-chains with controllable compositions by laser ablation of silver plate in HAuCl4 solution." RSC Advances 6, no. 12 (2016): 9549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra24578h.

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Bimetallic Ag/Au nano-spheres and nano-chains with controllable structures fabricated by laser ablation of Ag in HAuCl<sub>4</sub> solution without any potential toxic surfactants or adding extra reductants.

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17

Adhikari, Amrita De, Ramesh Oraon, Santosh Kumar Tiwari, et al. "Zn-doped SnO2 nano-urchin-enriched 3D carbonaceous framework for supercapacitor application." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 2 (2018): 955–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj03792a.

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18

Mwakikunga, B. W., E. Sideras-Haddad, C. Arendse, M. J. Witcomb, and A. Forbes. "WO3 Nano-Spheres into W18O49 One-Dimensional Nano-Structures Through Thermal Annealing." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 9, no. 5 (2009): 3286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2009.vc12.

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19

Zhong, Hao, JiaYe Tang, LuYuan Hao, Xin Xu, and Simeon Agathopoulos. "Enhancement of emission intensity of Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+red-emitting phosphor by localized surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles with different morphologies." RSC Advances 6, no. 57 (2016): 52034–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra05207j.

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20

Klein, Rob J., P. Maarten Biesheuvel, Ben C. Yu, Carl D. Meinhart, and Fred F. Lange. "Producing Super-Hydrophobic Surfaces with Nano-Silica Spheres." Zeitschrift für Metallkunde 94, no. 4 (2003): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.030377.

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21

Klein, Rob J., P. Maarten Biesheuvel, Ben C. Yu, Carl D. Meinhart, and Fred F. Lange. "Producing super-hydrophobic surfaces with nano-silica spheres." International Journal of Materials Research 94, no. 4 (2003): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2003-0068.

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Abstract Polycrystalline alumina substrates were dip-coated in dilute suspensions formed with dispersed, nano-silica particles. The fractional surface coverage of the alumina substrate was varied between ≈ 0.05 to ≈ 0.4 by changing concentration of particles in the silica slurry. After a heat treatment to partially sinter the particles to the surface, the surface was made hydrophobic by a reaction with a solution containing fluorosilane molecules. Wetting measurements showed that the contact angle between the surface and water droplets increased with decreasing area coverage of nano-silica spheres, consistent with a previous theory, modified here to include the pressure of the water droplet. The modification of the theory predicts that the super-hydrophobic effect disappears when the particles become too widely spaced, causing the pressure of the water droplet to spontaneously wet the substrate.

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22

Ming Kuo, Shyh, Shwu Jen Chang, Cheng-Wen Lan, Yueh-Sheng Chen, Guo-Chung Dong, and Chun-Hsu Yao. "Effects of Collagen Nano-Spheres on Cell Cultures." Current Nanoscience 7, no. 6 (2011): 938–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157341311798220574.

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23

Garcia-Ybarra, P. L., and J. L. Castillo. "Transport properties of linear aggregates of nano-spheres." Journal of Aerosol Science 30 (September 1999): S449—S450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(99)80236-5.

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24

Takahashi, Tomoki, Nami Itobayashi, Atsushi Shono, and Katsuto Otake. "Chitosan nano-spheres production by electrostatic emulsification technique." Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 7 (October 24, 2011): S54—S61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.637.

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25

Kang, Z. C., and Z. L. Wang. "Pentagonal and heptagonal carbon-rings in growth of nanosize graphitic carbon spheres." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 664–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100165781.

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Fullerene C60 and nano-tubes are a group of unique structures of carbon. These structures are producei using a carbon electrode arc-discharge technique, but it has not been successful in producing carbon spheres Recently, a new mixed-valent oxide-catalytic carbonization (MVOCC) process has been invented that can b used to synthesize monodispersed nano-size graphitic carbon spheres at low cost and with large quantities [3] The carbon spheres were produced at 1100° C by decomposition of natural gas (methane) under the catalytic assistance of transitional/rare earth metal oxides with mixed valences. The product is pure and separated fron the catalyst, thus, no purification is needed. The MVOCC process does not produce any environmenta hazardous chemicals, and the catalyst is reusable. The carbon spheres are expected to have extraordinary mechanical, physical and chemical properties and potential applications in the areas such as high-strengfi composite materials, environmental filtering, catalysis, lubrication and surface coating.

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26

Xiao, Fan, Wei Li, Fei Gao, and Zhi Xian Zhang. "Bioactivity of L-b-L Self-Assembly TiO₂ Hollow Spheres by UV Irradiation Enhanced." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 1495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.1495.

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Using nano-TiO2 particles obtained by hydrolysis of titanium oxysulfate (TiOSO4) as the precursor, and polystyrene (PS) spheres as the template, TiO2 hollow spheres were successfully deposited on CPTi substrates through layer-by-layer self-assembly technology. After ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation, the TiO2 coatings were soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) to explore their bioactivities. The effects of UV irradiation time and UV irradiation media on the bioactivities of nano TiO2 coatings were investigated. The results show that bone-like apatite can be formed on the surface of nano TiO2 coating irradiated by UV, and this reveals that the irradiated coating has good bioactivity. The amount of apatite formed on the surface of the coating increases with the increase of UV irradiation time. UV-irradiated media also influence the bioactivity of the coating. The bioactivities of nano TiO2 coatings irradiated in air and SBF are better than that in water.

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27

Zhang, Ning, Xing Yu Cui, Xiao Jun Zhao, Yong Hui Zhou, and Hong Min Kan. "Preparation of Nanometer Carbon Spheres by Hydrothermal Synthesis Method." Key Engineering Materials 512-515 (June 2012): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.257.

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The present work used hydrothermal synthesis method utilizing glucose as carbon source to obtain homogeneous nano-sized carbon spheres. The holding time and the concentration of glucose have a remarkable effect on the microstructure of nanometer carbon spheres. When synthesized at a constant temperature and kept the same in the productivity, the lower concentration of glucose or the shorter holding time, the easier to acquired homogeneous and tiny nanometer carbon spheres

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28

Rakshit, Rupali, Esma Khatun, Monalisa Pal, et al. "Influence of functional group of dye on the adsorption behaviour of CoFe2O4 nano-hollow spheres." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 17 (2017): 9095–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj00941k.

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29

Li, Ya Li, Jun Jiang, Gao Jie Xu, Feng Hua Liu, Yong Li, and Ping Cui. "Preparation of Bi₂Te₃ Nano-Powders via an Aqueous Chemical Method." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 541–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.541.

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Using NaBH4 as reductant, Bi2Te3 nano-powders with different morphology such as nano-rod and nano-sphere were synthesized from BiCl3 and Te through an aqueous chemical method at temperatures below 100°C. The nano-rods were 100~200nm in diameter and 10~12μm in length, the diameter of the nano-spheres is between 100 and 500nm. The phase purity of the powders was analyzed by XRD, micro morphology and chemical compositions were characterized by SEM and EPMA. The reaction mechanism was discussed.

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30

Kara, S. A., A. Keffous, A. M. Giovannozzi, et al. "Fabrication of flexible silicon nanowires by self-assembled metal assisted chemical etching for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy." RSC Advances 6, no. 96 (2016): 93649–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra20323j.

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31

Tang, Qianqian, Yu Sun, Jinnuo Li, Mingsong Zhou, Dongjie Yang, and Yuxia Pang. "Preparations of 25 wt% of Pyraclostrobin Nanosuspension Concentrate (SC) Using Lignosulfonate-Based Colloidal Spheres to Improve Its Thermal Storage Stability." Molecules 29, no. 7 (2024): 1419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071419.

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Improving the thermal storage stability of nanosuspension concentrate (SC) prepared from low-melting-point pesticide is a recognized problem. In this work, using pyraclostrobin as the raw material, 25 wt% of pyraclostrobin nano-SC was prepared through a water-based grinding method, and the optimal grinding conditions were obtained as follows: a grinding time of 23 h, D-3911 as dispersant and a dispersant dosage of 12 wt%. The pyraclostrobin nano-SC D90 size prepared based on this best formula was 216 nm. Adding glycerin could improve the stability of nano-SC at room temperature, but its thermal storage stability was still poor. For this problem, sodium lignosulfonate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (NaLS/CTAB) colloidal spheres were prepared through electrostatic and hydrophobic self-assembly and characterized. The delamination and precipitation of nano-SC can be significantly improved by adding an appropriate amount of colloidal spheres, and the nano-SC D90 size decreased from 2726 to 1023 nm after 7 days of thermal storage. Farmland experiments indicated the control efficiency of pyraclostrobin nano-SC against flowering cabbage downy mildew disease was about 30% higher than that of SC. Especially after adding the wetting agent, the effect of nano-SC could be comparable to that of commercial Kairun (currently the best pyraclostrobin formulation in the world).

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Si, Yinsong, Min Chen, and Limin Wu. "Syntheses and biomedical applications of hollow micro-/nano-spheres with large-through-holes." Chemical Society Reviews 45, no. 3 (2016): 690–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cs00695c.

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33

Gao, Feng, Zhijian Peng, and Xiuli Fu. "One-Step Synthesis and Characterization of Silica Nano-/Submicron Spheres by Catalyst-Assisted Pyrolysis of a Preceramic Polymer." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/843570.

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Silica nanospheres have attracted tremendous interest due to their importance in extensive applications. However, the direct large-scale fabrication of silica nanospheres with controlled morphology and high purity remains a significant challenge. In this work, silica nano-/submicron spheres were successfully synthesized by a simple method through pyrolysis of an amorphous polysilazane preceramic powder with catalyst FeCl2. The synthesized spheres possess well-designed shape with diameter of 600–800 nm and high purity. The surfaces of the spheres are smooth and clean without any flaws. Besides, the spheres are identified as amorphous silica, and their growth mechanism was also proposed.

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34

Yuan, Zhi Qing, Bao Feng Song, Qi Long Liu, et al. "A Novel Preparation of Porous Superhydrophobic Polystyrene/Poly (vinyl chloride) Composites Film." Applied Mechanics and Materials 200 (October 2012): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.200.343.

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Inspired by the “lotus effect”, a porous superhydrophobic PS/PVC composites film comprised of many micro-spheres and nanofibers was obtained by a simple approach. These micro-spheres were interlinked with nano-fibers. The sizes of the micro-spheres were 0.6-3 µm, and the diameters of these nano-fibers were between 100-600 nm. The water contact angle and sliding angle on the superhydrophobic film were 155±1.8ºand 3º, respectively. When water flowed through the PS/PVC composites film for 2 h, no water bead was adhered on the superhydrophobic PS/PVC composites film, and the contact angle value was remained about 155°. Moreover, the contact angle were still higher than 150° when contacting with water with the temperatures ranging from 10°C to 60°C. The surface morphology of the PS/PVC composites film can be adjusted by changing the addition of PVC.

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35

Yang, Yongqi, Jinwen Zheng, Shoukuo Man, Xiaolan Sun, and Zesheng An. "Synthesis of poly(ionic liquid)-based nano-objects with morphological transitionsviaRAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly in ethanol." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 7 (2018): 824–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py00040a.

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36

Morad, Moataz, Mohamed S. Fahmi, Abdu Subaihi, Mohammed T. Alotaibi, Ahmed Shahat, and Mohamed E. A. Ali. "Photothermal effectiveness of microporous carbon nanospheres incorporated with polysulfone in direct contact membrane distillation." RSC Advances 14, no. 42 (2024): 30912–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d4ra05629a.

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37

Zhang, Qian, Minying Wu, Yuanyuan Fang, et al. "Dendritic Mesoporous Silica Hollow Spheres for Nano-Bioreactor Application." Nanomaterials 12, no. 11 (2022): 1940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12111940.

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Mesoporous silica materials have attracted great research interest for various applications ranging from (bio)catalysis and sensing to drug delivery. It remains challenging to prepare hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSN) with large center-radial mesopores that could provide a more efficient transport channel through the cell for guest molecules. Here, we propose a novel strategy for the preparation of HMSN with large dendritic mesopores to achieve higher enzyme loading capacity and more efficient bioreactors. The materials were prepared by combining barium sulfate nanoparticles (BaSO4 NP) as a hard template and the in situ-formed 3-aminophenol/formaldehyde resin as a porogen for directing the dendritic mesopores’ formation. HMSNs with different particle sizes, shell thicknesses, and pore structures have been prepared by choosing BaSO4 NP of various sizes and adjusting the amount of tetraethyl orthosilicate added in synthesis. The obtained HMSN-1.1 possesses a high pore volume (1.07 cm3 g−1), a large average pore size (10.9 nm), and dendritic mesopores that penetrated through the shell. The advantages of HMSNs are also demonstrated for enzyme (catalase) immobilization and subsequent use of catalase-loaded HMSNs as bioreactors for catalyzing the H2O2 degradation reaction. The hollow and dendritic mesoporous shell features of HMSNs provide abundant tunnels for molecular transport and more accessible surfaces for molecular adsorption, showing great promise in developing efficient nanoreactors and drug delivery vehicles.

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38

Yun, Dong-Shin, Hyeong-Seok Lee, Ho-Gyeom Jang, and Jung-Whan Yoo. "Controlling Size and Distribution for Nano-sized Polystyrene Spheres." Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 31, no. 5 (2010): 1345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.5.1345.

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39

Kurihara, Seiji. "Preparation of Photoreactive Nano-spheres and their Patterning Properties." Hosokawa Powder Technology Foundation ANNUAL REPORT 13 (2005): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14356/hptf.03119.

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40

Fujiwara, Masahiro, Kumi Shiokawa, Ikuko Sakakura, and Yoshiko Nakahara. "Silica Hollow Spheres with Nano-Macroholes Like Diatomaceous Earth." Nano Letters 6, no. 12 (2006): 2925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl062298i.

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41

Fathizadeh, A., Maziar Heidari, B. Eslami-Mossallam, and M. R. Ejtehadi. "Confinement dynamics of a semiflexible chain inside nano-spheres." Journal of Chemical Physics 139, no. 4 (2013): 044912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4816626.

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42

Shani, L., V. B. Kumar, A. Gedanken, et al. "Type-I superconductivity in carbon-coated Sn nano-spheres." Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications 546 (March 2018): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2017.12.003.

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Mokude, Daiki, Akinori Takasu, and Masahiro Higuchi. "Electrophoretic non-ionic nano-spheres (latexes) for structural coloring." Polymer 117 (May 2017): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.04.019.

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Barea, L. A. M., A. A. G. von Zuben, A. Z. Márquez, and N. C. Frateschi. "GaN nano- and micro-spheres fabricated selectively on silicon." Journal of Crystal Growth 308, no. 1 (2007): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.07.052.

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Liu, Zhen-Xue, Jung-Nam Park, S. H. R. Abdi, Seung-Kyu Park, Yong-Ki Park, and Chul Wee Lee. "Nano-sized carbon hollow spheres for abatement of ethylene." Topics in Catalysis 39, no. 3-4 (2006): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-006-0060-3.

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Kaboli, Milad, and Majid Akhlaghi. "Investigating the optical AND gate using plasmonic nano-spheres." Journal of Computational Electronics 15, no. 1 (2015): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-015-0747-4.

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Ito, Atsuo, Takamitsu Itoh, Hironori Tanaka, and Chikara Egami. "Three-Dimentional Optical Storage Medium Using Arranged Nano-spheres." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 47, no. 8 (2008): 6797–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.47.6797.

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Rahmanian Koushkaki, Hassan, and Majid Akhlaghi. "Investigating the optical nand gate using plasmonic nano-spheres." Optical and Quantum Electronics 47, no. 11 (2015): 3637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11082-015-0236-9.

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Yang, Zhijie, Dongqing Han, Donglin Ma, Hui Liang, Ling Liu, and Yanzhao Yang. "Fabrication of Monodisperse CeO2Hollow Spheres Assembled by Nano-octahedra." Crystal Growth & Design 10, no. 1 (2010): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg900898r.

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Lebedev, V., D. Iankov, N. Heidrich, et al. "Nano-diamond based spheres for radio frequency electromechanical resonators." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 24, no. 4 (2014): 045015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/24/4/045015.

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