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Journal articles on the topic 'Nanofiltration ; Heavy metals ; Adsorption'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Al-Rashdi, Badriya, Chris Somerfield, and Nidal Hilal. "Heavy Metals Removal Using Adsorption and Nanofiltration Techniques." Separation & Purification Reviews 40, no. 3 (August 16, 2011): 209–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2011.558165.

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2

Morni, Azwan. "Application of Zeolite Nanofiltration for Removal of Heavy Metals from Urban Wastewater." Civil Engineering Beyond Limits 1, no. 4 (June 5, 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/cebel.2020.004.002.

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In this study, the adsorption and the filtration processes were coupled by a zeolite nanoparticle impregnated polysulfone (PSf) membrane which was used to remove the lead and the nickel cations from synthetically prepared solutions. The results obtained from X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis indicated that the synthesized zeolite nanoparticles, using the conventional hydrothermal method, produced a pure NaX with ultrafine and uniform particles. The performance of the hybrid membrane was determined under dynamic conditions. The results also revealed that the sorption capacity, as well as the water hydraulic permeability of the membranes, could both be improved by simply tuning the membrane fabricating conditions such as evaporation period of the casting film and NaX loading. The maximum sorption capacity of the hybrid membrane for the lead and nickel ions was measured as 682 and 122 mg/g respectively at the end of 60 min of filtration, under 1 bar of transmembrane pressure. The coupling process suggested that membrane architecture could be efficiently used for treating metal solutions with low concentrations and transmembrane pressures.

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3

Oyewole, Oluwafemi Adebayo, Binta Buba Adamu, Emmanuel Olalekan Oladoja, Adeoluwa Nancy Balogun, Banke Mary Okunlola, and Esther Eguye Odiniya. "A review on heavy metals biosorption in the environment." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 10 (2018): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051003.

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Heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations. Examples of heavy metals include mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), thallium (Tl) and lead (Pb). Little amounts of some heavy metals are needed by living organisms, however excessive levels of these metals can be harmful to the organisms due to their level of toxicity and accumulation behaviour. Different methods such as electrodeposition, electrocoagulation and nanofiltration system have been used to decontaminate the environment from adverse effect of these pollutants yet most of the methods used are ineffective. Biosorption is the removal of organic and inorganic substances from solution by biological material. Cheap biosorbents for the removal of metals are bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. There are many mechanisms involved in biosorption some of which are not fully understood, examples are precipitation, ion exchange, complexation and adsorption. The efficiency of biosorption depends on many factors such as, temperature, characteristics of the biomass, pH, surface area to volume ratio, metal affinity to the biosorbent, concentration and characteristics of the biomass. Compared to other methods biosorption is operated over a wide range of physiochemical conditions and it uses naturally rich renewable biomaterials that can be cheaply produced. However, the potential for biological process improvement (for example through genetic engineering of cells) is restricted because cells are not metabolizing. Biosorption is in its developmental stages and further improvement in both performance and costs can be expected in future.

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4

Alquzweeni, Saif S., and Rasha S. Alkizwini. "Removal of Cadmium from Contaminated Water Using Coated Chicken Bones with Double-Layer Hydroxide (Mg/Fe-LDH)." Water 12, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 2303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082303.

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Occurrence of heavy metals in freshwater sources is a grave concern due to their severe impacts on public health and aquatic life. Cadmium (Cd2+) is one of the most dangerous heavy metals, and can cause serious diseases even at low concentrations. Hence, a wide range of treatment technologies exist, such as nanofiltration and biological reactors. In this context, the present investigation aims at the development of a new adsorption medium, made from chicken bones coated with iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg) hydroxides, to remove cadmium from water. This novel chicken bone functional substance was manufactured by applying layered double hydroxides (LDH) into the chicken bones. Initially, the new adsorption medium was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR technology), then it was applied to remove cadmium from water under different conditions, including pH of water (3–7.5), agitation speed (50–200 rpm), adsorbent dose (1–20 g per 100 mL), and contact time (30–120 min). Additionally, the reaction kinetics were studied using a pseudo-first order kinetic model. The results obtained from the present study proved that the new adsorption medium removed 97% of cadmium after 120 min at an agitation speed of 150 rpm, pH of 5, and adsorption dose of 10 g per 100 mL. The results also showed that the new adsorption medium contains a significant number of functional groups, including hydroxyl groups. According to the outcomes of the kinetic study, the mechanism of removing metal is attributed to surface precipitation, ion exchange, complexation, hydrogen binding between pollutants, and the LDH-chicken bone substance.

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5

Yogesh, Chendake, Mahajan-Tatpate Pallavi, and Dhume Supriya. "Removal of Heavy Metals from Water: Technological Advances and Today's Lookout Through Membrane Applications." International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (March 7, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/2410-1869.2021.08.01.01.

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Water contamination by heavy metal is a great environmental concern. It leads to many health issues ranging from diarrhoea, vomiting to life-threatening diseases like cancer, lung/kidney damage. This also affects soil biota/plant growth. Metal-ions have a tendency of bio-accumulation, hence pose a major issue upon entry in the food-cycle. Their removal from water is necessary before use for human/agricultural applications. Different methods reported for metal-ion separation are conventional methods viz. chemical-precipitation, ion-exchange, adsorption, coagulation, flocculation, flotation, electrochemical possess good separation efficiency, but the generation of a secondary pollutant, recovery issues restrict their applicability. Hence, there is a need of reliable techno-economical, environment-friendly, sustainable separation, recovery method. Membrane-based methods viz. reverse-osmosis, nano filtration, electrodialysis, ultrafiltration has ability to treat water for heavy metal recovery without chemical contamination. Recovered materials can be recycled/utilized further. Among different membrane-based processes, micellar/polymer enhanced ultrafiltration requires chemical addition and affects purity. Electrodialysis, reverse-osmosis, nanofiltration processes require large energy/operational issues. Hence, simple ultra filtration with membrane modification is preferable as low-energy requirements. This paper discusses details of conventional/advanced methods for heavy metal separation with the fundamental process, parameters, advantages/limitations.

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6

Kassim Shaari, Norin Zamiah, and Ahmed Qutb Akmal Sajali. "Manganese in the source of groundwater in Malaysia and the method for the removal process: A review on the adsorption and membrane separation processes." Malaysian Journal of Chemical Engineering and Technology (MJCET) 4, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/mjcet.v4i1.12811.

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In Malaysia, the quality of groundwater as one of the main sources drinking water is deteriorated due to the presence of a high level of manganese, which exceeds the allowable values for drinking water consumption. Manganese at concentration higher than 0.1 mg/L causes staining, high turbidity and bad taste problem in drinking water, and eventually can cause a depletion of brain dopamine and a syndrome of motor dysfunction and memory loss resembling Parkinson disease. Several methods have been used to eliminate manganese from the groundwater, which include precipitation, coagulation, ion exchange, oxidation and filtration, aeration, activated carbon adsorption, ionic liquid extraction and biosorption. Among those methods, adsorption is the most efficient and cheaper method to remove heavy metal as the operation is easily be controlled and the reversible adsorbents can be regenerated through a suitable process. Membrane filtration on the other hand particularly reverse osmosis and nanofiltration have been found to be a very effective and economical way to isolate components that are suspended or dissolved in a liquid. In addition to that, the combination of adsorption and membrane filtration process such as polymer enhanced ultrafiltration and adsorptive membrane respectively are currently attracted attentions. This paper provides a review on the adsorption process and membrane filtration process for manganese removal, with subsequently outlining the potential adsorbents to be incorporated in the fabrication of adsorptive membrane.

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7

Arora, Rajeev. "Adsorption of Heavy Metals–A Review." Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019): 4745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.462.

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8

Arouche, Tiago da Silva, Rosely Maria dos Santos Cavaleiro, Phelipe Seiichi Martins Tanoue, Tais Sousa de Sa Pereira, Tarciso Andrade Filho, and Antonio Maia de Jesus Chaves Neto. "Heavy Metals Nanofiltration Using Nanotube and Electric Field by Molecular Dynamics." Journal of Nanomaterials 2020 (May 11, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4063201.

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Heavy metal contamination in the world is increasing the impact on the environment and human life. Currently, carbon nanotubes and boron are some possible ideals for the nanofiltration of heavy metals due to the property of ion selectivity, optimized by the applications of the surface and the application of an external electric field. In this work, molecular dynamic was used to transport water with heavy metals under the force exerted by the electric field action inside nanotubes. This external electric field generates a propelling electrical force to expel only water molecules and retain ions. These metal ions were retained to pass through only water molecules, under constant temperature and pressure, for a time of 100 ps under the action of electric fields with values from 10-8 to 10-1 au. Each of the metallic contaminants evaluated (Pb2+, Cd2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Hg2+) was subjected to molecular test simulations in the water. It was found that the measurement of the intensity of the electric field increased or the percentage of filtered water reduced (in both nanotubes), in which the intramolecular and intermolecular forces intensified by the action of the electric field contribute to retain the heavy metal ions due to the evanescent effect. The best results for nanofiltration in carbon and boron nanotubes occur under the field 10-8 au. Since the filtration in the boron nitride nanotubes, a small difference in the percentage of filtered water for the boron nitride nanotube was the most effective (90 to 98%) in relation to the carbon nanotube (80 to 90%). The greater hydrophobicity and thermal stability of boron nanotubes are some of the factors that contributed to this result.

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9

Taleb Ahmed, M., T. Chaabane, S. Taha, and R. Maachi. "Treatment of heavy metals by nanofiltration present in the lake Reghaïa." Desalination 221, no. 1-3 (March 2008): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.084.

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10

Chitry, Frédéric, Stéphane Pellet-Rostaing, Olivier Vigneau, and Marc Lemaire. "Nanofiltration–Complexation: A New Method for Isotopic Separation of Heavy Metals." Chemistry Letters 30, no. 8 (August 2001): 770–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.2001.770.

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11

Elliott, H. A., M. R. Liberati, and C. P. Huang. "Competitive Adsorption of Heavy Metals by Soils." Journal of Environmental Quality 15, no. 3 (July 1986): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1986.00472425001500030002x.

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12

TABATABAEI, Sayyed Hassan, and Abdolmajid LIAGHAT. "Heavy Metals Adsorption Characteristics of Natural Zeolites." Journal of Ion Exchange 15, no. 2 (2004): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5182/jaie.15.62.

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13

Minamisawa, Mayumi, Hiroaki Minamisawa, Shoichiro Yoshida, and Nobuharu Takai. "Adsorption Behavior of Heavy Metals on Biomaterials." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, no. 18 (September 2004): 5606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0496402.

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14

Kim, Tae-Young, Sun-Kyu Park, Sung-Yong Cho, Hwan-Beom Kim, Yong Kang, Sang-Done Kim, and Seung-Jai Kim. "Adsorption of heavy metals by brewery biomass." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 22, no. 1 (January 2005): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02701468.

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15

Urase, T., M. Salequzzaman, S. Kobayashi, T. Matsuo, K. Yamamoto, and N. Suzuki. "Effect of high concentration of organic and inorganic matters in landfill leachate on the treatment of heavy metals in very low concentration level." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 12 (December 1, 1997): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0464.

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Various heavy metals in the landfill leachates were measured up to very low concentration levels of micrograms per litre. Though no violation to Japanese effluent standards was found in respect of individual metal, leachate or treated leachate it still contains higher concentrations of total heavy metals than surrounding water environment. The effluent concentration after treatment was of the same order as raw leachate. Maximum metal solubilities in leachate were calculated taking the presence of inorganic metal complexes into account. Solubilities of metals were high enough and they were not the limiting factor determining concentrations after coagulation. The coagulation with higher pH was not successful in reducing concentration of leachate - origin - metals contrary to the case of pure chemical metals. The heavy metals especially nickel and copper in the leachate were associated with organic matter and consequently they remained in solution unless organic matter was removed. Application of nanofiltration to leachate treatment was studied. It was possible to separate metals from less toxic salts by low retention nanofiltration membranes.

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16

Sabadash, V. V., Ya M. Gumnytsky, O. V. Mylyanyk, and O. V. Lyuta. "STATIC ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METALS BY NATURAL ZEOLITE." Scientific Bulletin of UNFU 27, no. 3 (May 25, 2017): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/40270326.

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17

Gunawardana, Chandima, Ashantha Goonetilleke, and Prasanna Egodawatta. "Adsorption of heavy metals by road deposited solids." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 11 (June 1, 2013): 2622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.171.

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The research study discussed in the paper investigated the adsorption/desorption behaviour of heavy metals commonly deposited on urban road surfaces, namely, Zn, Cu, Cr and Pb, for different particle size ranges of solids. The study outcomes, based on field studies and batch experiments, confirmed that road deposited solids particles contain a significantly high amount of vacant charge sites with the potential to adsorb additional heavy metals. Kinetic studies and adsorption experiments indicated that Cr is the most preferred metal element to associate with solids due to the relatively high electronegativity and high charge density of trivalent cation (Cr3+). However, the relatively low availability of Cr in the urban road environment could influence this behaviour. Comparing total adsorbed metals present in solids particles, it was found that Zn has the highest capacity for adsorption to solids. Desorption experiments confirmed that a low concentration of Cu, Cr and Pb in solids was present in water-soluble and exchangeable form, whilst a significant fraction of adsorbed Zn has a high likelihood of being released back into solution. Among heavy metals, Zn is considered to be the most commonly available metal among road surface pollutants.

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18

Bhole, V., and DS Ramteke. "Preferential Adsorption of Heavy Metals on Activated Carbon." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 46, no. 2 (August 8, 2011): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.2572.

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The removal of heavy metals in single, two and three-component system through adsorption was studied and found instant removal at the initial concentration of the adsorbate. Adsorption of metals by activated carbon has been found to be dependent on pH, activated carbon dose and initial metal concentration, the type of activated carbon, its porosity and surface area. The Freundlich isotherms was used to fit the experimental data and to find out the adsorption parameters. The overall preferential adsorption pattern in multicomponent system of heavy metals was observed to be as cd> pb>cr. Generally in wastewater treatment system heavy metals are removed through adsorption in tertiary treatment. So this trend will be useful in removing maximum percentage of heavy metals preferably in multicomponent system. Key Words : Heavy metals; Adsorption; Single component system; Multicomponent system. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.2572 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 46(2), 211-218, 2011

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19

Burns, Carolyn A., Peter J. Cass, Ian H. Harding, and Russell J. Crawford. "Adsorption of aqueous heavy metals onto carbonaceous substrates." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 155, no. 1 (September 1999): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-7757(98)00419-1.

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20

Liu, Jiu Xu, Feng Wang, Jian Xing Shen, Qi Hui Lai, and Ying Gai. "Study of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Adsorption in Heavy Metals." Advanced Materials Research 777 (September 2013): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.777.15.

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nanohydroxyapatite (nanoHA) powders were prepared by liquid phase precipitation method, using diammonium hydrogen phosphate and calcium nitrate tetrahydrate as raw materials. It was studied that the prepared nanoHA powders not sintered and sintered at 800°C to adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ in aqueous solutions, respectively. The structure and size of nanoHA powders was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the concentrations of Cu2+and Pb2+ in aqueous solutions were tested by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. The results revealed that the nanoHA powders have obvious absorption function for Cu2+ and Pb2+ in aqueous solutions. In addition, the absorption ratio was affected by the size of nanoHA.

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21

Nazarov, A. M., I. O. Tuktarova, A. A. Kulagin, L. Kh Araslanova, and V. A. Archipenko. "Adsorption treatment of sewage sludge from heavy metals." Nanotechnologies in Construction A Scientific Internet-Journal 12, no. 5 (October 30, 2020): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15828/2075-8545-2020-12-5-285-291.

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Introduction. Because of urban development the volume of municipal and industrial wastewater are growing. Along with them the amount of sewage sludge (SS) also increases. Millions of tons of SS are currently accumulated on the territory of the Russian Federation and contain various pollutants, including heavy metals (HM). In this regard, the search for effective methods of SS treatment from HM is an urgent problem. The main methods of SS treatment are drying, dehydration, thermal methods, UV and microwave wave treatment. These kinds of disinfection eliminates many pathogenic microorganisms, but they are quite expensive and not effective against HM. Reagent methods include SS disinfection with quicklime (CaO). However, decontamination requires large doses (up to 30%) and it is also ineffective against HM. Humic-mineral reagent are more effective, they are based on crushed caustobiolites, their cleaning capacity from HM is 19–87%. Methods and materials. The authors have previously shown the effectiveness of wastewater treatment from HM using sorbents based on dolomite, quartzite, and waste from mining and processing plants. Therefore, a method for SS treatment from HM using sorbents based on dolomite, humates, and CS containing CaCO3 and humic compounds was proposed. In this regard, a method was proposed for SS treatment from HM using three types of sorbents based on: 1) waste of thermal power plants (TPP) – conditioned sludge (CS) containing CaCO3 up to 68% and humic compounds up to 12% – sorbent 1 (S1); 2) dolomite – Mg and Ca carbonate in a composition with sodium humate (25%)– sorbent 2 (S2); 3) modified dolomite with sodium humate (1%) – sorbent 3 (S3). Results and discussion. In laboratory experiments, the cleaning capacity of SS was studied using a dolomite-based sorbent modified with humate (1%). In field tests, a decrease in the concentration of HM in SS was studied with the use of sorbents based on CS and the complex sorbent dolomite-humate (75:25). The cleaning capacity of SS from HM increases in the series: sorbents based on waste from TPP – CS containing CaCO3 and humates (cleaning capacity E = 4.8–48.6% for dried SS and 29.3–53.3% for dehydrated SS) < sorbent based on a composition of dolomite with humate (E = 65.1–92.1% for dried and 56.6–89.4% for dehydrated SS) < a dolomite-based sorbent modified with humate (E = 90.8–99.9%). Conclusions. The maximum cleaning capacity is shown by a dolomite-based sorbent coated with a nano- and micro- sized layer of sodium humate.

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22

Commenges-Bernole, N., and J. Marguerie. "Adsorption of heavy metals on sonicated activated sludge." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 16, no. 1 (January 2009): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2008.05.006.

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23

Mohamed, Rabiatul Manisah, Norazlina Hashim, Suhaila Abdullah, Nabihah Abdullah, Amri Mohamed, Mohd Abu Asshaary Daud, and Kaha Fakrul Aidil Muzakkar. "Adsorption of Heavy Metals on Banana Peel Bioadsorbent." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1532 (June 2020): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1532/1/012014.

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24

Matłok, Magdalena, Roman Petrus, and Jolanta K. Warchoł. "Equilibrium Study of Heavy Metals Adsorption on Kaolin." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 54, no. 27 (July 6, 2015): 6975–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00880.

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25

Srivastava, Prashant, Balwant Singh, and Michael Angove. "Competitive adsorption behavior of heavy metals on kaolinite." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 290, no. 1 (October 2005): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.04.036.

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26

ABDURISHIT, Mukedes, Yoshinori KANJO, and Satoshi MIZUTANI. "Adsorption Characteristics of Heavy Metals to Humic Acid." Journal of Environmental Conservation Engineering 39, no. 4 (2010): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5956/jriet.39.222.

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27

Al-Hamdan, Ashraf Z., and Krishna R. Reddy. "Adsorption of heavy metals in glacial till soil." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 24, no. 6 (December 2006): 1679–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-005-5560-6.

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28

Rusova, N. V., O. V. Astashkina, and A. A. Lysenko. "Adsorption of Heavy Metals by Activated Carbon Fibres." Fibre Chemistry 47, no. 4 (November 2015): 320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10692-016-9687-4.

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29

Lee, Dae Haeng, and Hee Moon. "Adsorption equilibrium of heavy metals on natural zeolites." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 18, no. 2 (March 2001): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02698467.

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30

Hui, Khee Chung, Norashikin Ahmad Kamal, Nonni Soraya Sambudi, and Muhammad Roil Bilad. "Magnetic Hydroxyapatite for Batch Adsorption of Heavy Metals." E3S Web of Conferences 287 (2021): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128704005.

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In this work, magnetic hydroxyapatite or hydroxyapatite-iron (III) oxide (HAp-Fe3O4) composite was used as the adsorbent of heavy metals and the performance was evaluated using the batch test. The presence of heavy metals in the effluent from wastewater discharge can be toxic to many organisms and can even lead to eye burns. Therefore, hydroxyapatite synthesized from the chemical precipitation of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate solutions is used to remove heavy metal in aqueous media. Magnetic properties of Fe3O4 can help prevent formation of secondary pollutants caused by the loss of adsorbent. The synthesized HAp-Fe3O4 can remove cadmium, zinc and lead effectively, which is up to 90% removal. Reusability study shows that the adsorbent could retain heavy metal ions even after four cycles. The percentage removal of heavy metals maintains at around 80% after four times of usage. The composite of HAp-Fe3O4 demonstrates good performance and stability which is beneficial for heavy metal removal in the future.

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31

Zhou, Neng, Zhen Zhou, Yuan Qin, and Chu Jie Zeng. "Study on the Removal of Heavy Metals by Biomass." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.276.

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In this paper, the adsorption of heavy metals by biomass, namely dry garlic stem, an environmentally-friendly and natural adsorbent, were studied．The efficiency of the adsorbent was studied under different experimental conditions by varying parameters such as pH, initial concentration and contact time using batch adsorption technique. The results show that at pH 5.50, room temperature, the adsorption time 90 min and the amount of garlic stem 0.5 g, Co2+ have the maximum adsorption capacity. The maximum adsorption capacity of the Co2+ on garlic stem is 14.9 mg/g. At pH 9.50, the adsorption time 90 min and the amount of garlic stem 0.7g, Cd2+ have the maximum adsorption at the same temperature. The maximum adsorption of the Cd2+ is 20.90 mg/g. At pH 10.0, the adsorption time 150 min and the amount of garlic stem 0.3g, Ni2+ have the maximum adsorption at the same temperature. The dry garlic stem is a efficient adsorbent in removing cobalt, cadmium and nickel from aqueous solution.

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32

Liang, Shuai, Shengguang Cao, Changrong Liu, Shah Zeb, Yu Cui, and Guoxin Sun. "Heavy metal adsorption using structurally preorganized adsorbent." RSC Advances 10, no. 12 (2020): 7259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra00125b.

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33

Peydayesh, Mohammad, Toraj Mohammadi, and Sohail Kordmirza Nikouzad. "A positively charged composite loose nanofiltration membrane for water purification from heavy metals." Journal of Membrane Science 611 (October 2020): 118205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118205.

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34

Häyrynen, P., J. Landaburu-Aguirre, M. Pirilä, R. Lenkkeri, and R. L. Keiski. "REMOVED: Evaluation of Nanofiltration Based Hybrid Process in the Removal of Heavy Metals." Procedia Engineering 44 (2012): 1856–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.976.

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35

Orhan, Y., and H. Büyükgüngör. "The Removal of Heavy Metals by Using Agricultural Wastes." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 2 (July 1, 1993): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0114.

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The removal of heavy metals from wastewater using adsorbants such as waste tea, Turkish coffee, exhausted coffee, nut and walnut shells has investigated. Batch studies were conducted at room temperature and adsorption experiments were carried out by shaking 0.3 g of adsorbent with 100 ml synthetic wastewater containing Cr (VI). Cd (II) and A1 (III) metal ions. The remaining concentration of heavy metals in each samples after adsorption at various time intervals was determined spectrophotometrically. Batch studies showed that these adsorbents exhibit a good adsorption potential for A1 (III) metalions. The adsorption ratios of A1(HI) were as 98, 99, 96, 99.5 and 96% for waste tea, Turkish coffee, exhausted coffee, nut and walnut shells, respectively. These results were compared with those obtained using activated carbon as adsorbent. The batch adsorption kinetics and adsorption equilibria were examined and described by a first order reversible reaction and Freundlich isotherm, respectively. The first order rate and isotherm constants have been calculated.

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36

Madivoli, E., P. Kareru, A. Gachanja, S. Mugo, M. Murigi, P. Kairigo, Cheruiyot Kipyegon, J. Mutembei, and F. Njonge. "Adsorption of Selected Heavy Metals on Modified Nano Cellulose." International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 12, no. 3 (January 10, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2016/28548.

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37

Park, Sang-Bum, and Jeong Hwang. "Adsorption Characteristics of Altered Feldspar Porphyry for Heavy Metals." Journal of the Korean earth science society 29, no. 3 (June 30, 2008): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5467/jkess.2008.29.3.246.

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Choi, Ik-Won, Dong-Cheol Seo, Se-Won Kang, Sang-Gyu Lee, Young-Jin Seo, Byung-Jin Lim, Jong-Soo Heo, and Ju-Sik Cho. "Adsorption Characteristics of Heavy Metals using Sesame Waste Biochar." Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer 46, no. 1 (February 28, 2013): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7745/kjssf.2013.46.1.008.

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Kim, Ho-Jin, Hochul Lee, Hyuck-Soo Kim, and Kye-Hoon Kim. "Effect of Biochar bead on Adsorption of Heavy Metals." Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer 47, no. 5 (October 31, 2014): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7745/kjssf.2014.47.5.351.

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Samoilova, N. A., and M. A. Krayukhina. "CHITIN (CHITOSAN)-CONTAINING COMPOSITES FOR ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METALS." Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN 2, no. 3 (June 6, 2018): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2018-2-3-80-83.

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Ghorbel-Abid, Ibtissem, and Malika Trabelsi-Ayadi. "Competitive adsorption of heavy metals on local landfill clay." Arabian Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 1 (January 2015): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.02.030.

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Shalini and Pratibha Naithani. "Adsorption of Heavy Metals Using Mixture of Waste Products." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 5 (March 28, 2019): 1009–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.21783.

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Abstract:

A new adsorbent for removing lead, nickel, chromium and arsenic ions from industrial wastewaters has been investigated. This new adsorbent consists of four waste products tea waste, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse and peanut shell. The adsorbent was prepared without any physical and chemical treatment. Batch experiments were conducted to assess the removal of selected metal ions from wastewaters. The results have shown that the mixture of four waste products presented an excellent adsorption of heavy metal ions. The equilibrium time was dependent on type of adsorbent and sample. The highest percentage of metal ion removal was 100 %. The results showed pseudo second order kinetics. The surface chemical nature of prepared adsorbent was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The functional group present in adsorbent has affinity towards heavy metal ions to form metal complexes. The surface morphology of prepared adsorbent was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and chemical composition was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.

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Goyal, N., S. C. Jain, and U. C. Banerjee. "Comparative studies on the microbial adsorption of heavy metals." Advances in Environmental Research 7, no. 2 (January 2003): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1093-0191(02)00004-7.

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Youssef, A. M., A. M. El-Wakil, E. A. El-Sharkawy, A. B. Farag, and K. Tollan. "Adsorption of Heavy Metals on Coal-Based Activated Carbons." Adsorption Science & Technology 13, no. 2 (April 1996): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026361749601300205.

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Zinc chloride-activated and steam-activated carbons were prepared from Maghara coal (Sinai, Egypt). The surface properties of these carbons were determined from nitrogen adsorption isotherm studies at 77 K and of carbon dioxide at 298 K. The adsorption of Methylene Blue from aqueous solution at 308 K was also investigated. The removal of heavy metals (Hg2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+) from aqueous solution was investigated at pH < 7.0 and at 308 K. The prepared activated carbons exhibited high adsorption capacities for Methylene Blue. The maximum capacity amounted to 83 mg dye per g of carbon, which is equivalent to a surface area of 500 m2/g. The capacity for the removal of heavy metals from their aqueous solutions depends on the pH and the extent of activation, i.e., on the amount of zinc chloride used for chemical activation or on the percentage burn-off during physical activation with steam.

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Phanapavudhikul, P., J. A. Waters, and E. S. Pérez de Ortiz. "Adsorption of Heavy Metals on Tailored Composite Magnetic Microparticles." Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 29, no. 5-6 (January 2011): 673–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07366299.2011.595635.

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Mahmoudkhani, Rouhallah, Majid Bayatian, and Mohamad Reza Khani. "Heavy Metals Adsorption by Mixed Liquid Suspended Solids (MLSS)." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 7, no. 3 (2016): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2016.v7.766.

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Ruan, Tianshun, Jiake Li, Yajiao Li, Huaien Li, and Meng Wen. "Adsorption characteristics of amended bioretention fillers on heavy metals." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 140 (2019): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.23412.

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Chen, Jyh-Cherng, Ming-Yen Wey, Yu-Fen Liu, and Bo-Chin Chiang. "Dynamic Adsorption of Heavy Metals under Various Incineration Temperatures." Journal of Environmental Engineering 124, no. 8 (August 1998): 776–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1998)124:8(776).

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Chen, Jyh-Cherng, Ming-Yen Wey, and Zhen-Shu Liu. "Adsorption Mechanism of Heavy Metals on Sorbents during Incineration." Journal of Environmental Engineering 127, no. 1 (January 2001): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2001)127:1(63).

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Taba, P., P. Budi, and A. Y. Puspitasari. "Adsorption of heavy metals on amine-functionalized MCM-48." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 188 (April 2017): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/188/1/012015.

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