Academic literature on the topic 'Nanomaterials'
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Journal articles on the topic "Nanomaterials"
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S, Lakshmana Prabu. "Toxicity Interactions of Nanomaterials in Biological System: A Pressing Priority." Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal 6, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000173.
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Nanomaterials have made a rebellion in biomedical application especially treating several diseases due to its distinctive compositions. However, increased utilization of nanomaterials in biomedical applications has made an initiative to understand the possible interaction between the nanomaterials with the biological systems. These tiny particles enter into the body very easily and affect vulnerable systems which raise the interrogation of their potential effects on the susceptible organs. It is very crucial to comprehend the various exposure pathways, their movement, behavior and ultimate outcome. Specific and unique physicochemical properties, such as particle size and distribution, surface area, charge and coatings, particle shape/ structure, dissolution and aggregation, influence the nanomaterial interactions with cells. Toxicities in biological systems occurs as a result of a result of a variety of reasons including the production of ROS reactive oxygen species, degradation of the integrity of membrane and release of toxic metal ions thus preventing normal cell function. Various researchers have provided promising evidence that nanomaterial’s actively encompass and mediate chemical processes of cell, in addition to their passive interactions with cells. Certainly, it is very much essential to understand the possible toxic interactions of nanomaterial’s with the biological system as Nano toxicology. In this review, we emphasize the toxicological effects on different organs pertaining to nanomaterial-biological system interaction
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Wang, Jiali, Guo Zhao, Liya Feng, and Shaowen Chen. "Metallic Nanomaterials with Biomedical Applications." Metals 12, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 2133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12122133.
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Metallic nanomaterials have attracted extensive attention in various fields due to their photocatalytic, photosensitive, thermal conducting, electrical conducting and semiconducting properties. Among all these fields, metallic nanomaterials are of particular importance in biomedical sensing for the detection of different analytes, such as proteins, toxins, metal ions, nucleotides, anions and saccharides. However, many problems remain to be solved, such as the synthesis method and modification of target metallic nanoparticles, inadequate sensitivity and stability in biomedical sensing and the biological toxicity brought by metallic nanomaterials. Thus, this Special Issue aims to collect research or review articles focused on electrochemical biosensing, such as metallic nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors, metallic oxide-modified electrodes, biological sensing based on metallic nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterial-based biological sensing devices and chemometrics for metallic nanomaterial-based biological sensing. Meanwhile, studies related to the synthesis and characterization of metallic nanomaterials are also welcome, and both experimental and theoretical studies are welcome for contribution as well.
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Gulumian, Mary, and Charlene Andraos. "In Search of a Converging Cellular Mechanism in Nanotoxicology and Nanomedicine in the Treatment of Cancer." Toxicologic Pathology 46, no. 1 (October 15, 2017): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623317735776.
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Multiple applications of nanomaterials have raised concern with regard to their toxicity. With increasing research into nanomaterial safety, mechanisms involved in the toxic effects of nanomaterials have begun to emerge. The importance of nanomaterial-induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization through overloading or direct damage of the lysosomal compartment, resulting in the blockade of autophagosome–lysosome fusion and autophagy dysfunction, as well as inflammasome activation were cited as emerging mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity. It has recently been proposed that these very mechanisms leading to nanomaterial toxicity may be utilized in nanotherapeutics. This review discusses these nanomaterial-induced mechanisms in detail and how it has been exploited in cancer research. This review also addresses certain considerations that need to be kept in mind when using nanomaterials in therapeutics.
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Kumar, Santosh, Zhi Wang, Wen Zhang, Xuecheng Liu, Muyang Li, Guoru Li, Bingyuan Zhang, and Ragini Singh. "Optically Active Nanomaterials and Its Biosensing Applications—A Review." Biosensors 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13010085.
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This article discusses optically active nanomaterials and their optical biosensing applications. In addition to enhancing their sensitivity, these nanomaterials also increase their biocompatibility. For this reason, nanomaterials, particularly those based on their chemical compositions, such as carbon-based nanomaterials, inorganic-based nanomaterials, organic-based nanomaterials, and composite-based nanomaterials for biosensing applications are investigated thoroughly. These nanomaterials are used extensively in the field of fiber optic biosensing to improve response time, detection limit, and nature of specificity. Consequently, this article describes contemporary and application-based research that will be of great use to researchers in the nanomaterial-based optical sensing field. The difficulties encountered during the synthesis, characterization, and application of nanomaterials are also enumerated, and their future prospects are outlined for the reader’s benefit.
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Parvin, Nargish, Sang Woo Joo, and Tapas K. Mandal. "Nanomaterial-Based Strategies to Combat Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanisms and Applications." Antibiotics 14, no. 2 (February 18, 2025): 207. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14020207.
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The rapid rise of antibiotic resistance has become a global health crisis, necessitating the development of innovative strategies to combat multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Nanomaterials have emerged as promising tools in this fight, offering unique physicochemical properties that enhance antibiotic efficacy, overcome resistance mechanisms, and provide alternative therapeutic approaches. This review explores the diverse nanomaterial-based strategies used to combat antibiotic resistance, focusing on their mechanisms of action and practical applications. Nanomaterials such as metal nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, and polymeric nanostructures exhibit antibacterial properties through various pathways, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disruption of bacterial membranes, and enhancement of antibiotic delivery. Additionally, the ability of nanomaterials to bypass traditional resistance mechanisms, such as biofilm formation and efflux pumps, has been demonstrated in numerous studies. This review also discusses the synergistic effects observed when nanomaterials are combined with conventional antibiotics, leading to increased bacterial susceptibility and reduced required dosages. By highlighting the recent advancements and clinical applications of nanomaterial–antibiotic combinations, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of how nanomaterials are reshaping the future of antibacterial therapies. Future research directions and challenges, including toxicity and scalability, are also addressed to guide the development of safer, more effective nanomaterial-based antibacterial treatments.
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Ifeoluwa Sarah Fesojaye, Favour Dada, and Florence Acha. "Innovative applications of nanomaterials in semiconductor manufacturing: Advancing efficiency and performance for next-generation technologies." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 20, no. 3 (December 30, 2023): 2048–70. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.20.3.2446.
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There has been a complete alternation in how the creation of semiconductor systems is philosophically, architecturally, and physically conceived with the advent of nanomaterials. These materials, by containing the dimensions in the range between 1 and 100 nanometers, have brought many revolutionary opportunities in developing improved semiconductor characteristics and performance. Micro and nano electronics have played a pivotal role in introducing new methodologies in transistor technology, chip layout and manufacturing methods, enlargement in speed, consuming power, and miniaturization of electronic devices. This has become important especially as conventional silicon-based semiconductor technology is looming towards physical barriers of microfabrication where new approaches are being sought to satisfy the increasing requirements of future generation computing, communication, and electronic applications. The research employed a comprehensive literature review of scientific, academic, technical, and industrial articles regarding nanomaterials in use in semiconductor production. The subject matter incorporated data derived from numerous experimental investigations, industrial applications, and theoretical embodiment analyses of divergent forms of nanomaterials, their characteristics, and synthesis methods. The due review concerned the examination of the results of research pertaining to carbon nanotubes in semiconductor applications as well as graphene, quantum dots, and metallic nanoparticles. The assessment comprised manufacturing processes, relative performance measures, and comparisons of various nanomaterial applications and their effect on the efficiency and functionality of semiconductor devices. The findings confirm that nanomaterial integration results in the enhancement of semiconductor performance by large. Scientific research show that new achieved nanomaterials allow to amplify processing rate by 40% and reduce electrical power consumption by 35%. The application of two-dimensional materials such as graphene has demonstrated a 60% improvement in electron mobility over silicon-semiconductor references. Some of the quantum dot applications are now realizing at least 45 % of opto-electrical efficiency in the devices. New methods of nanofabrication production have led to decreased cost of manufacturing by thirty percent whereby the accuracy and reliability of devices being manufactured were improved. The research from outcomes demonstrates how nanomaterials could revolutionize current trends in semiconductor manufacturing. These improvements in the performance of the devices, energy consumption and in manufacturing prove the feasibility of applications of nanomaterials for future generation semiconductor devices. The major issues that were mentioned, such as scalability integration and process control, must be discussed further and researched in detail. The implications of this study point to the prospect for nanomaterials to make further improvements that can provide advanced marginal improvements to semiconductor technology depending on future breakthroughs in application, presumably reshaping the capabilities and production methods of electronic devices. This review provides comprehensive review to lay the foundation on how nanomaterials contribute towards improvement of the Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology. The lessons learned on improved small device performance, reducing power consumption, and refining manufacturing methods support the nanomaterial’s imperative in semiconductor production. This view shows that despite a number of barriers to scale and implementation, the risks associated with the opportunities are much higher. The present research confirms the necessity of investment opportunities and further studies in nanomaterial uses for semiconductor manufacturing and heads toward a better future with Nanomaterial-based solutions to satisfy the requirements of higher performance and multifunctional electronic devices.
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Su, Paul, Babak Haghpanah, William W. Doerr, Zahra Karimi, Syed Hassan, Louis Gritzo, Ahmed A. Busnaina, and Ashkan Vaziri. "Decontamination of Surfaces Exposed to Carbon-Based Nanotubes and Nanomaterials." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/249603.
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Contamination of surfaces by nanomaterials can happen due to accidental spillage and release or gradual accumulation during processing or handling. Considering the increasingly wide use of nanomaterials in industry and research labs and also taking into account the diversity of physical and chemical properties of different nanomaterials (such as solubility, aggregation/agglomeration, and surface reactivity), there is a pressing need to define reliable nanomaterial-specific decontamination guidelines. In this paper, we propose and investigate a potential method for surface decontamination of carbon-based nanomaterials using solvent cleaning and wipes. The results show that the removal efficiency for single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes from silicon wafers sprayed with water-surfactant solutions prior to mechanical wiping is greater than 90% and 95%, respectively. The need for further studies to understand the mechanisms of nanomaterial removal from surfaces and development of standard techniques for surface decontamination of nanomaterials is highlighted.
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Qu, Juntian, and Xinyu Liu. "Recent Advances on SEM-Based In Situ Multiphysical Characterization of Nanomaterials." Scanning 2021 (June 9, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4426254.
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Functional nanomaterials possess exceptional mechanical, electrical, and optical properties which have significantly benefited their diverse applications to a variety of scientific and engineering problems. In order to fully understand their characteristics and further guide their synthesis and device application, the multiphysical properties of these nanomaterials need to be characterized accurately and efficiently. Among various experimental tools for nanomaterial characterization, scanning electron microscopy- (SEM-) based platforms provide merits of high imaging resolution, accuracy and stability, well-controlled testing conditions, and the compatibility with other high-resolution material characterization techniques (e.g., atomic force microscopy), thus, various SEM-enabled techniques have been well developed for characterizing the multiphysical properties of nanomaterials. In this review, we summarize existing SEM-based platforms for nanomaterial multiphysical (mechanical, electrical, and electromechanical) in situ characterization, outline critical experimental challenges for nanomaterial optical characterization in SEM, and discuss potential demands of the SEM-based platforms to characterizing multiphysical properties of the nanomaterials.
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Card, Jeffrey W., and Bernadene A. Magnuson. "A Method to Assess the Quality of Studies That Examine the Toxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials." International Journal of Toxicology 29, no. 4 (July 2010): 402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581810370720.
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As reports on the safety of various nanomaterials have yielded conflicting results, assessment of the reliability of each study is required to objectively interpret overall safety of the nanomaterial. A 2-step method to assess the quality of nanotoxicity studies is described. The first step uses a publicly available tool to rank the reliability of the study based on adequacy of design and documentation of methods, materials, and results, providing a “study score.” The second step determines the completeness of physicochemical characterization of the nanomaterial/nanomaterials assessed within the study, providing a “nanomaterial score.” This approach is encouraged to promote the notion that for studies conducted with nanomaterials, the combination of a reliable study and sufficient nanomaterial characterization is of significantly greater value than either of these alone. It is anticipated that the use and evolution of this approach will assist with the design and interpretation of studies assessing nanomaterial toxicity.
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Yang, Zhanming. "Research of Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 102 (July 11, 2024): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/zzx7dz78.
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With the continuous advancement of science and technology, the application of nanomaterials in the field of biosensors is becoming increasingly widespread. Nanobiosensors are widely used due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, small size, and low cost, finding applications in medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, biotechnology, and industrial automation, among others. This paper primarily discusses the research progress of biosensors based on nanomaterials and their applications in biological detection and medical diagnosis. It introduces the working principles of nanomaterial-based biosensors, provides practical application cases of nanomaterial biosensors in various fields, such as protein detection, DNA detection and pathogen detection. And this paper also looks forward to the prospects, as well as the advantages and disadvantages, of nanomaterial-based biosensors. With the deepening of nanomaterial research and the continuous innovation of technology, biosensors based on nanomaterials are expected to play an increasingly important role in biological detection, medical diagnosis, and biomedical research. Simultaneously, they also hold the potential for widespread application in clinical diagnosis, biosecurity, and environmental protection.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nanomaterials"
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Ahmad, Abo Markeb Ahmad Mohamed. "Environmental applications of engineered nanomaterials: synthesis and characterization." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/454768.
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Aquesta tesi es basa en el desenvolupament (síntesi) de diferents nanomaterials per a la seva aplicació com a materials adsorbents per a l'eliminació de contaminants en aigua (anions inorgànics, metalls pesats i pesticides) i per l'adsorció de gas metà. El desenvolupament dels diferents materials s'ha basat en una extensa recerca bibliogràfica de l'estat de l'art dels materials utilitzats actualment per a aquesta aplicació, i s'ha tractat de millorar l'eficiència del procés mitjançant l'ús de nanomaterials. Amb aquest objectiu s’han sintetitzat materials magnètics per diferents mètodes. En alguns casos, aquests han estat funcionalitzats amb grups orgànics per adaptar i/o millorar la seva funció d'adsorció o estabilitzar-los en suports (polímers, zeolites, esponges, etc.) per millorar la seva aplicació a una escala real en un futur. A més, es va desenvolupar un nou mètode per a la formació de nanopartícules core-shell amb un nucli de magnetita. Tots els nanomaterials sintetitzats s'han caracteritzat en profunditat, utilitzant les tècniques més avançades per a la caracterització dels nanomaterials. Tècniques com ara la microscòpia electrònica, difracció de raigs X, entre d'altres, permeten conèixer les característiques i propietats dels materials (mida, dispersió, estructura cristal·lina, etc.) i per tant concloure la seva contribució a l'eficàcia de cada un dels materials adsorbents.
Pel que fa als contaminants en aigua, el treball se centra en el fluorur, el fosfat, el nitrat, els metalls cadmi i níquel i pesticides, destacant l'obtenció de resultats excepcionals per a les nanopartícules de Ce-Ti@Fe3O4.
En el cas de tractament de gas, per una banda s'ha desenvolupat un nou nanomaterial basat en nanopartícules magnètiques estabilitzades en esponges de poliuretà que ha presentat resultats interessants per a l'adsorció de metà. A més, s'ha col·laborat amb la Institut Català de Nanotecnologia per a l'aplicabilitat dels Metal Organic Frameworks en l'oxidació de CO.
Una altra aplicació que s'ha donat a les nanopartícules magnètiques ha estat la seva utilització en la separació de algues procedents de processos de tractament d’aigües, per tal de substituir el procés actual de decantació.
Amb tot això, la tesi ofereix una gamma de nanomaterials per a diferents usos en enginyeria ambiental, amb la possibilitat d'investigar i desenvolupar en la seva aplicabilitat a gran escala. Amb aquesta finalitat, es proporcionen diferents solucions per a la millora del medi ambient.This thesis is based on the development (synthesis) of different nanomaterials for their application as adsorbent materials for the removal of pollutants from water (inorganic anions, heavy metals and pesticides) and for the adsorption of methane gas. The development of the different materials has been based on an extensive bibliographical search of the state of the art of the materials currently used for this application, and it has been tried to improve the efficiency of the process by using nanomaterials. Thus, magnetic (magnetite) nanoparticles are synthesized by different methods. These are functionalized with organic groups to adapt and/or improve their adsorption function or stabilize in supports (polymers, zeolites, sponges, etc.) to improve their application on a real scale. In addition, a new method for the formation of core-shell nanoparticles with a magnetite core is developed. All the synthesized nanomaterials have been characterized in depth, using the most advanced techniques for the characterization of nanomaterials. Techniques such as electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, among others, allow to know the characteristics and properties of the materials (size, dispersion, crystallinity, structure, etc.) and thus conclude their contribution to the efficiency of their application with adsorbent material. As for the contaminants in water, the work focuses on fluoride, phosphates, nitrates, cadmium, nickel and pesticides, obtaining outstanding results for the nanoparticles of Ce-Ti @Fe3O4. In the case of gas treatment, on the one hand has developed a new nanomaterial based on magnetic nanoparticles stabilized in polyurethane sponges which present interesting results for the adsorption of methane and great applicability on a real scale. In addition, we have collaborated with the Institut Català de Nanotecnologia for the applicability of Metal Organic Frameworks in the oxidation of CO. Another application that has been given to magnetic nanoparticles has been its use to separate algae from wastewater treatment processes, in order to substitute the current sedimentation processes. With all this, the thesis offers a range of nanomaterials for different uses in environmental engineering, with the possibility of investigating and developing on its applicability on a large scale. To this end, different solutions are provided for the improvement of the environment.
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Souza, Caio Guilherme Secco de. "Nanomateriais luminomagnéticos visando aplicações biológicas: síntese, propriedades, funcionalização e estabilidade coloidal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75134/tde-11082015-090833/.
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Neste trabalho, foi realizado um estudo da obtenção de nanomateriais luminomagnéticos visando potenciais aplicações biológicas, a partir de dois diferentes tipos de estruturas, sendo elas: a formação de heteronanoestruturas luminomagnéticas de NPM de FePt/Fe3O4-CdSe recobertas com sílica; e a formação de nanomateriais luminomagnéticos por ligação covalente entre NPM de FePt/Fe3O4-Dopa-PIMA-PEG-NH2 e pontos quânticos de CdSe/ZnS-LA-PEG-COOH. Para o primeiro tipo de nanomaterial citado, foram testadas duas metodologias para obtenção das heteronanoestruturas: a mudança da estabilidade coloidal pela adição de pequenas quantidades de NaCl no meio contendo as NPM e os pontos quânticos previamente sintetizados; e o método de injeção a quente do precursor de selênio em um meio contendo as NPM como sementes, o precursor de cádmio e os agentes de superfície. O método de injeção a quente foi o que apresentou melhores condições para a formação das heteronanoestruturas. Para providenciar estabilidade coloidal em meio aquoso e superfície com biocompatibilidade, foi realizado o recobrimento com sílica na superfície das heteronanoestruturas luminomagnéticas com melhores condições. Para essa amostra, o tamanho médio obtido foi de 25,0 nm, com polidispersividade de 8,4 %, Ms = 11,1 emu.g-1 e comportamento superparamagnético, além de duas bandas de emissão (com excitação de 400 nm) centradas em 452 nm e 472 nm, respectivamente. Já para o segundo tipo de nanomaterial obtido neste trabalho, foram primeiramente obtidas NPM de FePt/Fe3O4 pelo método do poliol modificado acoplado à metodologia do crescimento, e pontos quânticos luminescentes de CdSe/ZnS pelo método de decomposição térmica de precursores organometálicos, sendo que ambas nanoestruturas apresentaram superfície hidrofóbica. Para a troca de ligantes para transferência das nanoestruturas para a fase aquosa e para providenciar biocompatibilidade visando aplicações biológicas, foram previamente preparados ligantes poliméricos de Dopa-PIMA-PEG-NH2 para recobrimento das NPM e de LA-PEG-COOH para recobrimento dos pontos quânticos. A conjugação química entre as nanoestruturas de FePt/Fe3O4-Dopa-PIMA-PEG-NH2 e CdSe/ZnS-LA-PEG-COOH foi realizada pelo método da carbodiimida em solução aquosa para a formação de uma ligação covalente amida entre os grupos amina e carboxilato em cada uma das nanoestruturas. Os nanomateriais luminomagnéticos obtidos apresentaram estabilidade coloidal em meio aquoso, com estreita distribuição de tamanho, apresentando RH de 79,96 nm, Ms de, aproximadamente, 10 emu.g-1 com coercividade e remanência quase nulos e intensa banda de emissão centrada em 580 nm. Espera-se que os nanomateriais obtidos neste trabalho possam ser promissores nanomateriais com propriedades multifuncionais para potenciais aplicações biológicas.Here, luminomagnetic nanomaterials were obtained for potential biological applications. We have studied two different types of luminomagnetic nanomaterials, which are: formation of silica-coated FePt/Fe3O4-CdSe heteronanostructures; and formation of luminomagnetic nanomaterials from covalent bond between FePt/Fe3O4-Dopa-PIMA-PEG-NH2 magnetic nanoparticles and CdSe/ZnS-LA-PEG-COOH luminescent quantum dots. For the first type of luminomagnetic nanomaterials obtained, two methodologies were studied for formation of heteronanostructures, which are: modification of colloidal stability by addition of small amounts of NaCl into a solution with hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles and luminescent quantum dots; and hot injection method of selenium precursor into a solution with magnetic nanoparticles seeds, cadmium precursors and surface agents. The hot injection method obtained better results than the other method studied for formation of heteronanostructures. To provide colloidal stability in aqueous solution and biocompatibility, the heteronanostructures were coated using silica shell. After silica coating, the heteronanostructures showed average diameter of 25 nm and polidispersivity of 8.4%, with Ms = 11.1 emu.g-1 and superparamagnetic behavior. Moreover, these nanomaterials showed two emission peaks centered at 452 and 472 nm. For the second type of nanomaterials obtained, FePt/Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by modified polyol method coupled to seeded-mediated growth, and CdSe/ZnS luminescent quantum dots were obtained by thermal decomposition of organometallic precursors. For the ligand exchange to transfer the nanostructures from organic media to aqueous solution, were used Dopa-PIMA-PEG-NH2 and LA-PEG-COOH polymers to provide colloidal stability and biocompatibility on magnetic nanoparticle surface and quantum dot surface, respectively. The chemical conjugation between FePt/Fe3O4-Dopa-PIMA-PEG-NH2 and CdSe/ZnS-LA-PEG-COOH nanostructures was obtained by EDC coupling in aqueous solution, which linked amine and carboxylate groups in each nanostructure to provide the formation of amide bond. The luminomagnetic nanomaterials obtained showed colloidal stability in aqueous solution, narrow size distribution, with RH equal to 79.96 nm, MS around 10 emu.g-1 with low coercivity and remanent magnetization, and intense emission peak centered at 580 nm. We expect these luminomagnetic nanomaterials be promisor nanomaterials with multifunctional properties for potential biological applications.
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Jia, Xiaoting. "In-situ TEM study of carbon nanomaterials and thermoelectric nanomaterials." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69666.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2011.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-112).
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are quasi one dimensional structures which have unique transport properties, and have a potential to open a bandgap at small ribbon widths. They have been extensively studied in recent years due to their high potential for future electronic and spintronic device applications. The edge structures - including the edge roughness and chirality - dramatically affect the transport, electronic, and magnetic properties of GNRs, and are of the critical importance. We have developed an efficient way of modifying the edges structures, to produce atomically smooth zigzag and armchair edges by using insitu TEM with a controlled bias. This work provides us with many opportunities for both fundamental studies and for future applications. I also report the use of either furnace heating or Joule heating to pacify the exposed graphene edges by loop formation in the graphitic nanoribbons. The edge energy minimization process involves the formation of loops between adjacent graphene layers. An estimation of the temperature during in-situ Joule heating is also reported based on the melting and evaporation of Pt nanoparticles. In this thesis work, I have also investigated the morphological and electronic properties of GNRs grown by chemical vapor deposition. Our results suggest that the GNRs have a surprisingly high crystallinity and a clean surface. Both folded and open edges are observed in GNRs. Atomic resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images were obtained on the folded layer and the bottom layer of the GNR, which enables clear identification of the chirality for both layers. We have also studied the electronic properties of the GNRs using low temperature scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). Our findings suggest that edges states exist at GNR edges which are dependent on the chiral angles of the GNRs.
by Xiaoting Jia.
Ph.D.
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Russo, Lorenzo. "Designing advanced nanomaterials for next generation in vitro diagnostics: development of optical and electrochemical biosensors for determination of viral and bacterial infections based on hollow AuAg nanoparticles." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666751.
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En esta tesis doctoral. El dibujo racional de nanomateriales avanzados con propiedades controladas se aplicó para su empleo en biosensing, y condujo al desarrollo de dos plataformas diagnosticas para la determinación de infecciones virales y bacterianas. Primero, se desarrolló un método sintético altamente reproducible y robusto para la producción de nanoshells de una aleación AuAg monodispersas basado en remplazamiento galvánico. El protocolo descrito permite el controlo preciso sobre la morfología de las partículas, en términos de grosor de la capa externa y de tamaño del vacío interior, la composición relativa y distribución topológica de los metales noble constituyentes, y su rugosidad y porosidad superficial. Esta predictibilidad sintética, testeada sobre un rango de tamaños, se ha conseguido a través de un estudio sistemático de la relación entre de cada reactivo, juntos a una detallada caracterización de la composición y estructura del material con diferentes técnicas. Además, el análisis de las propiedades plasmonicas de las NSs de AuAg durante su transformación estructural, que se extiende por casi todo el espectro visible hasta las longitudes de ondas del Near-Infrared, reveló una dependencia estricta con sus características morfológicas y composicionales. Estos resultados, también confirmados con cálculos basados en la teoría de Mie, proveyeron la base para su aplicación como amplificadores de señal en un immunoensayo basado en SERS. Segundo, por la primera vez el comportamiento electroquímico de las NSs de AuAg fe reportado. Causado por la corrosión controlada de átomos de Ag contenidos en los núcleos residuales de las partículas y las capas finas de aleación, el estudio voltametrico de estos nanocristales vacíos se reveló fuertemente dependiente de su composición elemental relativa y, parcialmente, de su tamaño y morfología. Un efecto electrocatalitico peculiar apareció solamente para NSs de AuAg con un ratio Au/Ag suficiente para permitir la electrodeposición catalítica de Ag+ encima de la superficie de las partículas a potenciales menos negativos que el potencial de redacción estándar de Ag. Este comportamiento no previamente reportado está causado solo por el carácter levemente oxidante del electrolito utilizado, sin la necesidad de ningún otro co-reactivo u oxidante. Estos resultados constituyeron la base racional para desarrollar NSs de AuAg con propiedades desiderables para su aplicación en el ensayo electroquímico descrito. Aventajándose de las propiedades plasmonicas de las NSs de AuAg, el desarrollo de un ensayo immunocromatografico basad ene SERS para la detección sensible y cuantitativa de MxA, un biomarcador comúnmente asociado a infecciones virales, fue realizado. Gracias a las intensidades plasmonicas amplificadas enseñadas por las NSs de AuAg, resultante por el efecto de cavidad plasmonica comúnmente observado in nanoestructuras vacias, su superifices se portan como un continuo hot-spot, amplificando cualquier señal Raman emitido por reporters inmovilizados encima. Además, la posibilidad de ajustar precisamente la longitud máxima de LSPR de las NSs de AuAg de manera de coincidir con el láser NIR durante la mesura SERS permitió de mejorar la performance analítica. Entonces, las NSs de AuAg fueron fácilmente conjugadas con anticuerpos anti-MxA e integrados en un ensayo immunocromatografico para revelar su presencia en muestras de suero. Después de atenta optimización de los parámetros de la plataforma point-of-care, al proteína MxA pudo ser detectada a un limite de detección de pocos ng/mL. En fin, la capacidad de modular precisamente la composición elemental de las NSs de AuAg portó al diseño de un ensayo electroquímico para la detección rápida de dos bacterias modelos, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Las NSs de AuAg se utilizaron como reporters electroquímicos por la facilidad de generar la señal electroquímica, causada solamente por el carácter levemente oxidante de la matriz biológica. Por otro lado, el recubrimiento polimérico de las partículas confirió la interacción non específica basada en afinidad con las células bacterianas en solución, evitando de necesitar anticuerpos caros y frágiles. A través de esta estrategia de bajo coste, E.coli puso ser detectado en PBS a concentraciones de 102 CFU/mL, mientras también se consiguió la discriminación semi-selectiva de los perfiles corriente-concentración de las dos bacterias modelos.In this PhD thesis, the rational design of advanced nanomaterials with controlled properties was applied for their employment in biosensing, leading to the development of two diagnostic platforms for the determination of viral and bacterial infections. Firstly, a highly reproducible and robust synthetic method for the production of monodisperse AuAg alloy NSs based on GRR was developed. The protocol described allows the precise control over the particles’ morphology, in terms of shell thicknesses and void sizes, the relative composition and topological distribution of their constituting noble metals, as well as their surface roughness and porosity. This synthetic predictability, tested over a range of sizes, has been achieved through a systematic study of the convoluted interplay of each co-reagent, together with a detailed characterization of the material’s composition and structure through an array of techniques. Moreover, the analysis of AuAg NSs’ plasmonic properties evolution during their structural transformation, which spanned through almost the whole visible spectrum up to NIR wavelengths, revealed a tight dependence with their morphological and compositional features. These results, also confirmed by calculations based on Mie’s theory, provided the basis for their application as signal enhancers in the SERS-based LFA developed. Secondly, for the first time the electrochemical behavior of AuAg NSs was reported. Triggered by the controlled corrosion of Ag atoms contained in the particles’ residual cores and thin alloy shells, the voltammetric study of these hollow nanocrystals has been found to be strongly dependent on their relative elemental composition and, partially, to their size and morphology. Indeed, a peculiar electrocatalytic effect appeared only for AuAg NSs possessing a high-enough Au/Ag ratio to let the catalytic electrodeposition of Ag+ on the NSs’ surfaces occur at potentials less negative than Ag standard reduction one. Interestingly, this unreported feature was shown to be triggered only by the mild oxidating character of the electrolyte used, without the need of any other co-reagent or oxidizer. These findings constituted the rational basis for developing AuAg NSs with desirable properties to be applied in the electrochemical assay described. Taking advantage of the tunable plasmonic properties of AuAg NSs, the development of a SERS-based LFA for the sensitive and quantitative detection of MxA, a biomarker commonly associated to viral infections, was achieved. Thanks to the enhanced plasmons intensities displayed by AuAg NSs, resulting from the plasmonic cavity effect commonly observed in hollow nanostructures, their surfaces acted as a continuous hot-spot, amplifying any Raman signal emitted by the reporters thereby attached. Moreover, the possibility to precisely adjust AuAg NSs’ LSPR maximum wavelength to match the NIR excitation laser used during SERS measurements allowed to further improve the overall analytical performance. Thus, AuAg NSs were easily conjugated with anti-MxA antibodies and integrated in a LFA in order to reveal its presence in spiked serum samples. After careful optimization of the point-of-care platform parameters, MxA protein could be successfully detected down to the analytically-relevant LOD of few ng/mL. Finally, the capability to precisely modulate AuAg NSs elemental composition lead to the design of a proof-of-concept electrochemical assay for the rapid detection of two model bacterial strains, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. AuAg NSs were used as electrochemical reporters because of the ease of generation of the electrochemical signal, triggered by the sole mild oxidating character of the biological sample matrix. Besides, the polymeric coating of the hollow particles provided the non-specific, affinity-based interaction with bacterial cells in solution, avoiding the need for costly and fragile antibodies. With this low-cost strategy, E.coli could be detected in PBS down to 102 CFU/mL, while the semi-selective discrimination of the current-concentration profiles of the two model bacterial strains was also achieved.
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Becerril-Garcia, Hector Alejandro. "DNA-Templated Nanomaterials." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1823.pdf.
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Maggio, Mario. "Carbon-based nanomaterials." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/2482.
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2014 - 2015New layered carbon-based materials were prepared and exhaustively characterized exploiting different characterization techniques, such as thermogravimetry (TGA), differential thermal calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). Pristine graphite (G) with high surface area and carbon black (CB) samples with different surface areas were selected as starting materials to prepare the corresponding oxidized samples, i.e. graphite oxide (GO) and carbon black oxide (oCB), with the Hummers’ method. Thanks to the strong hydrophilicity and to the lamellar structure of oxidized carbon-based materials, a rich intercalation chemistry is permitted. In fact, after treatments of GO and oCB by strong basis, ordered intercalation compounds have been obtained, not only if the starting material is crystalline like graphite oxide, but also if it is completely amorphous like oxidized carbon black. Starting basified GO, free-standing papers can be obtained by vacuum filtration, as well as by casting procedure, of colloidal dispersions of graphene oxide sheets. The use of basified GO leads to more flexible, solvent resistant and thermally stable GO papers. Spectroscopic analyses of the obtained papers have been conducted aiming to a possible rationalization of the observed behavior. [edited by author]
Per questo lavoro di tesi di dottorato, sono stati preparati nuovi nanomateriali basti su carbonio ed esaustivamente caratterizzati con tecniche quali termogravimetria (TGA), calorimetria a scansione differenziale (DSC), spettroscopia infrarossa (FT-IR) e diffrazione dei razzi X (WAXD). I materiali di partenza utilizzati per questo lavoro di tesi, sono stati la grafite ad alta area superficiale e carbon black con differenti valori di area superficiale, al fine di ottenere i corrispondenti materiali ossidati quali ossido di grafite (GO) e carbon black ossidato (oCB). Il metodo utilizzato per le ossidazioni dei suddetti starting materials è quello di Hummers. Grazie alla forte idrofilicità ed alla struttura lamellare posseduta dai materiali carboniosi ossidati, è possibile ottenere svariati composti di intercalazione trattando il GO (cristallino) e l’oCB(amorfo) con basi forti e con conseguente funzionalizzazione ionica con cationi di natura organica. Inoltre, partendo da dispersioni di GO basificato, sono stati ottenuti fogli di ossido di grafite e di grafene mediante filtrazione e/o per lenta evaporazione del solvente. Utilizzando una base nella procedura di ottenimento dei cosiddetti fogli di ossido di grafite/grafene, sono stati preparati campioni free-standing con elevata flessibilità, resistenza ai solventi e alle alte temperature. [a cura dell'autore]
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Ballesteros, Ribera Sandra. "New end-points to assess nanomaterials exposure effects." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673866.
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Els nanomaterials (NMs) són considerats contaminants emergents, ja que la seua detecció està creixent en les diferents matrius ambientals, provocant riscos potencials per a la salut humana i per als ecosistemes. En aquest sentit, el principal objectiu d’aquesta Tesi ha estat proporcionar noves aproximacions metodològiques per a l’avaluació del perill dels NMs mitjançant models in vitro i ex vivo avançats, així com nous biomarcadors.
En el nostre primer estudi es va desenvolupar un model nou per comprendre el risc d’exposició dels éssers humans a les nanopartícules de poliestirè (NPPS), com a model de micro-nanoplástics (MNPL). Per aconseguir aquest objectiu, les mostres de sang procedents de 5 donants es van exposar ex vivo a diverses dosis de NPPS i es van avaluar diferents biomarcadors en diversos subconjunts de glòbuls blancs perifèrics. Els resultats van mostrar marcades diferències en la internalització de NPPS, amb una absorció molt limitada en els limfòcits i molt alta en els monòcits. A més, l’avaluació del dany genotòxic de l’ADN va revelar una sensibilitat cel·lular específica, sent les cèl·lules polimorfonuclears i monòcits aquelles cèl·lules amb els nivells més significatius de dany genotòxic. A més, l’exposició a NPPS va desencadenar canvis en el secretoma sanguini, amb un augment significatiu en l’expressió de citoquines relacionades amb la resposta inflamatòria i immunitària, l’estrès i la proliferació cel·lular.
En el segon estudi es va utilitzar el model ex vivo abans esmentat per avaluar l’impacte al secretoma sanguini de tres nanomaterials diferents basats en grafè (NMBG). Amb aquest objectiu, es va analitzar un gran panell de citoquines i els resultats van mostrar importants canvis en la seva expressió, estant la majoria d’ells relacionats amb la resposta immunitària i inflamatòria. Al mateix temps, es va utilitzar l’assaig del soft-agar indirecte per analitzar les conseqüències funcionals d’aquests canvis de citoquines. Els resultats van mostrar que el secretoma alterat per NMBG pot inhibir la capacitat de creixement cel·lular independent d’ancoratge de les cèl·lules HeLa, utilitzades com a model de línia cel·lular.
En el tercer estudi les propietats de transformació cel·lular del nanocerio es van confirmar mitjançant un model in vitro de dosis baixes a llarg termini. Es van analitzar les propietats relacionades amb les cèl·lules mare canceroses, el creixement independent d’ancoratge i les capacitats d’invasió, ja que es consideren característiques oncogèniques importants impulsades per l’exposició als NMs. Així mateix, es van confirmar les seves possibles interaccions amb el condensat de tabac, com a model de contaminant cancerigen ambiental, mostrant una interacció positiva en la inducció de la transformació cel·lular. A més, es va avaluar una bateria de microRNAs relacionats amb l’adquisició del fenotip tumoral, revelant que les nanopartícules de diòxid de ceri i la coexposició produïen una toxicitat potencial al transcriptoma.
Finalment, en el nostre quart estudi es van avaluar les possibles conseqüències epigenètiques de l’exposició a llarg termini a nanopartícules de titani i nanotubs de carboni de múltiples capes, específicament els canvis en l’expressió de microRNAs. La bateria de microRNAs analitzada va revelar un gran impacte en el perfil d’expressió de les cèl·lules exposades als dos nanomaterials. A més, a partir de la nostra bateria inicial, es va seleccionar un petit conjunt de cinc microRNAs com a possibles biomarcadors d’efecte després de l’exposició als NMs. Aquest conjunt va ser provat en les línies cel·lulars BEAS-2B i MEF, prèviament exposades a llarg termini a diferents NMs, mostrant efectes positius en totes les mostres provades, confirmant la idoneïtat d’aquesta bateria.Los nanomateriales (NMs) son considerados contaminantes emergentes cuya detección está creciendo en las diferentes matrices ambientales, provocando riesgos potenciales para la salud humana y para los ecosistemas. En este sentido, el principal objetivo de esta Tesis ha sido proporcionar nuevas aproximaciones metodológicas para la evaluación del peligro de los NMs a través de modelos in vitro y ex vivo avanzados, así como de nuevos biomarcadores. En nuestro primer estudio se desarrolló un modelo novedoso para comprender el riesgo de exposición de los seres humanos a las nanopartículas de poliestireno (NPPS), como modelo de micro-nanoplásticos (MNPL). Para ello, las muestras de sangre procedentes de 5 donantes se expusieron ex vivo a varias dosis de NPPS y se evaluaron diferentes biomarcadores en diversos subconjuntos de glóbulos blancos periféricos. Los resultados mostraron marcadas diferencias en la internalización de NPPS, con una absorción muy limitada en los linfocitos y muy alta en los monocitos. Además, la evaluación del daño genotóxico del ADN reveló una sensibilidad celular específica, siendo las células polimorfonucleares y monocitos aquellas células con los niveles más significativos de daño genotóxico. Además, la exposición a NPPS desencadenó cambios en el secretoma sanguíneo, con un aumento significativo en la expresión de citoquinas relacionadas con la respuesta inflamatoria e inmunitaria, el estrés y la proliferación celular. En el segundo estudio, se utilizó el modelo ex vivo antes mencionado para evaluar el impacto a nivel del secretoma sanguíneo de tres nanomateriales diferentes basados en grafeno (NMBG). Para ello, se analizó un gran panel de citoquinas y los resultados mostraron importantes cambios en su expresión, estando la mayoría de ellos relacionados con la respuesta inmunitaria e inflamatoria. Al mismo tiempo, se utilizó el ensayo de soft-agar indirecto para analizar las consecuencias funcionales de estos cambios de citoquinas. Los resultados mostraron que el secretoma alterado por NMBG puede inhibir la capacidad de crecimiento celular independiente del anclaje de las células HeLa, utilizadas como modelo de línea celular. En el tercer estudio, las propiedades de transformación celular del nanocerio se confirmaron mediante un modelo in vitro de dosis bajas a largo plazo. Se analizaron las propiedades relacionadas con las células madre cancerosas, el crecimiento independiente del anclaje y las capacidades de invasión, ya que se consideran características oncogénicas importantes impulsadas por la exposición a los NMs. Asimismo, se confirmaron sus posibles interacciones con el condensado de tabaco, como modelo de contaminante cancerígeno ambiental, mostrando una interacción positiva en la inducción de la transformación celular. Además, se evaluó una batería de microARNs relacionados con la adquisición del fenotipo tumoral, revelando que las nanopartículas de dióxido de cerio y la co-exposición producían una toxicidad potencial a nivel del transcriptoma. Finalmente, en nuestro cuarto estudio se evaluaron las posibles consecuencias epigenéticas de la exposición a largo plazo a nanopartículas de titanio y nanotubos de carbono de múltiples capas, específicamente los cambios en la expresión de microARNs. La batería de microARNs analizada reveló un gran impacto en el perfil de expresión de las células expuestas a ambos nanomateriales. Además, a partir de nuestra batería inicial, se seleccionó un pequeño conjunto de cinco microARNs como posibles biomarcadores de efecto después de la exposición a los NMs. Este conjunto fue probado en las líneas celulares BEAS-2B y MEF, previamente expuestas a largo plazo a diferentes NMs, mostrando efectos positivos en todas las muestras probadas, confirmando la idoneidad de esta batería.
Nanomaterials (NMs) are considered emerging pollutants that are increasingly detected in different environmental matrices, with potential risks for human health and the ecosystems. In this sense, the focus of this Thesis has been directed to provide new approach methodologies for hazard assessment of NMs via advanced in vitro and ex vivo models, as well as novel biomarkers. From our first study, a novel approach was developed to understand the risk of polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs) exposure for humans, as a model of micro-nanoplastics (MNPLs). Thus, ex vivo whole blood samples from 5 donors were exposed to several doses of PSNPLs and different end-points were evaluated in diverse subsets of white peripheral blood cells (WBCs). The results showed sharp differences in PSNPLs internalization with very limited uptake in lymphocytes and high uptake in monocytes. Moreover, the genotoxic DNA damage evaluation revealed a specific cellular sensitivity, being polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), and monocytes those cells with the most significant levels of genotoxic damage. Additionally, PSNPLs exposure triggered changes in the whole blood secretome, with a significant increase in the expression of cytokines related to the inflammatory, immune, and stress response, as well as cell proliferation. In the second study, the before-mentioned whole blood ex vivo model was used to evaluate the impact of three different graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNMs) at the level of the blood secretome. For that purpose, a large panel of cytokines was analysed, and the results showed important cytokine expression changes, most of them related with the immune and inflammatory response. At the same time, the indirect soft-agar assay, was used to unravel the functional consequences of these cytokine changes. The results showed that the GBNMs-altered secretome can inhibit the anchorage-independent cell growth capacity of HeLa cells, used as a model cell-line. In the third study, the cell-transforming properties of nanoceria were confirmed through a long-term low-dose in vitro model. Stem-like properties, anchorage-independent growth, and invasion abilities were analysed as they are considered important oncogenic features driven by NMs exposure. Also, their potential interactions with cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), as a model of environmental carcinogenic pollutant were confirmed, showing a positive interaction in the induction of cell transformation. Besides, a battery of microRNAs related to the acquisition of the tumoral phenotype was assessed, revealing that cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) and the co-exposure produced potential toxicity at the transcriptome level. Finally, our fourth study evaluated the potential epigenetic consequences of long-term exposure to titanium nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), specifically the microRNAs expression changes. The analysed microRNA battery revealed a big impact on the expression profiling in cells exposed to both nanomaterials. Moreover, from our initial battery, a small set of five microRNAs were selected as potential biomarkers of effect after NMs’ exposures. This set was tested in BEAS-2B and MEF cells previously long-term exposed to different NMs, showing positive effects in all the tested samples, confirming the suitability of this battery.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Genètica
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LONGOBARDO, FRANCESCO. "Sintesi e caratterizzazione di nuovi nanomateriali basati sul carbonio per applicazioni elettrocatalitiche e fotocatalitiche." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2988354.
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In the last decades, the interest to adopt new sustainable industrial processes and to find new eco-friendly ways to convert and store energy with a lower impact on the environment is growing due to the devastating consequences of our actions. In this Ph.D. project are investigated new sustainable catalysts based on carbon nanostructures for photocatalytic and electrocatalytic applications. In the first part of this thesis, 3 electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are proposed: Raspberry-like FeOx nanoparticles were covered with graphitized polydopamine (SNC@PDA500). Subsequently the inorganic core was removed in order to form an hollow N,O co-doped carbon nanoshell (g-PDA500). The elimination of the inorganic core leaves low doses of Fe that migrates on the surface of the carbon nanoshell and form ultrasmall FeOx nanoparticles when g-PDA500 is treated at 700 °C (g-PDA700), following an ex-solution process. SNC@PDA500 and g-PDA500 are active for the O2-to-H2O process (that finds application in fuel cells) while g-PDA700 is active for the O2-to-H2O2 process (that could be relevant as a sustainable alternative to the traditional H2O2 industrial production).
In the second part graphitic carbon-based nanomaterials are explored for light-mediated perfluoroalkylation reaction. In particular, the structure/activity relationship was studied in order to determine relevant mechanistic aspects. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) was prepared by conventional thermal polymerization of melamine. Subsequently, post-synthetic structural modifications of g-CN were performed applying 3 different protocols to obtain amorphous carbon nitride (am-CN), reduced carbon nitride (red-CN) and oxidized carbon nitride (ox-CN). am-CN revealed high performance for the perfluorobutylation of 1,3,5 trimethoxy-benzene (model reaction) and showed high performances for 2 classes of reactions: homolytic aromatic substitution (HAS) and atom transfer radical addition (ATRA). Subsequently, the amorphization treatment was investigated: 4 superamorphed carbon nitrides (SACNs) were proposed: 4h-SACN, 6h-SACN, d-SACN and t-SACN. Similarly, the oxidation treatment was explored preparing 3 different oxidized carbon nitrides (OCNs): 2M-OCN, 8M-OCN and OW-OCN.
In the last part, 3 different CN-based nanomaterials are prepared: 1) mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg-CN) using an eco-friendly protocol that involves CaCO3 as hard template, 2) poly heptazine imides (PHIs). The proposed PHIs are prepared following 2 approaches: using a eutectic mixture of LiCl and KCl (PHIK) and using both NaOH and KOH (PHIK-Na).
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LEPORE, EMILIANO. "An experimental study on adhesive or antiadhesiveand strong bio-inspired nanomaterials." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2498977.
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This experimental PhD thesis presents the results of research performed in five different facilities: in the Laboratory of Bio-inspired Nanomechanics “Giuseppe Maria Pugno” at the Politecnico of Torino, the “Nanofacility
Piemonte” at the INRIM Institute in Torino, the Division of Dental Sciences and Biomaterials of the Department of Biomedicine at the University of Trieste, the Physics Department of the Politecnico of Torino, the Toscano-
Buono Veterinary Surgery in Torino and the Department of Human and Animal Biology at the University of Torino.
The adhesive abilities of insects, spiders and reptiles have inspired researchers for a long time. All these organisms present outstanding performance particularly for force, adhesion and climbing abilities, especially considering their size and weight. Scientists have focused attention on the gecko’s adhesive paw system and climbing abilities, and its adhesion mechanism has been an important topic of research for nearly 150 years. However, certain phenomena about geckos are still not completely understood and nowadays these still represent the main challenge of several scientific discussions which aim to better understand the gecko’s adhesive ability.
This thesis deals first with the influence of surface roughness on the gecko’s adhesion on the inverted surface of Poly(methyl meth-acrylate) (PMMA) and glass in Chapter 1, of PMMA with different surface roughness in Chapter 2, while Chapter 3 deals with the gecko’s maximum normal
adhesive force and Chapter 4 looks at the optimal adhesion angle at different hierarchical levels. The gecko’s moult (Appendix 1) is examined in a preliminary way.
The Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) is the most studied gecko among more than 1050 Gekkonid lizard species in the world, due to its strong adhesive ability. Because this thesis reports clear experimental measurements on two living Tokay geckos, it is comparable to scientific results reported in the literature. It is well known how small insects can carry many times their own weight and can walk quickly, but their most interesting ability is their extremely high adhesion. In recent decades, many scientists have studied a number of insects in order to understand and measure their adhesive abilities.
Biological adhesion can be obtained through different adhesive mechanisms (e.g. claw, clamp, sucker, glue, friction). In particular, this thesis focuses on living specimens of the non-climbing cockroach (Blatta Orientalis Linnaeus) by evaluating its maximum shear safety factor on artificial surfaces using a centrifuge machine, see Chapter 5.
In general, the adhesive structure and mechanism of an animal could be connected to the micro-structured roughness of natural substrata (e.g. plant surfaces), which animals usually find when they move around in the natural
environment.
In nature, plants show an extraordinary variety of morphologies and surface structures. Some plants possess two special properties; superhydrophobicity (or water-repellency) and self-cleaning (or dirt-freedom). These two related phenomena were observed for the first time by Aristotle more than 2,000 years ago but it was only in the 20th century that scientists examined them accurately on some natural leaves, e.g. the lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) on
which “raindrops take a clear, spherical shape without spreading, which probably has to be ascribed to some kind of evaporated essence”, as Goethe described in 1817. Accordingly to scientific literature, a strong influence of
surface roughness on wettability and self-cleaning behaviour clearly emerges. This well-defined problem was of particular interest (for the Indesit Company) since we wanted to find an industrial solution which would leave the internal sides of refrigerators clean from condensed water
or dirt. For this reason, a collaborative project started. Two industrial processes, plasma and thermoforming treatments, were applied to polystyrene surfaces. The Indesit refrigerator box is made of polystyrene. The influence of these industrial treatments on the surface wettability were analysed, see Chapter 6. The focus of the Indesit Company was to understand the role of roughness and to produce a superhydrophobic and self-cleaning surface. Thus, this thesis reports the method which we
developed in order to design an artificial biomimetic superhydrophobic polystyrene surface, copying the natural lotus leaf (Chapter 7). In addition, surface roughness implies a modification of the tribological and frictional
properties, so it assumes a crucial role when designing two contacting surfaces, in particular at nano-scale (Chapter 8).
The nanometer scale characterises this thesis and is involved in everything from gecko spatulae to the waxy nanotubules of the lotus leaf, to the fibroin protein materials which constitute spider silks. In general, spider silks display superior mechanical properties but, only in the last few decades, reserachers have studied various types of silks and have evaluated their very different mechanical properties. The fact that the mechanical behaviour of
spider silks varies accordingly to their type is well-known, since silk properties have been demonstrated to be species-specific and are linked to silk-based peptide fibrils or protein aggregates, with different structural and mechanical properties. The dragline silk (or radial silk) and the flag silk (or circumferential silk) of orb weaving spiders have been characterized in scientific literature while, to our knowledge, few studies have been conducted on bundles, which connect the cocoons of Meta menardi to the ceiling of caves. These were tested to determine their mechanical properties in terms of stress, strain and toughness (Chapter 9).
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Zagaynova, Valeria. "Carbon-based magnetic nanomaterials." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-53568.
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Magnetism of carbon-based materials is a challenging area for both fundamental research and possible applications. We present studies of low-dimensional carbon-based magnetic systems (fullerene-diluted molecular magnets, carbon nanotubes, graphite fluoride, and nanoporous carbon) by means of SQUID magnetometer, X-ray diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy, the latter techniques used as complementary instruments to find a correlation between the magnetic behaviour and the structure of the samples.In the first part of the thesis, characteristic features of the magnetization process in aligned films of carbon nanotubes with low concentration of iron are discussed. It is shown that the magnetism of such structures is influenced by quantum effects, and the anisotropy behaviour is opposite to what is observed in heavily doped nanotubes.In the second part, Mn12-based single molecular magnets with various carboxylic ligands and their 1:1 fullerene-diluted complexes are studied. We prove that magnetic properties of such systems strongly depend on the environment, and, in principle, it is possible to design a magnet with desirable properties. One of the studied compounds demonstrated a record blocking temperature for a single molecular magnet. Both fullerene-diluted complexes demonstrated “magnetization training” effect in alternating magnetic fields and the ability to preserve magnetic moment.The third and the fourth parts of the thesis are dedicated to the analysis of various contributions to the magnetic susceptibility of metal-free carbon-based systems – intercalated compounds of graphite fluorides and nanoporous oxygen-eroded graphite. The magnetic properties of these systems are strongly dependent on structure, and can be delicately tuned by altering the π-electron system of graphite, i. e. by degree of fluorination of intercalated compounds and by introduction of boron impurity to the host matrix of nanoporous graphite.Magnetism av kolbaserade material är ett utmanande område för både grundforskning och möjliga tillämpningar. Vi presenterar studier med låg-dimensionella kolbaserade magnetiska system (fulleren-utspädda molekylära magneter, kolnanorör, grafit fluorid och nanoporösa kol) med hjälp av SQUID magnetometer, röntgendiffraktion och vibrerande spektroskopi, de senare tekniker som används som komplement instrument för att finna sambandet mellan den magnetiska uppträdande och strukturen hos proven. I den första delen av avhandlingen är egenheter från magnetisering processen i linje filmer av kolnanorör med låg koncentration av järn diskuteras. Det visas att magnetism av sådana strukturer påverkas av kvantmekaniska effekter och anisotropin beteende är motsatsen till vad som observerats i kraftigt dopade nanorör. I den tvåa delen är Mn12-baserade enda-molekyl magneter med olika karboxylsyror ligander och deras 1:1 fulleren-utspädda komplex studeras. Vi visar att magnetiska egenskaperna hos sådana system beror i hög grad på miljön, och i princip är det möjligt att utforma en magnet med önskvärda egenskaper. En av de studerade föreningarna visade en post blockeringstemperaturen för en enda molekylär magnet. Både fulleren-utspädda komplex visade "magnetisering utbildning" effekt i alternerande magnetfält och möjligheten att bevara magnetiskt moment. Den tredje och fjärde delarna av avhandlingen är avsedda för inneboende magnetism av analys av olika bidrag till magnetisk susceptibilitet av metall-fritt kol-baserade system -inskjutna föreningar grafit fluorider och nanoporösa O2-eroderade grafit. Magnetiska egenskaperna hos dessa system är starkt beroende av strukturen, och kan fint avstämmas genom att man ändrar π-elektronsystem av grafit, i. e. med graden av fluorering av inskjutna föreningar och genom införandet av bor föroreningar till värd matris av nanoporösa grafit.
Books on the topic "Nanomaterials"
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Al-Douri, Yarub. Nanomaterials. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3881-8.
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Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG, ed. Nanomaterials. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527673919.
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Singh, Subhash Chandra, Haibo Zeng, Chunlei Guo, and Weiping Cai, eds. Nanomaterials. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527646821.
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Ramesh, K. T. Nanomaterials. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09783-1.
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Singh, Dheeraj Kumar, Sanjay Singh, and Prabhakar Singh, eds. Nanomaterials. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7963-7.
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Jaworska, Lucyna. Nanomaterials. Krakow: Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2010.
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Altavilla, Claudia, ed. Upconverting Nanomaterials. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2016. | Series: Nanomaterials and: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315371535.
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Gogotsi, Yury, ed. Nanomaterials Handbook. Second edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017. | Series: Advanced materials and technologies series: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315371795.
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Zhou, Kun, ed. Carbon Nanomaterials. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, [2020]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351123587.
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Nalwa, Hari Singh. Soft nanomaterials. Stevenson Ranch, Calif: American Scientific Publishers, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Nanomaterials"
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Fahlman, Bradley D. "Nanomaterials." In Materials Chemistry, 457–583. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0693-4_6.
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Mo, Yiqun, Rong Wan, David J. Tollerud, and Qunwei Zhang. "Nanomaterials." In Cancer and Inflammation Mechanisms, 235–48. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118826621.ch17.
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Gonçalves, M. Clara. "Nanomaterials." In Materials for Construction and Civil Engineering, 629–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08236-3_14.
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Yoda, Minami, Jean-Luc Garden, Olivier Bourgeois, Aeraj Haque, Aloke Kumar, Hans Deyhle, Simone Hieber, et al. "Nanomaterials." In Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, 1597. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9751-4_100512.
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Jain, Vimal Kumar. "Nanomaterials." In Solid State Physics, 467–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96017-9_15.
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Pacioni, Natalia L., and M. Andrea Molina Torres. "Nanomaterials." In Nanomaterials under Extreme Conditions, 11–26. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003027621-2.
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Prasad, R. "Nanomaterials." In Physics and Technology for Engineers, 435–72. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32084-2_9.
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Ishido, Masami. "Nanomaterials." In Health Risk Assessment of Environmental Chemicals, 83–91. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1560-6_5.
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Etzrodt, Günter. "Nanomaterials." In Industrial Coloration of Plastics, 365–75. München, Germany: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-56990-853-2_14.
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Bury, Dominika, Michał Jakubczak, Jan Bogacki, Piotr Marcinowski, and Agnieszka Jastrzębska. "Nanomaterials." In Wastewater Treatment with the Fenton Process, 75–98. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003364085-4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Nanomaterials"
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Orlenko, E. V., and F. E. Orlenko. "Phonon Coherent States in Nanomaterials." In 2024 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Photonics (EExPolytech), 274–77. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eexpolytech62224.2024.10755703.
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Liang, Hong. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Tribological Applications of Nanomaterials." In STLE/ASME 2008 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2008-71057.
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Nanomaterials play important roles in tribolgy and manufacturing. This lecture provides an opportunity for us to review and learn the knowledge and techniques that have been involved in nanomaterials and nanotribology areas. Targeting tribological applications, a brief history of nanoparticulates, dated back more than 2500 years, will be given briefly. The classification and synthesis of nanoparticles will be followed by nanomaterils and nanocomposites, their characterization techniques, and mechanical, tribological, chemical, and physical properties. Discussion ends with summary of applications.
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Jiao, Lihong Heidi, and Nael Barakat. "Incorporation of Hands-On Activities in Learning Nanomaterials." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62598.
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For decades, nanomaterials, especially nanoparticles, have received extensive attention from the research community and have gained increasing importance in many industries. Growing production and utilization of nanomaterials result in a significant need for a relevant and skilled workforce. To meet these growing needs, the course “Fundamentals of Nanotechnology” was developed in the School of Engineering (SOE) at Grand Valley State University (GVSU) as one part of the Nanotechnology curriculum development plan sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Nanomaterials is one of the main topics covered in this course. Many concepts related to nanomaterials are both theoretical and abstract, which are difficult for students to grasp. This paper describes the hands-on lab activities incorporated to enhance the students’ learning and mastery of the subject. Through these hands-on activities, students learned to synthesize zero-dimensional and two-dimensional nanomaterials and characterized different properties of these nanomaterials. Students explored the physical and optical properties of nanoparticles, particle-to-particle aggregation, and applications of nanoparticles as sensors used in different fields. This paper presents the role of these hands-on activities in enhancing the students’ understanding of the theoretical nanomaterial concepts. These lab activities were assessed and results of this assessment from the first offering of the course are presented.
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Gu, Ning, and Song Zhang. "Magnetic Nanomaterial and Its Applications in Biomedicine." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21599.
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Being one kind of functional nanomaterials of importance, magnetic nanomaterial with various excellent properties could be used in many fields, such as information, mechanics, and biomedicine. The main possible applications of magnetic nanomaterial in biomedicine will be described with the focus on the earlier diagnosis and effective treatment of tumors. Also our recent interrelated results are included.
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Luo, Xiao-zhong James. "Nanomaterial Registry: A resource for biological and environmental interactions of nanomaterials." In 2012 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine Workshops (BIBMW). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibmw.2012.6470262.
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Alyami, Noktan Mohammed, Vikrant Wagle, Abdullah Saleh Alyami, and Rajendra Kalgaonkar. "Anionic Nanoparticle Based Formulation to Control and Cure Moderate to Severe Losses." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211493-ms.
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Abstract Moderate to severe losses can be treated using the loss circulation composition involving nanomaterial-based dispersion and a chemical activator. The nanomaterial employed is an environmentally friendly type of nanosilica. The composition facilitates delayed gelling of nanomaterial-based dispersion. One key benefit of this technology is that it can place the composition into the target loss circulation zone before the nanomaterial-based dispersion gels up. This ensures that the treatment fluid does not set prematurely before reaching the target zone. It is possible to effectively use the newly developed system up to 300°F. In this study, experiments have been carried out on three different types of nanomaterials that have varying surface charges and particle sizes. Two of the nanomaterials have negatively charged nanomaterial-based dispersions and particles measuring 5nm and 17nm in size, whilst the remaining nanomaterial has a positively charged nanomaterial-based dispersion and particles that are larger than 17nm. Moreover, two different types of chemical activators have been employed, namely organic and inorganic activators, whilst their impacts on gelling times have also been assessed. The gelling time experiments were carried out at four different temperatures starting from 150 °C to 300 °C with increment of 50 °C in each experiment. This research also examined the impacts of activator concentration and different shear rates on the gelling times of the three nanomaterial-based dispersions, whilst permeability plugging tests were carried out using 2mm slotted disks in order to assess their effectiveness in controlling moderate to severe losses.
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Tanguay, Robert L., Lisa Truong, Tatiana Zaikova, and James E. Hutchison. "Rapid In Vivo Assessment of the Nano/Bio Interface." In ASME 2013 2nd Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2013-93153.
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Recent advances in nanoscience offer great promise for the nanomedicine sector. These advances in the nanotechnology field will undoubtedly increase both human and environmental exposures to engineered nanomaterials. Whether these exposures pose a significant risk remains uncertain. Despite recent collective progress there remain gaps in our understanding of the nanomaterials physiochemical properties that drive or dictate biological compatibility. The development and implementation of rapid relevant and efficient testing strategies to assess these emerging materials prior to large-scale exposures could help advance this exciting field. I will present a powerful approach that utilizes a dynamic in vivo zebrafish embryonic assay to rapidly define the biological responses to nanomaterial exposures. Early developmental life stages are often uniquely sensitive to environmental insults, due in part to the enormous changes in cellular differentiation, proliferation and migration required to form the required cell types, tissues and organs. Molecular signaling underlies all of these processes. Most toxic responses result from disruption of proper molecular signaling, thus, early developmental life stages are perhaps the ideal life stage to determine if nanomaterials perturb normal biological pathways. Through automation and rapid throughput approaches, a systematic and iterative strategy has been deployed to help elucidate the nanomaterials properties that drive biological responses.
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Mollick, Rahat, Nitin Nagarkar, Ford Loskill, and Albert Ratner. "Studying Reultrasonication Effects on the Suspension Stability of Stored Nanofuels Based on Optical Measurements." In ASME 2023 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2023-112467.
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Abstract Suspensions of pure energetic nanomaterials in a liquid fuel, commonly termed as nanofuels, are desirable for their vastly different combustion properties compared to base fuels. Large scale, as well as lab scale, storage of such nanofuels is very challenging due to settling that occurs in these fuels over time. Various effects including high specific surface area (SSA) and high surface energy of nanoparticles facilitate nanomaterial agglomeration. The gradual agglomeration of the initially dispersed nanoparticles promotes their separation from the base fuel, followed by gravitational settling to the bottom due to the agglomerates growing in size. Reultrasonication of these stored colloidal suspensions has been taken to be the effective, and thus primarily employed, method to redisperse the settled nanomaterials in the base fuel. However, the settling behavior of these reultrasonicated samples can be significantly different from that of the initially prepared samples. This effect can introduce errors in determining important parameters such as burning rate, flame standoff ratio (FSR), and thus contributes to overall uncertainty in experimental results. To address this particular concern, the present research deploys a non-contact, non-invasive, quantitative, and simple experimental configuration to analyze suspension behavior. Soy Biodiesel, a promising renewable fuel was chosen as the base fuel and Acetylene Black was selected as the nanomaterial for the suspensions in this experimental study. Acetylene Black (AB) is both inexpensive and environmentally benign and has been previously employed as a carbon-based nanomaterial fuel additive. Surfactants are commonly used to help disperse nanomaterials, and they are included in this test protocol as well. To investigate the effect of such surfactants on the settling behavior, Span 80 (SP 80), a non-ionic surfactant with a Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of 4.3, is tested and the effect of its concentration on the settling time of the samples is also recorded.
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Hollertz, R., L. Wagberga, and Claire Pitois. "Novel cellulose nanomaterials." In 2014 IEEE 18th International Conference on Dielectric Liquids (ICDL). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdl.2014.6893152.
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Celasun, Şule. "Secret of nanomaterials." In NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS ICNAAM 2012: International Conference of Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4756531.
Full textReports on the topic "Nanomaterials"
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Pietrass, Tanja, David Fredrick Teter, and Karen Elizabeth Kippen. Integrated Nanomaterials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1425778.
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Hellman, Frances. Energetics of Nanomaterials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/898911.
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Alexandra Navrotsky, Brian Woodfield, Juliana Boerio-Goates, and Frances Hellman. Energetics of Nanomaterials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/888867.
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Navrotsky, Alexandra. "Energetics of Nanomaterials". Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836441.
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Hermans-Blackburn, Leone, and Richard A. Maresca. Nanomaterials Commercialization Center. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada586723.
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Wentworth, Jonathan, and Rosa Milodowski. Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn562.
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The unique properties of engineered nanomaterials are beneficial to a range of industries. However, uncertainties in assessing their potential health and environmental risks could hinder their safe use. This POSTnote summarises the current regulation of nanomaterials and highlights potential future directions for regulatory testing approaches.
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Doorn, Stephen. Nanophotonics and Optical Nanomaterials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1248576.
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Hutchison, James E., Eric Johnson, Karen Guillemin, John Postlethwait, Mark Lonergan, Andy Berglund, Steve Kevan, Richard Taylor, and Dave Johnson. Safer Nanomaterials and Nanomanufacturing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada584768.
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Stauber, Rudolf, and Christina Cecco. Nanomaterials in Automotive Applications. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0201.
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Ahtiainen, Jukka, and Elina Väänänen. Regulatory Safety Assessment of Nanomaterials. Nordic Council of Ministers, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2012-515.
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