Journal articles: 'Nanoparticle attributes'

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Owuor, James Jorum, Florence Oloo, Japheth Kibet Ngetich, Mwaiwa Kivunzya, Wesley Nyaigoti Omwoyo, and Jeremiah Waweru Gathirwa. "Comparison of Freeze and Spray Drying to Obtain Primaquine-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanotoxicology and Nanomedicine 2, no. 2 (July 2017): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jnn.2017070103.

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This article describes how the spray drying and freeze drying of various nanosized Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN) and the physicochemical attributes of the acquired particles were examined. Primaquine loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles dried by the two strategies is examined. Particles were characterised by determination of size, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency and surface morphology. In vitro and kinetic drug discharge models were also considered. Preparation parameters have no impact on the molecule morphology and properties, and the main parameter deciding the molecule attributes in the drug substance of the nanoparticle, either in the spraying or in the freezing technique of drying. The drug release profile of spray dried SLN is superior to that of the freeze dried SLN.

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Melnikova, E. V., D. V. Goryachev, A. A. Chaplenko, M. A. Vodyakova, A. R. Sayfutdinova, and V. A. Merkulov. "Development of liposomal drug formulations: quality attributes and methods for quality control." NANOMEDICINE, no. 6 (December 31, 2018): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24075/brsmu.2018.092.

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The use of nanostructured components in drug manufacturing and, more specifically, targeted drug delivery has recently become a major trend in the pharmaceutical industry. Nanodrugs encompass a wide range of pharmaceutical agents containing dendrimers, nanocrystals, micelles, liposomes, and polymer nanoparticles. Liposomes are the most well-studied nanoparticles and effective drug carriers. However, the more complex their structure is, the more process controls are needed and the more quality attributes have to be monitored, including the chemical properties of the liposomal fraction such as the shape, size and charge of the nanoparticle, conjugation efficacy, and distribution of the active ingredient. We believe that quality control of key liposome characteristics should rely on dynamic and laser light scattering coupled with electrophoresis, differential scanning calorimetry, cryo-electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, laser diffraction analysis, and gel filtration chromatography.

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Meer, Sanaa, Ayesha Kausar, and Tahir Iqbal. "Attributes of Polymer and Silica Nanoparticle Composites: A Review." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 55, no. 8 (November 5, 2015): 826–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2015.1103267.

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ZHANG, LI, and LIANGFANG ZHANG. "LIPID–POLYMER HYBRID NANOPARTICLES: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS." Nano LIFE 01, no. 01n02 (March 2010): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179398441000016x.

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Nanotechnology has been extensively explored in the past decade to develop a myriad of functional nanostructures to facilitate the delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents for various medical applications. Liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles represent two primary delivery vehicles that are currently under investigation. While many advantages of these two particle platforms have been disclosed, some intrinsic limitations remain to limit their applications at certain extent. Recently, a new type of nanoparticle platform, named lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticle, has been developed that combines the positive attributes of both liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles while excluding some of their shortages. This new nanoparticle consists of a hydrophobic polymeric core, a lipid shell surrounding the polymeric core, and a hydrophilic polymer stealth layer outside the lipid shell. In this review, we first introduce the synthesis and surface functionalization techniques of the lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticle, followed by a review of typical characterization of the particles. We then summarize the current and potential medical applications of this new nanoparticle as a delivery vehicle of therapeutic and imaging agents. Finally we highlight some challenges faced in further developing this robust delivery platform.

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Prime, Dominic, and Shashi Paul. "Gold Nanoparticle Based Electrically Rewritable Polymer Memory Devices." Advances in Science and Technology 54 (September 2008): 480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.54.480.

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Organic and polymer based electronic devices are currently the subject of a great deal of scientific investigation and development. This interest can be attributed to the low cost, easy processing steps and simple device structures of organic electronics when compared to conventional silicon and inorganic electronics. In the field of organic electronic memories, non-volatile, rewritable polymer memory devices (PMDs) have shown promise as a future technology where cost and compatibility with flexible substrates are important factors. In this paper PMDs based on active layers containing an admixture of polystyrene, gold nanoparticles and 8-hydroxyquinoline will be presented, showing the devices’ electrical characteristics and memory performance attributes, and where possible discussing possible mechanisms of operation.

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Zein, Randa, Wissam Sharrouf, and Kim Selting. "Physical Properties of Nanoparticles That Result in Improved Cancer Targeting." Journal of Oncology 2020 (July 13, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5194780.

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The therapeutic efficacy of drugs is dependent upon the ability of a drug to reach its target, and drug penetration into tumors is limited by abnormal vasculature and high interstitial pressure. Chemotherapy is the most common systemic treatment for cancer but can cause undesirable adverse effects, including toxicity to the bone marrow and gastrointestinal system. Therefore, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have been developed to reduce the adverse effects of traditional chemotherapy by enhancing the penetration and selective drug retention in tumor tissues. A thorough knowledge of the physical properties (e.g., size, surface charge, shape, and mechanical strength) and chemical attributes of nanoparticles is crucial to facilitate the application of nanotechnology to biomedical applications. This review provides a summary of how the attributes of nanoparticles can be exploited to improve therapeutic efficacy. An ideal nanoparticle is proposed at the end of this review in order to guide future development of nanoparticles for improved drug targeting in vivo.

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Shobana, Sampath, Sunderam Veena, S. S. M. Sameer, K. Swarnalakshmi, and L. A. Vishal. "Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Artocarpus hirsutus Seed Extract and its Antibacterial Activity." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 21, no. 10 (September 7, 2020): 980–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201021666200107115849.

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Aims: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Artocarpus hirsutus mediated seed extract for nanoparticle synthesis. Background: Gastrointestinal bacteria are known for causing deadly infections in humans. They also possess multi-drug resistance and interfere with clinical treatments. Applied nanotechnology has been known to combat such infectious agents with little interference from their special attributes. Here we synthesize silver nanoparticles from Artocarpus hirsutus seed extract against two gastro-intestinal bacterial species: Enterobacter aerogenes and Listeria monocytogenes. Objective: To collect, dry, and process seeds of Artocarpus hirsutus for nanoparticle synthesis. To evaluate the morphological interaction of silver nanoparticles with bacteria. Methods: Artocarpus hirsutus seeds were collected and processed and further silver nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, UV, FTIR, and SEM. These nanoparticles were employed to study the antibacterial activity of nanoparticles against Enterobacter aerogenes and Listeria monocytogenes using well diffusion method. Further, morphological interaction of silver nanoparticles on bacteria was studied using SEM. Result: Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Artocarpus hirsutus seed extract and characterization studies confirmed that silver nanoparticles were spherical in shape with 25-40 nm size. Antibacterial study exhibited better activity against Enterobacter aerogenes with a maximum zone of inhibition than on Listeria monocytogenes. SEM micrographs indicated that Enterobacter aerogenes bacteria were more susceptible to silver nanoparticles due to the absence of cell wall. Also, the size and charge of silver nanoparticles enable easy penetration of the bacterial cell wall. Conclusion: In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the seed extract of Artocarpus hirsutus for the first time exploiting the fact that Moraceae species have high phytonutrient content which aided in nanoparticle synthesis. This nanoparticle can be employed for large scale synthesis which when coupled with the pharmaceutical industry can be used to overcome the problems associated with conventional antibiotics to treat gastrointestinal bacteria.

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Mulenos, Marina R., Henry Lujan, Lauren R. Pitts, and Christie M. Sayes. "Silver Nanoparticles Agglomerate Intracellularly Depending on the Stabilizing Agent: Implications for Nanomedicine Efficacy." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 1953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10101953.

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Engineered nanoparticles are utilized as drug delivery carriers in modern medicine due to their high surface area and tailorable surface functionality. After in vivo administration, nanoparticles distribute and interact with biomolecules, such as polar proteins in serum, lipid membranes in cells, and high ionic conditions during digestion. Electrostatic forces and steric hindrances in a nanoparticle population are disturbed and particles agglomerate in biological fluids. Little is known about the stability of nanoparticles in relation to particle surface charge. Here, we compared three different surface-stabilized silver nanoparticles (50 nm) for intracellular agglomeration in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). Nanoparticles stabilized with branched polyethyleneimine conferred a positive surface charge, particles stabilized with lipoic acid conferred a negative surface charge, and particles stabilized with polyethylene glycol conferred a neutral surface charge. Particles were incubated in fetal bovine serum, simulated lung surfactant fluid, and simulated stomach digestion fluid. Each nanoparticle system was characterized via microscopic (transmission electron, fluorescence, and enhanced darkfield) and spectroscopic (hyperspectral, dynamic light scattering, and ultraviolet-visible absorption) techniques. Results showed that nanoparticle transformation included cellular internalization, agglomeration, and degradation and that these changes were dependent upon surface charge and incubation matrix. Hyperspectral analyses showed that positively charged silver nanoparticles red-shifted in spectral analysis after transformations, whereas negatively charged silver nanoparticles blue-shifted. Neutrally charged silver nanoparticles did not demonstrate significant spectral shifts. Spectral shifting indicates de-stabilization in particle suspension, which directly affects agglomeration intracellularly. These characteristics are translatable to critical quality attributes and can be exploited when developing nano-carriers for nanomedicine.

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Hernandez-Vargas, Mireya L., Angel Romo-Uribe, and Jamil Baghdachi. "Influence of nanoparticle morphology on reaction kinetics, particle size and rheology in acrylic latex." MRS Proceedings 1767 (2015): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.222.

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ABSTRACTOrganic/inorganic (O/I) composite latexes combine the best attributes of inorganic solids with the processability, lightweight and handling advantages of organic polymers. There are common methods to produce polymer nanocomposites: melt compounding, in-situ polymerization and solution mixing. Emulsion polymerization is an unique chemical process widely used to produce waterborne resins with various colloidal and physicochemical properties. This free radical polymerization process involves emulsification of the relatively hydrophobic monomer in water by an oil-in-water emulsifier, followed by the initiation reaction with a water insoluble initiator. This research focuses on the synthesis and reactions kinetics of polyacrylic latex with the incorporation of various nanospheres (SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3), and layered silicate (Bentonite nanoclay) nanoparticles via emulsion polymerization. The influence of nanoparticle concentration on reaction kinetics was also investigated. The results showed that the concentration of nanoparticles has significant influence on the monomer conversion, particle size, coagulum content and viscosity of the emulsion. Furthermore, the nanostructured emulsions were shear thinning, exhibiting a power-law behavior, and the viscosity was influenced by the nanoparticle morphology.

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Manikam, Vemal Raja, Kim Seah Tan, Khairunisak Abdul Razak, and Kuan Yew Cheong. "Nanoindentation of Porous Die Attach Materials as a Means of Determining Mechanical Attributes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (September 2013): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.57.

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A die attach nanopaste for high temperature use on silicon carbide (SiC) based power semiconductor devices was developed utilizing silver (Ag) and aluminium (Al) nanoparticles as well as organic additives. Total nanoparticle content was varied at 84.7, 85.5, 86.2 and 87 wt%, while the Ag to Al ratio was fixed to 80:20. The die attach nanopaste was sintered in open air at 380 °C for 30 minutes to create an Ag-Al inter-metallic compound between the SiC die and substrate. To determine the mechanical attributes of the post-sintered die attach interlayer, nanoindentation was performed on the samples. It was found that, a low Young modulus of elasticity, E, between 9.3-9.8 GPa was obtained. This was followed by a reduction in hardness as well as stiffness for the post-sintered Ag80-Al20 die attach material when compared against that of solder alloys or bulk metals. The formation of pores in the die attach material as it underwent sintering is believed to have contributed to this decrease in mechanical properties. The findings of this research enables the possibility of introducing a much cheaper die attach material for high temperature devices, which also has excellent mechanical properties to alleviate thermal mismatch issues between the semiconductor die and substrate.

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Adeeyo, Adeyemi Ojutalayo, and John Ogony Odiyo. "Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle from Mushroom Exopolysaccharides and its Potentials in Water Purification." Open Chemistry Journal 5, no. 1 (September 28, 2018): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874842201805010064.

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Objective:This study reports a novel eco-friendly biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Exopolysaccharides (EPS) ofLentinus edodesafter an attempt to optimise the production of EPS through mutagenesis. It further describes some potential application of silver nanoparticles in water treatment.Methods:A wild strain ofL. edodeswas subjected to UV irradiation, a physical mutagen, at 254 nm. The wild and resultant irradiated strains were then assessed for the production of EPS and subsequent application of the crude EPSs for biosynthesis of AgNPs. The particles were characterised by colour pattern and UV-visible spectroscopy. Based on superior EPS production and nanoparticle attributes, nanoparticles obtained from UV irradiated process were further subjected to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). EPS produced was quantified by the phenol-sulphuric acid method and studied by GC-MS.Results:Results obtained for EPS productivity indicated the presence of monomer sugars such as arabinose (50.65%), mannose (19.20%), mannitol (15.58%), fructose (7.96%), trehalose (6.49%), and glucuronic acid, xylose, galactose and glucose with low percentages of ≤ 0.11. EPS productivity of wild and mutant strains was obtained as 1.044 and 2.783 mg/ml, respectively, after 7 days of fermentation. The result of EPS production for UV irradiated strain corresponds to a yield improvement of 2.7 fold of the wild-type. UV Spectroscopy and SEM analysis studies on EPS nanoparticle product of the improved (UV irradiated) strain indicated the formation of AgNPs at the absorption band of 421 nm with a size range of 50-100 nm.Conclusion:This study, which aimed at eco-friendly synthesis of myco-nanoparticle has established the novel ability ofL. edodes’polysaccharide in silver nanoparticles biosynthesis. It expounded potential frontiers of silver nanoparticles application in the water industry. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this result represents the first report on the biosynthesis of AgNPs usingL. edode’sEPS.

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Tanashyan, M. M., R. B. Medvedev, O. V. Lagoda, E. S. Berdnikovich, S. I. Skrylev, E. G. Gemdzhian, and M. V. Krotenkova. "The state of cognitive functions after angioreconstructive operations on the carotid arteries." IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY, no. 5 (September 16, 2019): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24075/brsmu.2019.059.

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The use of nanostructured components in drug manufacturing and, more specifically, targeted drug delivery has recently become a major trend in the pharmaceutical industry. Nanodrugs encompass a wide range of pharmaceutical agents containing dendrimers, nanocrystals, micelles, liposomes, and polymer nanoparticles. Liposomes are the most well-studied nanoparticles and effective drug carriers. However, the more complex their structure is, the more process controls are needed and the more quality attributes have to be monitored, including the chemical properties of the liposomal fraction such as the shape, size and charge of the nanoparticle, conjugation efficacy, and distribution of the active ingredient. We believe that quality control of key liposome characteristics should rely on dynamic and laser light scattering coupled with electrophoresis, differential scanning calorimetry, cryo-electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, laser diffraction analysis, and gel filtration chromatography.

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Sainz, V., C. Peres, T. Ciman, C. Rodrigues, A. S. Viana, C. A. M. Afonso, T. Barata, et al. "Optimization of protein loaded PLGA nanoparticle manufacturing parameters following a quality-by-design approach." RSC Advances 6, no. 106 (2016): 104502–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra19092h.

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This paper explores the development of a multivariate-based regression model for estimating the critical attributes to establish a design-space for poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles prepared by a double emulsion–solvent evaporation method.

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Defante, Adrian P., Wyatt N. Vreeland, Kurt D. Benkstein, and Dean C. Ripple. "Using Image Attributes to Assure Accurate Particle Size and Count Using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 107, no. 5 (May 2018): 1383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2017.12.016.

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Rostami, Mohammadreza Hasandust, Barat Ghobadian, Gholamhassan Najafi, Ali Motevali, and Nor Azwadi Che Sidik. "CFD Study Based on Effect of Employing the Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) and Graphene Quantum Dots (GQD) Nanoparticles and a Particular Fin Configuration on the Thermal Performance in the Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger." CFD Letters 12, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.12.11.3760.

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In this research, the thermal attributes of shell and finned tube heat exchanger such as thermal efficiency, pressure drop, heat transfer rate and average temperature in the tube side of heat exchanger with using the different volume concentration of nanoparticles (SWCNT and Graphene quantum dot) at the various Reynolds number by applying either fin blades and without fin blades have been conducted numerically. In this heat exchanger the hot fluid or nanofluid flows in the tube section and cold fluid or pure water moves in the shell side. As regarding to results obtained the majority of thermal characteristics like heat transfer rate, pressure drop and effectiveness enhanced with augmentation of Reynolds number and increasing of volume concentration of nanofluids to 1% volumetric of working fluid whereas at the higher volume concentrations of nanoparticles (upper from 1% volumetric) the thermal properties of heat exchanger decreased generally. Also pressure drop intensifies with increment of Reynolds number and volume concentration of nanoparticles that at higher Reynolds number the effects of nanoparticles on the pressure drop were more noticeable. The average temperature of heat exchanger in the end section of inside tubes increased with augmentation of Reynolds number and nanoparticles. Finally, according to the results obtained in this study, most impression on the thermal attributes enhancement was found by employing of finned tubes compared to other factor which this factor increased heat transfer rate of heat exchanger by almost 188% also the effects of nanoparticles at the high levels of volume concentration especially for 5% of SWCNT nanoparticle on the pressure drop obtained about 80% compared to the base fluid.

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Krull, Scott M., Jacqueline Moreno, Meng Li, Ecevit Bilgili, and Rajesh N. Davé. "Critical material attributes (CMAs) of strip films loaded with poorly water-soluble drug nanoparticles: III. Impact of drug nanoparticle loading." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 523, no. 1 (May 2017): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.023.

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Sane, Mukta S., Huiyuan Tang, Neha Misra, Xinzhu Pu, Sara Malara, Christopher D. Jones, and Soumyajit Banerjee Mustafi. "Characterization of an umbilical cord blood sourced product suitable for allogeneic applications." Regenerative Medicine 14, no. 8 (August 2019): 769–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/rme-2019-0058.

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Aim: Umbilical cord blood (UCB) sourced allografts are promising interventions for tissue regeneration. As applications of these allografts and regulations governing them continue to evolve, we were prompted to identify parameters determining their quality, safety and regenerative potential. Materials & methods: Flow-cytometry, mass-spectrometry, protein multiplexing, nanoparticle tracking analysis and standard biological techniques were employed. Results: Quality attributes of a uniquely processed UCB-allograft (UCBr) were enumerated based on identity (cell viability, immunophenotyping, proteomic profiling, and quantification of relevant cytokines); safety (bioburden and microbiological screening), purity (endotoxin levels) and potency (effect of UCBr on chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes). These attributes were stable up to 24 months in cryopreserved UCBr. Conclusion: We identified a comprehensive panel of tests to establish the clinical efficacy and quality control attributes of a UCB-sourced allograft.

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Souto Filho, Sebastião N., Marlene C. Alves, Carlos M. Monreal, and Carolina dos S. B. Bonini. "Nanoparticles and nanostructure morphology of a Red Latosol in rehabilitation." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, no. 8 (August 2017): 530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n8p530-536.

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ABSTRACT In the process of rehabilitation of a soil, two points are fundamental: to define optimal interferences to accelerate the rehabilitation process and the most appropriate indicators to diagnose its quality. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the nanoparticle and nanostructure morphology of a Red Latosol in rehabilitation for eight years. The soil under rehabilitation process was compared with its natural state and degraded. In the topsoil, nanoparticles (ø < 100 nm) and fine clay (ø < 200 nm) were quantified and the nanostructures morphology was studied using images obtained by transmission electron microscopy. Soil porosity, bulk density and carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen contents were analyzed. It was found that the nanoparticles and nanostructure morphology were good soil quality indicators; the physical and chemical attributes were not sensitive to detect alterations between the conditions of degraded soil and soil rehabilitated for eight years; in the class of particles with diameter smaller than 200 nm, for the studied Red Latosol, the visualization of nanostructures is more effective.

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Pilon, Lucimeire, Poliana C. Spricigo, Marcela Miranda, Márcia R. de Moura, Odilio Benedito G. Assis, Luiz Henrique C. Mattoso, and Marcos David Ferreira. "Chitosan nanoparticle coatings reduce microbial growth on fresh-cut apples while not affecting quality attributes." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 50, no. 2 (July 16, 2014): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12616.

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Barhate, Ganesh A., Sushama M. Gaikwad, Suresh S. Jadhav, and Varsha B. Pokharkar. "Structure function attributes of gold nanoparticle vaccine association: Effect of particle size and association temperature." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 471, no. 1-2 (August 2014): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.06.002.

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Mohanty, Ayeskanta, Saji Uthaman, and In-Kyu Park. "Utilization of Polymer-Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles for Targeted Anti-Cancer Therapy." Molecules 25, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 4377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194377.

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Cancer represents one of the most dangerous diseases, with 1.8 million deaths worldwide. Despite remarkable advances in conventional therapies, these treatments are not effective to completely eradicate cancer. Nanotechnology offers potential cancer treatment based on formulations of several nanoparticles (NPs). Liposomes and polymeric nanoparticle are the most investigated and effective drug delivery systems (DDS) for cancer treatment. Liposomes represent potential DDS due to their distinct properties, including high-drug entrapment efficacy, biocompatibility, low cost, and scalability. However, their use is restricted by susceptibility to lipid peroxidation, instability, burst release of drugs, and the limited surface modification. Similarly, polymeric nanoparticles show several chemical modifications with polymers, good stability, and controlled release, but their drawbacks for biological applications include limited drug loading, polymer toxicity, and difficulties in scaling up. Therefore, polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes are combined to form polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PLHNPs), with the positive attributes of both components such as high biocompatibility and stability, improved drug payload, controlled drug release, longer circulation time, and superior in vivo efficacy. In this review, we have focused on the prominent strategies used to develop tumor targeting PLHNPs and discuss their advantages and unique properties contributing to an ideal DDS.

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Yogasundaram, Haran, Markian Stephan Bahniuk, Harsh-Deep Singh, Hamidreza Montezari Aliabadi, Hasan Uludaǧ, and Larry David Unsworth. "BSA Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery: Coating Effects on Nanoparticle Properties, Plasma Protein Adsorption, andIn VitrosiRNA Delivery." International Journal of Biomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/584060.

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Developing vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic molecules, like siRNA, is an area of active research. Nanoparticles composed of bovine serum albumin, stabilizedviathe adsorption of poly-L-lysine (PLL), have been shown to be potentially inert drug-delivery vehicles. With the primary goal of reducing nonspecific protein adsorption, the effect of using comb-type structures of poly(ethylene glycol) (1 kDa, PEG) units conjugated to PLL (4.2 and 24 kDa) on BSA-NP properties, apparent siRNA release rate, cell viability, and cell uptake were evaluated. PEGylated PLL coatings resulted in NPs withζ-potentials close to neutral. Incubation with platelet-poor plasma showed the composition of the adsorbed proteome was similar for all systems. siRNA was effectively encapsulated and released in a sustained manner from all NPs. With 4.2 kDa PLL, cellular uptake was not affected by the presence of PEG, but PEG coating inhibited uptake with 24 kDa PLL NPs. Moreover, 24 kDa PLL systems were cytotoxic and this cytotoxicity was diminished upon PEG incorporation. The overall results identified a BSA-NP coating structure that provided effective siRNA encapsulation while reducingζ-potential, protein adsorption, and cytotoxicity, necessary attributes forin vivoapplication of drug-delivery vehicles.

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Li, Wenhui, Lin Li, Yun Cao, Tianqing Lan, Haiyan Chen, and Yuyue Qin. "Effects of PLA Film Incorporated with ZnO Nanoparticle on the Quality Attributes of Fresh-Cut Apple." Nanomaterials 7, no. 8 (July 31, 2017): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano7080207.

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Tzanova, Martina M., Ellen Hagesaether, and Ingunn Tho. "Solid lipid nanoparticle-loaded mucoadhesive buccal films – Critical quality attributes and in vitro safety & efficacy." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 592 (January 2021): 120100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120100.

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Nivrutti Aitavade, Eknath, and S. C. Kamate. "Influence of blend and oxide nanoparticle additive parameters on tribological attributes of Simarouba glauca biodiesel (SGME)." Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021): 2147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.277.

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P. Kale, Archana, and Satyavikas N. Gawade. "STUDIES ON NANOPARTICLE INDUCED NUTRIENT USE EFICIENCY OF FERTILIZER AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY." Green Chemistry & Technology Letters 2, no. 2 (April 7, 2016): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/gctl.2016.226.

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A field experiment was conducted at M/s.Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers, Ltd., Mumbai, India, (RCF) experimental farm to evaluate the effect of ZnO Nanoparticles (ZnO NP) in combination with N: P: K (15: 15:15) complex fertilizer “Suphala” of RCF Ltd. on growth attributes of brinjal (Solanum melongena L) as well as nutrient use efficiency. The experiment was carried out in randomised block design with three replications. The first treatment (T-1), comprised of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), N: P: K (50:50:50), applied at the time of transplantation. The second treatment (T-2) was conducted with RDF in combination @ 2kg ZnSO4 (bulk)/ha. The third treatment (T-3) was added, N: P: K (12.5; 12.5; 12.5) in combination to ZnO NP @ 4500mg/ha. The forth treatment (T-C) was without any fertilizer. All treatments were given appropriate quantity of nitrogen per hectare as urea at the 30th day of transplantation. The combination N: P: K (12.5; 12.5; 12.5) and ZnO NP @ 4500mg/ha yielded 91% and 45.3% higher brinjal yield and biomass respectively than the treatment with only RDF. It was also observed that 38% and 21% higher yield and biomass respectively were recorded in the treatment where combination of RDF with ZnSO4 (bulk) over RDF was used alone. The results of field trials reveal that, there was synergistic effect of ZnO NP @ 4500mg per hectare with N: P: K complex fertilizer on growth attributes of brinjal as well as nutrient use efficiency.

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Rokbani, Hajer, France Daigle, and Abdellah Ajji. "Long- and short-term antibacterial properties of low-density polyethylene-based films coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles for potential use in food packaging." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 35, no. 2 (January 2, 2019): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087918822677.

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Concerns in food safety and the need for high-quality foods have increased the demand for extending the shelf life of packaged foods. Subsequently, promoting and investigating the development of antibacterial materials for food packaging has become inevitable. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have attracted attention lately owing to their multifunctional properties, especially antibacterial activity. For this study, antibacterial low-density polyethylene films were prepared by coating zinc oxide nanoparticles onto their surface. The low-density polyethylene film antibacterial activity was evaluated toward Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The scanning electron microscopy images showed that using anhydride-modified low-density polyethylene (LDPE-g-AM) resin permitted improved zinc oxide nanoparticle distribution on the low-density polyethylene film surface, reduced the agglomerate sizes, and reinforced the zinc oxide nanoparticle bonding to the low-density polyethylene film surface. We found that the coated low-density polyethylene films exhibited high antibacterial activity against both strains. The antibacterial tests also proved that the coated films retained their antibacterial efficiency toward Escherichia coli, even after eight months, with a reduction rate higher than 99.9%, whereas for Staphylococcus aureus the antibacterial properties for the linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) films decreased at eight months and improved for the LDPE-g-AM films. When the zinc oxide coated films were laminated with neat low-density polyethylene, only the LDPE-g-AM was still active against E. coli provided that the lamination thickness does not go beyond 8 µm. This research demonstrated that the coated low-density polyethylene films have excellent attributes when used as an active coating in the food packaging industry.

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Asghar, Muhammad Rehman, Muhammad Tuoqeer Anwar, Ahmad Naveed, and Junliang Zhang. "A Review on Inorganic Nanoparticles Modified Composite Membranes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Recent Progress and Prospects." Membranes 9, no. 7 (July 2, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9070078.

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Separators with high porosity, mechanical robustness, high ion conductivity, thin structure, excellent thermal stability, high electrolyte uptake and high retention capacity is today’s burning research topic. These characteristics are not easily achieved by using single polymer separators. Inorganic nanoparticle use is one of the efforts to achieve these attributes and it has taken its place in recent research. The inorganic nanoparticles not only improve the physical characteristics of the separator but also keep it from dendrite problems, which enhance its shelf life. In this article, use of inorganic particles for lithium-ion battery membrane modification is discussed in detail and composite membranes with three main types including inorganic particle-coated composite membranes, inorganic particle-filled composite membranes and inorganic particle-filled non-woven mates are described. The possible advantages of inorganic particles application on membrane morphology, different techniques and modification methods for improving particle performance in the composite membrane, future prospects and better applications of ceramic nanoparticles and improvements in these composite membranes are also highlighted. In short, the contents of this review provide a fruitful source for further study and the development of new lithium-ion battery membranes with improved mechanical stability, chemical inertness and better electrochemical properties.

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Rial, Ramon, J. F. Armando Soltero, Pedro V. Verdes, Zhen Liu, and Juan M. Ruso. "Mechanical Properties of Composite Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 18, no. 14 (October 10, 2018): 1214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026618666180810151539.

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Tissue engineering provides solutions that require medicine to restore damaged tissues or even complete organs. This discipline combines biologically active scaffolds, cells and molecules; being the addition of nanoparticles into the scaffolds, one of the techniques that is attracting more interest these days. In this work, Hydroxyapatite Nanorods (HA) were added to the network of Gelatin hydrogel (GE), and the particular properties resulting from their interaction were studied. Specifically, viscoelastic properties were characterized as a function of gel and nanoparticle concentration, varying ratios and temperatures. Oscillatory Time Sweeps (OTS) provided the necessary information about how the timeresolved material property/structure alteration. A wide variety of Continuous Flow Tests and Frequency Sweeps were used to describe the mechanical properties of the material, proving that the presence of nanoparticles led to a reinforcement of the gel network, mechanical stiffness and strength. The thixotropic nature of the gels was also evaluated and the most common theoretical models were described and commented. The attributes inferred from the data, showed a material that can allow the natural growth of bone tissue whilst withstanding properly the mechanical efforts; resulting in a material with an outstanding suitability to be used in regenerative medicine.

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McAllister, Jeffrey, Juan Cristobal Mariscal, Hossein Dadashazar, Yasa Sampurno, and Ara Philipossian. "Effect of Abrasive Nanoparticle Concentration on the Tribological, Thermal and Kinetic Attributes of Tungsten Chemical Mechanical Planarization." ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 9, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 024014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/ab6ff5.

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Abdeldaym, A., and MA Elhady. "Role of copper oxide nanoparticles and gamma irradiation in optimising mechanical and the DC-electrical properties of nylon 66." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 24 (April 11, 2020): 3595–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320918347.

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This study used an aqueous precipitation method to synthesise copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles. Nylon 66/CuO-based nanocomposites were prepared through a melt-mixing process using CuO nanoparticles with differing contents (1, 2, 3 and 4 wt%) and varying doses of gamma radiation (100, 200 and 300 kGy). The study also investigated the impact of these combinations on the structural, mechanical and DC-electrical attributes of nylon 66. The combination of CuO nanoparticles and gamma irradiation caused nylon 66 to undergo structural changes verified through X-ray diffraction measurement and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the morphology of the nylon 66/CuO nanocomposites and revealed that the CuO nanoparticles belonging to the nylon 66 matrixes had a homogeneous dispersion. According to the mechanical finding, the influence of CuO nanoparticles and gamma irradiation significantly augmented the flexural strength and flexural modulus of the nanocomposites. However, this addition led to a decline of elongation at break. To better understand the tensile mechanism, a correlation of tensile strength using theoretical models premised on Money, Einstein and Pukanszky were undertaken. The optimal deviation was exhibited by the Pukanszky model using tensile plots on an experimental basis. The study also examined the nanocomposite’s DC-electrical conductivity; electrical conductivity increased with CuO nanoparticle content and gamma irradiation. For every sample, the prevailing transport mechanism was the Poole–Frenkel emission. This finding is encouraging for the development of innovative materials with augmented tensile strength and nanoelectronic devices.

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Younis, Nancy S., Esam M. Bakir, Maged E. Mohamed, and Nermin A. El Semary. "Cyanobacteria as Nanogold Factories II: Chemical Reactivity and anti-Myocardial Infraction Properties of Customized Gold Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Cyanothece sp." Marine Drugs 17, no. 7 (July 8, 2019): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17070402.

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Cyanothece sp., a coccoid, unicellular, nitrogen-fixing and hydrogen-producing cyanobacterium, has been used in this study to biosynthesize customized gold nanoparticles under certain chemical conditions. The produced gold nanoparticles had a characteristic absorption band at 525–535 nm. Two types of gold nanoparticle, the purple and blue, were formed according to the chemical environment in which the cyanobacterium was grown. Dynamic light scattering was implemented to estimate the size of the purple and blue nanoparticles, which ranged from 80 ± 30 nm and 129 ± 40 nm in diameter, respectively. The highest scattering of laser light was recorded for the blue gold nanoparticles, which was possibly due to their larger size and higher concentration. The appearance of anodic and cathodic peaks in cyclic voltammetric scans of the blue gold nanoparticles reflected the oxidation into gold oxide, followed by the subsequent reduction into the nano metal state. The two produced forms of gold nanoparticles were used to treat isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in experimental rats. Both forms of nanoparticles ameliorated myocardial infarction injury, with a slight difference in their curative activity with the purple being more effective. Mechanisms that might explain the curative effect of these nanoparticles on the myocardial infarction were proposed. The morphological, physiological, and biochemical attributes of the Cyanothece sp. cyanobacterium were fundamental for the successful production of “tailored” nanoparticles, and complemented the chemical conditions for the differential biosynthesis process. The present research represents a novel approach to manipulate cyanobacterial cells towards the production of different-sized gold nanoparticles whose curative impacts vary accordingly. This is the first report on that type of manipulated gold nanoparticles biosynthesis which will hopefully open doors for further investigations and biotechnological applications.

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Ponnusamy, Muruganantham, Bharathwaaj Ramani, and Ravishankar Sathyamruthy. "A Parametric Study on a Diesel Engine Fuelled Using Waste Cooking Oil Blended with Al2O3 Nanoparticle—Performance, Emission, and Combustion Characteristics." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 26, 2021): 7195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137195.

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As the environment is humiliated at a disturbing rate, most governments have persistent calls following global energy policies for the utilization of biofuels. This paper essentially examines the portrayal investigations of fatty acid methyl esters and fatty acid pentyl esters obtained from palm oil. The characterization studies such as gas chromatogram, mass spectrometry, and Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry have been performed to study biodiesel’s chemical composition. This article likewise shows biodiesel’s physiochemical properties and concentrates on biodiesel blends’ hypothetical combustion properties with Al2O3 nanoparticles. The spectroscopic investigations demonstrate the contiguity of eight methyl esters and five pentyl esters prevalently of palmitic acid, oleic acid, octanoic acid, and stearic acid. The esters’ nearness was additionally affirmed by the FTIR range, where the peaks in the scope of 1700 cm−1 to 1600 cm−1 can be observed. Looking at the thermophysical properties of the mixes with that of the base diesel fuel yielded the compromising results by giving the comparative density to that of the diesel fuel. The palm oil biodiesel’s calorific value is, by all accounts, diminished by 10% when contrasted with diesel fuel. The addition of the nanoparticles up to 1 g has raised the calorific value most closely to the diesel’s value. Correspondingly, the theoretical burning examinations have demonstrated the limit of biodiesel to go about as an option compared to consistent diesel in the conventional DI–CI engine. This article talks about the combustion attributes of the blend containing 60% diesel, 20% fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), and 20% fatty acid pentyl ester (FAPE) with aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles at two distinctive concentrations. This article primarily concerns the inquiry of combustion criterion, such as in-chamber pressure variation, rate of heat release, start of combustion, end of combustion, and ignition delay for considered fuel blends when contrasted with neat diesel fuel in a four-stroke, direct-injection, single-cylinder diesel engine. The results showed a decrease in in-cylinder pressure at all loads of engine operation for biodiesel blends when compared with neat diesel, irrespective of the nanoparticle concentration. Biodiesel blends at all nanoparticle concentrations showed an increase in ignition delay compared with diesel fuels at all engine operation loads. The performance results show a slight deterioration in the engine’s thermal efficiency using biodiesel blends, irrespective of the nanoparticle concentration. Additionally, the emissions show a considerable fall in trends for all loads in contrast with diesel fuel.

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Hussain, Faizan, Azad Hussain, and Sohail Nadeem. "Thermophoresis and Brownian Model of Pseudo-Plastic Nanofluid Flow over a Vertical Slender Cylinder." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (August 14, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8428762.

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This study focuses on the industrial and engineering interest quantities, such as drag force and rate of transmission of heat, for pseudo-plastic nanofluid flow. The attributes of natural convection of the pseudo-plastic nanofluid flow model over a vertical slender cylinder are explored. The pseudo-plastic flow is studied under the influence of concentration of nanoparticles, rate of heat transmission, and drag force. For the first time, the pseudo-plastic nanofluid flow model has been implemented over a vertical slender cylinder which is not yet investigated. The acquired model is based on thermophoresis and Brownian motion mechanisms. The governing equations of pseudo-plastic nanofluid in cylindrical coordinates are modelled. The developed system of nonlinear equations is tackled by boundary layer assumptions and similarity transformations. Moreover, the solution of the acquired system exhibited by using a new powerful numerical technique. A comprehensive debate on drag force and transmission of heat under the influence of various emerging parameters is illustrated in the table. Furthermore, the effects of dimensionless parameters over the velocity profile, temperature profile, and concentration of nanoparticle profile have been exhibited graphically.

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Li, Hong-Jun, Jin-Zhi Du, Xiao-Jiao Du, Cong-Fei Xu, Chun-Yang Sun, Hong-Xia Wang, Zhi-Ting Cao, et al. "Stimuli-responsive clustered nanoparticles for improved tumor penetration and therapeutic efficacy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 15 (March 28, 2016): 4164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522080113.

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A principal goal of cancer nanomedicine is to deliver therapeutics effectively to cancer cells within solid tumors. However, there are a series of biological barriers that impede nanomedicine from reaching target cells. Here, we report a stimuli-responsive clustered nanoparticle to systematically overcome these multiple barriers by sequentially responding to the endogenous attributes of the tumor microenvironment. The smart polymeric clustered nanoparticle (iCluster) has an initial size of ∼100 nm, which is favorable for long blood circulation and high propensity of extravasation through tumor vascular fenestrations. Once iCluster accumulates at tumor sites, the intrinsic tumor extracellular acidity would trigger the discharge of platinum prodrug-conjugated poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (diameter ∼5 nm). Such a structural alteration greatly facilitates tumor penetration and cell internalization of the therapeutics. The internalized dendrimer prodrugs are further reduced intracellularly to release cisplatin to kill cancer cells. The superior in vivo antitumor activities of iCluster are validated in varying intractable tumor models including poorly permeable pancreatic cancer, drug-resistant cancer, and metastatic cancer, demonstrating its versatility and broad applicability.

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Manaf, Abdul, Xiukang Wang, Fatima Tariq, Hafiz Muhammad Jhanzab, Yamin Bibi, Ahmad Sher, Abdul Razzaq, Sajid Fiaz, Sikander Khan Tanveer, and Abdul Qayyum. "Antioxidant Enzyme Activities Correlated with Growth Parameters of Wheat Sprayed with Silver and Gold Nanoparticle Suspensions." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081494.

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Application of nanotechnology is crucial for a sustainable increase in food production to cope with the increasing food demand of the burgeoning population. Wheat production has to increase significantly for food security in Pakistan with the help of nanotechnology. In biological systems, utilization of nanoparticles has been increased due to their growth-promoting effects on germination, photosynthetic attributes, nutrient use efficiency and metabolic activities. An experiment was conducted with the objective to establish a relationship between growth parameters and antioxidant enzyme activity in response to silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs). Application of Ag (20 mg/L) and Au NPs (10 mg/L) significantly enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase. Consequently, growth parameters: fresh and dry biomass, leaf area, chlorophyll (a, b) and total chlorophyll contents, also increased significantly. These results suggest that application of Ag and Au NPs has the potential to promote wheat growth through enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activities.

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David, Christopher A. W., Michael Barrow, Patricia Murray, Matthew J. Rosseinsky, Andrew Owen, and Neill J. Liptrott. "In Vitro Determination of the Immunogenic Impact of Nanomaterials on Primary Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 5610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165610.

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Investigation of the potential for nanomaterials to generate immunogenic effects is a key aspect of a robust preclinical evaluation. In combination with physicochemical characterization, such assessments also provide context for how material attributes influence biological outcomes. Furthermore, appropriate models for these assessments allow accurate in vitro to in vivo extrapolation, which is vital for the mechanistic understanding of nanomaterial action. Here we have assessed the immunogenic impact of a small panel of commercially available and in-house prepared nanomaterials on primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). A diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-dex) functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) generated detectable quantities of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-10, the only tested material to do so. The human leukemia monocytic cell line THP-1 was used to assess the potential for the nanomaterial panel to affect cellular oxidation-reduction (REDOX) via measurement of reactive oxygen species and reduced glutathione. Negatively charged sulfonate-functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles demonstrated a size-related trend for the inhibition of caspase-1, which was not observed for amine-functionalized polystyrene of similar sizes. Silica nanoparticles (310 nm) resulted in a 93% increase in proliferation compared to the untreated control (p < 0.01). No other nanomaterial treatments resulted in significant change from that of unstimulated PBMCs. Responses to the nanomaterials in the assays described demonstrate the utility of primary cells as ex vivo models for nanomaterial biological impact.

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Tavernaro, Isabella, Christian Cavelius, Henrike Peuschel, and Annette Kraegeloh. "Bright fluorescent silica-nanoparticle probes for high-resolution STED and confocal microscopy." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 8 (June 21, 2017): 1283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.130.

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In recent years, fluorescent nanomaterials have gained high relevance in biological applications as probes for various fluorescence-based spectroscopy and imaging techniques. Among these materials, dye-doped silica nanoparticles have demonstrated a high potential to overcome the limitations presented by conventional organic dyes such as high photobleaching, low stability and limited fluorescence intensity. In the present work we describe an effective approach for the preparation of fluorescent silica nanoparticles in the size range between 15 and 80 nm based on L-arginine-controlled hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane in a biphasic cyclohexane–water system. Commercially available far-red fluorescent dyes (Atto647N, Abberior STAR 635, Dy-647, Dy-648 and Dy-649) were embedded covalently into the particle matrix, which was achieved by aminosilane coupling. The physical particle attributes (particle size, dispersion, degree of agglomeration and stability) and the fluorescence properties of the obtained particles were compared to particles from commonly known synthesis methods. As a result, the spectroscopic characteristics of the presented monodisperse dye-doped silica nanoparticles were similar to those of the free uncoupled dyes, but indicate a much higher photostability and brightness. As revealed by dynamic light scattering and ζ-potential measurements, all particle suspensions were stable in water and cell culture medium. In addition, uptake studies on A549 cells were performed, using confocal and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. Our approach allows for a step-by-step formation of dye-doped silica nanoparticles in the form of dye-incorporated spheres, which can be used as versatile fluorescent probes in confocal and STED imaging.

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Natour, Suzana, Anat Levi-Zada, and Raed Abu-Reziq. "Magnetic Polyurea Nano-Capsules Synthesized via Interfacial Polymerization in Inverse Nano-Emulsion." Molecules 24, no. 14 (July 23, 2019): 2663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142663.

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Polyurea (PU) nano-capsules have received voluminous interest in various fields due to their biocompatibility, high mechanical properties, and surface functionality. By incorporating magnetic nanoparticle (MNPs) into the polyurea system, the attributes of both PU and MNPs can be combined. In this work, we describe a facile and quick method for preparing magnetic polyurea nano-capsules. Encapsulation of ionic liquid-modified magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs), with polyurea nano-capsules (PU NCs) having an average size of 5–20 nm was carried out through interfacial polycondensation between amine and isocyanate monomers in inverse nano-emulsion (water-in-oil). The desired magnetic PU NCs were obtained utilizing toluene and triple-distilled water as continuous and dispersed phases respectively, polymeric non-ionic surfactant cetyl polyethyleneglycol/polypropyleneglycol-10/1 dimethicone (ABIL EM 90), diethylenetriamine, ethylenediamine diphenylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate, and various percentages of the ionic liquid-modified MNPs. High loading of the ionic liquid-modified MNPs up to 11 wt% with respect to the dispersed aqueous phase was encapsulated. The magnetic PU NCs were probed using various analytical instruments including electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nuclear magnetic spectroscopy. This unequivocally manifested the successful synthesis of core-shell polyurea nano-capsules even without utilizing osmotic pressure agents, and confirmed the presence of high loading of MNPs in the core.

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Maney, Vareessh, and Moganavelli Singh. "The Synergism of Platinum-Gold Bimetallic Nanoconjugates Enhances 5-Fluorouracil Delivery In Vitro." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11090439.

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Nanoparticle application has significantly impacted the field of medicine. The need to develop novel drugs with higher therapeutic potential has stimulated the development of innovative delivery strategies to mitigate the potent side effects associated with known chemotherapeutic drugs. This paper describes the synthesis of platinum-gold bimetallic nanoparticles (PtAuBNps), their functionalisation with chitosan, and entrapment of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). All PtAuBNps and their drug nanocomposites were physico-chemically characterised, displaying desirable properties with regards to shape, size (<120 nm) and colloidal stability. 5-FU binding and loading capacities in PtAuBNps were found to be 90.17% and 22.56%, respectively. In vitro cytotoxicity profiles determined using the MTT and SRB assays reflected up to 65% cell death in the MCF-7, HepG2 and Caco-2 cell lines. These nanocomposites exhibited excellent physiochemical attributes, high specificity towards cancer cells, with a pH-sensitive drug release in a simulated acidic tumour microenvironment through zero-order release kinetics. In addition, they possessed the potential to traverse the mucosal lining facilitating oral drug administration. Overall, 5-FU encapsulation improved the bioavailability of the drug in cancer cells, with the promise of enhancing its therapeutic effect, biocompatibility and safety. These positive results highlight PtAuBNps as promising in vitro delivery systems and merits future in vivo research.

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Shahzadi, Iqra, and S. Nadeem. "A comparative study of Cu nanoparticles under slip effects through oblique eccentric tubes, a biomedical solicitation examination." Canadian Journal of Physics 97, no. 1 (January 2019): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2018-0009.

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The particular mechanical, chemical, and thermodynamic properties of nanofluids build up a subject of immense interest for researchers of all areas. Such types of fluids have special significance in biomedical research due to their novel and immeasurable applications the in latest biomedical solicitation examination, such as drug delivery. Therefore, the focus of this study is to investigate the comparative study of copper nanoparticles under slip effects through oblique eccentric cylinders. For peristaltic pumping, an appropriate model is presented and its application is urged because of the way that the thread infusion inside the human body empowers creation of a methodology for restorative inserting with the slightest possible surgical injury. The outer lying tube has a wave of sinosiodual nature whereas the inner thread is of velocity V. Lubrication approach is used to calculate the dimensionless expressions for temperature and velocity profile. The inner tube satisfied no-slip condition while the outer tube has partial slip condition. The innovation with different sundry parameters is also presented via graphs. The attributes of this study are presented in the last section and a good agreement is found with existing literature. Significant increase in the heat transfer rate is observed in the presence of thermal slip parameter with the inclusion of copper nanoparticles. It is also found that the pressure rise enhances in the retrograde pumping region with the increase in inclination angle. It is important to note that slip causes decreases in the trapped bolus. This analysis finds valuable theoretical information for nanoparticle use as a drug agent in the field of bio-inspired applications.

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Alarifi, Ibrahim M. "Investigation into the Structural, Chemical and High Mechanical Reforms in B4C with Graphene Composite Material Substitution for Potential Shielding Frame Applications." Molecules 26, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 1921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071921.

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In this work, boron carbide and graphene nanoparticle composite material (B4C–G) was investigated using an experimental approach. The composite material prepared with the two-step stir casting method showed significant hardness and high melting point attributes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), along with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, indicated 83.65%, 17.32%, and 97.00% of boron carbide + 0% graphene nanoparticles chemical compositions for the C-atom, Al-atom, and B4C in the compound studied, respectively. The physical properties of all samples’ B4C–G like density and melting point were 2.4 g/cm3 density and 2450 °C, respectively, while the grain size of B4C–G was in the range of 0.8 ± 0.2 µm. XRD, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopic analysis was also performed to investigate the chemical compositions of the B4C–G composite. The molding press composite machine was a fabrication procedure that resulted in the formation of outstanding materials by utilizing the sintering process, including heating and pressing the materials. For mechanical properties, high fracture toughness and tensile strength of B4C–G composites were analyzed according to ASTM standard designs. The detailed analysis has shown that with 6% graphene content in B4C, the composite material portrays a high strength of 134 MPa and outstanding hardness properties. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the composite materials studied exhibit novel features suitable for use in the application of shielding frames.

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D., Nirmal. "HIGH PERFORMANCE FLEXIBLE NANOPARTICLES BASED ORGANIC ELECTRONICS." December 2019 2019, no. 02 (December 24, 2019): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jei.2019.2.005.

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The attributes of the organic materials have made them more prominent in a wide range of applications engaged for large or small purpose such as the solar cells or the displays in the mobile devices. The solar cells developed using the organic semiconductors are more advantageous due to their flexibility and their easy installation. Despite the versatile nature of the and easy implementation the organic semiconductors still suffers from low efficiency in term of cost, performance and size. The proposed method incorporates the nanomaterials in the organic solar cell to improvise efficiency (performance) and to minimize the cost as well as the size of the solar cells. The proposed method replaces the semiconductor that is organic by incorporating the organic semiconductors with the nanoparticle additives to have a perfect blending in solution to improve the crystallizations of the semiconductor, and the uniformity thus improvising the power conversion efficiency in the solar cells and minimizing the size and the cost . The result acquired through evaluation proves the performance improvements to 19% form 3.5% in the solar cells.

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Tajuddin, Muhammad Hariz Aizat, Juhana Jaafar, Nik Abdul Hadi Md Nordin, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, and Mukhlis A. Rahman. "Metal organic framework mixed-matrix membrane for arsenic removal." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 16, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v16n3.1488.

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Metal organic framework (MOF) is a recent class of porous materials that are built from metal cluster and organic linker. Among the discovered MOFs, UiO-66 has demonstrated both attributes of water stability and hydrophilic, making it suitable for wastewater treatment. In this study, 0.5 wt% UiO-66 was integrated into polysulfone membrane as nanofiller to form mixed-matrix membrane (MMM) with a thin-film composite, dense polyamide layer formed on top of the substrate layer that intended to remove 100 ppm of arsenic V from wastewater through forward osmosis. The successful synthetization of UiO-66 nanoparticle was proven by XRD and FESEM. The pure water permeability was significantly higher with the presence of LiCl in dope solution as pore former. It was found that the arsenic rejection achieved was 87.5% with satisfactory water flux and salt reverse flux.

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Hashim, Z., S. Alomari, W. Alghamdi, R. Altuwirqi, and M. Green. "Optically observed multiple inter-chain interactions in polyblend semiconducting polymer nanoparticles." RSC Adv. 7, no. 76 (2017): 48308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra07665g.

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Tunable nanoparticle photoluminescence was observed in nanoparticles formed from a polyblend of F8BT, MEH-PPV, and CN-PPV. This phenomena was attributed to direct and indirect inter-chain interactions between the polymers within each nanoparticle.

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Mandeep, Rajeshwari Sinha, and Pratyoosh Shukla. "Protein Engineering for Improved Health: Technological Perspectives." Current Protein & Peptide Science 20, no. 9 (September 17, 2019): 856–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920372009190917095307.

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Protein engineering has enabled development of novel proteins aimed at disease diagnosis, alleviation and improved health attributes. The present article provides an overview of recent approaches and techniques used to modify proteins at diverse levels, which find therapeutically relevant applications. There is immense interest among researchers to discover new and increasingly valuable solutions for various health related issues and protein engineering could be a possible venue to sort out such problems. In this mini review we have tried to decipher some of the novel aspects of protein engineering in terms of protein-based therapeutics and diagnostics, in-silico tools and related approaches. A special emphasis has been given for some innovative aspects of protein-nanoparticle conjugates; use of artificial intelligence (AI)- based tools and post-translational modifications. Utilization of such approaches in protein engineering might be ground breaking in future research endeavor of researchers across the world.

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Pires, João, Camila Damásio de Paula, Victor Gomes Lauriano Souza, Ana Luísa Fernando, and Isabel Coelhoso. "Understanding the Barrier and Mechanical Behavior of Different Nanofillers in Chitosan Films for Food Packaging." Polymers 13, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050721.

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The continuous petroleum-based plastics manufacturing generates disposal issues, spreading the problem of plastic pollution and its rise in the environment. Recently, innovative techniques and scientific research promoted biopolymers as the primary alternative for traditional plastics, raising and expanding global bioplastic production. Due to its unmatched biological and functional attributes, chitosan (Ch) has been substantially explored and employed as a biopolymeric matrix. Nevertheless, the hydrophilicity and the weak mechanical properties associated with this biopolymer represent a significant intrinsic restriction to its implementation into some commercial applications, namely, in food packaging industries. Distinct methodologies have been utilized to upgrade the mechanical and barrier properties of Ch, such as using organic or inorganic nanofillers, crosslinkers, or blends with other polymers. This review intends to analyze the most recent works that combine the action of different nanoparticle types with Ch films to reinforce their mechanical and barrier properties.

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Ibrahim, Wubshet, and Gosa Gadisa. "Finite Element Method Solution of Boundary Layer Flow of Powell-Eyring Nanofluid over a Nonlinear Stretching Surface." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2019 (July 4, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3472518.

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The nonlinear convective flow of Eyring-Powell nanofluid using Catteneo-Christov model with heat generation or absorption term and chemical reaction rate over nonlinear stretching surface is analyzed. The simultaneous nonlinear partial differential equations governing the boundary layer flow are transformed to the corresponding nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity solution and then solved using Galerkin finite element method (GFEM). The impacts of pertinent governing parameters like Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis, mixed convection, heat generation or absorption, chemical reaction rate, Deborah numbers, Prandtl number, magnetic field parameter, Lewis number, nonlinear stretching sheet, and Eyring-Powell fluid parameters on velocity field, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration are given in both figures and tabular form. The result shows that the rise in chemical reaction rate will improve mass transfer rate and reduce heat transfer rate and local buoyancy parameter has quit opposite effect. The attributes of local skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sheer wood number are investigated and validated with existing literatures.

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Bhattacharjee, Baibaswata, Nilanjana Chatterjee, and Chung-Hsin Lu. "Harmful Impact of ZnS Nanoparticles on Daphnia sp. in the Western Part (Districts of Bankura and Purulia) of West Bengal, India." ISRN Nanomaterials 2013 (September 16, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/207239.

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ZnS nanoparticles of different sizes are synthesized employing a simple wet chemical method. These nanoparticles are used to study their impact on the Daphnia sp. through traditional toxicity tests. The percentage of mortality is found to increase initially with increasing nanoparticle concentration or exposure time and is finally found to saturate for higher concentrations or exposure times. Mortality is found to be higher for smaller particles. Hopping frequency and heart rate are also found to increase with increasing nanoparticle exposure time for a fixed nanoparticle concentration. These observations can be attributed to the enhanced surface photooxidation property of the ZnS nanoparticles. Thus the present study will help people to understand the hitherto unknown harmful impact of ZnS nanoparticles on aquatic organisms in the western part of West Bengal (Bankura and Purulia districts), India.

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Chinnasamy, Chenniappan, Palanisamy Tamilselvam, and Rajamanickam Ranjith. "Influence of aluminum oxide nanoparticle with different particle sizes on the working attributes of diesel engine fueled with blends of diesel and waste plastic oil." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 29 (August 14, 2019): 29962–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06139-1.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nanoparticle attributes'

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