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Journal articles on the topic 'Nanoparticle size'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Li, Meng, Liqiang Lin, Ruyan Guo, Amar Bhalla, and Xiaowei Zeng. "Numerical investigation of size effects on mechanical behaviors of Fe nanoparticles through an atomistic field theory." Journal of Micromechanics and Molecular Physics 02, no. 03 (September 2017): 1750010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424913017500102.

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At nanoscale, the mechanical response of nanoparticles is largely affected by the particle size. To assess the effects of nanoparticle size (e.g., nanoparticle’s volume, cross-sectional area and length) on mechanical behaviors of bcc Fe nanoparticles under compressive loading, an atomistic field theory was introduced in current study. In the theory, atomistic definitions and continuous local density functions of fundamental physical quantities were derived. Through the atomistic potential-based method, the mechanical responses of bcc Fe nanoparticles were analyzed in different sizes. The simulation results reveal that the ultimate stress decreases as Fe nanoparticle’s volume, cross-sectional area or length increases under compressive loading. Nonetheless, the Young’s modulus increases as nanoparticle size increases. In addition, for a fixed finite volume nanoparticle, this study indicates that the ultimate stress will increase as strain rate increases, but Young’s modulus will decrease with increasing strain rate. A loading–unloading study illustrates the energy dissipation due to irreversible structure changes in Fe nanoparticles.
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2

Bao, Lingling, Chaoyang Zhong, Pengfei Jie, and Yan Hou. "The effect of nanoparticle size and nanoparticle aggregation on the flow characteristics of nanofluids by molecular dynamics simulation." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 11 (November 2019): 168781401988948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019889486.

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Molecular dynamics simulation is used to investigate the flow characteristics of Cu–Ar nanofluids considering the influence of nanoparticle size and nanoparticle aggregation. Nanofluids viscosity is calculated by equilibrium molecular dynamics based on Green–Kubo equation. Results demonstrate that the viscosity of nanofluids decreases with the increase of nanoparticle size. In addition, nanoparticle aggregation results in the increase of the nanofluids viscosity. Compared with nanoparticle size, nanoparticle aggregation has a larger impact on viscosity. Nanofluids flowing in parallel-plate nanochannels are simulated. The velocity profiles are studied through three nanoparticle sizes (11.55, 14.55, and 18.33 Å) and four nanoparticle aggregate configurations. Results show that the velocity profile of 14.55 Å nanoparticle size is larger than that of other two nanoparticle sizes. As for four nanoparticles, the nanoparticles clustering as a line leads to the maximum velocity profile, while the nanoparticles clustering as a cube causes the minimum velocity profile. Compared with viscosity, nanoparticle aggregation has a greater effect on the velocity profile. When the nanoparticles are evenly distributed, the influence of viscosity on velocity profiles is dominant. Otherwise, the aggregation, aggregate configuration, and distribution of nanoparticles have a dominant impact on the flow characteristics of nanofluids.
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3

Neouze Gauthey, Marie-Alexandra, Marco Litschauer, Michael Puchberger, Martin Kronstein, and Herwig Peterlik. "Tuning the Pore Size in Ionic Nanoparticle Networks." Journal of Nanoparticles 2013 (March 11, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/682945.

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Highly promising hybrid materials consisting of silica, titania, or zirconia nanoparticles linked with ionic liquid-like imidazolium units have been developed. The nanoparticle networks are prepared by click-chemistry-like process through a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The type of metal oxide nanoparticles appears to play a key role regarding the pore size of the hybrid material.
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Lavagna, Enrico, Jonathan Barnoud, Giulia Rossi, and Luca Monticelli. "Size-dependent aggregation of hydrophobic nanoparticles in lipid membranes." Nanoscale 12, no. 17 (2020): 9452–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr00868k.

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5

Petithory, Tatiana, Laurent Pieuchot, Ludovic Josien, Arnaud Ponche, Karine Anselme, and Laurent Vonna. "Size-Dependent Internalization Efficiency of Macrophages from Adsorbed Nanoparticle-Based Monolayers." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11081963.

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Functional coatings based on the assembly of submicrometric or nanoparticles are found in many applications in the biomedical field. However, these nanoparticle-based coatings are particularly fragile since they could be exposed to cells that are able to internalize nanoparticles. Here, we studied the efficiency of RAW 264.7 murine macrophages to internalize physisorbed silica nanoparticles as a function of time and particle size. This cell internalization efficiency was evaluated from the damages induced by the cells in the nanoparticle-based monolayer on the basis of scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy observations. The internalization efficiency in terms of the percentage of nanoparticles cleared from the substrate is characterized by two size-dependent regimes. Additionally, we highlighted that a delay before internalization occurs, which increases with decreasing adsorbed nanoparticle size. This internalization is characterized by a minimal threshold that corresponds to 35 nm nanoparticles that are not internalized during the 12-h incubation considered in this work.
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6

Peretz, Vital, Menachem Motiei, Chaim N. Sukenik, and Rachela Popovtzer. "The Effect of Nanoparticle Size on Cellular Binding Probability." Journal of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 2012 (June 7, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/404536.

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Nanoparticle-based contrast agents are expected to play a major role in the future of molecular imaging due to their many advantages over the conventional contrast agents. These advantages include prolonged blood circulation time, controlled biological clearance pathways, and specific molecular targeting capabilities. Recent studies have provided strong evidence that molecularly targeted nanoparticles can home selectively onto tumors and thereby increase the local accumulation of nanoparticles in tumor sites. However, there are almost no reports regarding the number of nanoparticles that bind per cell, which is a key factor that determines the diagnostic efficiency and sensitivity of the overall molecular imaging techniques. Hence, in this research we have quantitatively investigated the effect of the size of the nanoparticle on its binding probability and on the total amount of material that can selectively target tumors, at a single cell level. We found that 90 nm GNPs is the optimal size for cell targeting in terms of maximal Au mass and surface area per single cancer cell. This finding should accelerate the development of general design principles for the optimal nanoparticle to be used as a targeted imaging contrast agent.
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7

Wang, Shenqing, Xiliang Yan, Gaoxing Su, and Bing Yan. "Cytotoxicity Induction by the Oxidative Reactivity of Nanoparticles Revealed by a Combinatorial GNP Library with Diverse Redox Properties." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 14, 2021): 3630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123630.

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It is crucial to establish relationship between nanoparticle structures (or properties) and nanotoxicity. Previous investigations have shown that a nanoparticle’s size, shape, surface and core materials all impact its toxicity. However, the relationship between the redox property of nanoparticles and their toxicity has not been established when all other nanoparticle properties are identical. Here, by synthesizing an 80-membered combinatorial gold nanoparticle (GNP) library with diverse redox properties, we systematically explored this causal relationship. The compelling results revealed that the oxidative reactivity of GNPs, rather than their other physicochemical properties, directly caused cytotoxicity via induction of cellular oxidative stress. Our results show that the redox diversity of nanoparticles is regulated by GNPs modified with redox reactive ligands.
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8

Muneesawang, Paisarn, and Chitnarong Sirisathitkul. "Size Measurement of Nanoparticle Assembly Using Multilevel Segmented TEM Images." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/790508.

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Multilevel image segmentation is demonstrated as a rapid and accurate method of quantitative analysis for nanoparticle assembly in TEM images. The procedure incorporatingK-means clustering algorithm and watershed transform is tested on transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of FePt-based nanoparticles whose diameters are less than 5 nm. By solving the nanoparticle segmentation and separation problems, this unsupervised method is useful not only in the nonoverlapping case but also for agglomerated nanoparticles. Furthermore, the method exhibits scale invariance based on comparable results from images of different magnifications.
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9

Szałaj, Urszula, Anna Świderska-Środa, Agnieszka Chodara, Stanisław Gierlotka, and Witold Łojkowski. "Nanoparticle Size Effect on Water Vapour Adsorption by Hydroxyapatite." Nanomaterials 9, no. 7 (July 12, 2019): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9071005.

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Handling and properties of nanoparticles strongly depend on processes that take place on their surface. Specific surface area and adsorption capacity strongly increase as the nanoparticle size decreases. A crucial factor is adsorption of water from ambient atmosphere. Considering the ever-growing number of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles applications, we decided to investigate how the size of nanoparticles and the changes in relative air humidity affect adsorption of water on their surface. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles of two sizes: 10 and 40 nm, were tested. It was found that the nanoparticle size has a strong effect on the kinetics and efficiency of water adsorption. For the same value of water activity, the quantity of water adsorbed on the surface of 10 nm nano-hydroxyapatite was five times greater than that adsorbed on the 40 nm. Based on the adsorption isotherm fitting method, it was found that a multilayer physical adsorption mechanism was active. The number of adsorbed water layers at constant humidity strongly depends on particles size and reaches even 23 layers for the 10 nm particles. The amount of water adsorbed on these particles was surprisingly high, comparable to the amount of water absorbed by the commonly used moisture-sorbent silica gel.
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10

Ningrum, Wulan Agustin, W. Wirasti, Yulian Wahyu Permadi, and Fida Faiqatul Himmah. "Uji Sediaan Lotion Nanopartikel Ekstrak Terong Belanda Sebagai Antioksidan." Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan 14, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.48144/jiks.v14i1.539.

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Abstrak. Nanopartikel adalah suatu teknologi formulasi suatu partikel yang terdispersi pada ukuran nanometer atau skala per seribu mikron. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat sediaan lotion dari nanopartikel ekstrak terong belanda sebagai antioksidan. Teknologi nanopartikel ekstrak terong belanda mempunyai efek yang sangat baik sebagai antioksidan, sehingga dimungkinkan dibuat sediaan sebagai bahan kosmetik Penelitian ini menguji nanopertikel ekstrak terong belanda sebagai antioksidan sediaan lotion. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol. Pembuatan teknologi nanopartikel ekstrak terong belanda menggunakan metode nanopertikel berbasis biopolimer. Nanopartikel ekstrak terong belanda diformulasi menjadi sediaan lotion. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode penangkap radikal bebas DPPH. Parameter aktivitas antioksidan yaitu IC50 (Inhibititon Concentration), sedangkan uji sediaan lotion terdiri dari pH, viskositas, stabilitas, organoleptis (warna, aroma, bentuk). Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan Lotion ekstrak terong belanda yang dihasilkan memenuhi syarat evaluasi fisik sediaan. Nilai IC50 lotion nanopartikel ekstrak terong belanda adalah 62 µg/mL. Ukuran partikel dari ekstrak nanopartikel adalah 182,4 µm. Lotion nanopartikel ekstrak terong belanda mempunyai kestabilan yang baik. Perlu dilakukan pembuatan bentuk sediaan yang lain dengan tujuan sebagai kosmetika. Kata kunci : Ekstrak terong belanda, nanopartikel, lotion, IC50 Tamarillo Extract Nanoparticle Lotion Preparation Test As Antioxidant Abstract. Nanoparticles are a technology for the formulation of particles that are dispersed at the nanometer size or scale per thousand microns. The purpose of this study was to make lotion preparations from the nanoparticles of tamarillo extract as an antioxidant. The nanoparticle technology of tamarillo extract has a very good effect as an antioxidant, so it is possible to make a cosmetic ingredient. This study tested the nanoparticle extract of tamarillo as an antioxidant for lotion preparations. The extraction method used in this research is maceration using methanol as a solvent. The manufacture of tamarillo extract nanoparticle technology used a biopolymer-based nanoperticle method. The nanoparticles of tamarillo extract were formulated into lotions. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH free radical scavenger method. The parameter of antioxidant activity is IC50 (Inhibititon Concentration), while the lotion preparation test consists of pH, viscosity, stability, organoleptic (color, aroma, shape). The results showed that the tamarillo extract lotion produced met the requirements for the physical evaluation of the preparation. The IC50 value of tamarillo extract nanoparticle lotion was 62 µg / mL. The particle size of the nanoparticle extract was 182.4 µm. Tamarillo extract nanoparticle lotion has good stability. It is necessary to make other dosage forms for the purpose of cosmetics. Keywords: Tamarillo extract, nanoparticle, lotion, IC50
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11

Wang, Jia, Hao Jie Xiao, Hai Xia Zhang, X. H. Liang, and Hui Li. "Size Dependence of Evaporation Temperature by Bond Number Calculation." Materials Science Forum 814 (March 2015): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.814.96.

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In this study, a model based on bond number calculation in a system was developed to predict size-dependent evaporation temperature of nanoparticles. This model, free of any adjustable parameters, can be utilized to predict the thermal stability for low dimensional materials. If the atomic structure of a nanoparticle is known, the size and shape-dependent bond number can be obtained. The cubooctahedral structure was taken as the shape of nanoparticles for simplicity. According to the established model, the evaporation temperature of nanoparticles is dependent not only on their size, but also on their atomic diameter. The results indicated that the evaporation temperature decreased with the decreasing size of free-standing nanoparticle. The theoretical predictions are consistent with the evidences of the experiments or molecular dynamic simulations for Au and Ag nanoparticles.
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12

Lawler, Desmond F., Sungmin Youn, Tongren Zhu, Ijung Kim, and Boris L. T. Lau. "Comprehensive understanding of nano-sized particle separation processes using nanoparticle tracking analysis." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 12 (September 4, 2015): 2318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.459.

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The understanding of nano-sized particle separation processes has been limited by difficulties of nanoparticle characterization. In this study, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) was deployed to evaluate the absolute particle size distributions in laboratory scale flocculation and filtration experiments with silver nanoparticles. The results from NTA were consistent with standard theories of particle destabilization and transport. Direct observations of changes in absolute particle size distributions from NTA enhance both qualitative and quantitative understanding of particle separation processes of nano-sized particles.
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13

Sykes, Edward A., Qin Dai, Christopher D. Sarsons, Juan Chen, Jonathan V. Rocheleau, David M. Hwang, Gang Zheng, David T. Cramb, Kristina D. Rinker, and Warren C. W. Chan. "Tailoring nanoparticle designs to target cancer based on tumor pathophysiology." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 9 (February 16, 2016): E1142—E1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521265113.

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Nanoparticles can provide significant improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. How nanoparticle size, shape, and surface chemistry can affect their accumulation, retention, and penetration in tumors remains heavily investigated, because such findings provide guiding principles for engineering optimal nanosystems for tumor targeting. Currently, the experimental focus has been on particle design and not the biological system. Here, we varied tumor volume to determine whether cancer pathophysiology can influence tumor accumulation and penetration of different sized nanoparticles. Monte Carlo simulations were also used to model the process of nanoparticle accumulation. We discovered that changes in pathophysiology associated with tumor volume can selectively change tumor uptake of nanoparticles of varying size. We further determine that nanoparticle retention within tumors depends on the frequency of interaction of particles with the perivascular extracellular matrix for smaller nanoparticles, whereas transport of larger nanomaterials is dominated by Brownian motion. These results reveal that nanoparticles can potentially be personalized according to a patient’s disease state to achieve optimal diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes.
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14

Lin, H. L., W. E. Fu, H. F. Weng, I. Misumi, K. Sugawara, S. Gonda, K. Takahashi, et al. "Nanoparticle Characterization - Supplementary Comparison on Nanoparticle Size." Metrologia 56, no. 1A (January 1, 2019): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/56/1a/04004.

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15

Devadoss, Anitha, Calum Dickinson, Tia E. Keyes, and Robert J. Forster. "Electrochemiluminescent Metallopolymer−Nanoparticle Composites: Nanoparticle Size Effects." Analytical Chemistry 83, no. 6 (March 15, 2011): 2383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac102697c.

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16

Rodríguez-Mas, Fernando, Juan Carlos Ferrer, José Luis Alonso, David Valiente, and Susana Fernández de Ávila. "A Comparative Study of Theoretical Methods to Estimate Semiconductor Nanoparticles’ Size." Crystals 10, no. 3 (March 21, 2020): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10030226.

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In this paper, we compare four different methods to estimate nanoparticle diameters from optical absorption measurements, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images as a reference for the nanoparticle size. Three solutions of colloidal nanoparticles coated with thiophenol with different diameters were synthesized by thiolate decomposition. The nanoparticle sizes were controlled by the addition of a certain volume of a 1% sulphur solution in toluene. TEM measurements showed that the average diameter for each type of these nanoparticles was 2.8 nm, 3.2 nm, and 4.0 nm. The methods studied for the calculation of the nanoparticles diameter were: The Brus model, the hyperbolic band model (HBM), the Henglein model, and the Yu equation. We evaluated the importance of a good knowledge of the nanoparticle bandgap energy, and the nature of electronic transitions in the semiconductor. We studied the effects that small variations in the electron and hole effective mass values produced in the Brus equation and in the HBM model for CdS, PbS, and ZnS nanoparticles. Finally, a comparison was performed between the data provided by these models and the experimental results obtained with TEM images. In conclusion, we observed that the best approximation to the experimental results with TEM images was the Brus equation. However, when the bandgap energy was close to the bulk bandgap energy, the theoretical models did not adjust correctly to the size measured from the TEM images.
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17

Kang, Dong Jin, and Sushant Anand. "Nanoparticle synthesis via bubbling vapor precursors in bulk liquids." Nanoscale 10, no. 25 (2018): 12196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr01903g.

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Bubbling of vaporized nanoparticle precursors in reactant solutions is an effective strategy to prepare nanoparticles (organic, inorganic, core–shell, and composite) with controlled size and polydispersity, while preventing unwanted side reactions.
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18

Che Mohamed Hussein, Siti Nurliyana, Aqilah Dollah, Mohamad Firdaus Mohamad Salleh, Nur Hidayati Othman, Azzah Nazihah Che Abdul Rahim, and Nur Shuhadah Japperi. "Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles for Wax Deposition Control and Oil Upgrading: Effect of Ratio of Zinc Acetate Dihydrate to Oxalic Acid Dihydrate." Key Engineering Materials 797 (March 2019): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.797.411.

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In the current paper, fundamental aspects of heavy oil and wax deposition problems are defined. Wax or in another term is cloud point occur when the oil starts to precipitate. When it’s started to precipitate, it can cause major problem to industry of oil and gas. In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were chosen to study the effect of varying molar ratio from 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 to the morphology and size of the nanoparticle. The structures and properties were recognized with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. EDX and FE-SEM is to study the morphology of ZnO structure while XRD is to determine the purity and size of the nanoparticle. From the study, 1:1 ratio has the smallest size of nanoparticle with 10.37 nm while 1:2 and 1:3 give the size of 12.3 nm and 16.37 nm respectively. As the molar ratio is increases, the size of nanoparticle become bigger. The influenced of ZnO nanoparticles on rheological behaviour of model oils and the wax content is reported. From the study, the addition of ZnO nanoparticle reduced the rheology behaviour of crude oil by varying nanoparticle sizes, temperature and shear rate. ZnO nanoparticle can reduce the deposition of wax up to 50% with influenced of smaller nanoparticle size. Effect of size of nanoparticle highly impact the viscosity and wax content. This prove that, by introducing nanoparticle into crude oil, wax content can be reduced thus decrease the chance for crude to precipitate.
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19

Zhu, Daopei, Haocheng Yan, Siyuan Tian, and Zhangli Wang. "Size, Shape, and Material Effects in Ferroelectric Octahedral Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanomaterials 2021 (July 15, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2371168.

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Composite materials composed of multiferroelectric nanoparticles in dielectric matrixes have attracted enormous attention for their potential applications in developing future functional devices. However, the functionalities of ferroelectric nanoparticles depend on shapes, sizes, and materials. In this paper, a time-dependent Landau-Ginzburg method has been used and combined with a method as the coupled-physics finite-element-method-based simulations are used to illustrate the polarization behavior in isolated BaTiO3 or PbTiO3 octahedral nanoparticles embedded in a dielectric medium, like SrTiO3 (ST, high dielectric permittivity) and amorphous silica (a-SiO2, low dielectric permittivity). The equilibrium polarization topology of the octahedral nanoparticle is strongly affected by the choice of inclusion and the size of matrix materials. Also, there are three equilibrium polarization patterns, i.e., monodomain, vortex-like, and multidomain, because of the various sizes and material parameters combination. There is a critical particle size below which ferroelectricity vanishes in our calculations. This size of the PbTiO3 octahedral nanoparticle is 2.5 and 3.6 nm for high- and low-permittivity matrix materials, respectively. However, this size of the BaTiO3 octahedral nanoparticle is 3.6 nm regardless of the matrix materials.
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20

Sah, Bindeshwar, Jing Wu, Adam Vanasse, Nil Kanatha Pandey, Lalit Chudal, Zhenzhen Huang, Wenzhi Song, et al. "Effects of Nanoparticle Size and Radiation Energy on Copper-Cysteamine Nanoparticles for X-ray Induced Photodynamic Therapy." Nanomaterials 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061087.

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The Copper-cysteamine (Cu-Cy) nanoparticle is a novel sensitizer with a potential to increase the effectiveness of radiation therapy for cancer treatment. In this work, the effect of nanoparticle size and the energy of X-rays on the effectiveness of radiation therapy are investigated. The effect of the particle size on their performance is very complicated. The nanoparticles with an average size of 300 nm have the most intense photoluminescence, the nanoparticles with the average size of 100 nm have the most reactive oxygen species production upon X-ray irradiation, while the nanoparticles with the average size of 40 nm have the best outcome in the tumor suppression in mice upon X-ray irradiation. For energy, 90 kVp radiation resulted in smaller tumor sizes than 250 kVp or 350 kVp radiation energies. Overall, knowledge of the effect of nanoparticle size and radiation energy on radiation therapy outcomes could be useful for future applications of Cu-Cy nanoparticles.
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21

Pintilie, Stefan Catalin, Laurentia Geanina Tiron, Iulian Gabriel Birsan, Daniel Ganea, and Stefan Balta. "Influence of ZnO Nanoparticle Size and Concentration on the Polysulfone Membrane Performance." Materiale Plastice 54, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.17.2.4828.

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The activity of using membrane technology has developed fast in the treatment of wastewater, drinking water and process water production. The main challenges in membrane filtration are fouling reduction, permeability increase and high efficiency in retention. The best example of membrane enhancement is increasing hydrophilicity. Nanoparticles have been proven that their presence in the membrane matrix increases the water affinity significantly. Although the zinc oxide nanoparticles have a positive effect over the membrane performance, the influence of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle size has not been studied enough. Two sizes of nanoparticle of ZnO and three concentrations were used for the preparation of composite polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes. The effects of the ZnO nanoparticles in the membrane matrix on the permeation properties, flux stability and retention were tested. SEM, EDX, porosity and contact angle measurement were conducted in this article, also. The experimental results indicated that ZnO-PSf composite membranes exhibits significant differences in the membrane properties due to nanoparticle addition and regardless of their size it leads to an increase in hydrophilicity, flux, permeability, retention and porosity. Decreasing the nanoparticle size leads to an increase in membrane performance.
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Saw, En Ning, Viktoria Grasmik, Christian Rurainsky, Matthias Epple, and Kristina Tschulik. "Electrochemistry at single bimetallic nanoparticles – using nano impacts for sizing and compositional analysis of individual AgAu alloy nanoparticles." Faraday Discussions 193 (2016): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00112b.

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The increasing interest in producing bimetallic nanoparticles and utilizing them in modern technologies sets the demand for fast and affordable characterization of these materials. To date Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) coupled to energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy is usually used to determine the size and composition of alloy nanoparticles, which is time-consuming and expensive. Here electrochemical single nanoparticle analysis is presented as an alternative approach to infer the particle size and composition of alloy nanoparticles, directly in a dispersion of these particles. As a proof of concept, 14 nm sized Ag0.73Au0.27 alloy nanoparticles are analyzed using a combination of chronoamperometric single nanoparticle analysis and cyclic voltammetry ensemble studies. It is demonstrated that the size, the alloying and the composition can all be inferred using this approach. Thus, the electrochemical characterization of single bimetallic alloy nanoparticles is suggested here as a powerful and convenient complement or alternative to TEM characterization of alloy nanoparticles.
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23

Agbabiaka, A., M. Wiltfong, and C. Park. "Small Angle X-Ray Scattering Technique for the Particle Size Distribution of Nonporous Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanoparticles 2013 (December 22, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/640436.

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Nanoparticles are small particles whose sizes are less than 100 nm. They have many industrial applications due to their unique properties. Their properties are often size-dependent; thus the accurate determination of nanoparticle sizes is important for quality assurance of nanoparticle production processes. A small angle X-ray scattering technique is a promising method used for characterizing nanoparticle sizes. It has distinctive advantages over other techniques such as electron microscope techniques. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art methods for determining the sizes of nanoparticles with small angle X-ray experiments and discuss the advantages and limitations of the state-of-the-art methods.
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González, V., B. Kharisov, and I. Gómez. "Preparation, optical characterization and stability of gold nanoparticles by facile methods." Revista Mexicana de Física 65, no. 6 Nov-Dec (October 31, 2019): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.65.690.

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The influence of synthesis method, cycles quantity and sonication time in the gold nanoparticles size and plasmon resonance were analyzed to establish the synthesis with smaller nanoparticle size and higher absorbance. Gold nanoparticles were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and surface electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the nanoparticles obtained by microwave have bigger size but higher absorption. These nanoparticles were analyzed one year after its synthesis and it was found that the plasmon resonance signal remains almost unchanged. Finally, two equation were derived from the analyzes for estimate molar extinction coefficient, molar concentration and nanoparticle average diameter.
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Mandal, Soumen, Rajulapati Vinod Kumar, and Nagahanumaiah. "Silver and molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles synthesized in situ in dimethylformamide as dielectric for micro-electro discharge machining." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, no. 5 (September 30, 2017): 1594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405417733019.

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The research focuses on the applicability of silver (Ag) and molybdenum disulfide (MOS2) nanoparticle synthesized in situ in dimethylformamide solution as dielectric material for micro-electro discharge machining. Ag nanoparticles (~120 nm size) and MOS2 nanoparticles (~20 nm size) were synthesized in dimethylformamide solution using a combination of nanoparticle solution synthesis routes. A setup for micro-electro discharge machining was developed in-house with an arrangement to generate spark at varying voltages. The setup was integrated with a precise linear height gauge to measure the spark gap during the experiments where Ag and MOS2 nanoparticles in dimethylformamide solution served as dielectric. The debris was collected and was characterized for each of the experiments. The feature size of the crater generated during the micro-electro discharge machining was also studied. The experiments were repeated with silver and MOS2 nanoparticle powder mixed with dimethylformamide as dielectric. It was observed that in situ prepared nanoparticles in dimethylformamide offered much better machining performance in terms of process stability, crater size and material removal rates. On use of in situ synthesized nanoparticle dielectric, the material removal rate increased by nearly two to three times whereas the spark gap increased by about two times.
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26

Zhang, You Wei, Yan Chen, and Jiong Xin Zhao. "Facile Fabrication of Antibacterial Core–Shell Nanoparticles Based on PHMG Oligomers and PAA Networks via Template Polymerization." Australian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 1 (2014): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch13295.

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Antibacterial core–shell nanoparticles based on poly(hexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride) (PHMG) oligomers and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) networks are efficiently fabricated via a facile one-step co-polymerization of acrylic acid and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide on PHMG templates in aqueous solution. Dynamic light scattering, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy observations were used to characterize the size, morphology, and structure of the nanoparticles, as well as the interactions between the components. Also, the stability of the nanoparticle dispersion against storage, pH value, salt, and temperature was investigated. The results show that the crosslinked PAA/PHMG nanoparticles are stabilized by electrostatic interactions. The core–shell structure of the nanoparticles was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy observation. The size of the nanoparticles increases substantially with extension of storage or with increase of the salt concentration. The nanoparticle dispersion is stable in a pH range of 2.0–4.0. The size change of the nanoparticles with pH of the medium is parabolic, and the minimum size is reached at pH 3.0. A rise of temperature leads to a slight and recoverable size increase of the nanoparticles. Antibacterial efficiency was evaluated quantitatively against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by the plating method according to Standard JC/T 897–2002. The antibacterial activity against these two bacteria are both above 99.0 % at a nanoparticle concentration of 5 mg mL–1. This makes the nanoparticle dispersion a good candidate for the application of antibacterial water-based coatings and textiles coating.
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Prem Ananth, K., Sujin P. Jose, K. S. Venkatesh, and R. Ilangovan. "Size Controlled Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles Using Microwave Irradiation Method." Journal of Nano Research 24 (September 2013): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.24.184.

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The experimental conditions play an important role in particle size and in their properties in multifunctional magnetic nanoparticle synthesis. In the present study, magnetite nanoparticles of various sizes were synthesized by microwave irradiation method. The synthesized powder samples were characterized using XRD and SEM which substantiated the formation of magnetic nanoparticle in cubic phase. The particle sizes obtained were 40 nm, 31 nm and 27 nm from TEM micrographs. The FTIR studies confirmed the characteristic band of Fe-O within the range of 574 - 580 cm-1. The magnetic properties of the samples were measured by vibration sample magnetometer that confirmed ferrimagnetic behavior of magnetite nanoparticles at room temperature. From the present study, it is observed that the microwave irradiation method is a convenient method to produce a wide range of magnetite nanoparticles of desired size for a variety of novel biomedical applications.
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Chung, Stephen W., Elena A. Guliants, Christopher E. Bunker, Paul A. Jelliss, and Steven W. Buckner. "Size-dependent nanoparticle reaction enthalpy: Oxidation of aluminum nanoparticles." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 72, no. 6 (June 2011): 719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2011.02.021.

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29

Kraus-Ophir, Shlomit, Julia Witt, Gunther Wittstock, and Daniel Mandler. "Nanoparticle-Imprinted Polymers for Size-Selective Recognition of Nanoparticles." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 53, no. 1 (November 4, 2013): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201305962.

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30

Kizling, Michal, Maciej Dzwonek, Agnieszka Wieckowska, and Renata Bilewicz. "Gold nanoparticles in bioelectrocatalysis – The role of nanoparticle size." Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 12 (December 2018): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2018.05.021.

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31

SOBHAN, M. A., M. AMS, M. J. WITHFORD, and E. M. GOLDYS. "FORMATION OF COLLOIDAL GOLD NANOPARTICLES BY USING FEMTOSECOND LASER ABLATION." International Journal of Nanoscience 08, no. 01n02 (February 2009): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x09005712.

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Colloidal gold nanoparticles were produced by irradiating a gold disc with a femtosecond laser beam in pure deionized water. Variation of laser fluence between 38 and 330 J/cm2 was used to control the nanoparticle size distribution. The nanoparticles produced were spherically shaped with average diameter between 9 and 10 nm. The effect of ablation time on the nanoparticle production efficiency and size distribution was also studied.
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Majeed, Noor Sabeeh, Shaymaa Mahdi Salih, Hussam Nadum Abda Lraheemal Ani, Basma Abbas Abdulmajeed, Paul Constantin Albu, and Gheorghe Nechifor. "Study the Effect of SiO2 Nanofluids on Heat Transfer in Double Pipe Heat Exchanger." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 5 (May 29, 2020): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.5.8119.

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In this paper the effect of nanofluid is studied in the double pipe heat exchanger counter current flow, the viscosity of nanofluids are measured at different temperatures and different particle sizes. SiO2 nanoparticles are dispersed at different concentrations (0.2-2) % with different particle sizes of (50-25) nm in base fluid of water. The friction factor and heat transfer coefficient are calculated at different nanoparticle sizes, the results showed that the viscosity was increased as nanoparticle concentration increased. The friction factor is increased as SiO2 nanoparticles concentration and increased as nanoparticles size decreased. The heat transfer coefficient increased as nanoparticle concentration increased and particles size decrease.
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33

Horst, Allison M., Andrea C. Neal, Randall E. Mielke, Patrick R. Sislian, Won Hyuk Suh, Lutz Mädler, Galen D. Stucky, and Patricia A. Holden. "Dispersion of TiO2 Nanoparticle Agglomerates by Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 21 (September 17, 2010): 7292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00324-10.

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ABSTRACT Engineered nanoparticles are increasingly incorporated into consumer products and are emerging as potential environmental contaminants. Upon environmental release, nanoparticles could inhibit bacterial processes, as evidenced by laboratory studies. Less is known regarding bacterial alteration of nanoparticles, including whether bacteria affect physical agglomeration states controlling nanoparticle settling and bioavailability. Here, the effects of an environmental strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on TiO2 nanoparticle agglomerates formed in aqueous media are described. Environmental scanning electron microscopy and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy visually demonstrated bacterial dispersion of large agglomerates formed in cell culture medium and in marsh water. For experiments in cell culture medium, quantitative image analysis verified that the degrees of conversion of large agglomerates into small nanoparticle-cell combinations were similar for 12-h-growth and short-term cell contact experiments. Dispersion in cell growth medium was further characterized by size fractionation: for agglomerated TiO2 suspensions in the absence of cells, 81% by mass was retained on a 5-μm-pore-size filter, compared to only 24% retained for biotic treatments. Filtrate cell and agglomerate sizes were characterized by dynamic light scattering, revealing that the average bacterial cell size increased from 1.4 μm to 1.9 μm because of nano-TiO2 biosorption. High-magnification scanning electron micrographs showed that P. aeruginosa dispersed TiO2 agglomerates by preferential biosorption of nanoparticles onto cell surfaces. These results suggest a novel role for bacteria in the environmental transport of engineered nanoparticles, i.e., growth-independent, bacterially mediated size and mass alterations of TiO2 nanoparticle agglomerates.
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Verga, L. G., J. Aarons, M. Sarwar, D. Thompsett, A. E. Russell, and C. K. Skylaris. "DFT calculation of oxygen adsorption on platinum nanoparticles: coverage and size effects." Faraday Discussions 208 (2018): 497–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00218a.

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Lane, Mary Kate Mitchell, and Julie B. Zimmerman. "Controlling metal oxide nanoparticle size and shape with supercritical fluid synthesis." Green Chemistry 21, no. 14 (2019): 3769–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc01619h.

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Supercritical fluid nanoparticle synthesis (SCF nano synthesis) can robustly and readily control size and shape of metal oxide nanoparticles, while offering a potentially greener synthetic route through the employment of green solvents.
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36

Kamyar, A., I. M. Mahbubul, Saidur Rahman, and Muhammad Afifi Amalina. "Influence of Nanoparticle Type, Size and Weight on Migration Properties of Nanorefrigerant." Advanced Materials Research 832 (November 2013): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.832.45.

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Refrigerant-based nanofluids are termed as nanorefrigerants, which are capable of improving the performance of refrigeration systems. Refrigerants act as coolants due to their low boiling temperature. Therefore, the condition of nanoparticles during this phase change needs to be clarified. In this paper the migration properties of nanoparticles during pool boiling of a nanorefrigerant have been experimentally studied. The effects of nanoparticle type, size and weight on the migration of nano-sized particles have been investigated. Al2O3 and TiO2 particles, each with two different average diameters, were used with R141b refrigerant as the base fluid. Experimental results show that migrated mass of nanoparticles increases with the increase of initial mass of nanoparticles and sizes of nanoparticles as well. However, migration of nanoparticles decreases with the increase of the density of nanoparticles. Hence, migration properties of nanoparticles have a notable relationship with the distribution of nano-sized particles.
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Yuan, Juan, Qing Quan Guo, Xiang Zhu He, and Yan Ping Liu. "Researching on the Adsorption of Protein on Gold Nanoparticles." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.462.

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Because of their unique properties, gold nanoparticles(NPs) show a wide range of applications such as surface-enhanced raman characteristics, biological sensing, biomedical and other fields. Different initial concentrations of Bull Serum Albumin(BSA) and egg white lysozyme respectively react with different size of gold nanoparticles. The condition of adsorption is determined by spectrometry method, then the area of protein with different molecular mass on the surface of a gold nanoparticle is calculated. The results show that the larger particle size of a gold nanoparticle is, the more protein the surface a gold nanoparticle adsorbs; the smaller the molecular mass of protein is, the more protein is adsorbed by gold nanoparticles surface.
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Gupta, Sanjeev K., Mina Talati, and Prafulla K. Jha. "Shape and Size Dependent Melting Point Temperature of Nanoparticles." Materials Science Forum 570 (February 2008): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.570.132.

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The present paper reports a simple calculation of the size and shape dependent melting temperature of nanoparticles. The melting temperature of any nanoparticle basically depends on the ratio of surface atoms to the total atoms. Significant melting temperature suppression is observed when the particle size approaches the sub-20 nm range. The behavior of melting temperature is similar for the larger nanoparticles of all considered shapes but differs significantly for small nanoparticles. Different melting temperature is predicted for the nanoparticles of the same size in different shapes.
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39

Fernandez, Carlos A., and Chien W. Wai. "A Simple and Rapid Method of Making 2D and 3D Arrays of Gold Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.120.

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Monodispersive gold nanoparticles can be synthesized by a dropwise addition of a reducing agent microemulsion to a gold ion microemulsion followed by immediate stabilization with 1-decanethiol. No size-selective precipitations or digestive ripening procedures are necessary. There is no need for metal functionalization of the surfactant AOT. Gold nanoparticles with an average size of 3.8 nm and a relative size dispersion of 5.4% were observed using n-heptane as a solvent. It seems possible to adjust the nanoparticle size by small changes in the carbon chain length of the solvent. Self-assembled 2D and 3D arrays of gold nanoparticles with adjustable sizes have been obtained on carbon-coated copper grids and on a silicon wafer. The arrays have good crystallinity as evidenced by the external morphology and transmission electron diffraction results. The size of the gold nanoparticle 3D arrays depends on the immersion time and can be greater than 15 μm. This approach could be used to synthesize other noble metal nanoparticle arrays that may lead to new materials for electronic and photonic applications.
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Kronkalns, G., M. Kodols, and M. M. Maiorov. "Structure, Composition and Magnetic Properties of Ferrofluid Nanoparticles after Separation / Feromagnētisko Šķidrumu Nanodaļiņu Struktūras, Sastāva un Magnētisko Īpašību Izmaiņas Pēc Separācijas." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 50, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2013-0026.

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Abstract The structure, composition and magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles are studied as dependent on the synthesis technology and method of separation in ferrofluids. The goal of the present study is to improve the magnetic properties of wet-synthesized nanoparticles and achieve a narrow nanoparticle size distribution. The results of measurements show that by varying the conditions of the chemical coprecipitation method, different compositions and structures of the nanoparticles could be obtained. The separation of ferrite nanoparticles of a polydisperse colloid by centrifugation as well as by HGMS provides the possibility to obtain a nanoparticle set with narrow size distribution
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Liu, Guangyang, Meng Lu, Xiaodong Huang, Tengfei Li, and Donghui Xu. "Application of Gold-Nanoparticle Colorimetric Sensing to Rapid Food Safety Screening." Sensors 18, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 4166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124166.

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Due to their unique optical properties, narrow size distributions, and good biological affinity, gold nanoparticles have been widely applied in sensing analysis, catalytic, environmental monitoring, and disease therapy. The color of a gold nanoparticle solution and its maximum characteristic absorption wavelength will change with the particle size and inter-particle spacing. These properties are often used in the detection of hazardous chemicals, such as pesticide residues, heavy metals, banned additives, and biotoxins, in food. Because the gold nanoparticles-colorimetric sensing strategy is simple, quick, and sensitive, this method has extensive applications in real-time on-site monitoring and rapid testing of food quality and safety. Herein, we review the preparation methods, functional modification, photochemical properties, and applications of gold nanoparticle sensors in rapid testing. In addition, we elaborate on the colorimetric sensing mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of colorimetric sensors based on gold nanoparticles, and directions for future development.
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42

Martelli, Stefano, and James C. L. Chow. "Dose Enhancement for the Flattening-Filter-Free and Flattening-Filter Photon Beams in Nanoparticle-Enhanced Radiotherapy: A Monte Carlo Phantom Study." Nanomaterials 10, no. 4 (March 29, 2020): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10040637.

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Monte Carlo simulations were used to predict the dose enhancement ratio (DER) using the flattening-filter-free (FFF) and flattening-filter (FF) photon beams in prostate nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy, with multiple variables such as nanoparticle material, nanoparticle concentration, prostate size, pelvic size, and photon beam energy. A phantom mimicking the patient’s pelvis with various prostate and pelvic sizes was used. Macroscopic Monte Carlo simulation using the EGSnrc code was used to predict the dose at the prostate or target using the 6 MV FFF, 6 MV FF, 10 MV FFF, and 10 MV FF photon beams produced by a Varian TrueBeam linear accelerator (Varian Medical System, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Nanoparticle materials of gold, platinum, iodine, silver, and iron oxide with concentration varying in the range of 3–40 mg/ml were used in simulations. Moreover, the prostate and pelvic size were varied from 2.5 to 5.5 cm and 20 to 30 cm, respectively. The DER was defined as the ratio of the target dose with nanoparticle addition to the target dose without nanoparticle addition in the simulation. From the Monte Carlo results of DER, the best nanoparticle material with the highest DER was gold, based on all the nanoparticle concentrations and photon beams. Smaller prostate size, smaller pelvic size, and a higher nanoparticle concentration showed better DER results. When comparing energies, the 6 MV beams always had the greater enhancement ratio. In addition, the FFF photon beams always had a better DER when compared to the FF beams. It is concluded that gold nanoparticles were the most effective material in nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy. Moreover, lower photon beam energy (6 MV), FFF photon beam, higher nanoparticle concentration, smaller pelvic size, and smaller prostate size would all increase the DER in prostate nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy.
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43

Kaatz, F. H., G. M. Chow, and A. S. Edelstein. "Narrowing sputtered nanoparticle size distributions." Journal of Materials Research 8, no. 5 (May 1993): 995–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.0995.

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By adjusting the sputtering rate and gas pressure, it is possible to form nanoparticles of different sizes, phases, and materials. We have investigated the spatial distribution of sputtered particle formation using a vertical, linear arrangement of substrates. Collecting the particles soon after they are formed, before they have time to grow and agglomerate, allows one to obtain a narrow size distribution. In the case of molybdenum, a narrow distribution of cubic particles is formed at relatively large distances (8 cm) from the source. These cubic particles collide and self-assemble in the vapor into arrays of larger cubic particles. The particle size histograms are fitted to lognormal distribution functions. How supersaturation occurs is discussed qualitatively as a function of the distance from the substrate, sputtering rate, and the mean free path in the vapor. This method of nanocrystalline particle formation has potential use in magnetic and opto-electronic (quantum dot) applications, where a narrow size distribution is required.
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44

Skomski, R., B. Balamurugan, P. Manchanda, M. Chipara, and D. J. Sellmyer. "Size Dependence of Nanoparticle Magnetization." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 53, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2016.2601019.

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45

DEMISSIE, A. G., and S. S. LELE. "PHYTOSYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING CALLUS OF JATROPHA CURCAS: A BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH." International Journal of Nanoscience 12, no. 02 (April 2013): 1350012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x13500129.

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The present study reports a rapid plant-based biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using callus extract of Jatropha curcas L. The particle size and morphological analyses were carried out using Zetasizer, SEM, TEM. The physicochemical properties were monitored using UV-Vis spectroscopic, IR and DSC. The formation of silver nanoparticle was confirmed by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and absorbance peaks at 421 nm. The silver nanoparticle was found to be a negatively charged with size ranging from 2 nm to 50 nm. The morphology of the nanoparticle is uniformly spherical and has a dispersion ratio of 0.14. The physicochemical study using DSC indicated significant thermal stability and crystalline nature of the nanoparticle. This intracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles is simple, cheap and eco-friendly than other mechanical and chemical approaches.
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46

MEHRAVAR, R., M. JAHANSHAHI, and N. SAGHATOLESLAMI. "FABRICATION AND EVALUATION OF HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN (HSA) NANOPARTICLES FOR DRUG DELIVERY APPLICATION." International Journal of Nanoscience 08, no. 03 (June 2009): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x09006080.

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Human Serum Albumin (HSA) nanoparticles represent promising drug carrier systems. Particle size is a crucial parameter in particular for the in vivo behavior of nanoparticles after intravenous injection. The object of present study was to characterize the desolvation process of HSA for preparation of nanoparticles. Two process parameters were examined to achieve a suitable size of nanoparticles such as the pH value and the amount of glutaraldehyde concentration (%). The smallest size of nanoparticles achieved was 91 nm and the largest size was 388 nm which is suitable for drug delivery. The pH value of the HSA solution prior to the desolvation procedure was identified as the major factor determining particle size and the amount of crosslinker showed that it has less effect on produced nanoparticle size. The nanoparticle sample was purified by five cycles' centrifugation (20 000× g, 8 min) and redispersion of the pellet to the original volume in 10 mM NaCl at pH values of 7.5–9, respectively, and then analyzed by particle size analyzer (PCS).
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47

Lestari, Tri Puji, Fitia Abbas Tahlib, Johan Sukweenadhi, Kartini Kartini, and Christina Avanti. "Physical Characteristic and Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles from Green Synthesis Using Ethanol Extracts of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl Leaves." Majalah Obat Tradisional 24, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/mot.37956.

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The Green Synthesis method is widely developed due to its environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and easy application for nanoparticle-scale synthesis. Among all metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles are the most utilized products in the field of nanotechnology. Biomolecules contained in plant extracts can reduce the size of silver particles to nano size. This study aims to determine the antibacterial properties and activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized with the ethanol extract of mahkota dewa leaves. The formation of silver nanoparticles is monitored with UV-Vis absorption and its change in color. Parameters evaluated are shape, size, particle size distribution, composition, metal residue, and a functional group of nanoparticles, using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) instrument. The research on UV-Vis color and absorption show black silver color with the wavelength of 450-465nm. The characterization result shows spherical-shaped silver nanoparticle. Furthermore, PDI best value on concentration of 0.125% is 0,221±0,0482 with average particle size of 130,300±12,6858 nm. The diffraction pattern of silver nanoparticle with XRD test indicates that the nanoparticles contain the silver component. Antibacterial activity test shows that silver nanoparticles have a greater inhibition zone than AgNO3, and 0.125% ethanol extract of mahkota dewa leaves against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract from mahkota dewa leaves can be used as a bioreductor agent to produce silver nanoparticles which have greater antimicrobial activity compared to Ag and ethanol extract from mahkota dewa leaves.
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Chicea, Dan, Mirela Maria Codescu, Alexandra Nicolae, Oleksandr Doroshkevych, Akhmed Islamov, and Miroslaw Kulik. "Nanoparticles Size Distribution Assessment During Early Synthesis Stages." MATEC Web of Conferences 343 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134301005.

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Nanotechnology, an innovative field of material science, designs and produces nanostructures materials with unique properties that make them suited for various bioengineering applications. The shape and the dimension are the main variables depending on the method of synthesis or chemical precursors. Silver nanoparticles obtained through chemical synthesis exhibit as strong antibacterial effect if their size lays in a well-defined range. However, a small size of such particles, in the range of nanometers to several tens of nanometers, requires specific techniques as Dynamic Light Scattering or Transmission Electron Microscopy, both being affected by certain assumptions or by the high cost and long time required for a measurement. A nonconventional method based on Direct Particle Tracking can be used to produce the particle size distribution in the early nanoparticle synthesis stages. The work presents a realistic computer simulation of nanoparticle diffusion performed with the CHODIN code and a size distribution assessment using a code for Direct Particle Tracking written for this purpose. The results are consistent with the particle size used for simulation and states as a proof of concept for using the Direct Particle Tracking method for particle size distribution in the early stages of nanoparticle synthesis.
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Fachriyah, Enny, Dewi Kusrini, and Pratama Jujur Wibawa. "Improvement of Bioactivity with Nanoparticle Fabrication: Cytotoxic Test of Ethanol, N-Hexane and Ethyl Acetate Extract from Red Galangal Rhizome (Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum) in Bulk and Nanoparticle size using BSLT Method." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 21, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.21.1.39-43.

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Some of the secondary metabolites present in red algae are terpenoids, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, essential oils, diarylheptanoids, steroids, cardioglycosides, oils and fats, tannins, carbohydrates. Activity of rhizomes, leaves and flowers red leaf is as antimicrobial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidants, anti-tumor, anti-cancer and vasodilator. One way to improve the physical, chemical and bioactivity properties of natural compounds was to make them into nanoparticles. In this study, the isolation of bioactive compounds contained in red laos rhizome by maceration method using ethanol solvent was done, then partitioned with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The extracts thus obtained are fabricated into nanoparticles. Extracts in bulk and nanoparticles were then tested for cytotoxic activity using BSLT method. Results of analysis with PSA showed that ethanol extract had size 410,8 nm, n-hexane extract 220,7 nm and ethyl acetate extract 208,3 nm. The results of cytotoxic tests showed that nanoparticle size increased cytotoxic activity. Ethyl acetate extract was most active compared to ethanol and n-hexane extracts with LC50values of 17.919; 84,956; 166,526 ppm. Whereas the nanoparticle size was respectively 10,491; 74,072 and 84,197 ppm. Cytotoxic activity increases with nanoparticle fabrication.
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Krylova, Karina A., Liliya R. Safina, Ramil T. Murzaev, Julia A. Baimova, and Radik R. Mulyukov. "Effect of Nanoparticle Size on the Mechanical Strength of Ni–Graphene Composites." Materials 14, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 3087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14113087.

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The effect of the size of nickel nanoparticles on the fabrication of a Ni–graphene composite by hydrostatic pressure at 0 K followed by annealing at 1000 and 2000 K is studied by molecular dynamics simulation. Crumpled graphene, consisting of crumpled graphene flakes interconnected by van der Waals forces is chosen as the matrix for the composite and filled with nickel nanoparticles composed of 21 and 47 atoms. It is found that the main factors that affect composite fabrication are nanoparticle size, the orientation of the structural units, and temperature of the fabrication process. The best stress–strain behavior is achieved for the Ni/graphene composite with Ni47 nanoparticle after annealing at 2000 K. However, all of the composites obtained had strength property anisotropy due to the inhomogeneous distribution of pores in the material volume.
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