Journal articles: 'Nanoparticulate Drug Carriers'

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Crossen, Samantha Lokelani, and Tarun Goswami. "Nanoparticulate carriers for drug delivery." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Research 4, no. 1 (2022): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/jpbr.2022.01.001.

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Drug delivery with nanoparticulate carriers is a new and upcoming research area that is making major changes within the pharmaceutical industry. Nanoparticulate carriers are discussed, particularly, engineered nanoparticulate carriers used as drug delivery systems for targeted delivery. Nanoparticulate carriers that are used for drug delivery systems include polymers, micelles, dendrimers, liposomes, ceramics, metals, and various forms of biological materials. The properties of these nanoparticulate carriers are very advantageous for targeted drug delivery and result in efficient drug accumulation at the targeted area of interest, reduced drug toxicity, reduced systemic side effects, and more efficient use of the drug overall. Nanoparticlulate carriers are effective in passing various biological impediments and have a relatively high cellular uptake compared to that of microparticulate carriers, which allows for the drug agent to reach a targeted cell or tissue. The use of nanoparticulate carriers for drug delivery results in a prolonged and sustained release of the drug which ultimately reduces the cost and amount of doses that need to be administered to the patient. Currently, there is extensive research of nanoparticles as drug delivery carriers for challenging disease treatment cases such as cancer, HIV, and diabetes.

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Holback, Hillary, and Yoon Yeo. "Intratumoral Drug Delivery with Nanoparticulate Carriers." Pharmaceutical Research 28, no. 8 (2011): 1819–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-010-0360-y.

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Liu, Karen C., and Yoon Yeo. "Extracellular stability of nanoparticulate drug carriers." Archives of Pharmacal Research 37, no. 1 (2013): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-013-0286-0.

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EZEGBE, CHEKWUBE, Ogechukwu Umeh, and Sabinus Ofoefule. "Drug Carriers." Journal of Current Biomedical Research 2, no. 1 (2022): 77–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.54117/jcbr.v2i1.3.

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In recent years, there has been an exponential interest in the development of novel drug delivery systems using drug carriers. Drug carriers offer significant advantages over the conventional drug delivery systems in terms of high stability, high specificity, high drug loading capacity, controlled release of drug and ability to deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. As a result of their unique behaviors, drug carriers have a wide range of biomedical and industrial applications. Nanospheres are associated with a lot of benefits such as ease of administration to target sites, reduction in toxicity level and ease of passage via the capillary vessels. Hydrogel nanoparticles are useful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, as bioresponsive hydrogels in drug delivery system and as a carrier in controlled drug delivery system. Carbon nanotubes have a large surface area which has the ability to adsorb or conjugate with a wide variety of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. They are useful in the areas of gene delivery, tissue regeneration and biosensor diagnosis. Liposomes are known to target a drug to a specific site. They entrap drugs which are released for subsequent absorption. They are used to achieve active targeting, increase efficacy and therapeutic index of drugs. Niosomes improve the solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. They protect drugs from biological environment, increase the stability of entrapped drugs and they can easily reach the site of action. Aquasomes are nanoparticulate carriers that can be characterized for structural analysis. They preserve conformational integrity and biochemical stability of drugs. Ethosomes are noninvasive delivery carriers that enable drugs to reach the deep skin layers and the systemic circulation. They contain phospholipids which could be in form of phosphatidyl choline (PC), hydrogenated PC, phosphatidic acid (PA), Phosphatidyl serine (PS) and phosphatidyl inositol (PI). Ethosomes are known to increase skin permeation of drugs, improve biological activity and pharmacodynamics profile of drugs. This review aims to emphasize the importance of drug carriers in drug delivery system, and applications of drug carriers in various areas of research, technology and treatment.

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Žigrayová, Dominika, Veronika Mikušová, and Peter Mikuš. "Advances in Antiviral Delivery Systems and Chitosan-Based Polymeric and Nanoparticulate Antivirals and Antiviral Carriers." Viruses 15, no. 3 (2023): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15030647.

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Current antiviral therapy research is focused on developing dosage forms that enable highly effective drug delivery, providing a selective effect in the organism, lower risk of adverse effects, a lower dose of active pharmaceutical ingredients, and minimal toxicity. In this article, antiviral drugs and the mechanisms of their action are summarized at the beginning as a prerequisite background to develop relevant drug delivery/carrier systems for them, classified and briefly discussed subsequently. Many of the recent studies aim at different types of synthetic, semisynthetic, and natural polymers serving as a favorable matrix for the antiviral drug carrier. Besides a wider view of different antiviral delivery systems, this review focuses on advances in antiviral drug delivery systems based on chitosan (CS) and derivatized CS carriers. CS and its derivatives are evaluated concerning methods of their preparation, their basic characteristics and properties, approaches to the incorporation of an antiviral drug in the CS polymer as well as CS nanoparticulate systems, and their recent biomedical applications in the context of actual antiviral therapy. The degree of development (i.e., research study, in vitro/ex vivo/in vivo preclinical testing), as well as benefits and limitations of CS polymer and CS nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, are reported for particular viral diseases and corresponding antivirotics.

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Bhosale, Rohit R., Riyaz Ali M. Osmani, Rudra Vaghela, Tamal Deb, H. V. Gangadharappa, and Afrasim Moin. "Dendrimers: Inimitable Nanoparticulate Drug Carriers—A Comprehensive Review." Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 8, no. 4 (2016): 251–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2016.1862.

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Md., Shadab, Shadabul Haque, Ravi Sheshala, Lim Wei Meng, Venkata Srikanth Meka, and Javed Ali. "Recent Advances in Non-Invasive Delivery of Macromolecules using Nanoparticulate Carriers System." Current Pharmaceutical Design 23, no. 3 (2017): 440–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666161026163201.

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Background: The drug delivery of macromolecules such as proteins and peptides has become an important area of research and represents the fastest expanding share of the market for human medicines. The most common method for delivering macromolecules is parenterally. However parenteral administration of some therapeutic macromolecules has not been effective because of their rapid clearance from the body. As a result, most macromolecules are only therapeutically useful after multiple injections, which causes poor compliance and systemic side effects. Methods: Therefore, there is a need to improve delivery of therapeutic macromolecules to enable non-invasive delivery routes, less frequent dosing through controlled-release drug delivery, and improved drug targeting to increase efficacy and reduce side effects. Result: Non-invasive administration routes such as intranasal, pulmonary, transdermal, ocular and oral delivery have been attempted intensively by formulating macromolecules into nanoparticulate carriers system such as polymeric and lipidic nanoparticles. Conclusion: This review discusses barriers to drug delivery and current formulation technologies to overcome the unfavorable properties of macromolecules via non-invasive delivery (mainly intranasal, pulmonary, transdermal oral and ocular) with a focus on nanoparticulate carrier systems. This review also provided a summary and discussion of recent data on non-invasive delivery of macromolecules using nanoparticulate formulations.

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Pocock, Kyall, Ludivine C. Delon, Aparajita Khatri, et al. "Uptake of silica particulate drug carriers in an intestine-on-a-chip: towards a better in vitro model of nanoparticulate carrier and mucus interactions." Biomaterials Science 7, no. 6 (2019): 2410–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9bm00058e.

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Costantino, Luca. "Drug delivery to the CNS and polymeric nanoparticulate carriers." Future Medicinal Chemistry 2, no. 11 (2010): 1681–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc.10.249.

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Bhosale, Rohit R., H. V. Gangadharappa, D. V. Gowda, Riyaz Ali M. Osmani, and Rudra Vaghela. "A Review on Nanocochleates: The Inimitable Nanoparticulate Drug Carriers." Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 9, no. 5 (2017): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2017.2020.

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Torchilin, Vladimir P., and Vladimir S. Trubetskoy. "Which polymers can make nanoparticulate drug carriers long-circulating?" Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 16, no. 2-3 (1995): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-409x(95)00022-y.

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Peltier, N. W., J. Uhl, L. M. Brophy, C. R. Daniels, V. L. Steel, and E. M. Merisko. "The effects of poloxamer coatings on the phagocytic uptake of polystyrene nanoparticles by peritoneal macrophages." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (1990): 848–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100161801.

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The activity of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) is a primary impediment for site-specific delivery of parenterally administered drugs. Following intravenous administration of nanoparticulate drug earners, the carrier system is recognized as foreign and is rapidly removed from the blood primarily by the mononuclear phagocytes of the liver and spleen. The efficiency of this process renders delivery of particulate drug carrier complexes to other sites of action difficult. Recent studies have demonstrated the extent of sequestration of colloidal particles by the MPS can be effectively modulated by altering the surface properties of drug delivery carriers. Hydrophilic coatings grafted to colloidal carriers have been shown to significantly decrease liver deposition in vivo and reduce phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages. To further evaluate this phenomenon, murine peritoneal macrophages were incubated for various periods of time with fluorescenated polystyrene particles (PSP) that were either devoid or coated with nonionic surfactants of the Pluronic and Tetronic series, i.e. poloxamers F108 and T908. After incubation, macrophages were fixed and processed for either TEM or analysis using confocal microscopy.

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Kumar, Nitesh, Dilip Kumar Tiwari, and Parul Ben D. Mehta. "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Nanoparticulate Systems of Levofloxacin." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 5-S (2022): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i5-s.5741.

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An emerging advancement in pharmaceutical sciences and perturbing limitation of conventional drug delivery systems have triggered extensive research in novel carrier systems. There has been extensive research on novel carriers that promise patient compliance, but toxicological part is still the biggest challenge to any drug delivery systems. In the present research, we have develop levofloxacin nanopartulate systems with chitosan and sodium triphosphte which offer safer dosage form with increased bioavailability as well as better patient compliance. In all formulation the minimum percentage yield shows in formulation F8 (70.23%) and maximum in formulation F6 (89.23%). The highest % cumulative drug release after 8 hrs was found to be 92.658 and first order release kinetics; the r2 value for first order was found to be 0.988 Keywords: Nanoparticulate systems, Chitosan, Levofloxacin, Compliance, Bioavailability.

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López, Elena S., Ana L. L. Machado, Lorena B. Vidal, Roberto González-Pizarro, Amelia D. Silva, and Eliana B. Souto. "Lipid Nanoparticles as Carriers for the Treatment of Neurodegeneration Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease and Glaucoma: Present and Future Challenges." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 12 (2020): 1235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200218101231.

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Glaucoma constitutes the second cause of blindness worldwide and it is considered a neurodegenerative disorder. In this sense, Alzheimer’s disease, which is the most common type of dementia, also causes neurodegeneration. The association between both diseases remains unknown although it has been hypothesised that a possible connection might exist and it will be analysed throughout the review. In this sense, nanoparticulate systems and specially, lipid nanoparticles could be the key for effective neuroprotection. Lipid nanoparticles are the most recent type of drug nanoparticulate systems. These nanoparticles have shown great potential to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs increasing their bioavailability and being able to deliver them to the target tissue. In addition, they have shown great potential for ocular drug delivery. This review explores the most recent strategies employing lipid nanoparticles for AD and glaucoma.

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Zeb, Alam, Sadia Tabassam Arif, Maimoona Malik, et al. "Potential of nanoparticulate carriers for improved drug delivery via skin." Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation 49, no. 5 (2018): 485–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40005-018-00418-8.

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Soe, Hay Man Saung Hnin, Phyo Darli Maw, Thorsteinn Loftsson, and Phatsawee Jansook. "A Current Overview of Cyclodextrin-Based Nanocarriers for Enhanced Antifungal Delivery." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 12 (2022): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15121447.

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Fungal infections are an extremely serious health problem, particularly in patients with compromised immune systems. Most antifungal agents have low aqueous solubility, which may hamper their bioavailability. Their complexation with cyclodextrins (CDs) could increase the solubility of antifungals, facilitating their antifungal efficacy. Nanoparticulate systems are promising carriers for antifungal delivery due to their ability to overcome the drawbacks of conventional dosage forms. CD-based nanocarriers could form beneficial combinations of CDs and nanoparticulate platforms. These systems have synergistic or additive effects regarding improved drug loading, enhanced chemical stability, and enhanced drug permeation through membranes, thereby increasing the bioavailability of drugs. Here, an application of CD in antifungal drug formulations is reviewed. CD-based nanocarriers, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsions, nanofibers, and in situ gels, enhancing antifungal activity in a controlled-release manner and possessing good toxicological profiles, are described. Additionally, the examples of current, updated CD-based nanocarriers loaded with antifungal drugs for delivery by various routes of administration are discussed and summarized.

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Dureja, Harish, and Sunil Khatak. "Recent Advances in Nanotechnology based Tubercular Chemotherapy." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 8, no. 3 (2015): 2979–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2015.8.3.4.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a more prevalent granulomatos bacterial infection, which remains the world’s second most common cause of death due to infections of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.Tuberculosis). A number of characteristics of mycobacterium makes there disease chronic and necessitate prolonged treatment. The emergence of multi-drug-resistance (MDR) stains of M.Tuberculosis makes its necessary for the development of effective combinations of either first-line or second-line drugs or discovery of new safe and effective drug molecules and also implements other modalities of treatment. A number of novel carrier-based drug delivery systems incorporating the traditional and newer anti-tubercular agents have been shown incredible promise to target the site of action, reduce dosing frequency and enhance drug bioavailability with the objective of improving patient compliance. Nanoparticulate system have unique and comparatively more effective drug delivery carriers, including liposomal-mediated drug delivery, polymeric nanoparticles/microparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, nanoemulsions, niosomes, dendrimers, Metal/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes and other nanosystems exploiting the extraordinary properties of matter at the nanoscale. Nanoparticles shown significant improvements in diagnosis, treatment and prevention and provide the flexibility of selecting the invasive and non-invasive route of delivery for chemotherapy of tuberculosis. This manuscript have been made to highlight and overviews the present WHO estimated burden of tuberculosis globally, recent discovery of safe and effective newer anti-tubercular drug moleculesfor MDR and XDR tuberculosis, first and second line anti-tubercular drugs loaded novel nanoparticle carriers for chemotherapy and development of solid lipid nanoparticles as an alternative drug carriers for tubercular chemotherapy.

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Patel, Ajay, Upadhyay Nikita, Sonartiya Sunita, and Dubey P.K. "Formulation and Evaluation of Fluconazole Lotion." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicine 7, no. 12 (2022): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijpsm.2022.v07i12.007.

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In the present work, Fluconazole -SLNs were successfully prepared by high shear homogenization and ultrasonication technique. The results showed that the entrapment efficiency %, zeta potential, zeta size, morphology, thermal character and the in-vitro drug release from Fluconazole -SLNs dispersion and from Fluconazole -SLNs lotion were greatly affected by the type and concentration of surfactant and concentration of the used lipid which affect the in-vitro antifungal character of the prepared Fluconazole -SLNs lotion. The sustained release behavior of Fluconazole -SLNs gel with favorable physicochemical Properties can form a foundation for further clinical studies using these prepared lotions for topical delivery of Fluconazole. Topical treatment of the skin infection has been mainly used due to its eminence over oral treatment to avoid systemic adverse effects, target the site of infection for application of drug formulation and to increase the patient compliance. The vesicular, colloidal and nanoparticulate carriers systems are used for the topical antifungal treatment. A vesicular carrier such as transferosomes and ethosomes has demonstrated as they increased drug transdermal penetration. Formulation of topical product plays a main role for penetration of the drug through skin. Lipophilicity of drug molecules is also effective parameter in physiochemical property. Some antifungal drugs are more lipophilic compounds which affect the penetration of drugs through stratum corneum. Various formulations have emerged, to optimize new drug delivery carriers for antifungal treatment.

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Ambavkar, A., and N. Desai. "DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF NANOPARTICULATE BASED IN-SITU GELLING SYSTEM FOR NASAL DRUG DELIVERY OF AN ANTI-EPILEPTIC DRUG." INDIAN DRUGS 54, no. 09 (2017): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.54.09.10774.

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The objective of the study was to develop and evaluate nanolipid carriers based in situ gel of Carbamazepine, for brain delivery through intranasal route. The non – invasive nasal route can provide rapid delivery of drugs directly to the central nervous system by bypassing the blood brain barrier. The nanolipid carriers of carbamazepine as in situ nasal gel can prolong the drug release for control of repetitive seizures and were prepared by Phase Inversion Temperature technique. The retention of the carriers in the nasal cavity was improved by using Poloxamer 407 as thermoresponsive and Carbopol 974P as mucoadhesive gelling polymers, respectively. The developed gel was evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, morphology, entrapment efficiency, mucoadhesive and thermoresponsive behaviour, in vitro drug release, ex vivo permeation and nasociliotoxicity. The gel showed sustained release over prolonged periods and was found to be non-toxic to the sheep nasal mucosa.

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Galagudza, Michael, Dmitry Korolev, Dmitry Sonin, et al. "Targeted drug delivery to ischemic heart with use of nanoparticulate carriers." Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 21, no. 8 (2010): 930–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410381011086766.

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Hamidi, Mehrdad, Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi, and Kobra Rostamizadeh. "Copolymers: Efficient Carriers for Intelligent Nanoparticulate Drug Targeting and Gene Therapy." Macromolecular Bioscience 12, no. 2 (2011): 144–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201100193.

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Harshita, Md Abul Barkat, Sabya S. Das, Faheem H. Pottoo, Sarwar Beg, and Ziyaur Rahman. "Lipid-Based Nanosystem As Intelligent Carriers for Versatile Drug Delivery Applications." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 11 (2020): 1167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200206094529.

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: The contemporary drug discovery research shows that most of the drug candidates are highly potent, but showing poor aqueous solubility leads a variety of challenges for formulation scientists to develop a suitable formulation to improve the systemic bioavailability of such drugs. Lipid-based nanocarriers act as a major and most projecting approach overcoming the limitations which affect several physiochemical properties of drug such as the solubility, partition coefficient and bioavailability or absorption. This also fulfills a variety of product requirements and helps to overcome several limitations as decided by symptoms of the disease, various routes of administration of drug, price concern, increasing strength of product, noxious or harmful effect of drug, and dose efficacy. The lipidic nanosystem formulates aqueous drug in lipid base and is also a commercially feasible approach for the formulation of different dosage forms meant for topical or transdermal, oral, ocular, pulmonary, and parenteral delivery. This review provides a brief on lipid-based drug delivery nanocarrier and the mechanisms by which lipids and lipidic excipients improve the oral absorption of drugs with poor aqueous solubility and also provide a viewpoint on the promising applications of lipidic nanoparticulate systems.

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Sreeharsha, Nagaraja, Nataraj Chitrapriya, Yoon Jung Jang, and Vanaja Kenchappa. "Evaluation of nanoparticle drug-delivery systems used in preclinical studies." Therapeutic Delivery 12, no. 4 (2021): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/tde-2020-0116.

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Multifunctional nanoparticles have been identified as a promising drug-delivery system for sustainable drug release. The structural and size tunability and disease-targeting ability of nanoparticles have made them more suitable for multiple drug loading and delivery, thereby enhancing therapeutic results through synergistic effects. Nanoparticulate carriers with specific features such as target specificity and stimuli-responsiveness enable selective drug delivery with lower potential side effects. In this review we have classified the recently published articles on polymeric and inorganic nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery into three different categories based on functionality and discussed their efficiency for drug delivery and their therapeutic outcomes in preclinical models. Most of the drug-loaded nanodelivery systems discussed have demonstrated negligible or very low systemic toxicity throughout the experimental period in animal models compared with free drug administration. In addition, some challenges associated with the translation of nanoparticle-based drug carrier responses to clinical application are highlighted.

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Zhang, Rui Xue, Ken Dong, Zhigao Wang, Ruimin Miao, Weijia Lu, and Xiao Yu Wu. "Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Strategies to Address Intestinal Cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 Metabolism towards Personalized Medicine." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 8 (2021): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081261.

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Drug dosing in clinical practice, which determines optimal efficacy, toxicity or ineffectiveness, is critical to patients’ outcomes. However, many orally administered therapeutic drugs are susceptible to biotransformation by a group of important oxidative enzymes, known as cytochrome P450s (CYPs). In particular, CYP3A4 is a low specificity isoenzyme of the CYPs family, which contributes to the metabolism of approximately 50% of all marketed drugs. Induction or inhibition of CYP3A4 activity results in the varied oral bioavailability and unwanted drug-drug, drug-food, and drug-herb interactions. This review explores the need for addressing intestinal CYP3A4 metabolism and investigates the opportunities to incorporate lipid-based oral drug delivery to enable precise dosing. A variety of lipid- and lipid-polymer hybrid-nanoparticles are highlighted to improve drug bioavailability. These drug carriers are designed to target different intestinal regions, including (1) local saturation or inhibition of CYP3A4 activity at duodenum and proximal jejunum; (2) CYP3A4 bypass via lymphatic absorption; (3) pH-responsive drug release or vitamin-B12 targeted cellular uptake in the distal intestine. Exploitation of lipidic nanosystems not only revives drugs removed from clinical practice due to serious drug-drug interactions, but also provide alternative approaches to reduce pharmacokinetic variability.

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Froelich, Anna, Emilia Jakubowska, Barbara Jadach, Piotr Gadziński, and Tomasz Osmałek. "Natural Gums in Drug-Loaded Micro- and Nanogels." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 3 (2023): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15030759.

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Gums are polysaccharide compounds obtained from natural sources, such as plants, algae and bacteria. Because of their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, as well as their ability to swell and their sensitivity to degradation by the colon microbiome, they are regarded as interesting potential drug carriers. In order to obtain properties differing from the original compounds, blends with other polymers and chemical modifications are usually applied. Gums and gum-derived compounds can be applied in the form of macroscopic hydrogels or can be formulated into particulate systems that can deliver the drugs via different administration routes. In this review, we present and summarize the most recent studies regarding micro- and nanoparticles obtained with the use of gums extensively investigated in pharmaceutical technology, their derivatives and blends with other polymers. This review focuses on the most important aspects of micro- and nanoparticulate systems formulation and their application as drug carriers, as well as the challenges related to these formulations.

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Lin, Yin-Ku, Wei-Ling Chou, Pei-Wen Wang, Shih-Chun Yang, and Jia-You Fang. "The Use of Therapeutic Nanoparticulate Systems for Treating Atopic Dermatitis." Current Nanoscience 14, no. 1 (2017): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413713666170821123823.

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Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder involving defects in epidermal barrier function and abnormal immune response to environmental stimuli. Standard treatment of AD involves topical application of emollients and anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids. Objective: Because of the barrier function defects in AD skin, the topical drug delivery can lead to systemic drug absorption, thereby eliciting systemic complications. Nanoparticles as the carriers used for cutaneous drug delivery provide some benefits over conventional formulations, including enhanced stability, improved epithelium permeability and bioavailability, controlled drug release, skin targeting, and minimal side effects. In recent years, the concept of using nanocarriers as vehicles for drug delivery to manage AD has attracted increasing attention. Polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, and liposomes are the most extensively studied nanocarriers for the treatment of AD. In this review, we highlight the recent progress on the development of nanosystems for AD treatment. Method: We systematically introduce the concepts and amelioration mechanisms of the nanomedical techniques for AD treatment. Different AD animal models for evaluating the efficacy of the therapeutic nanoparticles are described herein. Results: The discrepancy of the nanoparticle skin absorption between healthy skin and AD skin is also discussed. Conclusion: This review aimed to summarize the evidence for the therapeutic advantages of nanoparticles over the conventional AD therapy.

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Sriamornsak, Pornsak, Sontaya Limmatvapirat, and Kamonrak Cheewatanakornkool. "Dissolution Improvement of Itraconazole by a Nanoparticulate System Containing Lecithin-Pectin Complexes." Advanced Materials Research 747 (August 2013): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.162.

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Nanoparticulate system composing of polymeric or lipid materials have been proposed as drug carriers for improving efficacy of encapsulated drugs. Different materials, e.g. phospholipids and polysaccharides, have been proposed for the production of these systems due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low cost and safety. In this study, we report a novel particulate system containing lecithin-pectin complexes loaded with a lipophilic drug, itraconazole. The effect of pectin concentration on particle formation and drug dissolution was also investigated. The lecithin-pectin complexes were prepared by thin film method using soya lecithin and then hydrated with different concentration of pectin solution. The surface charge (zeta potential) and particle size of complex particles were characterized. The drug dissolution was determined by using USP dissolution apparatus. The results demonstrated that the particle size of complex particles were in nanometer range. When concentration of pectin increased, the size increased slightly while the surface charge of complex particles was less negative. The drug dissolution from complex particles containing lecithin and pectin was higher than those containing only pectin.

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Kumar, D. Gowtham, Naresh R, K. Rakesh Varma, Nagasen D, Sudheer B, and Sai Kishore V. "Modifications of Chitosan for Use in Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 6, no. 4 (2013): 2210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2013.6.4.3.

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Nanoparticles with naturally occurring biodegradable polymers have emerged as potential carriers of various therapeutic agents. Chitosan, a cationic polysaccharide, is one of such biodegradable polymers, which has been extensively exploited for the preparation of nanoparticles with several therapeutic agents. In recent years, the area of focus has shifted from chitosan to chitosan derivatized polymers due to its vastly improved properties such as better drug retention capability, improved permeation, enhanced mucoadhesion, and sustained release of therapeutic agents. Chitosan derivatized polymers are primarily the quaternized chitosan derivatives, chitosan cyclodextrin complexes, thiolated chitosan, pegylated chitosan, chitosan combined with sugar ligands, chitosan with cholanic acid, chitosan-linolenic acid and chitosan-DTPA. This review article covers the various modifications of chitosan, their preparation procedures and various works done with them. 

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Manikkath, Jyothsna, TK Sumathy, Aparna Manikkath, and Srinivas Mutalik. "Delving Deeper into Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery: Factors and Mechanisms Associated with Nanocarrier-mediated Strategies." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 27 (2018): 3210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180924122640.

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Background: Advances in material science and particle engineering have led to the development of a rapidly growing number of nanoparticulate carriers for drug and gene delivery. These carriers are increasingly being investigated in dermal and transdermal routes of drug administration. Objective: To critically examine and summarize the primary factors and mechanisms involved in nanocarriermediated dermal and transdermal delivery of drugs. Method: Thorough literature search was undertaken, spanning the early development of nanocarrier-mediated dermal and transdermal drug delivery approaches, to the current state of the art, using online search tools. Results: Physicochemical, formulation, experimental and morphological factors, such as, material of construction or type of nanoparticle (NP), surface chemistry, particle size, particle shape, surface charge, dispersion medium, duration of exposure of skin to NPs, combination of NPs with physical agents, and aspects related to skin were identified and discussed. Conclusion: The key factors and mechanisms which influence NPs-skin interactions in dermal and transdermal drug delivery are discussed in this article in-line with the current advances in the field.

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Makino, Akira, and Shunsaku Kimura. "Solid Tumor-Targeting Theranostic Polymer Nanoparticle in Nuclear Medicinal Fields." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/424513.

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Polymer nanoparticles can be prepared by self-assembling of amphiphilic polymers, and various types of molecular assemblies have been reported. In particular, in medicinal fields, utilization of these polymer nanoparticles as carriers for drug delivery system (DDS) has been actively tried, and some nanoparticulate drugs are currently under preclinical evaluations. A radionuclide is an unstable nucleus and decays with emission of radioactive rays, which can be utilized as a tracer in the diagnostic imaging systems of PET and SPECT and also in therapeutic purposes. Since polymer nanoparticles can encapsulate most of diagnostic and therapeutic agents with a proper design of amphiphilic polymers, they should be effective DDS carriers of radionuclides in the nuclear medicinal field. Indeed, nanoparticles have been recently attracting much attention as common platform carriers for diagnostic and therapeutic drugs and contribute to the development of nanotheranostics. In this paper, recent developments of solid tumor-targeting polymer nanoparticles in nuclear medicinal fields are reviewed.

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COUÉ, GRÉGORY, and JOHAN F. J. ENGBERSEN. "PERSPECTIVES ON NANOPARTICULATE DELIVERY OF THERAPEUTIC PROTEINS BY ORAL ADMINISTRATION." Nano LIFE 01, no. 01n02 (2010): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984410000109.

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The oral route is the most common and preferred route of drug delivery in view of its convenience and patient acceptance. However for oral administration of therapeutic proteins, several hurdles have to be overcome. For this purpose the use of polymers, with their ease of modification in physical and chemical properties, are attractive in protein drug carriers. They can protect their therapeutic protein loading from degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, and enhance their bioavailability at targeted sites of the body. In this review, potential and currently used polymers for fabrication of protein delivery systems and their applications for oral administration will be discussed.

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Vyas, Tushar K., Lipa Shah, and Mansoor M. Amiji. "Nanoparticulate drug carriers for delivery of HIV/AIDS therapy to viral reservoir sites." Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 3, no. 5 (2006): 613–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425247.3.5.613.

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Mishra, Neeraj, Tejinder Singh, Nidhi, Supandeep Singh Hallan, and Veerpal Kaur. "Surface Modified Nanoparticulate Carriers for the Targeted Treatment of Breast Cancer." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 8, no. 1 (2015): 2698–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2015.8.1.2.

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Breast cancer left overs one of the greatest common metastasis disease in females. Advanced diagnostic devices and better understanding of tumour biology can extend the better therapeutic outcomes. Nanotechnology is a tool that helps in cancer diagnosis and treatment therapy. Many nanocarriers such as solid lipid nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanogels, nano-lipid nanocarriers, biodegradable nanoparticles, liposomes, and dendrimers are introduced to improve the therapeutic efficacy of antineoplastic agents. Surface modified target drug delivery system has the potential to increase the therapeutic effects and also reduce the cytotoxicity of breast cancer. Different approaches have been explored for treatment of breast cancer. This review describes the recent advances in the development of nanocarriers used for the targeted treatment of breast cancer. It also focuses on etiology, risk factor and conventional therapy of breast cancer. KEYWORDS: Breast Cancer; Nano-carriers; Tumor Targeting; Ligands; Receptor.

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Silva, Sara, Joana Marto, Lídia M. Gonçalves, et al. "New Peptide Functionalized Nanostructured Lipid Carriers with CNS Drugs and Evaluation Anti-proliferative Activity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (2022): 7109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137109.

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Nanoparticulate systems have been widely investigated as delivery vectors for efficient drug delivery in different diseases. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) are composed of both solid and liquid lipids (glyceryl dibehenate and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether) and have demonstrated enhanced biological compatibility and increased drug loading capability. Furthermore, the use of peptides, in particular cell-penetrating peptides, to functionalize nanoparticles and enhance cell membrane permeation was explored in this paper. In this paper, we described the synthesis of a new conjugated of tranylcypromine with MAP. In addition, taking into consideration our previous results, this study developed different NLCs loaded with three central nervous system (CNS) drugs (tacrine (TAC), rasagiline (RAS), and tranylcypromine (TCP)) functionalized with model amphipathic peptide (MAP) and evaluated their activity against cancer cells. Particle size analysis demonstrated NLC presented less than 200 nm and a polydispersity index less than 0.3. Moreover, in vitro results showed that conjugation of MAP with drugs led to a higher decrease in cell viability of a neuroblastoma cell line and Caco-2 cell line, more than MAP alone. Furthermore, NLC encapsulation contributed to higher cellular delivery and enhanced toxic activity at lower concentrations when compared with free or co-administration drug-MAP conjugate.

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COSTANTINO, L., F. GANDOLFI, L. BOSSYNOBS, et al. "Nanoparticulate drug carriers based on hybrid poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)-dendron structures." Biomaterials 27, no. 26 (2006): 4635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.04.026.

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Ahmad, Javed, Md Rizwanullah, Saima Amin, Musarrat Husain Warsi, Mohammad Zaki Ahmad, and Md Abul Barkat. "Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs): Nose-to-Brain Delivery and Theranostic Application." Current Drug Metabolism 21, no. 14 (2020): 1136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200221666200719003304.

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Background: Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are in high demand in the existing pharmaceutical domain due to its high versatility. It is the newer generation of lipid nanoparticulate systems having a solid matrix and greater stability at room temperature. Objective: To review the evidence related to the current state of the art of the NLCs system and its drug delivery perspectives to the brain. Methods: Scientific data search, review of the current state of the art and drug delivery perspectives to the brain for NLCs were undertaken to assess the applicability of NLCs in the management of neurological disorders through an intranasal route of drug administration Results: NLCs are designed to fulfill all the industrial needs like simple technology, low cost, scalability, and quantifications. Biodegradable and biocompatible lipids and surfactants used for NLCs have rendered them acceptable from regulatory perspectives as well. Apart from these, NLCs have unique properties of high drug payload, modulation of drug release profile, minimum drug expulsion during storage, and incorporation in various dosage forms like gel, creams, granules, pellets, powders for reconstitution and colloidal dispersion. Ease of surface- modification of NLCs enhances targeting efficiency and reduces systemic toxicity by providing site-specific delivery to the brain through the intranasal route of drug administration. Conclusion: The present review encompasses the in-depth discussion over the current state of the art of NLCs, nose-to-brain drug delivery perspectives, and its theranostic application as useful tools for better management of various neurological disorders. Further, pharmacokinetic consideration and toxicity concern is also discussed specifically for the NLCs system exploited in nose-to-brain delivery.

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Stefanov, Stefan R., and Velichka Y. Andonova. "Lipid Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems: Recent Advances in the Treatment of Skin Disorders." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 11 (2021): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14111083.

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The multifunctional role of the human skin is well known. It acts as a sensory and immune organ that protects the human body from harmful environmental impacts such as chemical, mechanical, and physical threats, reduces UV radiation effects, prevents moisture loss, and helps thermoregulation. In this regard, skin disorders related to skin integrity require adequate treatment. Lipid nanoparticles (LN) are recognized as promising drug delivery systems (DDS) in treating skin disorders. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) together with nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) exhibit excellent tolerability as these are produced from physiological and biodegradable lipids. Moreover, LN applied to the skin can improve stability, drug targeting, occlusion, penetration enhancement, and increased skin hydration compared with other drug nanocarriers. Furthermore, the features of LN can be enhanced by inclusion in suitable bases such as creams, ointments, gels (i.e., hydrogel, emulgel, bigel), lotions, etc. This review focuses on recent developments in lipid nanoparticle systems and their application to treating skin diseases. We point out and consider the reasons for their creation, pay attention to their advantages and disadvantages, list the main production techniques for obtaining them, and examine the place assigned to them in solving the problems caused by skin disorders.

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Azandaryani, Abbas H., Soheila Kashanian, and Tahereh Jamshidnejad-Tosaramandani. "Recent Insights into Effective Nanomaterials and Biomacromolecules Conjugation in Advanced Drug Targeting." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 20, no. 7 (2019): 526–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201020666190417125101.

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Targeted drug delivery, also known as smart drug delivery or active drug delivery, is a subcategory of nanomedicine. Using this strategy, the medication is delivered into the infected organs in the patient’s body or to the targeted sites inside the cells. In order to improve therapeutic efficiency and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the active pharmaceutical agents, conjugation of biomacromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, monoclonal antibodies, aptamers, and nanoparticulate drug carriers, has been mostly recommended by scientists in the last decades. Several covalent conjugation pathways are used for biomacromolecules coupling with nanomaterials in nanomedicine including carbodiimides and “click” mediated reactions, thiol-mediated conjugation, and biotin-avidin interactions. However, choosing one or a combination of these methods with suitable coupling for application to advanced drug delivery is essential. This review focuses on new and high impacted published articles in the field of nanoparticles and biomacromolecules coupling studies, as well as their advantages and applications.

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Mainardes, Rubiana Mara, Marco Vinícius Chaud, Maria Palmira Daflon Gremião, and Raul Cesar Evangelista. "Development of Praziquantel-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Intestinal Permeation by the Everted Gut Sac Model." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 9 (2006): 3057–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.487.

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Praziquantel has been shown to be highly effective against all known species of Schistosoma infecting humans. Spherical nanoparticles made of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) acid with controlled size were designed as drug carriers. Praziquantel, a hydrophobic drug, was entrapped into the polymeric nanoparticles with 30% (w/w) of theoretical loading. The nanoparticles size was approximately of 350 nm with 66% of encapsulation efficiency. The everted gut sac model shows to be efficient to evaluate the drug permeation through the intestinal membrane. The results show that free praziquantel presents 4-fold times more permeation than praziquantel-loaded PLGA nanoparticles and physical mixture. For this drug, in special, this result can be interesting, since the nanoparticulate system can behave as a drug reservoir and/or to have a more localized effect in intestinal membrane for a prolonged period of time, since great amounts of parasites can be usually found in the mesenteric veins.

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Flórez-Fernández, Noelia, Milena Álvarez-Viñas, Filipa Guerreiro, María Dolores Torres, Ana Grenha, and Herminia Domínguez. "Hydrothermal Processing of Laminaria ochroleuca for the Production of Crude Extracts Used to Formulate Polymeric Nanoparticles." Marine Drugs 18, no. 7 (2020): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18070336.

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A green extraction process using only water was proposed for the simultaneous extraction of alginate and bioactive compounds from Laminaria ochroleuca. Operation was carried out during non-isothermal heating up to maximal temperatures over the range of 70 °C to 100 °C. Once separated, the alginate and the crude extract were characterised and the biological activities and cytotoxicity of the extracts was studied, the latter in intestinal epithelial cells. Those alginates obtained at 90 °C exhibited the highest extraction yields and viscoelastic features of the corresponding hydrogels. The obtained results show that the extracts obtained by non-isothermal extraction were suitable to formulate nanoparticles, which showed the smallest size (≈250–350 nm) when the higher content of fucoidan extract was present. Given the evidenced properties, the extracts may find an application in the formulation of nanoparticulate carriers for drug delivery.

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Hassan, Haniza, Ramatu Omenesa Bello, Siti Khadijah Adam, et al. "Acyclovir-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Optimization, Characterization and Evaluation of Its Pharmacokinetic Profile." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (2020): 1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091785.

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Acyclovir is an antiviral drug used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infection. Its oral bioavailability is low; therefore, frequent and high doses are prescribed for optimum therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, the current therapeutic regimen of acyclovir is associated with unwarranted adverse effects, hence prompting the need for a suitable drug carrier to overcome these limitations. This study aimed to develop solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as acyclovir carriers and evaluate their in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters to prove the study hypothesis. During the SLN development process, response surface methodology was exploited to optimize the composition of solid lipid and surfactant. Optimum combination of Biogapress Vegetal 297 ATO and Tween 80 was found essential to produce SLNs of 134 nm. The oral bioavailability study showed that acyclovir-loaded SLNs possessed superior oral bioavailability when compared with the commercial acyclovir suspension. The plasma concentration of acyclovir-loaded SLNs was four-fold higher than the commercial suspension. Thus, this investigation presented promising results that the method developed for encapsulation of acyclovir offers potential as an alternative pathway to enhance the drug’s bioavailability. In conclusion, this study exhibited the feasibility of SLNs as an oral delivery vehicle for acyclovir and therefore represents a new promising therapeutic concept of acyclovir treatment via a nanoparticulate drug delivery system.

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Rao, Monica RP, Ashwini Sonawane, Sharwari Sapate, and Kshitija Abhang. "Exploring Recent Advances in Nanotherapeutics." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 5-s (2020): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i5-s.4484.

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Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding field, encompassing the development of materials in a size range of 5-200 nanometers (nm). The applications of nanotechnology to drug delivery opened the floodgates to create novel therapeutics and diagnostics which have changed the landscape of pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries. Advances in nanotechnology are being utilized in medicine for therapeutic drug delivery and treatment of various diseases and disorders. The biodegradable nanoparticle/nanocarriers, in which drug is dissolved and entrapped are specially designed to absorb the drug and to protect it against chemical and enzymatic degradation. The important role to design these nanostructures as a delivery system is to release pharmacologically active molecules for site-specific action with an accurate dose. In recent times, several biodegradable polymeric nanostructures have been developed with an innate capacity to target specific organs/tissue to deliver the drug. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems use polymers or lipids as carriers for drugs. Newer polymers engineered to achieve temporal and spatial drug delivery form the mainstay of these systems. In nanotechnology, being tiny molecules of immunotherapeutic have many advantages over biological drugs regarding complexity, tissue penetration, manufacturing cost, stability and shelf life, which is one of dominating therapy in the current research field. The present review gives details about the recent developments of nanostructure drug delivery systems and their applications.  Keywords: liposomes, polymeric micelles, gold nanoparticles, superparamagnetic nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, aptamers, quantum dots.

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Jia, Zhengyang, Zhaobin Guo, Chih-Tsung Yang, Clive Prestidge, and Benjamin Thierry. "“Mucus-on-Chip”: A new tool to study the dynamic penetration of nanoparticulate drug carriers into mucus." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 598 (April 2021): 120391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120391.

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Ye, Lucy, Kevin Letchford, Markus Heller, et al. "Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxylic Acid Conjugated, Hydrophobically Derivatized, Hyperbranched Polyglycerols as Nanoparticulate Drug Carriers for Cisplatin." Biomacromolecules 12, no. 1 (2011): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm101080p.

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Vuong, Mai Dang Le, Mohamed Haouas, Merve Seray Ural, Didier Desmaële, Charlotte Martineau-Corcos, and Ruxandra Gref. "Degradation of Polymer-Drug Conjugate Nanoparticles Based on Lactic and Itaconic Acid." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (2022): 14461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214461.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is still a significant threat to human health. A promising solution is engineering nanoparticulate drug carriers to deliver anti-TB molecules. Itaconic acid (ITA) potentially has anti-TB activity; however, its incorporation in nanoparticles (NP) is challenging. Here we show an approach for preparing polymer-ITA conjugate NPs and a methodology for investigating the NP degradation and ITA release mechanism. The conjugate was synthesized by the two-directional growing of polylactic acid (PLA) chains, followed by capping their extremities with ITA. The poly(lactate)-itaconate PLA-ITA was then used to formulate NPs. The degradation and drug release processes of the polymer conjugate NPs were studied qualitatively and quantitatively. The molecular structures of released species were characterized by using liquid NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. We discovered a complex NP hydrolysis process forming diverse oligomers, as well as monomeric lactic acid (LA) and drug ITA. The slow degradation process led to a low release of free drugs, although raising the pH from 5.3 to 7.4 induced a slight increase in the amounts of released products. TEM images showed that bulk erosion is likely to play the primary role in the degradation of PLA-ITA NPs. The overall results and methodology can be of interest for understanding the mechanisms of NP degradation and drug release of this new polymer-drug conjugate system.

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Abo El-Enin, Hadel A., Mohammed H. Elkomy, Ibrahim A. Naguib, et al. "Lipid Nanocarriers Overlaid with Chitosan for Brain Delivery of Berberine via the Nasal Route." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 3 (2022): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15030281.

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This research aimed to design, optimize, and evaluate berberine-laden nanostructured lipid carriers overlaid with chitosan (BER-CTS-NLCs) for efficient brain delivery via the intranasal route. The nanostructured lipid carriers containing berberine (BER-NLCs) were formulated via hot homogenization and ultrasonication strategy and optimized for the influence of a variety of causal variables, including the amount of glycerol monostearate (solid lipid), poloxamer 407 (surfactant) concentration, and oleic acid (liquid lipid) amount, on size of the particles, entrapment, and the total drug release after 24 h. The optimal BER-NLCs formulation was then coated with chitosan. Their diameter, in vitro release, surface charge, morphology, ex vivo permeability, pH, histological, and in vivo (pharmacokinetics and brain uptake) parameters were estimated. BER-CTS-NLCs had a size of 180.9 ± 4.3 nm, sustained-release properties, positive surface charge of 36.8 mV, and augmented ex-vivo permeation via nasal mucosa. The histopathological assessment revealed that the BER-CTS-NLCs system is safe for nasal delivery. Pharmacokinetic and brain accumulation experiments showed that animals treated intranasally with BER-CTS-NLCs had substantially greater drug levels in the brain. The ratios of BER brain/blood levels at 30 min, AUCbrain/AUCblood, drug transport percentage, and drug targeting efficiency for BER-CTS-NLCs (IN) were higher compared to BER solution (IN), suggesting enhanced brain targeting. The optimized nanoparticulate system is speculated to be a successful approach for boosting the effect of BER in treating CNS diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, through intranasal therapy.

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Basit, Hafiz Muhammad, Mohd Cairul Iqbal Mohd Amin, Shiow-Fern Ng, Haliza Katas, Shefaat Ullah Shah, and Nauman Rahim Khan. "Formulation and Evaluation of Microwave-Modified Chitosan-Curcumin Nanoparticles—A Promising Nanomaterials Platform for Skin Tissue Regeneration Applications Following Burn Wounds." Polymers 12, no. 11 (2020): 2608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112608.

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Improved physicochemical properties of chitosan-curcumin nanoparticulate carriers using microwave technology for skin burn wound application are reported. The microwave modified low molecular weight chitosan variant was used for nanoparticle formulation by ionic gelation method nanoparticles analyzed for their physicochemical properties. The antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures, cytotoxicity and cell migration using human dermal fibroblasts—an adult cell line—were studied. The microwave modified chitosan variant had significantly reduced molecular weight, increased degree of deacetylation and decreased specific viscosity. The nanoparticles were nano-sized with high positive charge and good dispersibility with entrapment efficiency and drug content in between 99% and 100%, demonstrating almost no drug loss. Drug release was found to be sustained following Fickian the diffusion mechanism for drug release with higher cumulative drug release observed for formulation (F)2. The microwave treatment does not render a destructive effect on the chitosan molecule with the drug embedded in the core of nanoparticles. The optimized formulation precluded selected bacterial strain colonization, exerted no cytotoxic effect, and promoted cell migration within 24 h post application in comparison to blank and/or control application. Microwave modified low molecular weight chitosan-curcumin nanoparticles hold potential in delivery of curcumin into the skin to effectively treat skin manifestations.

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Bilia, Anna Rita, Clizia Guccione, Benedetta Isacchi, Chiara Righeschi, Fabio Firenzuoli, and Maria Camilla Bergonzi. "Essential Oils Loaded in Nanosystems: A Developing Strategy for a Successful Therapeutic Approach." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/651593.

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Essential oils are complex blends of a variety of volatile molecules such as terpenoids, phenol-derived aromatic components, and aliphatic components having a strong interest in pharmaceutical, sanitary, cosmetic, agricultural, and food industries. Since the middle ages, essential oils have been widely used for bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, antiparasitical, insecticidal, and other medicinal properties such as analgesic, sedative, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, and locally anaesthetic remedies. In this review their nanoencapsulation in drug delivery systems has been proposed for their capability of decreasing volatility, improving the stability, water solubility, and efficacy of essential oil-based formulations, by maintenance of therapeutic efficacy. Two categories of nanocarriers can be proposed: polymeric nanoparticulate formulations, extensively studied with significant improvement of the essential oil antimicrobial activity, and lipid carriers, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid particles, and nano- and microemulsions. Furthermore, molecular complexes such as cyclodextrin inclusion complexes also represent a valid strategy to increase water solubility and stability and bioavailability and decrease volatility of essential oils.

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Ahmad, Dilshad, Faisal A. Al Meshaiti, Yazeed K. Al Anazi, Osama Al Owassil, and Alaa Eldeen B. Yassin. "Rapid and Sensitive Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Anastrozole in Different Polymer–Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 26, no. 4 (2021): 384–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472630320982308.

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Anastrozole, an aromatase inhibitor drug, is used for the treatment of breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women. Anastrozole’s incorporation into nanoparticulate carriers would enhance its therapeutic performance. To perceive the exact loaded amount of drug in nanocarriers, a valid analytical method is required. The reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated by using the C18 column, 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size, in isocratic mobile phase composed of 50:50 V/V (volume/volume) acetonitrile–phosphate buffer (pH 3) flowing at a rate of 1.0 mL/min, and a diode array detector (DAD) set at λmax = 215 nm. The validation parameters such as linearity, accuracy, specificity, precision, and robustness have proven the accuracy of the method, with the relative standard deviation percentage (% RSD) values < 2. The limit of detection of the method was found equal to 0.0150 µg/mL, and the limit of quantitation was 0.0607 µg/mL. The percent recovery of sample was in the range of 98.04–99.25%. The method has the advantage of being rapid with a drug retention time of 2.767 min, specific in terms of resolution of peaks void of interference with any of the excipients, and high reproducibility. This makes it highly applicable for quality control purposes.

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Langer, Carolin, Monika Köll-Weber, Martin Holzer, Constanze Hantel, and Regine Süss. "Mitotane Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Evaluation of Albumin-Stabilized Nanoparticles and Liposomes in a Preclinical In Vitro Study with 3D Spheroids." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 9 (2022): 1891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14091891.

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Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a heterogeneous malignancy related to poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The orphan drug mitotane (MT) is still a cornerstone in ACC therapy, however, its application is characterized by low aqueous solubility, poor bioavailability, and unfavorable pharmacokinetics, often resulting in below-target plasma concentrations or toxic side effects. Throughout the last decades, nanoparticulate formulations have become attractive carriers to improve anticancer therapy. In this study, injectable MT liposomes (DOPC-MT) and albumin-stabilized MT nanoparticles (BSA-MT) were investigated in depth with respect to their physicochemical properties, and their colloidal and therapeutical stability upon storage. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated using the ACC model cell line NCI-H295R for preparing multicellular tumor spheroids, and was compared to non-malignant human dermal fibroblasts. Our results clearly demonstrate that BSA-MT, unlike DOPC-MT, represents a stable and storable MT formulation with a high drug concentration in an aqueous medium. Dual centrifugation was established as a reproducible method for nanoparticle preparation. Although an efficient cytotoxic effect on ACC tumor spheroids was demonstrated, concomitant low toxicity to fibroblasts suggests that higher drug concentrations may be tolerated in vivo. Consequently, BSA-MT is a novel and promising therapeutical approach to address key challenges in MT treatment.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nanoparticulate Drug Carriers'

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