Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nanoparticules – Propriétés mécaniques'
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Chevry, Loudjy. "Propriétés magnétiques et mécaniques d'agrégats nonostructurés : application à la microraeologie et à la biologie." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077100.
Full textDialysis, under a constant magnetic field, of iron oxide nanoparticles in presence of opposite charged polymers, results in the formation of one-dimensional anisotropic aggregates, called nanowires. These new structures of elongated shape are 1 to 100 microns in length with a diameter of about 400 nanometers. This thesis is divided into two parts. The first part describes the study of the magnetic properties of these aggregates on the one hand, and their rigidity on the other hand. After recalling the fundamentals of magnetism in materials, we show that the nanowires are superparamagnetic objects that is to say, they don't retain any significant amount of magnetization in the absence of an externally applied magnetic field, and thus do not form aggregates, but acquire a macroscopic magnetic moment when a magnetic field is applied, giving them an orientation toward the fielddirection. Then we see how to quantify their flexural rigidity from the deflection of rods attached to a glass substrate by one tip and subjected to a constant magnetic field, or to thermal agitation. The second part is devoted to applications of the nanowires in microrheology experiments of complex fluids and intracellular environment. We see how the rods may be used as probes and allow the measurement of fluid maxwellian viscoelastic parameters, from their rotational diffusion or their motion in a rotating magnetic field. Finally, we see how these passive and active microrheology experiments, produced in the cytoplasm of fibroblasts, allow to probe the temporal variations of viscosity and elasticity of cells
Ollagnier, Arnaud. "Etude des propriétés mécaniques et de magnétorésistance géante de dépôts multicouches obtenus par électrodéposition." Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EMSE0020.
Full textMultilayered deposits are industrially employed since many years. Whereas they are used for decorative plating or as (multi)functional deposits, they are ever used in various domains such as mechanics (corrosion resistance, auto-lubrication) or optoelectronics (actuators). They are widely used for many reasons: they lower considerably matter costs, keeping most of bulk materials properties in the meantime, and they are interesting alternatives for miniaturization. It has recently been discovered that when the thickness become extremely weak, new properties may appear, such as change in the crystallization network, supermodulus, superconductivity or even giant, tunnelling or anisotropic magnetoresistance (GMR, TMR and AMR). Such properties appear as opportunities for new applications areas, for example in microelectronics manufacturing. More efficient and high-speed magnetic reading and storing devices have been realized since the advent of "Spintronics" (A. Fert, 1988). This research work aims to prepare these new nanomaterials by means of electrochemical method (electrodeposition in aqueous media) and to study their magnetic and mechanical properties. They were successfully elaborated with the single bath technique (SBT). It is an original electrochemical method related to the behaviour of chromium: an aqueous solution containing high concentration of trivalent chromium (non precious metal) and moderated concentration of cobalt sulphate (precious metal) has made it possible to obtain these original lamellar materials while varying the cathodic potential in a significant manner in the potentiostatic mode. This method also permitted to realize Cr-Co alloys presenting a new structure. Regarding to increasing safety and sustainable development policy, this user- and environment-friendly (toxic hexavalent chromium is substituted by trivalent chromium), low-cost process should be an advantageous alternative to constraining preparation methods (CVD, sputtering or evaporation for multilayers, metallurgical casts for alloys) currently used
Ibanès, Cécile. "Relations structure-propriétés mécaniques de fibres de polyamide 6 renforcées de nanoparticules organiques ou minérales." Lyon, INSA, 2003. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2003ISAL0052/these.pdf.
Full textIn this study, polymeric multifunctional systems of polyamide nature or mineral nanofillers (MMT) are added to PA6 to improve the mechanical properties of spun - drawn fibers. Stiffness is notably increased at equivalent residual strain at break for PA6 filled with highly branched molecules. X-ray scattering study of the structure changes brought about by the particles is reported in comparison with neat PA6 yarns, together with an in situ investigation of the structural changes involved by drawing. From the size of the particles and the well-known fibrillar structure of polyamide fibers, it is concluded that the particles are occluded in the inter-fibrillar amorphous phase. Globular particules should thus play the role of interfibrillar anchoring points thanks to the hydrogen bonds that can be established between neighbouring microfibrils. Mineral fillers reduce overlapping the PA6 coils in the MMT-PA6 spun fibers and display a lower entanglement density
Fellah, Farid. "Microstructure et propriétés magnétiques et mécaniques du cobalt nanostructuré consolidé à partir de nanoparticules synthétisées par chimie douce." Paris 13, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA132019.
Full textNanostructured materials exhibit physical and mechanical properties significantly different from the corresponding bulk part. In this context, this work is a study of magnetic and mechanical properties of cobalt nanostructured materials. A bottom up approach, combining polyol process and either Hot Isostatic Pressing or Spark Plasma Sintering, was chosen to elaborate nanostructured materials. First, the synthesis of particles resulted in 50 and 240 mn cobalt nanoparticles with a faced centered cubic structure (fcc). Secondly, the consolidation gave mixture of fcc and hexagonal closed packed (hcp) materials with mean grains sized varying from 235 to 340 nm. Grains materials are observed to be subdivided by a lamellar structure corresponding to the fcc and hcp phases. The growth substructure seems to be dependant of the material density. Magnetic properties show an evolution with the grains size whereas mechanical properties show lamellar density dependence. In one hand we measured coercive fields characteristic of soft magnetic materials but still higher than amorphous materials. And in another hand, mechanical stresses reach 1200 MPa which are obviously better than amorphous materials. More over, the elongation to failure is still in a good range compared to nanocrystalline materials
Bernard, Charlotte. "Propriétés mécaniques des nanotubes de carbone en tant que nanosondes et leur fonctionnalisation par bio-nanoparticules." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00250046.
Full textBernard, Charlotte. "Propriétés mécaniques des nanotubes de carbone en tant que nanosondes et leurs fonctionnalisation par bio-nanoparticules." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13455.
Full textDuhamel, Cécilie. "Cuivre nanostructuré et nanopoudres de cuivre dopé avec de l'argent pour l'étude du comportement thermo-mécanique." Paris 12, 2005. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002316120204611&vid=upec.
Full textAt room temperature, metallic nanomaterials reveal a near-perfect elasto-plastic behavior. To have a better understanding of the plastic deformation of nanomaterials, the thermo-mechanical behavior of bulk nanostructured copper was studied by strain-rate jump tests under moderate temperatures and by relaxation tests at room temperature. Two parameters are measured from those tests : a high strain-rate sensitivity (m = 0,17) frim which a ductility close to 100% can be predicted and low apparent acitvation volumes (10 to 50 b3) revealing a rate-controlling mechanism based on dislocations interacting with grain boundaries. Besides, modification of grain boundaries structure due to silver segregation could be of particular interest for the study of mechanical properties. The preparation of bulk nanostructured copper doped with silver atoms by powder metallurgy was thus investigated
Maillé, Laurence. "Elaboration par pulvérisation cathodique réactive RF de multicouches nanométriques. Corrélation entre la structure, la microstructure et les propriétés mécaniques." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EVRY0011.
Full textThe aim of this work consists to performed by reactive sputtering RF nanomaterials : W, W-O, W-N single layers, W-O/W and W-N/W multilayers in order to study the microstructure, the structure and the mechanical properties of these thin films. A study of the growth of the single layers has been necessary to performed the multilayers. Various multilayer mechanical behaviors are obtained: - A Hall-Petch rule is observed for W-N/W multilayer performed with 50 % of nitrogen partial pressure. - For multilayer W-N/W and W-O/W performed with 10 % of nitrogen or oxygen partial pressure, there is no influence of the period thickness on the hardness values and these measurements are higher or lower than the law of mixture
Laanaiya, Majdouline. "Amélioration des propriétés du ciment par insertion des nanoparticules nano-Fe2O3." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1I007.
Full textNano-engineering of cement through adding nanosized particles such as nanofibers, nanotubes and nanoparticles offers a great potential for developing new generations of cement based materials with ultra-high performance, superior strength and novel functionalities for smart and durable structural materials. The hybridization of hydrated cement phases by incorporating nano-structured materials in a bottom-up approach allows the manipulation of structural features of cement at the nano-scale that ultimately affect the performance and durability properties at the macro-scale. In particular, the addition of Fe2O3 nanoparticles have been shown to provide cement based materials with intrinsic self-sensing properties. The thesis presents an atomic scale study of nano-modified Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H), the primary binding material in cement based materials, by embedding Fe2O3 nanoparticles. In order to get more insights into the Portland cement main phases (alite and belite) that react with water to form C-S-H, ab initio calculations were performed to investigate the structural, mechanical and electronic properties along with the reactive sites of alite and belite. After examining the C-S-H structure at the atomic scale using molecular dynamics methods, Fe2O3 nanoparticles were inserted and the resulting hybrid material was studied. Different insertion modes of nanoparticles inside the C-S-H matrix were considered in order to elucidate how nanoparticles distribution affects the mechanical response of the hybrid composite Fe2O3/C-S-H. The structure with “well-dispersed” nanoparticles exhibits enhanced mechanical performance in both elastic and plastic regimes. Mechanical properties were enhanced with at least 24% increase compared to pure C-S-H. In addition, the “group effect” of inserted nanoparticles gives rise to a remarkable ductility and great resistance to the crack propagation in response to tensile loading. The necking phenomenon and structural hardening were both observed in response to tensile loading, indicating a ductile failure mode of Fe2O3-reinforced C-S-H. Ultimately, this work reveals the striking potential of Fe2O3 nanoparticles for developing high performance cement based materials with superior mechanical properties and self-sensing abilities
Mrabti, Abdelali. "Propriétés opto-mécaniques dans des matériaux nanostructurés : couplage plasmons-phonons." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10201.
Full textThis thesis is focused on the elastoplasmonic coupling in periodic nanostructured systems. This interaction plasmon/phonon has been studied first for a metal nanowire inserted into a cavity of a two-dimensional crystal, consisting in a periodic array of holes in a dielectric matrix. The second investigated system is a crystal with sustaining local resonances. The crystal is formed by a square array of gold nanocylindres deposited on a non-absorbing dielectric membrane. The interest of such a system is that it can support phonon modes localized in the nanocylindre enabling thus an efficient coupling with plasmon modes. The third system is a crystal constituted by a metal nanoparticles array coupled to a metal film via an ultra thin dielectric spacer (silica). The motivation behind such a study is twofold: first, plasmon modes are sensitive to small local deformations due to their strong confinement; second such a system supports many localized phonons that can provide a local amplification of vibrations. It is then a dual cavity for phonon and plasmon modes. For the three systems studied in this thesis, we have shown that mechanical vibrations can modulate during an acoustic period the wavelength of the plasmon resonance modes supported by the structure
Tamborini, Elisa. "Métallurgie colloïdale : structure et propriétés mécaniques d'un système colloïdal modèle comme un analogue de polycristaux atomiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20099/document.
Full textMost everyday life solids, such as metals and ceramics, are crystalline systems in which atoms or molecules are arranged in a regular periodic structure. Crystalline solids are rarely composed of one single crystal, but are usually polycrystalline systems made of a large number of crystalline regions (grains), which share a common crystal structure, but with different lattice orientations. The interfaces where crystallites meet are denoted as grain boundaries (GBs). Polycrystalline materials play an important role in science and technology and a complete knowledge of their mechanical properties, including their elasticity and plasticity, is of great interest. It is well known that the plasticity of polycrystals is related to their microstructure, but the mechanism governing the plastic behavior is still poorly understood, partly because of the limits of experimental techniques and simulations for atomic polycrystals. On the other hand, colloids are often regarded as model systems for atoms, since many of the forces governing the behavior of condensed matter govern also that of colloidal suspensions, whose experimental study is often easier than that of atomic systems because of the larger characteristic time- and length-scales. In particular, colloidal crystalline systems can be used to investigate mechanical properties of polycrystals. The aim of the PhD thesis is the investigation of the mechanical properties of a colloidal polycristal formed by an aqueous suspension of a commercial triblock copolymer called Pluronic F108, doped with a small amount of nanoparticles (NPs). The polymer presents a micellar crystalline phase for a given range of temperature and concentration. Similarly to what is commonly done for atomic systems, we can control the crystallization rate by varying the speed at which the sample is brought from the fluid, at low temperature (T ~ 0°C), to the crystal phase at room temperature. An important characteristic of our system is that the grain size can be easily tuned by changing the temperature rate or the nanoparticles concentration. We have first characterized the structure of the Pluronic polycrystal using neutron (SANS) and light scattering. The SANS measurements have permitted to investigate the (doped) Pluronic polycrystal at nanometer length scale, i.e. at the length scale of the micelles and nanoparticles. We have found that the micellar crystal structure is preserved independently of the thermal history of the sample and the amount of added nanoparticles. Moreover, we have shown that the NPs distribution into the sample is heterogeneous: grains are poor in NPs whereas GBs are enriched in NPs. Hence, NPs segregate into the GBs as impurities in atomic crystals. In addition, because of their segregation in the GBs, NPs form structures on a length scale much larger than their size, that we have investigated with static light scattering, thanks to a novel light scattering apparatus (MALS) specifically built to access the correct range of wave-vectors. On the other hand, in order to investigate the mechanical properties of the Pluronic crystal, dynamic light scattering measurements have been performed with the MALS setup on the Pluronic polycrystal submitted to cyclic shear deformations. Since, in the range of wave-vectors covered by the MALS apparatus, the scattered intensity is dominated by the NPs segregated in the GBs, the techniques allows the shear-induced dynamics of the GB network to be probed. Experimentally, one computes the correlation of the scattered intensity measured after a given number of shear deformation cycles. Data systematically show that the correlation decays after a characteristic number of cycles, demonstrating the existence of plasticity. In future, samples with different grain size will be investigated with this technique. Such experiments could shed light on how the plasticity of a colloidal polycrystal is related to its polycrystalline microstructure
Zaarour, Lama. "Fabrication thermoactivée de nanoparticules hybrides : vers l'imagerie photo-thermique à l'échelle nanométrique." Thesis, Troyes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TROY0008/document.
Full textNowadays, the thermoplasmonic field undergoes a very interesting applications development thanks to the amplification of the light absorbed by the metal nanoparticle, which makes it an ideal nanosource of heat controlled by light. Because of this applications development, one of the challenges is to control and manipulate the thermal energy on a small scale.New optical techniques are dedicated to studying the thermal phenomenon induced by plasmonic nanoparticles. These techniques show different capacities to quantify and characterize the heat generated and the temperature distribution around nanoparticles. But the spatial resolution achieved is still limited by diffraction.In this thesis, we present a new molecular imaging approach, which is based on the nanopolymerization reaction thermally induced to characterize the heat profile in the vicinity of a single photoexcited nanoparticle. This approach is based on a thermo-polymerizable formulation with specific temperature threshold Tth (the temperature required to induce polymerization reaction). We develop formulations with different Tth. After irradiation of the nanoparticle covered by the thermo-polymerizable solution, the polymer shell created is the impression of areas where the photoconversion induced a temperature higher than Tth. We demonstrate the ability of this method to map the thermal field induced around the nanoparticle with a resolution better than 35 nm
Chemin, Nicolas. "Propriétés mécaniques de films hybrides nanocomposites : étude du rôle des interfaces sur le système PHEMA-Silice-Nanoparticules d'oxyde de fer." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066584.
Full textRault, François. "Mise en oeuvre et propriétés mécaniques, thermiques et de tenue au feu de filaments à base de polypropylène chargé en nanoparticules." Valenciennes, 2008. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/fdf2aa0d-1453-4fee-8b94-d1e493d57372.
Full textThe french textile industry meets stiff competition. The firms try to differentiate themselves by improving or adding new properties to their products. The cost remaining a major concern, PP, polymer with an interesting compromise cost / ownership, is therefore widely used. Different ways exist to functionalize this polymer. One of them is to add fillers. However, the size and rate of particles commonly added to achieve satisfactory properties cause difficulties during the melt spinning process. Due to their characteristics (size and filler rate), nanoparticles offer an interesting alternative to explore. Blends PP / Clay were prepared with a twin-screw extruder before being spun. A strong decrease in the elongation properties of filaments in the presence of clay, probably due to its low exfoliation, brings us to consider the preparation of ternary blends (PP / PA-6 / Clay). However, it was not possible to spin these blends for a filler rate higher than 1 wt% due to their specific morphologies. Filaments of PP filled with clay and graphite and filaments of PP filled with based manganese nanoparticles have also been produced to assess their mechanical and thermal properties. Under air, thermal stability of PP has been improved with all tested fillers. And finally, the filaments made were used to produce knitted fabrics, whose fire properties have been studied with a cone calorimeter
Baudino, Olivier. "Frittage photonique de lignes imprimées à base de nanoparticules : optimisation des propriétés électriques et mécaniques pour l’interconnexion de circuits intégrés sur substrats flexibles." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMSE0804/document.
Full textPhotonic sintering is an emerging technology based on the instantaneous conversion ofabsorbed light energy by nanoparticles (NPs) into heat. In this work, it is used oninterconnections printed on flexible substrates by inkjet printing of a metal silver nanoinkwith particle mean diameter of Ø=25nm.A process parameters study has allowed us to link them (energy, frequency) with theinduced sheet resistance (120m!/ ). This has been confirmed through thermal modeling ofthe multilayer system, and also by monitoring the resistance variations in-situ duringphotonic sintering (a few ms) using an innovative characterization tool, allowingmeasurements every 4 μs. The electrical resistance stabilization correlated with the opticalproperties of the film was found to be optimal for an exposition of 2-3J/cm², whichcorresponds to heating up to approximately 200°C.Films microstructure analysis with X-ray diffraction enlightens the link between crystallitescoarsening and defaults density reduction. The minimization of electrical resistivity iscorrelated with neck growth between nanoparticles trigged by surface atomic diffusion.Moreover, a stronger cohesion between NPs improves the mechanical hardness compared toclassical oven curing.The electrical contact resistance (200m!) between a silicon chip interconnection bumpand printed tracks is measured thanks to an in-house setting for electrical measurement withthe nanoindenter. The level of forces to apply (300mN per bump) is optimized and transferredto a thermocompression by industrial equipment. A set of prototypes are fabricated andconfirm the compatibility of these technologies with a future industrial integration
Lapierre-Boire, Louis-Philippe. "Impact de l'ajout de nanoparticules sur l'écoulement de mélanges de poudre à base de fer." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27117/27117.pdf.
Full textGarrido, Pacheco Mariano. "Electromagnetic processing of molten light alloys reinforced by micro/nanoparticles." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI010/document.
Full textImprovement in mechanical properties of pure metals and alloys can be achieved by the introduction of ceramic particles appropriately dispersed within the material. These particles can act as nucleation sites enhancing the reduction of the crystallite (grain) size. The dispersion of these nucleant materials presents challenges due to their tendency to sediment and to agglomerate. Particles of nanometric size can also produce the improvement of mechanical properties by several reinforcement mechanisms such as Orowan or grain boundary strengthening. The use of electromagnetic stirring can provide a method to disperse particles and produce changes in the microstructure of the material. The induced stirring can increase the number of nucleation points available during solidification breaking the arms of the new formed dendrites at the solidification front. The temperature field in the molten material can be also homogenized by the action of the electromagnetic stirring. The small temperature gradient produced in the liquid metal can promote the growing of equiaxed dendrites. In this study a Bridgman type furnace has been used to produce materials containing grain refiners and reinforcement particles. The furnace has been equipped with a Bitter coil electromagnet capable to produce a travelling magnetic field (TMF). The electromagnetic stirring provides an induced flow which is used to disperse the particles and produced measurable changes in the microstructure of the materials studied. The experiments carried out were supported with numerical simulations performed by University of Greenwich and Simap laboratory. Experiments performed dispersing SiC microparticles into pure magnesium matrix showed that particle concentration patterns in the material are strongly governed by the vertical orientation of the magnetic field applied (upwards vs downwards). The observed patterns of dispersion obtained from the experiments presented a good agreement with the patterns predicted by the numerical simulation. The effects of the electromagnetic stirring in the grain refining of pure aluminium showed positive results whereas the alloys subjected to stirring presented grain growth. The TMF was used to disperse particles of micrometric and nanometric size. The dispersion of microparticles in magnesium and aluminium alloys did not produce improvements in either grain refinement or mechanical properties. However, the experiments performed dispersing nanoparticles in magnesium alloy showed the improvement of creep resistance
Lemény, David. "Élaboration morphologique et comportement mécanique de mélanges multiphasé PP/PA : analyse du potentiel de compatibilisation et de renforcement par des nanoparticules." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10199.
Full textThis study assesses the potential of nanofillers as a compatibilizer in order to propose new ways of recycling plastics from recycling. The work was focused on blends polypropylene / polyamide polymers constituting the main from the car. Because of their incompatibility, it is essential to these compatibilized blends to achieve a sufficient level of properties. As part of this work, a new way of compatibilization by the incorporation of nanofillers has been conducted and has shown its potential on improving the morphology but also on the resulting mechanical properties
Labaume, Isabelle. "Morphologie et rhéologie de mélanges polyéthylène / polyamide comptabilisés ou chargés de nanoparticules d'argile : mise en évidence et comparaison des propriétés d'interphase." Brest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BRES2071.
Full textThe objective is 1/ to contribute to a better characterization of the interphase, of its properties and of its influence on the structure and rheological behaviour of polyethylene/polyamide blends compatibilized either chemically or physically by addition of nanoclays, 2/ to compare the properties and interphase effects of systems chemically compatibilized with those of systems filled with clay nanoparticles. These works have been performed on four different polyethylene-polyamyde blends, with various viscosity ratio, compatibilized either with a maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene or filled with clay nanoparticules. The study of interphase properties shows that, for the two types of ternary blends studied, the molecular characteristics of polyethylene and polyamide significantly influence the interphase viscoelastic properties. One of the four polyethylene/polyamide couples leads to ternary systems, filled with claynanoparticles or chemically compatibilized, which ewhibit both identical nodular morphology and emulsifying effect, allowing the comparison of the two types of interphase. The results show that the clay/intercalated polyamide interphase has dissipative properties which are more marked than the interphase obtained from a chemical compatibilization. The modeling of the viscoelastic properties of both types of ternary systems, using the Palierne model, suggests the existence of complex relaxation mechanisms within these interphases, involving specific interactions between the three componenets of these blends
Boucher, Virginie. "Élaboration de polymères nanocomposites transparents : relations structure/propriétés." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10161/document.
Full textThis study deals with the preparation of transparent polycarbonate nanocomposites for industrial applications such as optical lenses or automotive glazing. Incorporating nanoparticles to polycarbonate matrix aimed to improve some of its properties such as stiffness, dimensional stability, or scratch resistance, while maintaining intrinsic properties such as its transparency. Polycarbonate nanocomposites transparency depends on one hand on mineral partic/es diameter and refractive index, and on the other hand on the good dispersion of particles in polymer matrix. Therefore, different types of mineral fillers were selected and incorporated in polycarbonate matrix. The evaluation of mechanical and optical properties of these nanocomposites permitted not only to refine particles selection, but also to highlight polycarbonate degradation during compounding with nanofillers. ln order to optimize materials performances, a thorough study of degradation mechanisms was carried out, and the nanocomposites preparation process was modified so as to Iimit polycarbonate degradation in presence of mineral fillers. Lastly, in a more general framework, the reinforcement mechanisms involved in nanocomposite materials were investigated, and showed the existence of correlations between materials structure and properties, and the effect of mineral fi/lers on polycarbonate molecular dynamics
Aldroe, Hanaya. "Analyse des propriétés physiques et mécaniques des nanocomposites polyamide 12 / cloisite® 30B en lien avec leurs nanostructures." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR4034/document.
Full textNanocomposites are interestingly growing since their development in the 1990s by Toyota Company. Therefore, improving the properties of such materials is a major issue from fundamental and industrial point of view. This improvement can pass through a relevant choice of reinforcing loads added to the matrix particularly regarding the type, geometry, the proportion, and the treatment of these fillers. The processing parameters of the mixture play also a key role. The objective of this work is to contribute to the identification and understanding of the mechanisms at the origin of the reinforcing thermoplastic matrices by nanofillers. This aspect presented through the study of the thermal and mechanical properties of nanocomposites formed by a polyamide 12 matrix (PA12) filled with organically modified clay nanoparticles. More specifically, we analysed the effects of the filler mass fraction and environmental aging on structural, thermal and mechanical properties of these nanocomposites. The mixing conditions on these properties were also examined. A particular attention has been paid to the study of relationships between the macroscopic properties and the structure of nanocomposites. Viscoelastic properties of these materials in both melt and solid states were compared, which represents one of the originalities of this work
Ben, Dahou Dounia. "Nouveaux matériaux nanoporeux et bio-hybrides à base de nanoparticules minérales et/ou celllulosiques : relation structure/propriétés." Thesis, Lorient, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORIS363/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the preparation, using freeze drying technique, of aerogels madefrom cellulose and mineral fillers intended for potential use in the field of thermal insulation. Thefirst goal of this thesis was the characterization of different cellulose (cellulose (PBPD)nanocrystals (NCC) and oxidized nanofibrils (NFCs)), the inorganic filler (mainly zeolite) and theresulting aerogels prepared by various combinations. We used for the characterization of thestarting materials and the aerogels analytical techniques such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), BET,SEM and the zeta potential. We also characterized the mechanical properties of the aerogels bycompression tests and their thermal conduction properties in the non-steady state by the hot wiretechnique. It has been found that multi-scale structure of these celluloses promotes the creation ofmeso and nanoporosities to the detriment of macroporosity. This promotes the confinement ofthe air in the bio-aerogel by Knudsen effect and improves their thermal insulation properties. Onthe other hand, the nanoparticles (organic and inorganic) allow the aerogels to have very goodmechanical properties. The third objective was to try other mineral fillers (other than the zeolite)in combination with the different cellulose and explore the morphological, structural, thermaland mechanical of the corresponding aerogels. This study has allowed showing the importance ofmorphological and geometrical characteristics of the mineral fillers in controlling physical andmechanical properties of the bio-hybrid aerogels
Poisson, Charles. "Optimisation de films complexes PE/Liant/PA à propriétés d'usage maîtrisées." Lille 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LIL10152.
Full textThe modification of the microstructure and the interdiffusion as well as the intermolecular interactions induced by addition of EVA in the PE layer PE/binder/PA packaging films improve the seal ability and the optical properties without degradation of the mechanical and adhesion performances. Only the sleep ability is deteriorated. The addition of EVA in the tie layer improve the PEgMAH/PA6-66 adhesion properties modification of the type and the density of the intermolecular interactions between tie layer, PA and EVA. The substitution of a linear PA6 by a branched leads to a degradation of the PEgMAH/PA6 adhesion properties which is mainly controlled by the contact time between the polymers. The slip ability was adjusted by addition of slip agents in the (PE+EVA) layer whose efficiency is limited by the presence of the adjacent layers and the formation of a non-uniform lubricating layer. The use of nanofillers in the PA6 layer leads to an improvement of the mechanical properties but a limited reduction of the gas permeability
Martin, Clélia. "Films multicouches à base de nanocristaux de cellulose : relation entre structure et propriétés mécaniques et/ou optiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAS021/document.
Full textCNCs are biobased nanorods that are attracting increasing attention from both the academic and industrial communities due to their numerous properties such as renewability, high specific surface area, excellent mechanical properties, light weight, or non-toxicity. CNCs are thus considered as highly promising blocks for the production of high performance biobased composites. In the last ten years, negatively charged CNCs have been associated with natural or synthetic polycations or neutral biopolymers within multilayered films built by the layer-by-layer assembly technique. In the present study, we have investigated three new research axes in the CNC-based multilayers field. In a first part, polymer chains have been replaced by positively charged inorganic Gibbsite nanoplatelets (GN) to form innovative hybrid nanoparticules-based thin films. We have shown that the architecture of (CNC/GN) films can be tuned over a wide range by adjusting the physico-chemical parameters such as the aspect ratio of the CNC, the ionic strength, or the drying protocol. The detailed internal structure of the multilayered films has been elucidated by the complementary use of AFM and neutron reflectivity (NR) and was attributed to a combination of different interaction forces. In a second part, the resistance to humidity of purely biobased films was investigated by comparing films where CNCs are associated either with neutral xyloglucan chains or with oxidized ones. AFM and NR reveal that the kinetics of water intake and hydration strongly depends on the possibility to form inter- and intra-layer hemiacetal bonds forming a covalent network. The third axis concerns the production of uniformly oriented macroscopic surfaces of CNCs to build anisotropic multilayered nanocomposites. Enhanced alignment was achieved by the use of laminar shear flow.The fine tuning of the structural features of all the multilayered systems studied gives rise to specific macroscopic physical properties. The mechanical properties of films of various architectures (Young’s modulus) have thus been measured using the strain induced elastic buckling instability for mechanical measurements (SIEBIMM) technique and tentatively related to the film’s structure. The tunable properties of such multilayered systems pave the way to the design of thin films and coatings for separation membranes or supports for flexible electronics
Vanmarcke, Audrey. "Etude des relations élaboration, morphologie et comportement mécanique de mélanges et (nano)composites à base d’amidon." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10153/document.
Full textAmong the various bio-based polymers considered as potential alternative of oil-based plastics, starch appears as one of the most interesting materials due to its wide availability and low cost. However, thermoplastic starch (TPS) exhibits poor mechanical properties as compared to synthetic polymers. One strategy used to overcome this drawback consists in blending TPS with a polyolefin (PO) resulting in an incompatible blend which morphology has to be optimized. In that frame, the main objective of this work is to enhance the mechanical performances of PO/TPS blends via a modulation of the interface properties by using polyolefins with different polarity and by adding nanoparticles to compatibilize the blends. The structural evolution of the blends induced by strain has been followed in situ by SAXS and revealed that the first signs of decohesion appear at higher strain rates when the TPS is mixed with the more polar polyolefin indicating a better adhesion in this blend. Calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CaCO3) with different polarities were then added to the blends. According to their polarity, the CaCO3 were located at the interface or in the dispersed phase composed of TPS, resulting in a refinement or a coarsening of the morphology depending on the polyolefin used. The study of the mechanical behavior shows an increase in the tensile properties for the more polar PO. These observations were made regardless the localization of the CaCO3 in the blends, meaning that achieving a compatibilization with nanoparticles does not only require to control their dispersion and their localization, the intrinsic properties of the raw materials have also to be taken into account
Mikosch, Cuka Andi. "Développement d'expérimentations mécanique in situ dans un microscope électronique à balayage et en transmission environnemental pour étudier à l'échelle nanométrique les propriétés et le comportement de nanoparticules sous contraintes mécanique et environnementale." Thesis, Antilles, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANTI0329/document.
Full textThe need to be able to visualize and manipulate nano-samples of mineral or biological materials, while conducting quantitative tensile, compression, bending and shearing experiments, led to the development of a nano-manipulation device that can evolve in an electron microscope. scanning in environmental transmission.Such a device will therefore make it possible to measure the various forces involved and to visualize the interface of interest during the various manipulations performed under controlled environmental conditions (gas partial pressure of 10-8 to 2500 Pa, liquid medium).For each of these experiments a precise and meticulous analysis of the images realized with the SEM allowed us to extract data making it possible to quantify the phenomena studied
Vergnat, Virginie. "Matériaux hybrides organiques-inorganiques par greffage covalent de polymères sur des oxydes métalliques." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/VERGNAT_Virginie_2011.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was to elaborate well defined polymer/metal oxide hybrid materials and to study their physical properties. These materials were prepared by the “grafting from” method, which consists in a first step to covalently graft a polymerization-initiator molecule onto the surface of the nanoparticles. In a second step, polymerization was performed from the initiator anchored on the surface of the nanoparticles. Firstly, we presented the metal oxide nanoparticles used for the preparation of hybrid materials: cobalt ferrite synthesized by coprecipitation, non-aggregated iron oxide synthesized by thermal decomposition, titanium dioxide and hematite commercially available. We focused particularly on the large-scale synthesis of non-aggregated iron oxide nanoparticles and on the evolution of the reaction medium during the synthesis, which allowed us to specify the role of each step in the process of thermal decomposition. Then, we presented the grafting of polymerization-initiator molecules onto the surface of the metal oxides. The polymerization-initiator molecules are composed of an active tertiary bromide and a phosphonic acid end group. After that, we studied the atom transfer radical polymerization of different monomers (styrene, methyl methacrylate) on the functionalized nanoparticles and several hypotheses were proposed to explain the low initiator efficiency when the polymerization is performed at the nanoparticles surfaces. Then the morphology of the hybrid materials was presented. Finally, we studied mechanical properties (by nanoindentation or nanoscratch) of the obtained hybrid materials, as well as rheological, thermal and magnetic properties
Paredes, Guerrero Germercy. "Development of new probes based on carbon nanocones for near-field microscopies." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30206.
Full textNear-field microscopy allows studying the topography and the physical properties (electrical, mechanical, etc.) of a material surface at nanoscale. For such a purpose, the sample surface is scanned by a probe (or tip) which geometric characteristics (such as the apex radius and the aspect ratio) and the physical properties (mechanical, electrical, etc.) must be suitable to ensure a sufficient resolution and a reliable representation of the surface. However, the current probes have significant limitations regarding the resolution, the possible imaging artifacts, as well as their ability to be used in different modes (conductive and non-conductive). These limitations are caused mainly by the type of material used (for example silicon or silicon nitride, for standard probes, or carbon nanotubes), as well as by the manufacturing processes used to structure the geometry of the probes. In this work, we study the potential of carbon nanocones (graphenic carbonaceous morphology with conical shape with high aspect ratio and nanosized apex) for different modes of near-field microscopy. These nanocones exhibit excellent mechanical (strong C-C bond) and electrical properties. They have already been successfully tested and patented as electron emitters for the cold-field-emission guns which equip the most performing transmission electron microscopes. These various characteristics of the nanocones (aspect ratio, nanosized apex, conductivity, mechanical stability, strong atomic cohesion) and others (hydrophobicity, chemical inertia, multiscale micro-nano morphology...), make that they could also constitute a promising solution for designing probes potentially superior to existing probes, either standard or more specific such as those in carbon nanotubes, for various types of near-field microscopy, in particular in terms of spatial resolution and durability. In the first part, this thesis is dedicated to the synthesis of individual carbon nanocones using an original synthesis method called ToF-CVD (Time of Flight Chemical Vapor Deposition). The work reveals complex formation mechanisms involving the heterogeneous phase nucleation mechanisms specific of the CVD deposition of pyrolytic carbon on the one hand, and well-known wetting mechanisms such the Plateau-Rayleigh instability on the other hand. The mounting of the nanocones on dedicated supports as probes for near-field microscopies is then carried out, followed by characterization studies (SEM, TEM, RAMAN spectroscopy) to assess their starting characteristics from the geometry and structure point of view, and their evolution under the operating conditions required for both the probe fabrication and for the different near-field microscopy modes studied. In a second part, the potentiality of carbon nanocones as probes for non-conductive modes such as topographic mode (atomic force microscopy - AFM) and "Peak Force Quantitative Nano Mechanical" (PF-QNM) mode, as well as for conductive modes such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM), and Kelvin force microscopy (KFM) is evaluated. This evaluation is made on the basis of (i) performances; (ii) durability; (iii) versatility. The final goal is to compare the performance of the carbon nanocone probes with other commercial probes. Carbon nanocones reveal to truly be multimode probes with few existing counterparts nowadays. Improvements are needed and possible, for which directions are proposed
Erbi', Matteo. "Impact of Mechanical Loading on the Deformation and the Electronic Properties of Metallic Nanoparticles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS620.
Full textMetallic nanoparticles (NPs) are fascinating objects, possessing unique properties that differ significantly from their bulk counterparts due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio. As a result, many nanoparticle-based technological approaches are being foreseen across fields such as catalysis, medicine, and optic applications. However, regardless of their application domain, NPs can be subjected to mechanical constraints, potentially leading to structural modifications or even irreversible changes that drastically impact their intended use. In this thesis, we explore the influence of some tunable characteristics of NPs (shape, size, and composition) on their mechanical properties and investigate how plastic and elastic deformations affect their absorption properties. Our goal is to highlight a viable path to develop a new class of nano-objects. By combining molecular dynamics with finite element calculations, we present an extensive study on the elastic and plastic deformations of metallic (Au, Cu, and Pt) nanoparticles of different shapes and sizes. We impose mechanical loading through nano-indentation on (001) and (111) facets. In the elastic regime, there is no size effect for nanoparticles larger than 5 nm. Conversely, the elastic properties of NPs are highly driven by the shape of the particle: a clear shape effect emerges from our results. For a given imposed deformation, the distribution of the stress field in the NP is heterogeneous and depends strongly on the shape of the NP, having a major impact on elastic properties such as the NP's effective Young’s modulus. The focus then shifts to the plastic transition, by examining by analyzing the critical stress required for dislocation nucleation and understand how the shape and size of nanoparticles affect this key parameter. Our study shows that both the size and shape of the NPs influence the critical stress. By adjusting NP morphology, we can tune the onset of plasticity. A universal effect of size and shape on dislocation nucleation is identified for FCC metals, complementing existing literature results for specific NP shapes. Furthermore, our analysis highlights that NP corners are stress hotspot regions where dislocation nucleation primarily occurs. We develop a simple model based on FE calculations, indicating that dislocation nucleates when a specific Von Mises stress value is reached near NP corners. The research further looks into different mixing patterns of copper-gold nano-alloy. Ordered and disordered systems are tested, showing that the elastic and plastic behavior is sensitive to the mixing pattern. Ordered structures can exhibit strengthening compared to pure Gold or Copper NPs, while solid solutions show a softening, unlike bulk material. Our findings indicate that local order influences the elastic and plastic behaviors of alloy NPs. Knowledge gained in the field of mechanical deformation of nanoparticles is exploited to study changes in their electronic properties. For this purpose, a costume tool is developed based on the tight-binding formalism to compute the effects of both elastic and plastic deformation on the electronic properties of indented Pt NPs. Our results emphasize that, unlike elastic deformation, plastic deformation introduces new, low coordinated surface sites that can enhance NP surface reactivity. The enhanced surface reactivity of these new sites is confirmed by DFT calculations examining Hydrogen absorption on plastically deformed Pt NPs
Gonzalez, Joa Javier Antonio. "Mesoscale dislocation simulation accounting for surfaces using the superposition method : Application to nanomechanics." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ISAL0129.
Full textNano-objects (wires, particles, thin films) are known for their outstanding mechanical properties when compared to their bulk counterparts. Various experimental techniques (transmission and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction) are used to investigate nano-objects, all complemented by computational approaches such as molecular dynamics. While modelling atomic-scale processes in the details, molecular dynamics is limited in terms of sample size and strain rates opening doors to other methods such as the discrete dislocation dynamics. Discrete dislocation dynamics is able to describe the evolution of a dislocation population at the mesoscale but is mostly used to describe quasi-infinite ensembles using either particularly large simulation cells or relying on periodic boundary conditions. Consequently, standalone discrete dislocation dynamics cannot provide a complete description of sample surfaces that are known to be at the roots of several nanoscale processes. This study aims at better and faithfully model the mechanics of nano-objects accounting for the complex interactions between dislocations and surfaces. For this purpose, a new tool called El-Numodis was developed. El-Numodis relies on the coupling of the discrete dislocation dynamics code Numodis with the finite elements code Elmer using the superposition method in which the stress field generated by a dislocation population is corrected at the virtual surfaces of a finite-size sample using a finite-element elastic solver. In this work, we present the main development stages of El-Numodis (coupling drivers, dislocation image forces, nucleation algorithm, etc.) as well as several applications including analytically soluble elasticity problems in which surfaces are involved. As an example, the modelling of face-centered cubic metal thin films practically demonstrates the influence of surfaces on nano-objects mechanics. Finally, El-Numodis is used to model the mechanics of ceramics nanoparticles for which atomistically-informed dislocation nucleation as combined to the transition state theory allow to investigate the role of size, temperature and strain rate on the mechanical properties of MgO nanoparticles
Fang, Yuan. "Étude de l'élaboration de nano-particules élastomères et application de celles-ci en tant qu'agents renforçants pour le poly(acide lactique)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0192/document.
Full textPoly (lactic acid) (PLA), come from renewable resources, one of the most important biopolymers, suffers from weak impact resistance. The aim of this work is to develop a process that will allow preparing a PLA with improved impact resistance while minimizing loss in tensile strength. The work presented here examined in detail the synthesis of poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) nanoparticles charged with laponite (LRD) (PBA-LRD) and (PBA-LRD) / poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) core-shell nanocomposites. They were dispersed phase in PLA matrix and were synthesized by emulsion or miniemulsion polymerization. The clay such as laponite was included in these nanoparticles to minimize the loss of rigidity while improving the impact resistance of PLA. Note that three types of surfactants and some modify agents for LRD have been tried to improve the adhesion between the PBA particles and matrix PLA, PMMA was finally used to ensure a good adhesion between the PBA particles and the matrix. To this end, we explored successively the PLA blend, using PBA nanocomposites and the PBA/PMMA core-shell nanoparticles as reinforcing agents, with improved impact resistance, showing that core-shell particles allowed increasing of 3 times of impact strength of the PLA with a minimum amount of loss (~25%) in Young?s modulus and tensile strength. The properties of the synthetic particles and the properties of PLA blends have been demonstrated by various characterization techniques (DLS, FTIR, TGA, TEM, SEM, 1H-NMR, DSC, DMTA ...)
Mazuel, François. "Agrégats multicellulaires magnétiques : mécanique des tissus et biodégradation des nanomatériaux." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC309/document.
Full textIron oxide nanoparticles are promising candidates for applications in nanomedecine (contrast agents, vectors). They were also recently considered as a powerful tool for tissue engineering. Cells, magnetized through nanoparticules internalization, can be organized in space and time thanks to remote magnetic forces. For all those applications the nanoparticles fate inside the cells remains a key issue concerning the final clinical use. The first part of this work focuses on the study of the mechanical and rheological properties of biological tissue models, the multicellular aggregates. An original magnetic molding method and two different experimental setups were developed to produce aggregates with controlled shapes and sizes, to measure their surface tension and to evidence their power law and non linear behavior.In the second part, we investigate the medium term fate of iron oxide nanoparticles in stem cells forming a spheroid as a model tissue. We reveal a massive endosomal degradation. The set of methods and spheroid model we propose allow a comprehensive and quantitative follow up of the biodegradation of any nanomaterials. This was illustrated by investigating the degradation of nanomaterials with more complex nano-architectures (nanocubes, nanodimers) and assessing the efficiency of a protection strategy to modulate the biodegradation
Hassar, Mohcine. "Influence des nano-charges de noir de carbone sur le comportement mécanique de matériaux composites : application au blindage électromagnétique." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00878994.
Full textTang, Xingling. "Contribution à la simulation et à l'expérimentation des nanotubes de carbone avec prise en compte d'incertitudes." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAM0003/document.
Full textCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) as one of the most important nanomaterials today have been demonstrated a combination of exceptional physical, electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties, which have resulted in their great potential of industrial application in many fields. CNTs can be categorized as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The structure of a SWCNT can be viewed as one-atom-thick layer of graphite rolled cylinder. Well understand the property of SWCNTs is fundamental in the exploration of research and applications of CNTs based products.The present research is focus on evaluating the mechanical and electromechanical properties of SWCNTs materials with different material morphology. Under the hierarchical (or bottom-up) ideal, the elastic properties of the individual SWCNTs were studied by using Finite element (FE) method. Effects of the diameter, chirality and length on the elastic moduli of SWCNTs are discussed based on numerical calculations. Furthermore, the ultra-thin SWCNTs film (~200nm) is prepared by spin coating method. The elastic modulus of SWCNT thin film is estimated by nanoidentation test. Its elasto-plastic properties were then determined by FE simulation combined with the statistics constraints of the experimental results. The results showed that the mechanical performance of SWCNTs thin film during indentation can be approximately represented by a bilinear model. The mechanical parameters of SWCNTs thin film obtained by experiment and numerical calculation are : the Young’s modulus E=192.83± 13.922 Gpa, the tangent modulus Et ≈ 42GPa, and the yield stress Oy ≈ 8.4GPa, respectively. The electrostrictive properties of SWCl\lT- based composite (P(VDF-TrFE)/SWCNT) were also investigated by FE method. Numerical results show that the electrostriction of the SWCNT/P(VDP-TrFE) composite is greatly dependent on the volume fraction of SWCNT and the difference of dielectric constant between SWCNT and P (VDP-TrFE) copolymer. In this work, we found that the properties of CNTs obtained either by theory or by experiments involve inevitable uncertainty, and some are relatively large. Therefore, uncertainty analysis for the predicted properties of CNTs becomes necessary with the increasing product performance demands. The application of Reliability-Based Optimization (RBO) method in the process of elasto-plastic behavior estimation for SWCNT thin film indicates that RBO method should be an effective tool to ensure the reliability of experimental and numerical results
Vicario, Gomez Iban. "Influence des nano-particules d’alumine (Al2O3) et de di-borure de titane (TiB2) sur la microstructure et les propriétés de l’alliage Al-Si9-Cu3-Fe1 pour des applications de fonderie à haute pression." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14420/document.
Full textThe work has been focused on the study of the influence of TiB2 and Al2O3 nano-particles (up to 1 wt. %) on the properties and physical features of an aluminium casting alloy, Al-Si9Cu3Fe1.Samples have been obtained through the High Pressure Die Casting (HPDC) process and compared with unreinforced samples obtained at the same conditions. It has been observed that the Al2O3 and TiB2 particles have a direct influence on several features of the alloy such as the microstructure and precipitating phases as well as in the improvement of the soundness and mechanical and electrical properties. Al2O3 and TiB2 particles can be used to tailor the properties of the alloy and to match the specifications of light weight applications
Khammassi, Sabrine. "Nanotechnology and bonded joints : an investigation of the mechanical performance of an adhesive doped with nanofillers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ENTA0021.
Full textAdhesively bonded joint is a joining technique that is increasingly in a request today in many fields such as the automotive, aerospace, and naval. The adhesive selection is an important parameter to guarantee the reliability and durability of an adhesively bonded joint. It is well known that the wrong design of a bonded joint, the wrong choice of adhesive, or even a poorly executed surface treatment can have dramatic consequences. In terms of performance, the incorporation of carbon-based nanoparticles into the adhesive improves the performance of bonded joints. In this study, DGEBA adhesive doped by three kinds of nanofillers is established. Indeed, the adhesive has been doped with carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), and carbon black (CB) with different mass fractions (1wt.%, 2wt.%, and 5wt.%). The overall objective is to study the influence of the type, mass fraction, and dimensions of the nanofillers on the mechanical behavior of the adhesive and the bonded joint. The results showed that each type of adhesive reinforced with nanofillers has a good potential in terms of mechanical behavior under static and dynamic loadings. However, the presence of a high mass fraction of nanoparticles tends to lead to degradation compared to the neat adhesive due to the transformation in microstructure morphology and physicochemical interactions. In addition, to quantify the damage resistance of the nanofiller-doped adhesive and demonstrate the adhesion compatibility with various kinds of substrates; DCB and ENF tests were performed on aluminum/aluminum and composite/composite bonded joints. Besides, numerical models taking into account the damage of the doped adhesive were developed and validated with the experimental results. This study demonstrates that the type, mass fraction, size, and shape of nanofillers play an important role in improving the performance of the adhesively bonded joints
Fedosse, Zornio Clarice. "Ionic liquids as multifuncional additives for poly(methyl methacrylate)-based materials." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI041/document.
Full textThe large array of cation/anion combinations, and the excellent intrinsic properties of ionic liquids (ILs) open a large range of possibilities in their use as additives to polymer materials. Thus, the main objective of this work is to explore the role of both the cation and anion of a series of ILs on the properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based materials. In a first approach, low amounts of imidazolium and ammonium-based ILs were incorporated as additives to PMMA in the molten state. Morphological and structural characterizations were developed in order to understand the impact of the presence of such ILs on the thermal and mechanical properties of the resulting materials. Then, in the following section, the ability of the same imidazolium and ammonium-based ILs as physical modifiers of silica surface was evaluated. In such an approach, ILs were supposed to act as interfacial agents. Sub-micron and nanosize silica particles were used to prepare PMMA composites. Thus, the extents of each IL improve the interfacial interaction between PMMA and silica particles were discussed. In addition, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) was used as foaming agent to produce foamed PMMA-based composites. In such a case, the combined effect of the presence of ILs and silica particles was analyzed regarding the morphology of the foamed structures. In the last section, scCO2 was used as reaction medium, in an environmental friendly approach, to chemically modify silica nanoparticles using a series of imidazolium IL-functionalized silanes (with different alkyl chain lengths). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to highlight the effect of the working pressure and the content of such ILs in the reaction medium. The effect of the alkyl chain length on the grafting density of the resulting nanoparticles was also discussed. Finally, novel PMMA-based nanocomposites were prepared by the incorporation of such grafted nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) analyses were used to evaluate the state of dispersion of the particles into the polymer matrix. Moreover, the thermal, rheological and mechanical properties of the materials were studied
Blivi, Adoté Sitou. "Effet de taille dans les polymères nano-renforcés : caractérisation multi-échelles et modélisation." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2431/document.
Full textThe work presented in this paper aims to highlight and to understand the size effect of nano-reinforcements on nanocomposite properties With an experimental approach. Nanocomposites of PMMA and silica particles With different sizes (15nm, 25nm, 60nm, 150nm and 500nm) and volume fractions (20/0, 4 0/0 and 60/0) were manufactured. Multiscale analysis (MET and DRX-WAXS) have shown that the characteristic parameters of the microstructure of nanocomposites vary With the size of the nanoparticles. Indeed, the decrease in the size of nanoparticles at a given volume fraction implies a decrease of the intermolecular distance. This decrease has induced a densification of the matrix and a decrease of the matrix chain mobility. Mechanical tests (tensile, DMA) have shown that the young (E) and the conservation (E') moduli of the nanocomposites increase With the decrease in the size of the nanoparticles With a constant volume fraction. And the increase of E l is kept when temperature growing. An increase in glass transition (Tg) and degradation temperature (Td) was also observed With the DSC, DMA and ATG tests. Experimental elastic properties of the nanocomposites were used to assess the relevance of size effect micromechanical models, particularly the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds With interface effects proposed by Brisard. The modeling has shown that to reproduce the experimental elastic moduli of nanocomposites, the elastic coefficients of the interface must be dependents on particle sizes. And the state of dispersion of particles must be taken into account
Puech, Nicolas. "Structure et propriétés rhéologiques de réseaux transitoires chargés par des nanoparticules de silice." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20153.
Full textStructural and rheological properties of viscoelastic fluids - transient networks filled with silica nanoparticles - have been studied. Three different viscoelastic matrices have been prepared: two connected and filled microemulsion networks with different droplet sizes (30 and 100 Å) and an aqueous telechelic tribloc copolymer gel. The two characterisation techniques, rheology and small angles neutron scattering allow us to link the rheological properties to the structure of this filled matrix. The rheological reinforcement factor of the gel is greater than the theorical predictions by Smallwood and Einstein, which apply to elastomers and dilute colloidal solutions. The structure measured by small angles neutron scattering proves that silica nanoparticles are well dispersed in the viscoelastic medium. A surfactant layer appears to be absorbed on the hydrophilic surface in the microemulsion case. This phenomenon leads to an increase of the number of active links per unit volume upon addition of silica nanoparticles. Macroscopically, this increase allows us to understand the shift of the percolation thresholds
Puech, Nicolas. "Structures et propriétés rhéologiques de réseaux transitoires chargés par des nanoparticules de silice." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00353271.
Full textNagle, Irène. "Magnetic approaches for tissue mechanics and engineering of the skeletal muscle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7079.
Full textThe thesis is focused on the macroscopic mechanical properties of tissue models. The incorporation of superparamagnetic nanoparticles (maghemite) into the cells enables both their manipulation at distance to create multicellular aggregates of controlled shape and the application of forces to measure their mechanical properties or induce their organization. The cellular model chosen is a mouse muscle precursor cell line (C2C12), for a direct application to tissue mechanics and tissue engineering of the skeletal muscle. The deformations of the aggregate formed magnetically and then submitted to a magnetic field gradient enable to measure its macroscopic mechanical properties (surface tension, Young's modulus). We could therefore look at the interplay between the individual cell properties (cell-cell adhesions, actin structure and tension) and the mechanical properties at the tissue scale revealing the importance of desmin disorganization in macroscopic rigidity and surface tension. By using desmin-mutated muscle precursor cells (point mutations involved in desminopathies), we enhanced the fundamental role of the intermediate filament network architecture in this 3D tissue model. Magnetic forces were then used to promote differentiation into muscular cells by first reproducing their alignment and secondly mechanically stimulating them. To that end, we developed a magnetic stretcher to stretch multicellular aggregates of muscle precursor cells trapped between two mobile magnets and induce their differentiation into aligned muscular cells. This magnetic stretcher represents a new tool to study cell deformation under stretching and muscle cell differentiation
Feltrin, Emeline. "Surfaces PDMS structurées et/ou décorées par des nanoparticules : vers des propriétés optiques et de mouillage modulables." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR15207/document.
Full textThe polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a transparent and stretchable elastomer, is put forward in this work as a functional substrate in the field of optics and wetting. In the first part, we have developed wrinkled PDMS surfaces via controlled buckling instabilities. We were able to tune both the wavelength (λ) and the amplitude (A) of the structuration on a large length scale. We have then selectively organized some nanoparticles the textured surfaces in order to modulate its physical-chemistry. In the second part, in situ generation of gold and silver nanoparticles/plots has been developed and studied both on glass PDMS surfaces and subsequently characterized optically
Bel, Haj Salah Selim. "Plasticité des nanoparticules métalliques cubiques à faces centrées." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ESMA0004/document.
Full textWhen characteristic dimensions decrease to nanometer, materials often exhibit different properties than those measured at higher scales. So, in terms of mechanical properties,increased resistance to plastic deformation is often reported. However, most research works in this domain focused on one dimensional systems like nanowires and nanopilars. Our knowledge concerning mechanical properties for another type of ’nano’ system, nanoparticles, are in fact much more limited. This is surprising, since they can be used in immense field of applications.The work presented here deals with the mechanical properties of spherical nanoparticles of face centered cubic metallic materials (aluminium, nickel, copper). They were conducted using molecular dynamics simulations under uniaxial compression. These last ones allow to analyze finely the mechanisms of plasticity at the atomic scale. Two main areas of study were selected :the influence of nanoparticle size and the orientation of the compression axis. Our results highlight the predominant role of contact surface geometry in the size range studied (4-80 nm) during the early stages of plastic deformation. We thus show that the latter influences the yield strength, as well as the plastic deformation mode, such as smearing
Fiorentino, Brice. "Orientation cristalline de la matrice résultant de la déformation et des charges lamellaires dans des nanocomposites thermoplastiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10241.
Full textThis study is part of the ANR Blanc COPIN which aim is to develop and understand the nanocomposites from inorganic nanoparticles mixed with a semi-crystalline polymer. The innovation of the project partner, Imerys, was to synthesized talc particles at the nanoscale. Talc is known for his nucleating effects and the goal is to use these nanoparticles to see their influence on a semi-crystalline material. Several synthetic talcs were employed differing from the synthesis time and chemical surface modifications. For this, the first part of this study was to disperse the talc using or not chemical modifications of surfaces as well as compatibilizers to obtained the best dispersion state and particles distribution. These continuums interaction created show a real improvement in the dispersion but also of properties such as heat resistance. The following parties concerned more specifically the crystallization trying to explain how nanoparticles can be oriented during shear flow, what is the leverage of these talcs on the crystallization when it was oriented, how they generate a specific crystal orientation coming from their nucleating effect, which is the predominant mechanism of crystallization nucleation between the macromolecules orientations or the nucleation of nanoparticles. It was also a question of determining the resulting crystal morphologies
Avice, Jérémy. "Etudes des propriétés physico-chimiques de revêtements sol-gel par spectroscopie, optoacoustique et endommagement laser." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA1028.
Full textWithin the framework of the simulation project, the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) aims to reproduce the pressure and temperature conditions of a thermonuclear fusion with the Megajoule laser (LMJ). Some of the optical components of the LMJ, in particular some focusing lenses, are coated with an antireflective (AR) layer made by a sol-gel process. These films are composed of silica nanoparticles 10 nm in diameter with 55% porosity. To increase the mechanical strength of these layers, the films are exposed to water and ammonia vapors during a post-process. This post-treatment creates covalent bonds between the silica nanoparticles and thus strengthens the colloidal film. In order to give all the qualities of an optical coating, besides the key optical properties, we have set ourselves the objective of understanding the mechanical stability of these nanomaterials. In particular, we wanted, in the context of this thesis, to have a better understanding of the ammonia hardening process and for that we undertook a complete study of the physical and chemical parameters that govern the elasticity of this assembly of nanoparticles. In a second step, we highlighted the appearance of surface cracking causing optical diffusion and a decrease in mechanical reinforcement during the post-process. In order to minimize or even eliminate these surface cracks, we performed a parametric study to identify the elements responsible for this cracking
Casimirius, Stéphane. "Croissance localisée de nanotubes de carbone aux échelles micrométrique et nanométrique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136052.
Full textBachelier, Guillaume. "Propriétés optiques de nano-structures métalliques et semi-conductrices." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008229.
Full textIssa, Inas. "In situ TEM nanocompression and mechanical analysis of ceramic nanoparticles." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI008/document.
Full textIn this study, we propose an innovative mechanical observation protocol of ceramics nanoparticles in the 100nm size range. This Protocol consists of in situ TEM nanocompression tests of isolated nanoparticles. Load–real displacements curves, obtained by Digital Image Correlation, are analyzed and these analyses are correlated with Molecular Dynamics simulations. By this protocol a constitutive law with its mechanical parameters (Young modulus, Yield stress...) of the studied material at the nano-scale can be obtained. In situ TEM nano-compression tests on magnesium oxide nanocubes are performed. Magnesium oxide is a model material and its plasticity is very well known at bulk. The MgO nanocubes show large plastic deformation, more than 50% of plastic strain without any fracture. The TEM results are correlated to MD simulations and the deformation mechanism can be identified.The size effect and the electron beam effect on the yield strength are investigated. In a second part of the dissertation, we present a study on transition alumina nanoparticles compacted in a Diamond Anvil Cell at different uniaxial pressures. Thin Foils of these compacted nanoparticles are prepared by FIB for HRTEM Observations. Their analysis reveals the plastic deformation of the nanoparticles. The crystallographic texture observed inthese compacted nanoparticles in DAC shows a preferred orientation of the {110} lattice planes, orientated perpendicular to the compression direction. This is compatible with the slip system. This argument was reinforced with a preferred orientation of slip bands observed during in situ TEM nano-compression tests. Moreover, electron diffraction patterns (Debye Scherrer) analysis on these compacted transition alumina nanoparticles reveals the decrease of the presence of gamma-alumina and the increase of delta-alumina with increasing pressure. This reveals the phase transformation with increasing pressure from gamma to delta* alumina
Hamdi, Khalil. "Fonctionnalisation de matériaux composites à renfort carbone et matrice thermoplastique par adjonction de nanocharges : élaboration et étude du comportement." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2388/document.
Full textTo extend the use of composites in more varied application (smart applications, multifunctional issues), one of the actual barrier is their poor electrical and thermal conductivities. In the case of carbon fiber reinforced composites, organic matrix are in charge of the insulating properties of the resulting composite. One of the solutions to enhance conductivities of materials is the use of conductive nanofillers. Improving the electrical and thermal properties of nanofilled polymers has been investigated in several studies. However, studiing the properties of continuous carbon fiber nano-filled composites is less approached. This work tends to fabricate and characterize carbon black and carbon nanotubes nano-filled composites. First of all, special interest was given to the delicate phase of manufacturing. As mentioned before, processing continuous fiber reinforced nanofilled polymers implies issues related to nanofillers agglomeration and inhomogeneous dispersion in the final composite. To resolve these problems, the choice of the thermoplastic (Polyamide6) matrix seemed preferable. In fact, the dispersion of nanofillers was made by twin screw extrusion which is known as one of the most effective agglomeration separation ways. Adding to this, the fabrication method based on Polyamide 6 shects called film stacking, ensure a homogeneous partition at the beginning of the process. SEM observations were performed to localize the nano-particles. It showed that particles penetrated on the fiber zone. In fact, by reaching the fiber zone, the nano-fillers created network connectivity between fibers which means an easy pathway for the current. It explains the noticed improvement of the electrical conductivity of the composites by adding carbon black and carbon nanotube. This test was performed with the 4 points electrical circuit. It shows that electrical conductivity of 'neat' matrix composite passed from 20S/cm to 80S/cm by adding 8wt% of carbon black and to 15S/cm by adding 18wt% of the same nano-filler. For carbon nanotubes, with '2.5wt% the conductivity was around 150S/cm. For the thermal properties, tests based on Joule's effect were performed. The rise of temperature was recorded using IR camera. Results obtained are in agreement with the electrical conductivity ones, showing enhancement of the thermal behavior in presence of nanofillers. Thanks to these results, the use of these composites as a damage-monitoring tool was possible. By the way, the electrical resistance change method was performed. Nanofilled materials showed better sensitivity to damage. Results were compared with classical damage monitoring tools. At the end, several 'smart' applications were tested such as graded functionalities composite and stitched nanofilled materials
Berthier, Daphné. "Développement, caractérisation et modélisation d'un nanocomposite haute température de type élastomère chargé pour application aéronautique." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4026.
Full textIn aeronautics application, elastomers are generally subject to severe cyclic, mechanical and thermal stress. This thesis is part of a global research project to improve the performance of elastomers. The aim is to achieve the longest possible life in terms of thermomechanical behavior. This need is justified by the development of ever more powerful engines and therefore with a prospective to generate higher temperatures. New materials are essential to limit the replacement of parts in these conditions of use. Fluoroelastomers are matrices widely used in the context of high temperature applications. In these works, nanoparticles selected for their known impact on thermal properties are integrated into a crosslinked FKM matrix. The aim is to improve the thermal and mechanical behavior of the resulting nanocomposites. Two types of nanocomposites have been developed: crosslinked FKM/POSS and FKM/CNT. Nanocomposites are realized in thin film format. Dispersion parameters influence is a crucial point directly responsible for the quality of surface conditions as well as the thermomechanical properties obtained. Despite improved mechanical properties, the incorporation of CNT did not have the expected effect on the thermal properties of crosslinked FKM/CNT. The first two reasons are probably the use of a high load rate and an unsuitable means of implementation. POSS are more hopeful for reinforcement of fluoroelastomers properties. In particular POSS-A, due to a grafting on the FKM backbone impact the thermal and mechanical properties. As an indication, the thermal resistance obtained presents in an improvement of 5°C of the degradation temperature when 5phr are added in the FKM matrix. In addition, the storage module E' is greatly improved, up to 4.0MPa at 200°C to 20phr (+210% compared to the unfilled FKM matrix). The apparent activation energy at the beginning of degradation by TGA is stronger in the case of this nanocomposite. This data correlates with the Tg measurements estimated by DMA and shows that the addition of the nanoparticles hinders the molecular motions proper to the matrix. These nanoparticles have an inhibiting power on the degradation of the nanocomposite. Thermal aging tests have also highlighted that crosslinked FKM/POSS-A have mechanical characteristics superior to the industrial reference. The variations of these properties are explained by different interactions (chemical grafting of POSS on the polymer and physical interactions by the creation of a charge network) between the POSS and the matrix. The incorporation of POSS-A into a crosslinked FKM matrix for 5phr seems to be the most suitable nanocomposite for high temperature applications