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1

Müller, Thomas. "Bakterielle Nanoroboter für die Krebstherapie." Info Onkologie 19, no. 7 (November 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15004-016-5474-x.

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2

Sengupta, Samudra, Michael E. Ibele, and Ayusman Sen. "Die phantastische Reise: Nanoroboter mit Eigenantrieb." Angewandte Chemie 124, no. 34 (August 7, 2012): 8560–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201202044.

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3

Xie, Jiaying, Yiliang Jin, Kelong Fan, and Xiyun Yan. "The prototypes of nanozyme-based nanorobots." Biophysics Reports 6, no. 6 (November 20, 2020): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41048-020-00125-8.

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AbstractArtificial nanorobot is a type of robots designed for executing complex tasks at nanoscale. The nanorobot system is typically consisted of four systems, including logic control, driving, sensing and functioning. Considering the subtle structure and complex functionality of nanorobot, the manufacture of nanorobots requires designable, controllable and multi-functional nanomaterials. Here, we propose that nanozyme is a promising candidate for fabricating nanorobots due to its unique properties, including flexible designs, controllable enzyme-like activities, and nano-sized physicochemical characters. Nanozymes may participate in one system or even combine several systems of nanorobots. In this review, we summarize the advances on nanozyme-based systems for fabricating nanorobots, and prospect the future directions of nanozyme for constructing nanorobots. We hope that the unique properties of nanozymes will provide novel ideas for designing and fabricating nanorobotics.
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4

Zhao, Qingying, Min Li, Jun Luo, Hanqing Wang, and Jinge Cao. "Approaching Tumor Tissue in Local Blood Vessel for Targeted Drug Delivery by Nanorobots." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 13, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 6654–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2016.5611.

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This paper describes a nanorobot control algorithm designed for approaching tumor tissue in local blood vessel for targeted drug delivery. The algorithm coordinates nanorobots’ movements through use of two types of chemical molecules, an acoustic signal and velocity characteristic of blood fluid. After detecting the chemical molecules released by cancer cells, a nanorobot moves toward the area of higher concentration of the molecule and releases another chemical molecule which alerts others to aggregate to the target. When nanorobots detect acoustic signals emitted by nanorobots reaching target, their paths will be planned according to intensity of acoustic signals and velocity characteristic of blood fluid. The simulations show that compared with the existed approaches, the proposed algorithm results in an increase of nanorobots’ population and a decrease of cost time to reach target site with the help of acoustic signals and velocity characteristic. As a whole, the results obtained suggest that the algorithm presented in this paper is a better strategy for approaching tumor tissue in local blood vessel by nanorobots.
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5

Wang, Hao, Jiacheng Kan, Xin Zhang, Chenyi Gu, and Zhan Yang. "Pt/CNT Micro-Nanorobots Driven by Glucose Catalytic Decomposition." Cyborg and Bionic Systems 2021 (August 6, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9876064.

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Swimming micro-nanorobots have attracted researchers’ interest in potential medical applications on target therapy, biosensor, drug carrier, and others. At present, the experimental setting of the swimming micro-nanorobots was mainly studied in pure water or H2O2 solution. This paper presents a micro-nanorobot that applied glucose in human body fluid as driving fuel. Based on the catalytic properties of the anode and cathode materials of the glucose fuel cell, platinum (Pt) and carbon nanotube (CNT) were selected as the anode and cathode materials, respectively, for the micro-nanorobot. The innovative design adopted the method of template electrochemical and chemical vapor deposition to manufacture the Pt/CNT micro-nanorobot structure. Both the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were employed to observe the morphology of the sample, and its elements were analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Through a large number of experiments in a glucose solution and according to Stoker’s law of viscous force and Newton’s second law, we calculated the driving force of the fabricated micro-nanorobot. It was concluded that the structure of the Pt/CNT micro-nanorobot satisfied the required characteristics of both biocompatibility and motion.
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6

Muthukumaran, G., U. Ramachandraiah, and D. G. Harris Samuel. "Role of Nanorobots and their Medical Applications." Advanced Materials Research 1086 (February 2015): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1086.61.

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Nanorobotics is the technology of creating robots at nanoscale. Specifically, nanorobotics refers to the hypothetical nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and building nanorobots, devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometers and constructed of molecular components. On this concept of artificial non-biological nanorobots, many research centers are performing the research activities. The names nanobots, nanoids, nanites or nanomites have also been used to describe these hypothetical devices. They are applied in advanced medical applications like diagnosis and treatment of diabetes, early detection and treatment of cancer, cellular nonosurgery and genetherapy. A few generations from now someone diagnosed with cancer might be offered a new alternative to chemotherapy. A doctor practicing nanomedicine of chemotherapy would offer the patient an injection of a special type of nanorobot that would seek out cancer cells and destroy them, dispelling the disease at the source, leaving healthy cells untouched unlike the traditional treatment of radiation that kills not only cancer cells but also healthy human cells. Radiation treatment may also cause hair loss, fatigue, nausea, depression, and a host of other symptoms. Thus in nanorobotics, the extent of the hardship to the patient would essentially be a prick to the arm. A person undergoing a nanorobotic treatment could expect to have no awareness of the molecular devices working inside them, other than rapid betterment of their health. A major advantage that nanorobots provide is durability, as they could last for years. The operation time would also be much lower because their displacements are smaller. Hence reduced material costs, accessibility to previously unreachable areas are the motivating factors. Thus our review explains that the designing and testing of primitive devices and their potential applications promise rich benefits for patients, medical personal, engineers, and scientists.
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7

Mandal, T. K., and V. Patait. "Utilization of Nanomaterials in Target Oriented Drug Delivery Vehicles." Journal of Scientific Research 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v13i1.47690.

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The present investigation deals with the fundamentals of nanorobots, its fabrication, and possible utilization in a different target-oriented drug delivery vehicles. Details of various types of nanorobots and their specific applications are studied in this research. The use of nanorobots in cancer treatment, target-oriented drug delivery, medical imaging, and in new health sensing devices has also been studied. The mechanism of action of nanorobots for the treatment of cancerous cells as well as the formulation and working functions of some recently studied nanorobots are investigated in this work. This paper reviews the research in finding the suitable nanorobotic materials, different fabrication processes of nanorobots, and the current status of application of nanorobots in biomedical, especially in the treatment of cancers. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been observed to be used as novel drug delivery vehicle materials. The future perspectives of nanorobots for the utilization in drug delivery are also addressed herewith.
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8

Mandal, T. K., and V. Patait. "Utilization of Nanomaterials in Target Oriented Drug Delivery Vehicles." Journal of Scientific Research 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v13i1.47690.

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The present investigation deals with the fundamentals of nanorobots, its fabrication, and possible utilization in a different target-oriented drug delivery vehicles. Details of various types of nanorobots and their specific applications are studied in this research. The use of nanorobots in cancer treatment, target-oriented drug delivery, medical imaging, and in new health sensing devices has also been studied. The mechanism of action of nanorobots for the treatment of cancerous cells as well as the formulation and working functions of some recently studied nanorobots are investigated in this work. This paper reviews the research in finding the suitable nanorobotic materials, different fabrication processes of nanorobots, and the current status of application of nanorobots in biomedical, especially in the treatment of cancers. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been observed to be used as novel drug delivery vehicle materials. The future perspectives of nanorobots for the utilization in drug delivery are also addressed herewith.
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9

Hu, Mengyi, Xuemei Ge, Xuan Chen, Wenwei Mao, Xiuping Qian, and Wei-En Yuan. "Micro/Nanorobot: A Promising Targeted Drug Delivery System." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12070665.

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Micro/nanorobot, as a research field, has attracted interest in recent years. It has great potential in medical treatment, as it can be applied in targeted drug delivery, surgical operation, disease diagnosis, etc. Differently from traditional drug delivery, which relies on blood circulation to reach the target, the designed micro/nanorobots can move autonomously, which makes it possible to deliver drugs to the hard-to-reach areas. Micro/nanorobots were driven by exogenous power (magnetic fields, light energy, acoustic fields, electric fields, etc.) or endogenous power (chemical reaction energy). Cell-based micro/nanorobots and DNA origami without autonomous movement ability were also introduced in this article. Although micro/nanorobots have excellent prospects, the current research is mainly based on in vitro experiments; in vivo research is still in its infancy. Further biological experiments are required to verify in vivo drug delivery effects of micro/nanorobots. This paper mainly discusses the research status, challenges, and future development of micro/nanorobots.
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10

Yu, Hao, Wentian Tang, Guanyu Mu, Haocheng Wang, Xiaocong Chang, Huijuan Dong, Liqun Qi, Guangyu Zhang, and Tianlong Li. "Micro-/Nanorobots Propelled by Oscillating Magnetic Fields." Micromachines 9, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9110540.

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Recent strides in micro- and nanomanufacturing technologies have sparked the development of micro-/nanorobots with enhanced power and functionality. Due to the advantages of on-demand motion control, long lifetime, and great biocompatibility, magnetic propelled micro-/nanorobots have exhibited considerable promise in the fields of drug delivery, biosensing, bioimaging, and environmental remediation. The magnetic fields which provide energy for propulsion can be categorized into rotating and oscillating magnetic fields. In this review, recent developments in oscillating magnetic propelled micro-/nanorobot fabrication techniques (such as electrodeposition, self-assembly, electron beam evaporation, and three-dimensional (3D) direct laser writing) are summarized. The motion mechanism of oscillating magnetic propelled micro-/nanorobots are also discussed, including wagging propulsion, surface walker propulsion, and scallop propulsion. With continuous innovation, micro-/nanorobots can become a promising candidate for future applications in the biomedical field. As a step toward designing and building such micro-/nanorobots, several types of common fabrication techniques are briefly introduced. Then, we focus on three propulsion mechanisms of micro-/nanorobots in oscillation magnetic fields: (1) wagging propulsion; (2) surface walker; and (3) scallop propulsion. Finally, a summary table is provided to compare the abilities of different micro-/nanorobots driven by oscillating magnetic fields.
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11

Singh, Nisha, Ankita Jain, Devanand Gupta, Deepak Ranjan Dalai, DJ Bhaskar, Avikal Jain, Harendra Singh, and Safalya Kadtane. "Nanorobot: A Revolutionary Tool in Dentistry for Next Generation." Journal of Contemporary Dentistry 4, no. 2 (2014): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10031-1078.

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ABSTRACT Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the microscopic scale of a nanometer (10–9 meters). These nanorobots allow precision interactions with nanoscale objects or can manipulate with nanoscale resolution. Treatment opportunities in dentistry may include local anesthesia, dentition renaturalization, and permanent hypersensitivity cure, complete orthodontic realignments during single office visit, and continuous oral health maintenance using mechanical dentifrobots. Dental nanorobots could be constructed to destroy cariescausing bacteria or to repair tooth blemishes where decay has set in, by using a computer to direct these tiny workers in their tasks. Recent advances in the field of nanorobots prove that nanodentistry has strong potential to revolutionarize dentistry to diagnose and treat diseases. Although research into nanorobots is still in its primary stage, the promise of such technology for its use in future generation is endless! How to cite this article Dalai DR, Gupta D, Bhaskar DJ, Singh N, Jain A, Jain A, Singh H, Kadtane S. Nanorobot: A Revolutionary Tool in Dentistry for Next Generation. J Contemp Dent 2014;4(2):106-112.
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12

Fukuda, Toshio, Fumihito Arai, and Lixin Dong. "Nanorobotic Systems." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/5778.

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13

Xu, Ke, Shuang Xu, and Fanan Wei. "Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 12 (July 19, 2021): 744–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.12.58.

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In recent years, magnetic micro- and nanorobots have been developed and extensively used in many fields. Actuated by magnetic fields, micro- and nanorobots can achieve controllable motion, targeted transportation of cargo, and energy transmission. The proper use of magnetic fields is essential for the further research and development of micro- and nanorobotics. In this article, recent progress in magnetic applications in the field of micro- and nanorobots is reviewed. First, the achievements of manufacturing micro- and nanorobots by incorporating different magnetic nanoparticles, such as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic materials, are discussed in detail, highlighting the importance of a rational use of magnetic materials. Then the innovative breakthroughs of using different magnetoelectric devices and magnetic drive structures to improve the micro- and nanorobots are reviewed. Finally, based on the biofriendliness and the precise and stable performance of magnetic micro- and nanorobots in microbial environments, some future challenges are outlined, and the prospects of magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots are presented.
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14

Szuromi, P. "Nanorobots Deliver." Science Signaling 5, no. 212 (February 21, 2012): ec63-ec63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2002969.

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15

Mallouk, Thomas E., and Ayusman Sen. "Powering Nanorobots." Scientific American 300, no. 5 (May 2009): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0509-72.

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16

Martz, Lauren. "DNA nanorobots." Science-Business eXchange 5, no. 9 (March 2012): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scibx.2012.222.

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17

A, Santhiya Grace, Devi Kala Rathinam D, and Sherin J. "Nanorobots in Cancer Treatment." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-5 (August 31, 2018): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd15782.

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18

Feliks, Radmilo. "Undertaking nanorobots: Standing problem." Zdravstvena zastita 39, no. 6 (2010): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zz1003061f.

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19

Ezzat, Doaa, Safaa El-Sayed Amin, Howida A. Shedeed, and Mohamed F. Tolba. "A New Nanorobots Movement Control Strategy for Treating Cancer." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 12, no. 4 (July 2021): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssmet.2021070109.

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Nanorobots were proposed to deliver drugs directly into cancer cells to destroy only these cells without harming the surrounding cells. During their journey, the nanorobots may encounter some obstacles such as blood cells which may be resistant to their movement. So, it is necessary to avoid collisions with these obstacles to achieve their goal. This study proposes a new strategy for controlling the nanorobots movement in human body to reach cancer cells. This proposed strategy uses an efficient algorithm based on fuzzy logic for dynamic obstacle avoidance. Also, this proposed strategy uses the directed particle swarm optimization (DPSO) algorithm for delivering nanorobots to cancer cells. Simulation experiments have proved that the proposed control strategy can efficiently deliver nanorobots to their target and also avoid collisions with dynamic obstacles which move in the same direction of the nanorobots or across their direction.
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20

Horejs, Christine-Maria. "I, nanorobot." Nature Physics 16, no. 3 (March 2020): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41567-020-0820-1.

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21

Zeeshan, M. Arif, Kaiyu Shou, Kartik M. Sivaraman, Thomas Wuhrmann, Salvador Pané, Eva Pellicer, and Bradley J. Nelson. "Nanorobotic drug delivery." Materials Today 14, no. 1-2 (January 2011): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(11)70039-6.

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22

Shen, Keyue. "Tumor-hunting nanorobots." Science Translational Medicine 10, no. 430 (February 28, 2018): eaas8968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aas8968.

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23

Durgakeri, Bhagyashree S., Damini N. Naik, and S. V. Viraktamath. "Application of Nanorobots in Medical field." Bonfring International Journal of Research in Communication Engineering 6, Special Issue (November 30, 2016): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/bijrce.8200.

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24

Xu, Ke, and Bing Liu. "Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 12 (July 20, 2021): 756–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.12.59.

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As a research field of robotics, micro/nanorobots have been extensively studied in recent years because of their important application prospects in biomedical fields, such as medical diagnosis, nanoscale surgery, and targeted therapy. In this article, recent progress on micro/nanorobots is reviewed regarding actuation technologies. First, the different actuation mechanisms are divided into two types, external field actuation and self-actuation. Then, a few latest achievements on actuation methods are presented. On this basis, the principles of various actuation methods and their limitations are also analyzed. Finally, some key challenges in the development of micro/nanorobots are summarized and the next development direction of the field is explored.
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25

Joshi, Ankita. "Anti HIV Using Nanorobots." IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 7, no. 6 (2013): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1676-0768490.

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26

Chythanya C. Kutty, Amit B. Patil, Asha Spandana K M, Gowda D M, and Preeti S. "Nanorobots in Cancer Therapy." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (July 17, 2020): 3626–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2523.

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Cancer is treated effectively by means of currently available medical knowledge and equipment for therapy. Still, earlier diagnosis of cancer is a crucial factor to determine the probabilities of a cancer patient for survival. Cancer must be identified at least before the stage of metastasis. Another significant aspect is the develop an efficient targeted drug delivery system, which can reduce the occurrence of side effects for achieving an effective patient therapy. Nanomedicine approach can be utilised for diagnosis, treatment and preventing various diseases by using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of human body. By using nano-structured materials and simple nanodevices which can be manufactured, nanomedicine can address various medical problems. Within few decades’ technology assisted medicine and particularly robotics will have a significant impact. Surgeon’s motor performance, diagnosis capability etc. can be augmented by robots. Nanorobots can navigate as blood borne devices and thus it has an extremely important role in treatment of cancer. For diagnosing of cancerous cell inside the patient’s body at its earlier development stages, chemical biosensor embedded nanorobots can be used. To determine the E-cadherin signals intensity, integrated nanosensors may be utilized. The aim of the present article is to explore the future nanorobotic’s use to fight cancer and, their designing and architecture
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27

Kleindiek, Stephan. "Nanorobots for the SEM." Microscopy and Microanalysis 10, S02 (August 2004): 946–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927604887014.

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28

SS, Upadhye, Kothali BK, Apte AK, Kulkarni AA, Khot VS, Patil AA, and Mujawar RN. "A Review ON Nanorobots." American Journal of PharmTech Research 9, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.002.

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29

Shetty, Neetha J., P. Swati, and K. David. "Nanorobots: Future in dentistry." Saudi Dental Journal 25, no. 2 (April 2013): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2012.12.002.

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30

Elbaz, Johann, and Itamar Willner. "Nanorobots grab cellular control." Nature Materials 11, no. 4 (March 22, 2012): 276–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat3287.

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31

Requicha, A. A. G. "Nanorobots, NEMS, and Nanoassembly." Proceedings of the IEEE 9, no. 11 (November 2003): 1922–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2003.818333.

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32

Mitthra, Suresh, Arumugam Karthick, Balasubramaniam Anuradha, Radhakrishnan Mensudar, Kalyani Ramkumar Sadhana, and Gurubaran Nidhya Varshini. "Nanorobots – A Small Wonder." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 13, no. 4 (December 22, 2016): 2131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2374.

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33

Popov, Vladimir. "Avoidance of Forbidden DNA Nanorobots Configurations in Patterned Immobilization of other Materials." Advanced Materials Research 937 (May 2014): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.937.244.

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DNA nanorobots can be applied for patterned immobilization of other materials. However, for successful patterned immobilization, we need to design the self-organization process so that some shapes of DNA nanostructures are avoided. In this paper, we consider an approach to solve the problem of the avoidance of forbidden shapes of DNA nanorobots in patterned immobilization of other materials.
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34

Chen, Yifan, Tadashi Nakano, Panagiotis Kosmas, Chau Yuen, Athanasios V. Vasilakos, and Muhamad Asvial. "Green Touchable Nanorobotic Sensor Networks." IEEE Communications Magazine 54, no. 11 (November 2016): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2016.1500626cm.

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35

Cavalcanti, Adriano, Bijan Shirinzadeh, Toshio Fukuda, and Seiichi Ikeda. "Nanorobot for Brain Aneurysm." International Journal of Robotics Research 28, no. 4 (April 2009): 558–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0278364908097586.

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36

Hogg, Tad, and Robert A. Freitas Jr. "Acoustic communication for medical nanorobots." Nano Communication Networks 3, no. 2 (June 2012): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2012.02.002.

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37

Chang, Xiaocong, Wentian Tang, Yiwen Feng, Hao Yu, Zhiguang Wu, Tailin Xu, Huijuan Dong, and Tianlong Li. "Coexisting Cooperative Cognitive Micro‐/Nanorobots." Chemistry – An Asian Journal 14, no. 14 (May 17, 2019): 2357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asia.201900286.

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38

Bradley, Conor A. "DNA nanorobots — seek and destroy." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 17, no. 4 (March 28, 2018): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2018.40.

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39

R, RajaniReddy, Vidya shree R, and Prof Rajeshwari. "Appraisal on Applications of Nanorobots." IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering 16, no. 5 (2014): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0661-1654105110.

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40

Bradley, Conor A. "DNA nanorobots — seek and destroy." Nature Reviews Cancer 18, no. 4 (March 2, 2018): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2018.19.

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41

Rahul, V. Ananta. "A Brief Review on Nanorobots." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering 4, no. 8 (August 25, 2017): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23488360/ijme-v4i8p104.

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42

Zhou, Huaijuan, Carmen C. Mayorga-Martinez, Salvador Pané, Li Zhang, and Martin Pumera. "Magnetically Driven Micro and Nanorobots." Chemical Reviews 121, no. 8 (March 31, 2021): 4999–5041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01234.

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43

Fischer, Peer, and Bradley J. Nelson. "Tiny robots make big advances." Science Robotics 6, no. 52 (March 31, 2021): eabh3168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abh3168.

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44

Tang, Jiannan, Louis William Rogowski, Xiao Zhang, and Min Jun Kim. "Flagellar nanorobot with kinetic behavior investigation and 3D motion." Nanoscale 12, no. 22 (2020): 12154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr02496a.

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45

Majumdar, Barnali. "Nanorobots: Changing Trends in Cancer Therapy." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 16, no. 9 (2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-16-9-i.

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46

Sharma, Arjun, Pravir Kumar, and Rashmi K. Ambasta. "Cancer Fighting SiRNA-RRM2 Loaded Nanorobots." Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology 8, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211738508666200128120142.

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Background: Silencing of several genes is critical for cancer therapy. These genes may be apoptotic gene, cell proliferation gene, DNA synthesis gene, etc. The two subunits of Ribonucleotide Reductase (RR), RRM1 and RRM2, are critical for DNA synthesis. Hence, targeting the blockage of DNA synthesis at tumor site can be a smart mode of cancer therapy. Specific targeting of blockage of RRM2 is done effectively by SiRNA. The drawbacks of siRNA delivery in the body include the poor uptake by all kinds of cells, questionable stability under physiological condition, non-target effect and ability to trigger the immune response. These obstacles may be overcome by target delivery of siRNA at the tumor site. This review presents a holistic overview regarding the role of RRM2 in controlling cancer progression. The nanoparticles are more effective due to specific characteristics like cell membrane penetration capacity, less toxicity, etc. RRM2 have been found to be elevated in different types of cancer and identified as the prognostic and predictive marker of the disease. Reductase RRM1 and RRM2 regulate the protein and gene expression of E2F, which is critical for protein expression and progression of cell cycle and cancer. The knockdown of RRM2 leads to apoptosis via Bcl2 in cancer. Both Bcl2 and E2F are critical in the progression of cancer, hence a gene that can affect both in regulating DNA replication is essential for cancer therapy. Aim: The aim of the review is to identify the related gene whose silencing may inhibit cancer progression. Conclusion: In this review, we illuminate the critical link between RRM-E2F, RRM-Bcl2, RRM-HDAC for the therapy of cancer. Altogether, this review presents an overview of all types of SiRNA targeted for cancer therapy with special emphasis on RRM2 for controlling the tumor progression.
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47

Uchida, Nariya. "How Do Nanorobots Swim in Slime?" JPSJ News and Comments 14 (January 15, 2017): 05. http://dx.doi.org/10.7566/jpsjnc.14.05.

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48

Sim, Seunghyun, and Takuzo Aida. "Swallowing a Surgeon: Toward Clinical Nanorobots." Accounts of Chemical Research 50, no. 3 (March 21, 2017): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00495.

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49

Jia, Xinghua, Xiaobo Li, Scott C. Lenaghan, and Mingjun Zhang. "Design of Efficient Propulsion for Nanorobots." IEEE Transactions on Robotics 30, no. 4 (August 2014): 792–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tro.2014.2303834.

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50

Su, Hai-Jun, and Carlos E. Castro. "The Rise of the DNA Nanorobots." Mechanical Engineering 138, no. 08 (August 1, 2016): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2016-aug-3.

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This article is a study of various aspects of design of DNA nanorobots. When designed properly, DNA folds into tiny devices that move like macroscopic machines. Researchers have built a large and growing variety of complex DNA origami structures, including nanotubes; nanopores; and templates for proteins, nanoparticles, small molecules, and carbon nanotubes. In order to design the motion of a robotic arm or other macroscopic mechanism, engineers use the principles of kinematics; the same principles have been used to design DNA origami mechanisms. The design process for DNA origami mechanisms is still too cumbersome and error-prone, often requiring costly design iterations. New software that combines the capabilities of Computer Aided Engineering for DNA Origami (CANDO) and CANDO would streamline the process, creating a CAD-like program that would allow mechanical engineers untrained in biology to design DNA origami parts and mechanisms. Researchers envision a nanoscale equivalent of a walking robot that can travel from one position to another, a robotic manipulator or Stewart-Gough six-axis platform to precisely position molecules for specific tasks, and a mechanism like the crank-slider for injecting drugs into individual cells.
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