Academic literature on the topic 'Nanoscale Bioelectronics'

Integration of materials acts as a bridge between the electronic and biological worlds, which has revolutionized the development of bioelectronic devices. This review highlights the rapidly emerging field of switchable interface and its bioelectronics applications. This review article highlights the role and importance of two-dimensional (2D) materials, especially graphene, in the field of bioelectronics. Because of the excellent electrical, optical, and mechanical properties graphene have promising application in the field of bioelectronics. The easy integration, biocompatibility, mechanical flexibility, and conformity add impact in its use for the fabrication of bioelectronic devices. In addition, the switchable behavior of this material adds an impact on the study of natural biochemical processes. In general, the behavior of the interfacial materials can be tuned with modest changes in the bioelectronics interface systems. It is also believed that switchable behavior of materials responds to a major change at the nanoscale level by regulating the behavior of the stimuli-responsive interface architecture.

We report the fabrication of a conductive biomaterial based on engineered proteins and patterned gold nanoparticles to overcome the challenge of charge transport on macroscopic protein-based materials. This approach has great value for bioelectronics.

The dimension of biomolecules is of few nanometers, so the biomolecular devices ought to be of that range so a better understanding about the performance of the electronic biomolecular devices can be obtained at nanoscale. Development of optical biomolecular device is a new move towards revolution of nano-bioelectronics. Optical biosensor is one of such nano-biomolecular devices that has a potential to pave a new dimension of research and device fabrication in the field of optical and biomedical fields. This paper is a very small report about optical biosensor and its development and importance in various fields.

Conductive hydrogel-based materials are attracting considerable interest for bioelectronic applications due to their ability to act as more compatible soft interfaces between biological and electrical systems. Despite significant advances that are being achieved in the manufacture of hydrogels, precise control over the topographies and architectures remains challenging. In this work, we present for the first time a strategy to manufacture structures with resolutions in the micro-/nanoscale based on hydrogels with enhanced electrical properties. Gelatine methacrylate (GelMa)-based inks were formulated for two-photon polymerisation (2PP). The electrical properties of this material were improved, compared to pristine GelMa, by dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) acting as conductive nanofillers, which was confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. This material was also confirmed to support human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte (hPSC-CMs) viability and growth. Ultra-thin film structures of 10 µm thickness and scaffolds were manufactured by 2PP, demonstrating the potential of this method in areas spanning tissue engineering and bioelectronics. Though further developments in the instrumentation are required to manufacture more complex structures, this work presents an innovative approach to the manufacture of conductive hydrogels in extremely low resolution.

In the name of electroceuticals, bioelectronic devices have transformed and become essential for dealing with all physiological responses. This significant advancement is attributable to its interdisciplinary nature from engineering and sciences and also the progress in micro and nanotechnologies. Undoubtedly, in the future, bioelectronics would lead in such a way that diagnosing and treating patients’ diseases is more efficient. In this context, we have reviewed the current advancement of implantable medical electronics (electroceuticals) with their immense potential advantages. Specifically, the article discusses pacemakers, neural stimulation, artificial retinae, and vagus nerve stimulation, their micro/nanoscale features, and material aspects as value addition. Over the past years, most researchers have only focused on the electroceuticals metamorphically transforming from a concept to a device stage to positively impact the therapeutic outcomes. Herein, the article discusses the smart implants’ development challenges and opportunities, electromagnetic field effects, and their potential consequences, which will be useful for developing a reliable and qualified smart electroceutical implant for targeted clinical use. Finally, this review article highlights the importance of wirelessly supplying the necessary power and wirelessly triggering functional electronic circuits with ultra-low power consumption and multi-functional advantages such as monitoring and treating the disease in real-time.

By contributing to the system enhancement, the integration of Nano systems for nanosensors with biomaterials proves to be a unique element in the development of novel innovative systems. The techniques by which manipulation, handling, and preparation of the device are accomplished with respect to industrial use are a critical component that must be considered before the system is developed. The approach must be able to be used in a scanning electron microscope (SEM), resistant to environmental changes, and designed to be automated. Based on this deduction, the main objective of this research work is to develop a novel design of Nano electronic parts, which address the issue of packaging at a nanoscale. The proposed research work has used wood fibres and DNA as the bio material to develop nanoscale packaging. The use of a certain atomic force microscope (ATM) for handling DNA in dry circumstances is demonstrated with SCM wood fibrils/fibers manipulation in a scanning electron microscope (SEM).Keywords: Nano electronics, bioelectronics, scanning electron microscope (SEM), packaging, atomic force microscope (ATM)

The development of novel bioelectronics interfaces via the bottom-up assembly of platforms capable of monitoring and exploiting biomolecular interactions with nanoscale control is a central challenge in nanobiotechnology. Biomolecular interactions can be used to electrostatically gate conductance in nanomaterials-based field effect transistors (FETs), but this can be exploited far more effectively than currently done by defining the interface between the biomolecule and the transducer. This strategy forms the basis of greatly improved electrical-based biosensors and offers great potential for building next generation biosensing devices. We will first present different approaches to control the assembly of carbon nanotube (CNT)-protein interfaces towards the fabrication of bioelectronic devices, with a particular focus on the development of real-time biosensors with engineered protein interfacing. We will report the construction of nanoscale protein-based sensing devices designed to present proteins in defined orientations; this allowed us to control the local electrostatic surface presented within the Debye length, and thus modulate the conductance gating effect upon binding incoming protein targets.[1] We systematically tested how protein orientation dictates current response through a CNT-FET device by defining the interface site on the capture protein. Presentation of different protein-protein electrostatic surfaces within the Debye length led either to increase or decrease in conductance: defined and homogenous attachment allows distinctive conductance profiles to be sampled based on the unique electrostatic features of individual proteins, and can support the identification of preferred proteins orientations for optimal sensing. In our case this was done for the detection of a range of concentrations of a class b-lactamase enzymes, that degrade antibiotics, in the context of investigating antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Additionally, we will present the controlled assembly of CNT–GFP hybrids employing DNA as a linker, with protein attachment occurring predominantly at the terminal ends of the nanotubes, as designed.[2] The electronic coupling of the proteins to the nanotubes was confirmed via in-solution fluorescence spectroscopy, that revealed an increase in the emission intensity of GFP when linked to the CNTs. The strategies presented here are of general applicability for the controlled assembly of CNT-protein interfaces toward biosensing and optoelectronics applications. Finally, we will report the tuning of electrostatically gated conductance changes in CNT-aptamer biosensing FETs. We have developed diverse strategies for the construction of such nanoscale devices via in-solution assembly and (self)organization on surfaces. We will discuss how this can lead to distinct conformational changes of the CNT-bound aptamers upon biomarker recognition , leading to opposite electrical response of our biosensors , i.e. increase or decrease in current.[3] These studies highlight the need to define CNT-biomolecule interfaces in order to control and tune by design the electrostatic gating in CNT-based devices, toward the construction of optimized biosensors. [1] Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 20184 –20189 [2] Biomolecules 2021, 11(7), 955 [3] in preparation

Study of the electrochmeical biosensor has become a new interdisciplinary frontier between biological detection and material science due to their excellent prospects for interfacing biological recognition events with electronic signal transduction. Nanomaterials provided a significant platform for designing a new generation of bioelectronic devices exhibiting novel functions due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, good stability, small dimension effect, good compatibility and strong adsorption ability. In this paper, we review the development of electrochemical biosensors fabricated with various nanoscale materials, also highlight the analytical applications in terms of biochemistry.