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Journal articles on the topic 'Nanostructures.;Photolithography.;Plasmons (Physics)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Dan’ko, V. A., I. Z. Indutnyi, V. I. Mynko, P. M. Lytvyn, M. V. Lukaniuk, H. V. Bandarenka, A. L. Dolgyi, and S. V. Redko. "Formation of laterally ordered arrays of noble metal nanocavities for SERS substrates by using interference photolithography." Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 24, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo24.01.048.

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Using laterally ordered arrays of noble metal nanocavities as SERS substrates has been examined theoretically and experimentally. Simulation of the distribution of the electric field at the surface of nanostructures (nanocavities) has been carried out. The simulation results showed that cavities can be formed not only in a metal layer but in semiconductor or dielectric layers and then covered with a layer of a plasmon-supporting metal (silver or gold) 20…100-nm thick. In our work, chalcogenide glass has been used as a relief-forming layer. This paper presents the results of development and optimization of processes providing formation of SERS substrates as two-dimensional arrays of noble metal nanocavities by using interference photolithography based on a two-layer chalcogenide photoresist. Prototypes of SERS substrates were made as substrates with different spatial frequencies (from 1200 to 800 mm -1 ) and depths of nanocavities (from 250 up to 500 nm). It was shown that the use of such nanocavities with the sizes larger than 500 nm enables to efficiently analyze the structure of macromolecules by using surface- enhanced Raman light scattering spectroscopy, since these macromolecules completely overlap with the regions of enhanced electric field inside the nanocavities. Technology of interference lithography based on two-layer chalcogenide photoresists makes it possible to form effective SERS substrates in the form of laterally ordered arrays of nanocavities with specified morphological characteristics (spatial frequency, nanocavity sizes, composition and thickness of a conformal metal coating) for detecting high-molecular compounds.

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2

Gervasoni, J. L., S. Segui, and N. Arista. "Collective excitations (plasmons) in solids and nanostructures." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 162, no. 3-4 (April 2007): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420150601134673.

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3

Wu, Wei, Dibyendu Dey, Omer G. Memis, Alex Katsnelson, and Hooman Mohseni. "Fabrication of Large Area Periodic Nanostructures Using Nanosphere Photolithography." Nanoscale Research Letters 3, no. 10 (September 9, 2008): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11671-008-9164-y.

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4

Mkhitaryan, Vahagn, Katia March, Eric Nestor Tseng, Xiaoyan Li, Leonardo Scarabelli, Luis M. Liz-Marzán, Shih-Yun Chen, et al. "Can Copper Nanostructures Sustain High-Quality Plasmons?" Nano Letters 21, no. 6 (March 2, 2021): 2444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04667.

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5

Li, Xiaoguang, Di Xiao, and Zhenyu Zhang. "Landau damping of quantum plasmons in metal nanostructures." New Journal of Physics 15, no. 2 (February 6, 2013): 023011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/15/2/023011.

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6

Yuan, Guanghui, Pei Wang, Yonghua Lu, Yong Cao, Douguo Zhang, Hai Ming, and Wendong Xu. "A large-area photolithography technique based on surface plasmons leakage modes." Optics Communications 281, no. 9 (May 2008): 2680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2007.12.072.

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7

Vlasko-Vlasov, V., A. Rydh, J. Pearson, and U. Welp. "Spectroscopy of surface plasmons in metal films with nanostructures." Applied Physics Letters 88, no. 17 (April 24, 2006): 173112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2199460.

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8

Word, R. C., T. Dornan, and R. Könenkamp. "Photoemission from localized surface plasmons in fractal metal nanostructures." Applied Physics Letters 96, no. 25 (June 21, 2010): 251110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3457921.

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9

Shu, Xiao-Qin, Xin-Lu Cheng, Tong Liu, and Hong Zhang. "First-principles study of plasmons in doped graphene nanostructures*." Chinese Physics B 30, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 097301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/abe92d.

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10

Chang, Wei-Lun, Pei-Hsi Tsao, and Pei-Kuen Wei. "Sub-100 nm photolithography using TE-polarized waves in transparent nanostructures." Optics Letters 32, no. 1 (December 13, 2006): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.32.000071.

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11

Yan, Hugen, Tony Low, Wenjuan Zhu, Yanqing Wu, Marcus Freitag, Xuesong Li, Francisco Guinea, Phaedon Avouris, and Fengnian Xia. "Damping pathways of mid-infrared plasmons in graphene nanostructures." Nature Photonics 7, no. 5 (April 14, 2013): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.57.

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12

Ichikawa, Masakazu. "Theory of localized plasmons for multiple metal nanostructures in dielectrics." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 58, SI (June 20, 2019): SIIA07. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/1347-4065/ab0c75.

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13

Ichikawa, Masakazu. "Theory of Localized Plasmons for Metal Nanostructures in Dielectrics." e-Journal of Surface Science and Nanotechnology 16 (July 21, 2018): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/ejssnt.2018.329.

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14

BLAIKIE, RICHARD J., MAAN M. ALKAISI, SHAREE J. McNAB, and DAVID O. S. MELVILLE. "NANOSCALE OPTICAL PATTERNING USING EVANESCENT FIELDS AND SURFACE PLASMONS." International Journal of Nanoscience 03, no. 04n05 (August 2004): 405–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x0400219x.

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Patterning with sub-diffraction-limited resolution has been demonstrated using a simple photolithography technique. Evanescent fields and surface plasmons are critical to the image formation, which is investigated here using computer simulations and experiments. A regime exists in which surface plasmons are resonantly excited, which we have named Evanescent Interferometric Lithography (EIL); period halving and reduced exposure times characterize this exposure mode. Two other exposure modes have been investigated in which surface plasmons on a planar metallic film beneath the mask are used to improve pattern formation. In the first, Planar Lens Lithography (PLL), a planar silver layer excited near its plasma frequency is used to form a projected near-field image. For a 40-nm thick silver layer, we predict that resolution down to 40 nm should be possible. However, the image is affected by the loss in the silver layer, the mask period, duty cycle and surrounding refractive index. Experimental verification of PLL is presented for 1-micron period structures imaged through 120 nm of silver. Finally, simulations are used to show that surface plasmons on an underlying silver layer can be used to improve process latitude and depth of field. We have named this mode Surface Plasmon Enhanced Contact Lithography (SPECL).

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15

Zhang, Runmin, Luca Bursi, Joel D. Cox, Yao Cui, Caroline M. Krauter, Alessandro Alabastri, Alejandro Manjavacas, et al. "How To Identify Plasmons from the Optical Response of Nanostructures." ACS Nano 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2017): 7321–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b03421.

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16

Ichikawa, Masakazu. "Theory of Localized Plasmons for Metal Nanostructures in Random-Phase Approximation." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 80, no. 4 (April 15, 2011): 044606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.80.044606.

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17

Dmitruk, N. L., V. R. Romanyuk, M. I. Taborskaya, S. Charnovych, S. Kokenyesi, and N. V. Yurkovich. "Interaction of surface plasmons with interference modes in thin-film nanostructures." JETP Letters 99, no. 3 (April 2014): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0021364014030060.

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18

Pal, Ramendra K., Nicholas E. Kurland, Subhas C. Kundu, and Vamsi K. Yadavalli. "Fabrication of Silk Microstructures Using Photolithography." MRS Proceedings 1718 (2015): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.437.

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ABSTRACTPrecise spatial patterns and micro and nanostructures of peptides and proteins have widespread applications in tissue engineering, bioelectronics, photonics, and therapeutics. Optical lithography using proteins provides a route to directly fabricate intricate, bio-friendly architectures rapidly and across a range of length scales. The unique mechanical strength, optical properties, biocompatibility and controllable degradation of biomaterials from silkworms offer several advantages in this paradigm. Here, we present the biochemical synthesis and applications of a “protein photoresist” synthesized from the silk proteins, fibroin and sericin. Using light-activated direct-write processes such as photolithography, we show how silk proteins can form high resolution, high fidelity structures in two and three dimensions. Protein features can be precisely patterned at sub-microscale resolution (µm) at the bench-top over macroscale areas (cm), easily and repeatedly with high-throughput. For instance, periodic, microstructured arrays can be patterned over large areas to form structurally induced iridescent patterns and functional opto-electronic structures. We further demonstrate how photocrosslinked protein micro-architectures can function for the spatial guidance of cells without use of cell-adhesive ligands as biocompatible and biodegradable scaffolds. The ease of biochemical functionalization, biocompatibility, as well as favorable mechanical properties and biodegradation of this silk biomaterial provide opportunities for otherwise inaccessible applications as sustainable, bioresorbable protein microdevices.

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19

Kanemitsu, Yoshihiko, and Kazunari Matsuda. "Energy transfer between excitons and plasmons in semiconductor–metal hybrid nanostructures." Journal of Luminescence 131, no. 3 (March 2011): 510–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2010.09.012.

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20

Gervasoni, Juana L. "Excitations of bulk and surface plasmons in solids and nanostructures." Surface and Interface Analysis 38, no. 4 (2006): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.2195.

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21

Sun, Shuqing, Matthew Montague, Kevin Critchley, Mu-San Chen, Walter J. Dressick, Stephen D. Evans, and Graham J. Leggett. "Fabrication of Biological Nanostructures by Scanning Near-Field Photolithography of Chloromethylphenylsiloxane Monolayers." Nano Letters 6, no. 1 (January 2006): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl051804l.

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22

Le, Khai Q. "Gap plasmons inducing strong plasmonic chirality in planar metallic nanostructures." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 53, no. 26 (April 30, 2020): 265107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab7eff.

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23

Platen, Johannes, Arshak Poghossian, and Michael Schöning. "“Microstructured Nanostructures” – Nanostructuring by Means of Conventional Photolithography and Layer-expansion Technique." Sensors 6, no. 4 (April 4, 2006): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s6040361.

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24

Ikeda, Katsuyoshi, Mai Takase, Yoshitaka Sawai, Hideki Nabika, Kei Murakoshi, and Kohei Uosaki. "Hyper-Raman scattering enhanced by anisotropic dimer plasmons on artificial nanostructures." Journal of Chemical Physics 127, no. 11 (September 21, 2007): 111103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2786982.

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25

Lai, Chen-Yen, S. A. Trugman, and Jian-Xin Zhu. "Optical absorption spectroscopy in hybrid systems of plasmons and excitons." Nanoscale 11, no. 4 (2019): 2037–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr02310g.

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Understanding the physics of light emitters in quantum nanostructures regarding scalability, geometry, structure of the system and coupling between different degrees of freedom is important as one can improve the design and further provide rigorous controls of quantum devices.

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26

Das Sarma, S., and Ben Yu-Kuang Hu. "Electronic Properties of Quasi-One-Dimensional Semiconductor Nanostructures: Plasmons and Exchange-Correlation Effects in Quantum Wires." Australian Journal of Physics 46, no. 3 (1993): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph930359.

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We review the many-body exchange-correlation properties of electrons confined to the lowest sub-band of a quantum wire, including effects of impurity scattering. Without impurity scattering, the virtual excitations of arbitrarily low energy one-dimensional plasmons destroy the Fermi surface of the electrons, whereas the presence of impurity scattering damps out the low energy plasmons and restores the Fermi surface. The electron inelastic scattering rate r in the absence of scattering is zero below a critical wavevector kc corresponding to the plasmon emission threshold, above which r diverges as (k - kc )-1/2 for k -t kc. For typical wire widths and electron densities currently available, the calculated bandgap renormalisation is found to be on the order of 10-20 meV. We also calculate the finite-temperature inelastic scattering rates and mean free paths of electrons injected into a quantum wire containing a quasi-one-dimensional electron gas. We show that there is a very sharp increase in the electron scattering rate at the one-dimensional plasmon emission threshold. Based on these results, we suggest the possibility of a one-dimensional hot-electron device which possesses an I - V curve with a sharp onset of a large negative differential resistance. We also present a general method for obtaining expressions for the analytic continuation of finite-temperature self-energies which are suitable for use in numerical computations. In the case of the GW approximation for the self-energy, this method gives the finite-temperature generalisation of the zero-temperature 'line and pole' decomposition. This formalism is used to calculate the finite-temperature self-energy and bandgap renormalisation of electrons in the extreme quantum limit of a quantum wire. A brief review of the experimental and theoretical status of plasmons in quantum wire structures is given.

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27

Tang, Rui, Yang Xu, Hong Zhang, and Xin-Lu Cheng. "Quantum plasmons in the hybrid nanostructures of double vacancy defected graphene and metallic nanoarrays." Chinese Physics B 30, no. 1 (January 2021): 017804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/abaedb.

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28

Hobbs, Richard G., Vitor R. Manfrinato, Yujia Yang, Sarah A. Goodman, Lihua Zhang, Eric A. Stach, and Karl K. Berggren. "High-Energy Surface and Volume Plasmons in Nanopatterned Sub-10 nm Aluminum Nanostructures." Nano Letters 16, no. 7 (June 17, 2016): 4149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01012.

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29

LUO, XIANGANG, YUEGUANG LV, CHUNLEI DU, JUNXIAN MA, HAO WANG, HAIYING LI, GAIRONG YANG, and HANMIN YAO. "SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE PLASMON POLARITON FROM METALLIC NANOSTRUCTURES." Modern Physics Letters B 19, no. 12 (May 30, 2005): 599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984905008578.

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The spatial distribution of the interference of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) on metallic nanostructures has been studied. The results show that the transmission of electromagnetic radiation is remarkably enhanced for frequencies close to the surface plasmon band and the interference of SPP can redistribute the illumination light into subwavelength-scale spatial distribution with high intensity, which beats the Rayleigh diffraction limit. For an appropriate thickness, the transmission of an unperforated structure can be larger than that of holes or slits systems with the same periodicity and thickness when the coupled surface plasmon wave mode is excited. With the help of the interference of the horizontal plasmon excited by Bragg resonance due to the periodicity in the horizontal direction, the vertical plasmons, excited in z direction via Fabry–Perot cavity resonance in different grooves, are correlated, so the transmission is increased via the tunneling process. The properties of transparency for light but impenetrability for gas and liquid will be of importance for device applications. The information on near-field distribution from perforated metallic structures is important for understanding the underlying physics, as well as for optimizing photonic crystals for possible applications.

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30

Zhang, Z. Y., D. M. Li, H. Zhang, W. Wang, Y. H. Zhu, S. Zhang, X. P. Zhang, and J. M. Yi. "Coexistence of two graphene-induced modulation effects on surface plasmons in hybrid graphene plasmonic nanostructures." Optics Express 27, no. 9 (April 26, 2019): 13503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.013503.

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31

Kosobukin, V. A. "Plasmon-excitonic polaritons in metal-semiconductor nanostructures with quantum wells." Физика и техника полупроводников 52, no. 5 (2018): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2018.05.45846.35.

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AbstractA theory of plasmon-exciton coupling and its spectroscopy is developed for metal-semiconductor nanostructures. Considered as a model is a periodic superlattice with cells consisting of a quantum well and a layer of metal nanoparticles. The problem is solved self-consistently using the electrodynamic Green’s functions taking account of resonant polarization. Coulomb plasmon-exciton interaction is associated with the dipole surface plasmons of particles and their image charges due to excitonic polarization of neighboring quantum well. Optical reflection spectra are numerically investigated for superlattices with GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells and silver nanoparticles. Superradiant regime caused by one-dimensional Bragg diffraction is studied for plasmonic, excitonic and plasmon-excitonic polaritons depending on the number of supercells. The plasmon-excitonic Rabi splitting is shown to occur in reflectivity spectra of resonant Bragg structures.

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32

Ye, Fan, Juan M. Merlo, Michael J. Burns, and Michael J. Naughton. "Optical and electrical mappings of surface plasmon cavity modes." Nanophotonics 3, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2014): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2013-0038.

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AbstractPlasmonics is a rapidly expanding field, founded in physics but now with a growing number of applications in biology (biosensing), nanophotonics, photovoltaics, optical engineering and advanced information technology. Appearing as charge density oscillations along a metal surface, excited by electromagnetic radiation (e.g., light), plasmons can propagate as surface plasmon polaritons, or can be confined as standing waves along an appropriately-prepared surface. Here, we review the latter manifestation, both their origins and the manners in which they are detected, the latter dominated by near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM/SNOM). We include discussion of the “plasmonic halo” effect recently observed by the authors, wherein cavity-confined plasmons are able to modulate optical transmission through step-gap nanostructures, yielding a novel form of color (wavelength) selection.

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33

Chang, C. K., D. Z. Lin, C. S. Yeh, C. K. Lee, Y. C. Chang, M. W. Lin, J. T. Yeh, and J. M. Liu. "Similarities and differences for light-induced surface plasmons in one- and two-dimensional symmetrical metallic nanostructures." Optics Letters 31, no. 15 (July 10, 2006): 2341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.31.002341.

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34

Montague, Matthew, Robert E. Ducker, Karen S. L. Chong, Robert J. Manning, Frank J. M. Rutten, Martyn C. Davies, and Graham J. Leggett. "Fabrication of Biomolecular Nanostructures by Scanning Near-Field Photolithography of Oligo(ethylene glycol)-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers." Langmuir 23, no. 13 (June 2007): 7328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la070196h.

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35

Ichikawa, Masakazu. "Excitation and Light Emission of Localized Plasmons for Metal Nanostructures in Dielectrics by Electron Beam." e-Journal of Surface Science and Nanotechnology 18 (May 21, 2020): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/ejssnt.2020.190.

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36

Nguyen-Huu, N., M. Cada, Y. Ma, F. Che, J. Pistora, K. Yasumoto, Y. Ma, J. Lin, and H. Maeda. "Mid-infrared Fano resonance in heavily doped silicon and metallic nanostructures due to coupling of Wood–Rayleigh anomaly and surface plasmons." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 50, no. 20 (April 26, 2017): 205105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aa69aa.

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37

Lu, J. Y., and Y. H. Chang. "Implementation of an efficient dielectric function into the finite difference time domain method for simulating the coupling between localized surface plasmons of nanostructures." Superlattices and Microstructures 47, no. 1 (January 2010): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2009.07.017.

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38

Yadav, Yamini, SudhaPrasanna Kumar Padigi, Shalini Prasad, and Xiaoyu Song. "Towards Crossbar Nanoarray Structure via Microcontact Printing." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 1951–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.044.

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The method for patterning arrays of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT's) in symmetric patterns to form junctions has been demonstrated. This has been achieved by incorporating the technique of microcontact printing using poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molds. Relief structures in the order of a few micrometers were fabricated that enabled the transfer of continuous horizontal arrays of MWCNT's in aqueous suspension in a controlled manner. The MWCNT's were patterned onto silicon microelectrode substrates with metallic gold electrodes. These were fabricated using standard photolithography techniques. The silicon substrates served as a base platform with suitable measurement microelectrodes for electrically characterizing the crossbar junction arrays. Using a dual alignment and stamping process, PDMS molds were inked alternatively with p-type and n-type suspensions of MWCNT's and transferred in a grid-like manner onto the base platform. Parallel alignment of the MWCNT's was achieved due to the geometry of the mold relief structures. This step-by-step assembly resulted in the formation of crossbar MWCNT array structures. Each of these crosspoints in the individual junction can function as an addressable crossbar nanodevice. The functionality of this circuit was demonstrated through the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics. Using these high-density crossarray circuit patterns, addressable nanostructures that form the building blocks of highly integrated device arrays can be built.

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39

Lee, Haemi, Jung-Hoon Lee, Seung Min Jin, Yung Doug Suh, and Jwa-Min Nam. "Single-Molecule and Single-Particle-Based Correlation Studies between Localized Surface Plasmons of Dimeric Nanostructures with ∼1 nm Gap and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering." Nano Letters 13, no. 12 (November 25, 2013): 6113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl4034297.

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40

Ogawa, Shinpei, Shoichiro Fukushima, and Masaaki Shimatani. "Graphene Plasmonics in Sensor Applications: A Review." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 3563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123563.

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Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) can be generated in graphene at frequencies in the mid-infrared to terahertz range, which is not possible using conventional plasmonic materials such as noble metals. Moreover, the lifetime and confinement volume of such SPPs are much longer and smaller, respectively, than those in metals. For these reasons, graphene plasmonics has potential applications in novel plasmonic sensors and various concepts have been proposed. This review paper examines the potential of such graphene plasmonics with regard to the development of novel high-performance sensors. The theoretical background is summarized and the intrinsic nature of graphene plasmons, interactions between graphene and SPPs induced by metallic nanostructures and the electrical control of SPPs by adjusting the Fermi level of graphene are discussed. Subsequently, the development of optical sensors, biological sensors and important components such as absorbers/emitters and reconfigurable optical mirrors for use in new sensor systems are reviewed. Finally, future challenges related to the fabrication of graphene-based devices as well as various advanced optical devices incorporating other two-dimensional materials are examined. This review is intended to assist researchers in both industry and academia in the design and development of novel sensors based on graphene plasmonics.

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41

Surma, S. A., J. Brona, and A. Ciszewski. "Two-extremum electrostatic potential of metal-lattice plasma and the work function of an electron." Materials Science-Poland 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 430–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2015-0035.

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AbstractMetal-lattice plasma is treated as a neutral two-component two-phase system of 2D surface and 3D bulk. Free electron density and bulk chemical potential are used as intensive parameters of the system with the phase boundary position determined in the crystalline lattice. A semiempirical expression for the electron screened electrostatic potential is constructed using the lattice-plasma polarization concept. It comprises an image term and three repulsion/attraction terms of second and fourth orders. The novel curve has two extremes and agrees with certain theoretical forms of potential. A practical formula for the electron work function of metals and a simplified schema of electronic structure at the metal/vacuum interface are proposed. This yields 10.44 eV for the Fermi energy of free electron gas; -5.817 eV for the Fermi energy level; 4.509 eV for the average work function of bcc tungsten. Selected data are also given for fcc Cu and hcp Re. For harmonic frequencies ~ 10E16 per s of the self-excited metal-lattice plasma, energy gaps of 14.54 and 8.02 eV are found, which correspond to the bulk and surface plasmons, respectively. Further extension of this thermodynamics and metal-lattice theory based approach may contribute to a better understanding of theoretical models which are employed in chemical physics, catalysis and materials science of nanostructures.

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42

Atwater, Harry A., Stefan Maier, Albert Polman, Jennifer A. Dionne, and Luke Sweatlock. "The New “p–n Junction”: Plasmonics Enables Photonic Access to the Nanoworld." MRS Bulletin 30, no. 5 (May 2005): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2005.277.

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AbstractSince the development of the light microscope in the 16th century, optical device size and performance have been limited by diffraction. Optoelectronic devices of today are much bigger than the smallest electronic devices for this reason. Achieving control of light—material interactions for photonic device applications at the nanoscale requires structures that guide electromagnetic energy with subwavelength-scale mode confinement. By converting the optical mode into nonradiating surface plasmons, electromagnetic energy can be guided in structures with lateral dimensions of less than 10% of the free-space wavelength. A variety of methods—including electron-beam lithography and self-assembly—have been used to construct both particle and planar plasmon waveguides. Recent experimental studies have confirmed the strongly coupled collective plasmonic modes of metallic nanostructures. In plasmon waveguides consisting of closely spaced silver rods, electromagnetic energy transport over distances of 0.5 m has been observed. Moreover, numerical simulations suggest the possibility of multi-centimeter plasmon propagation in thin metallic stripes. Thus, there appears to be no fundamental scaling limit to the size and density of photonic devices, and ongoing work is aimed at identifying important device performance criteria in the subwavelength size regime. Ultimately, it may be possible to design an entire class of subwavelength-scale optoelectronic components (waveguides, sources, detectors, modulators) that could form the building blocks of an optical device technology—a technology scalable to molecular dimensions, with potential imaging, spectroscopy, and interconnection applications in computing, communications, and chemical/biological detection.

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43

Abutoama, Mohammad, Marwan Abuleil, and Ibrahim Abdulhalim. "Resonant Subwavelength and Nano-Scale Grating Structures for Biosensing Application: A Comparative Study." Sensors 21, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 4523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134523.

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Resonant-based sensors are attractive optical structures due to the easy detection of shifts in the resonance location in response to variations in the analyte refractive index (RI) in comparison to non-resonant-based sensors. In particular, due to the rapid progress of nanostructures fabrication methods, the manufacturing of subwavelength and nano-scale gratings in a large area and at a low cost has become possible. A comparative study is presented involving analysis and experimental work on several subwavelength and nanograting structures, highlighting their nano-scale features’ high potential in biosensing applications, namely: (i) Thin dielectric grating on top of thin metal film (TDGTMF), which can support the excitation of extended surface plasmons (ESPs), guided mode resonance, or leaky mode; (ii) reflecting grating for conventional ESP resonance (ESPR) and cavity modes (CMs) excitation; (iii) thick dielectric resonant subwavelength grating exhibiting guided mode resonance (GMR) without a waveguide layer. Among the unique features, we highlight the following: (a) Self-referenced operation obtained using the TDGTMF geometry; (b) multimodal operation, including ESPR, CMs, and surface-enhanced spectroscopy using reflecting nanograting; (c) phase detection as a more sensitive approach in all cases, except the case of reflecting grating where phase detection is less sensitive than intensity or wavelength detection. Additionally, intensity and phase detection modes were experimentally demonstrated using off-the-shelf grating-based optical compact discs as a low-cost sensors available for use in a large area. Several flexible designs are proposed for sensing in the visible and infrared spectral ranges based on the mentioned geometries. In addition, enhanced penetration depth is also proposed for sensing large entities such as cells and bacteria using the TDGTMF geometry.

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Genslein, Christa, Peter Hausler, Eva-Maria Kirchner, Rudolf Bierl, Antje J. Baeumner, and Thomas Hirsch. "Graphene-enhanced plasmonic nanohole arrays for environmental sensing in aqueous samples." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 7 (November 1, 2016): 1564–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.7.150.

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The label-free nature of surface plasmon resonance techniques (SPR) enables a fast, specific, and sensitive analysis of molecular interactions. However, detection of highly diluted concentrations and small molecules is still challenging. It is shown here that in contrast to continuous gold films, gold nanohole arrays can significantly improve the performance of SPR devices in angle-dependent measurement mode, as a signal amplification arises from localized surface plasmons at the nanostructures. This leads consequently to an increased sensing capability of molecules bound to the nanohole array surface. Furthermore, a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sensor surface was layered over the nanohole array. Reduced graphene oxide is a 2D nanomaterial consisting of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms and is an attractive receptor surface for SPR as it omits any bulk phase and therefore allows fast response times. In fact, it was found that nanohole arrays demonstrated a higher shift in the resonance angle of 250–380% compared to a continuous gold film. At the same time the nanohole array structure as characterized by its diameter-to-periodicity ratio had minimal influence on the binding capacity of the sensor surface. As a simple and environmentally highly relevant model, binding of the plasticizer diethyl phthalate (DEP) via π-stacking was monitored on the rGO gold nanohole array realizing a limit of detection of as low as 20 nM. The concentration-dependent signal change was studied with the best performing rGO-modified nanohole arrays. Compared to continuous gold films a diameter-to-periodicity ratio (D/P) of 0.43 lead to a 12-fold signal enhancement. Finally, the effect of environmental waters on the sensor was evaluated using samples from sea, lake and river waters spiked with analytically relevant amounts of DEP during which significant changes in the SPR signal are observed. It is expected that this concept can be successfully transferred to enhance the sensitivity in SPR sensors.

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Zheng, Lei, Urs Zywietz, Tobias Birr, Martin Duderstadt, Ludger Overmeyer, Bernhard Roth, and Carsten Reinhardt. "UV-LED projection photolithography for high-resolution functional photonic components." Microsystems & Nanoengineering 7, no. 1 (August 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41378-021-00286-7.

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AbstractThe advancement of micro- and nanostructuring techniques in optics is driven by the demand for continuous miniaturization and the high geometrical accuracy of photonic devices and integrated systems. Here, UV-LED projection photolithography is demonstrated as a simple and low-cost approach for rapid generation of two-dimensional optical micro- and nanostructures with high resolution and accuracy using standard optics only. The developed system enables the projection of structure patterns onto a substrate with 1000-fold demagnification. Photonic devices, e.g., waveguides and microring resonators, on rigid or flexible substrates with varied geometrical complexity and overall structure dimensions from the nanometer to centimeter scale were successfully prepared. In particular, high-resolution gratings with feature sizes down to 150 nm and periods as small as 400 nm were realized for the first time by this approach. Waveguides made of doped laser active materials were fabricated, and their spontaneous emission was detected. The demonstrated superior performance of the developed approach may find wide applications in photonics, plasmonics, and optical materials science, among others.

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Schmidt, Franz-Philipp, Harald Ditlbacher, Ulrich Hohenester, Andreas Hohenau, Ferdinand Hofer, and Joachim R. Krenn. "Universal dispersion of surface plasmons in flat nanostructures." Nature Communications 5, no. 1 (April 10, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4604.

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Pustovit, Vitaliy N., and Tigran V. Shahbazyan. "Resonance energy transfer near metal nanostructures mediated by surface plasmons." Physical Review B 83, no. 8 (February 28, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.83.085427.

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Davis, T. J., and E. Hendry. "Superchiral electromagnetic fields created by surface plasmons in nonchiral metallic nanostructures." Physical Review B 87, no. 8 (February 5, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.87.085405.

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49

Weeber, J. C., J. R. Krenn, A. Dereux, E. Bourillot, J. P. Goudonnet, B. Schider, F. R. Aussenegg, and Ch Girard. "Optical Near-Field Properties of Lithographically Designed Metallic Nanoparticles." MRS Proceedings 571 (1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-571-95.

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ABSTRACTWe report on the experimental observation of localized surface plasmons sustained by small metallic particles using a photon scanning tunneling microscope (PSTM). The surface plasmons are excited in gold nanostructures tailored by electron beam lithography. The constant height operation of the PSTM allowed a direct comparison with theoretical computations of the distribution of the optical near-field intensity. Plasmon coupling above a chain of Au particles and electromagnetic energy transfer from a resonantly excited nanoparticle to a nanowire are demonstrated. Our experimental results appear to be in good agreement with theoretical computations based on the Green's Dyadic Technique.

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Giannini, V., J. A. Sánchez-Gil, J. V. García-Ramos, and E. R. Méndez. "Collective electromagnetic emission from molecular layers on metal nanostructures mediated by surface plasmons." Physical Review B 75, no. 23 (June 28, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.75.235447.

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