Journal articles: 'Nanotubes – Synthesis'

1

Zhang, Hai Dong, Yu Shen, and Xu Xu Zheng. "Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Nanotube Bundles." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 2375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.2375.

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Mesoporous silica nanotube bundles with short channels were synthesized through a surfactant-templated process with the addition of dodecane. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high resolution scanning electron microscope (HRSEM) studies show that the channels of the silica nanotubes are parallel gathered in nano-size bundles. Each particle of these nano-size bundles contains less than 10 silica nanotubes. The length of the silica nanotube channel is about 200 nm while the pore size of the channels is about 11 nm. Dodecane solubilized in the hydrophobic cores of P123 micelles leads to large pore size and the unique bundle structure of the silica nanotubes.

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Ranney, Elizabeth, John Mansfield, Kai Sun, and Johannes Schwank. "Effects of synthesis conditions on dimensions, structure, and oxygen content of photocatalytically active titania nanotubes." Journal of Materials Research 25, no. 1 (January 2010): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2010.0011.

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In this study, we report a method for the formation and characterization of aligned arrays of amorphous titania nanotubes by anodic oxidation in thin titanium films on SiO2 substrates using fluoride-containing electrolytes. Trends in titania nanotube geometries as a function of synthesis conditions were established. A titania nanotube array surface area of approximately 178 m2/g is reported. The titania nanotubes transitioned to the rutile crystal structure when heated in air at 530 °C–705 °C. The degradation of methylene blue under UV light showed that lower fluoride concentrations in the synthesis electrolyte result in higher photocatalytic activity of the titania nanotubes. These results indicate that the synthesis conditions affect the oxygen content of amorphous nanotubes, which determines their physical and chemical properties.

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Ling, Yun Han, Jun Jie Qi, X. F. Zou, X. M. Zhao, Xin De Bai, and Qing Ling Feng. "Synthesis and Evaluation of Antibacterial Titanate Nanotubes." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.707.

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Antibacterial titanate nanotubes were synthesized by alkali digesting of metatitanic acid via hydrothermal route, following by cation-exchanged and immobilized with Ag+, Zn2+ and Cu2+. The conditions for nanotube synthesis and ion exchange were investigated; the microstructures of as-synthesized nanotubes were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS and DTA/TG. The antibacterial performance of cation-doped titanate nanotubes was tested and evaluated by Escherichia Coli. and staphylococcus aureus.

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Kim, Jeong-Hyeon, Jong-Min Kim, Sungkyun Park, Kang Hyun Park, and Jae-Myung Lee. "Synthesis and cryogenic mechanical properties of CO2-blown carbon-reinforced polyurethane foam." Journal of Cellular Plastics 54, no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 743–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x17750389.

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In the present study, carbon-nanotube-polyurethane foams were synthesized by adding (0.02, 0.1, and 0.3 wt%) carbon nanotubes during the polymerization reaction between polyol and isocyanate liquids. After the synthesis process, the microstructural cell morphology of the carbon-nanotube-polyurethane foams, based on the amount of carbon nanotubes, was observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy. To evaluate the mechanical characteristics of the carbon-nanotube-polyurethane foams, temperature-dependent (20°C, −90°C, and −163°C) compressive tests were performed, and the results were compared to those of the pure polyurethane foam to verify the effectiveness of the developed carbon-nanotube-polyurethane foams. Specifically, the effects of the weight percent of carbon nanotubes, density, and temperature on the overall behavior of the carbon-nanotube-polyurethane foams were considered. Finally, the permanent deformation ratio and material failure characteristics were investigated. The results showed that the cell morphology and compressive strength of the carbon-nanotube-polyurethane foam with 0.02 wt% carbon nanotubes were superior to those of pure polyurethane foam, and these properties showed a significant dependence on the weight percent of carbon nanotubes, test temperatures, and the density.

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Kharlamova, Marianna V. "Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 8 (April 11, 2017): 826–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.85.

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The synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with defined properties is required for both fundamental investigations and practical applications. The revealing and thorough understanding of the growth mechanism of SWCNTs is the key to the synthesis of nanotubes with required properties. This paper reviews the current status of the research on the investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes. The review starts with the consideration of the peculiarities of the growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes. The physical and chemical states of the catalyst during the nanotube growth are discussed. The chirality selective growth of nanotubes is described. The main part of the review is dedicated to the analysis and systematization of the reported results on the investigation of growth dynamics of nanotubes. The studies on the revealing of the dependence of the growth rate of nanotubes on the synthesis parameters are reviewed. The correlation between the lifetime of catalyst and growth rate of nanotubes is discussed. The reports on the calculation of the activation energy of the nanotube growth are summarized. Finally, the growth properties of inner tubes inside SWCNTs are considered.

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Zheng, Hua Jing, Shi Jun Cheng, Ya Dong Jiang, and Jian Hua Xu. "Performance Optimization of Nanotubes Prepared by a Template Synthesis Method." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.632.

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PEDOT nanotubes were prepared by a template synthesis method. Based on our template, it was deduced that there are two successive processes in the formation of nanotubes. The first step is soakage of the porous templates by a polymer solution, and the second step is adsorption of free charged cationic groups and doped PEDOT onto the template surface with negative charges. XRD results showed that well orientated PEDOT chain were formed during the synthesis, moreover the arrange conductivity of molecular chains strongly affect the structures of PEDOT nanotubes. The nanotubes were measured to be about 5.5~17.6 S/cm, which is higher than that of nanotube pellet due to the high contact resistance between the adjacent nanotubes.

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Zhang, A. Ying. "Study on the Synthesis Process of Carbon Nanotubes." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.254.

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Current use and application of nanotubes has mostly been limited to the use of bulk nanotubes, which is a mass of rather unorganized fragments of nanotubes. Bulk nanotube materials may never achieve a tensile strength similar to that of individual tubes, but such composites may, nevertheless, yield strengths sufficient for many applications. Bulk carbon nanotubes have already been used as composite fibers in polymers to improve the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of the bulk product. The strength and flexibility of carbon nanotubes makes them of potential use in controlling other nanoscale structures, which suggests they will have an important role in nanotechnology engineering.

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Kharissova, Oxana V., Beatriz Ortega Garcia, Patsy Y. Arquieta Guillén, Hugo V. Galindo Cuevas, and Romeo Selvas Aguilar. "SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 3D CARBON NANOTUBES." MRS Advances 3, no. 1-2 (2018): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.181.

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ABSTRACTA nanomaterial that attracts the attention in a variety of research areas is multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), due to their good mechanical proprieties, and high electrical and thermal conductivity. For this reason, the preparation of three-dimensional (3D) structures from them draws interest because it opens new horizons to produce materials with novel properties and useful applications. In this investigation the synthesis of 3D nanotube carbon (nanoforest type) functionalized with nanoparticles of silver, aluminum, and iron was studied. A 3D structure was produced in the form of aligned microchannels. The functionalization of carbon nanotubes with nanoparticles of silver, aluminum or iron during the synthesis process of carbon nanotubes, was carried out through spray-pyrolysis with different synthesis time and solution concentration. The results were characterized through microscopy SEM, TEM and Raman’s spectroscopy.

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See, Chee Howe, and Andrew T. Harris. "On the Development of Fluidized Bed Chemical Vapour Deposition for Large-Scale Carbon Nanotube Synthesis: Influence of Synthesis Temperature." Australian Journal of Chemistry 60, no. 7 (2007): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch06398.

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The absence of large-scale carbon nanotube synthesis technology (which we define as being of the order of 10 000 tonnes per plant per year) is limiting research and development activities across the sector. We contend that fluidized bed chemical vapour deposition (FBCVD) is the most promising technology for large-scale, low-cost, carbon nanotube synthesis. In this work, multi-walled carbon nanotubes were synthesized on alumina-supported iron, cobalt, or nickel catalysts by catalytic chemical vapour deposition in a 0.5 kg h–1 FBCVD reactor, using ethylene as a carbon source. The carbon nanotube yield was shown to increase with an increase in synthesis temperature from 3.3% at 550°C to 87.6% at 900°C. At higher synthesis temperatures the quality of the nanotubes appeared to improve, although further experiments are required to quantify this within statistically significant limits.

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Leonhardt, A., Ingolf Mönch, Axel Meye, S. Hampel, and B. Büchner. "Synthesis of Ferromagnetic Filled Carbon Nanotubes and their Biomedical Application." Advances in Science and Technology 49 (October 2006): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.49.74.

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Especially during last years, fundamental discoveries of various species and modifications of carbon nanotubes have stimulated research on their application including in human medicine. The success of these applications depends significantly on the physical, chemical and biological properties of the carbon nanotubes and their supplements. In our presentation we report on the synthesis of Fe-filled carbon nanotubes, their structural and magnetic properties and propose novel types of such functionalised and filled multiwalled carbon nanotubes with various advantages for an application in human medicine, especially in anti-tumour therapeutic concepts. These nanotube structures represent multi-functional nano-scaled containers for different medical treatments including magnetically guided hyperthermia. Furthermore these chemical inert and stable carbon nanocontainer can be act as a new drug delivery carrier system. In principle, both, a filling of nanotubes by an open-fill-close process or an attachment of argents on the outside of the carbon nanotube is possible.

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11

Needham, S. A., G. X. Wang, H. K. Liu, and L. Yang. "Nickel Oxide Nanotubes: Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance for Use in Lithium Ion Batteries." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.17907.

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Uniform and aligned Nickel Oxide (NiO) nanotube bundles have been synthesized by a template process. Individual nanotubes are 60 μm long with a 200 nm outer diameter and wall thickness of 20–30 nm. The synthesis involved forming Ni(OH)2 nanotubes that were subsequently heated to 350°C in order to fully convert the product to NiO nanotubes. NiO nanotube powder was used in lithium-ion cells for assessment of lithium storage ability and electrochemical performance. Discharge capacity of the NiO nanotube electrode was in excess of 30% higher than that of the standard NiO nanocrystalline powder electrode after 20cycles. Impedance data suggests the NiO nanotube electrode provides more controlled and sustainable Li diffusion when compared to the NiO reference powder electrode system.

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12

Wang, Ning, Hong Lin, Jian Bao Li, Xiao Zhan Yang, and Bo Chi. "Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes by Ion Exchange Approach." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 1235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1235.

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Nanotube-shaped powders had been synthesized successfully from commercial anatasetype titanium dioxide powder by ion exchange approach. All nanotubes were open-ended with 3~5 nm in inner diameter, 8~12 nm in outside diameter and 200~400 nm in length. EDS result revealed that the nanotube was only composed of Ti and O. XPS analysis showed that two peaks located at 458.5 and 464.2 eV were assigned to Ti4+ in titanium dioxide. The formation mechanism of titanium dioxide nanotubes was also discussed in this paper.

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13

Liu, Yuan Chao, Na Na Zheng, Jing Dong Huang, and Bao Min Sun. "Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes with Typical Structure from the Pyrolysis Flame." Advanced Materials Research 221 (March 2011): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.221.99.

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Synthesis of carbon nanotubes from V-type pyrolysis flame is a kind of new method. It has potential for carbon nanotubes preparation in mass production. Carbon monoxide was as carbon source and the acetylene/air premixed gas provides heat by combustion. Hydrogen/helium premixed gas acted as diluted and protection gas. Pentacarbonyl iron was served as catalyst. Carbon nanotubes with less impurity and high yield were captured successfully in the V-type pyrolysis flame. The diameter of carbon nanotubes was approximate between 10nm and 20nm, and its length was dozens of microns. The size of catalyst nanoparticles approximately was from 5 nm to 8nm in diameter. This study aims to examine the formation process of typical carbon nanotubes from pyrolysis flame and to characterize their morphology and structure. The morphology and structural of carbon nanotubes were characterized by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy respectively. Temperature was the key parameter in the process of synthesis carbon nanotubes. The concentration of catalyst had important influence on the synthesis of carbon nanotubes. Sampling time directly determined whether carbon nanotubes formation was completely. The carbon “dissolved-proliferation-separate out” theory can be used to explain that pentacarbonyl iron catalyses carbon monoxide in the process of carbon nanotube formation.

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14

Gayduchenko, Igor, Georgy Fedorov, Ramil Ibragimov, Tatiana Stepanova, Arsen Gazaliev, Nikolay Vysochanskiy, Yuri Bobrov, Anton Malovichko, Ilya Sosnin, and Ivan Bobrinetskiy. "Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotube networks using monodisperse metallic nanocatalysts encapsulated in reverse micelles." Chemical Industry 70, no. 1 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind140910005g.

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We report on a method of synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes percolated networks on silicon dioxide substrates using monodisperse Co and Ni catalyst. The catalytic nanoparticles were obtained by modified method of reverse micelles of bis-(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium in isooctane solution that provides the nanoparticle size control in range of 1 to 5 nm. The metallic nanoparticles of Ni and Co were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic-force microscopy (AFM). Carbon nanotubes were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition of CH4/H2 composition at temperature 1000 ?? on catalysts pre-deposited on silicon dioxide substrate. Before temperature treatment during the carbon nanotube synthesis most of the catalyst material agglomerates due to magnetic forces while during the nanotube growth disintegrates into the separate nanoparticles with narrow diameter distribution. The formed nanotube networks were characterized using AFM, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. We find that the nanotubes are mainly single-walled carbon nanotubes with high structural perfection up to 200 ?m long with diameters from 1.3 to 1.7 nm consistent with catalyst nanoparticles diameter distribution and independent of its material.

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15

Zhang, Dengsong, Hongxia Fu, Liyi Shi, Jianhui Fang, and Qiang Li. "Carbon nanotube assisted synthesis of CeO2 nanotubes." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 180, no. 2 (February 2007): 654–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2006.11.025.

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16

Sun, Xiao Gang, Zhi Wen Qiu, Long Chen, Man Yuan Cai, Zhi Peng Pang, Li Fu Yue, Yan Yan Nie, Xiao Yong Wu, and Zhen Hong Liu. "Industrial Synthesis of Whisker Carbon Nanotubes." Materials Science Forum 852 (April 2016): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.852.514.

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Since the first observation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 1991, their synthesis techniques has been extensively investigated. The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process have attracted much attention because of both their versatility and easy large scale production for CNTs . This paper is focused on a catalytic CVD-based method for synthesis of whisker multiwalled carbon nanotubes (WMWCNTs). The new type of carbon nanotube is similar to the whisker. The morphology of the WMWCNTs are very different from traditional carbon nanotubes prepared by traditional chemical vapor deposition process. The traditional CNTs were twisted and entangled with each other. These suggested that there are a lot of deficiencies on the CNTs and are difficult to disperse in matrix materials. The as-produced WMWCNTs are very straight and not entangled with each other. The line structure means that WMWCNTs are easily dispersed in matrix materials than traditional CNTs which are twined together. The crystallinity of WMWCNTs increased to 96% which was much higher than traditional CNTs after graphitization treatment at 2800°C.

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Kunarti, Eko Sri, and Grainne M. Moran. "A STUDY OF THE SYNTHESIS OF HYBRID ORGANOSILICATE NANOTUBES." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 2 (June 14, 2010): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21810.

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Hybrid organosilicate nanotubes have been prepared by sol-gel chemistry, using crystalline ammonium tartrate as the tube-forming template. The nanotubes were prepared by controlled hydrolysis and co-condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) at room temperature. The synthetic conditions have been systematically studied. The physical characteristics of the materials were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the aging times of the tubes due to slow post-gelation condensation reactions was investigated. The morphology and microstructure of the nanotubes are greatly influenced by the synthetic conditions. Keywords: organosilicate, nanotube, ammonium tartrate crystals.

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18

Tony, V. C. S., Chun Hong Voon, Chang Chuan Lee, Bee Ying Lim, W. Rahman, Uda Hashim, A. Rahim Ruslinda, et al. "Microwave Irradiation Assisted Synthesis of Silicon Carbide Nanotubes." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.111.

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Conventional methods for the synthesis of silicon carbide were well studied and these methods included carbothermal reduction, mechanical milling, sol-gel process and others. However, conventional methods have limitations such as high energy consumption, presence of impurities and long reaction times. In this paper, microwave heating was applied for the first time for the synthesis of silicon carbide nanotube owing to the advantages of microwave heating such as shorter reaction time, uniform heat distribution and low cost. Mixture of silicon dioxide and carbon nanotube in the ratio of 1:3 as suggested by previous study were mixed in ultrasonic bath using ethanol as liquid medium for 2 hours and then dried on hot plate to evaporate ethanol. The mixture was then cold pressed into 3mm pellet and placed into an alumina crucible filled with silica sand acts as sand insulator and SiC susceptor. The pellet was heated to 1400°C with heating rate of 30°C/min for 40 minute. X-ray diffraction pattern verified the presence of single β-SiC phase in silicon carbide nanotubes. Meanwhile, scanning electron microscopy revealed that tubular structure of carbon nanotube was retained after microwave irradiation and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy shown the silicon carbide nanotube consist of only elemental C and Si and thus indicated that silicon carbide nanotubes were successfully synthesized through microwave irradiation.

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Chau, Pham Thi Minh, and Jung Il Jin. "SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF POLY(PARA-PHENYLENEVINYLENE)." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 24, no. 1&2 (November 15, 2017): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.206.

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Poly(para-phenylenevinylene) [PPV] films and nanotubes were prepared via chemical vapor deposition polymerization (CVDP) by vapor phase pyrolysis of α, α'-dichloro p-xylene on the quartz plate, silicon wafers and Al2O3 membrane substrate with the pore size f = 100 nm. We prepared graphitic carbon films and carbon nanotubes by carbonizing the poly(para-phenylenevinylene) [PPV] films and nano parterns under thermal treatment range from 500°C to 900°C. When the PPV films on quartz plate were treated at 900°C highly oriented graphitic carbon films were obtained. The characterization of the PPV nanotube and nanotube carbon has been investigated by means of IR, SEM, AFM and Raman scattering study.

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Liu, Yuan Chao, Ya Jie Zhang, Ya Jun Wu, and Bao Min Sun. "Carbon Nanotubes with Special Structure from the Pyrolysis Flame." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 909–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.909.

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Carbon nanotube is the one-dimensional carbon nano-materials. The synthesis of carbon nanotubes from pyrolysis flame is a new method. Variety of carbon nanotubes with special structure can be seen from pyrolysis flame due to the influence of key factors such as the concentration of reactants and catalyst particle size. The morphology and structural of carbon nanotubes were characterized by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy respectively. Carbon nanotubes with special structure such as bamboo-like, pod-like and coil-like can be seen in the experiment. The bamboo-like carbon nanotube has a bamboo-like structure clearly. The shape of pod-like carbon nanotube is very similar with the peasecod. The coil-like carbon nanotube is similar to carbon nanofiber in structure. It was discussed and analyzed that the formation mechanism of bamboo-like, pod-like and coil-like carbon nanotubes from the V-type pyrolysis flame.

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Chi, Bo, Erick S. Victorio, and Tetsuro Jin. "Synthesis of TiO2-Based Nanotube on Ti Substrate by Hydrothermal Treatment." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 668–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.147.

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TiO2-based titanate nanotube film was directly synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of Ti substrate in NaOH solution. The prepared high aspect ratio nanotubes have diameter of 10nm and pore size of 5 nm with length of several microns. The nanotubes show the same structure and component characteristics as the nanotubes prepared through hydrothermal treatment of TiO2. Other nanostructured titanate as oriented nanofiber film and translucent film were also prepared by adjusting the hydrothermal conditions. The formation mechanism of nanostructured titanate was discussed.

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Chipara, Mircea, Jessica Cruz, Edgar R. Vega, Jorge Alarcon, Thomas Mion, Dorina Magdalena Chipara, Elamin Ibrahim, Steven C. Tidrow, and David Hui. "Polyvinylchloride-Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites: Thermal and Spectroscopic Properties." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/435412.

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Nanocomposites of single-walled carbon nanotubes dispersed within polyvinylchloride have been obtained by using the solution path. High-power sonication was utilized to achieve a good dispersion of carbon nanotubes. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that during the synthesis, processing, or thermal analysis of these nanocomposites the released chlorine is functionalizing the single-walled carbon nanotubes. The loading of polyvinylchloride by single-walled carbon nanotubes increases the glass transition temperature of the polymeric matrix, demonstrating the interactions between macromolecular chains and filler. Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering data suggested a drop of the crystallite size and of the degree of crystallinity as the concentration of single-walled carbon nanotubes is increased. The in situ chlorination and amorphization of nanotube during the synthesis (sonication step) is confirmed by Raman spectroscopy.

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Thurakitseree, Theerapol, and Chupong Pakpum. "Low-Cost Sputtering Process for Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 891 (May 2019): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.891.195.

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According to their wonderful properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been well known for decades. The synthesis process and catalyst deposition method have also drawn attention to control the nanotube structure and properties. Sputtering method is then one promising option to grow the nanotubes in mass production. This method is, however, still costly. Here, we have presented a simple low-cost custom-made DC magnetron sputtering for catalyst thin film deposition. Three different metal thin films (Fe, Ni, Cu) deposited on Si substrates have been employed to investigate nanotube production. Prior to deposition of the catalysts, Al was used as supporting layer. (Al/Fe, Al/Ni, Al/Cu). CNTs were grown by chemical vapor deposition process at 800°C. Ethanol was preliminary used as a carbon source. It was found that CNTs could be successfully grown from only Al/Ni catalysts in our system with the diameter of approximately 200 nm, where the rest of samples were not observed. In addition, vertical-aligned CNTs with the thickness of about 10 μm could be obtained when acetylene was replaced instead of ethanol with reducing partial pressure of the feedstock. A large D-band at 1338 cm-1 with broader G-band at 1582 cm-1 from Raman spectra give a rise to multi layers growth of sp2 carbon walls. Such dimension suggests that it is the characteristic of multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

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Liu, Jie, Shoushan Fan, and Hongjie Dai. "Recent Advances in Methods of Forming Carbon Nanotubes." MRS Bulletin 29, no. 4 (April 2004): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2004.75.

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AbstractSince their discovery, carbon nanotubes, both single-walled and multiwalled, have been a focus in materials research. Fundamental research and application development hinge on high-quality nanotube materials and controlled routes to their organization and assembly. The aim of this article is to provide updated information on recent progress in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes.

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Dikio, Ezekiel D., Albert J. Kupeta, and Force T. Thema. "A Comparative Study of the Effect of MgO and CaCO3as Support Materials in the Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes with Fe/Co as Catalyst." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/641823.

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A comparative study of the effect of magnesium oxide and calcium carbonate as support material in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes using the catalyst Fe/Co is presented. The synthesized carbon nanotubes were characterized with Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The morphology of the carbon nanotubes synthesized with magnesium oxide as support material gives rise to carbon nanotubes with consistent and well-defined structure unlike that synthesized with calcium carbonate. TheID/IGratio of synthesized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was 0.8544 for magnesium oxide supported compared to 0.8501 for calcium carbonate supported carbon nanotube.

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Han, Ki Bong, and Yong Ho Choi. "Characterization of Contact Resistance between Carbon Nanotubes Film and Metal Electrodes." Advanced Materials Research 683 (April 2013): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.683.238.

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Carbon nanotube has attracted great research attentions due to its outstanding electrical, physical, mechanical, chemical properties. Based on its excellent properties, the carbon nanotube is promising nanoscale material for novel electrical, mechanical, chemical, and biological devices and sensors. However, it is very difficult to control the structure of carbon nanotube during synthesis. A carbon nanotubes film has 3 dimensional structures of interwoven carbon nanotubes as well as unique properties such as transparency, flexibility and good electrical conductivity. More importantly, the properties of carbon nanotubes are ensemble averaged in this formation. In this research, we study the contact resistance between carbon nanotubes film and metal electrode. For most of electrical devices using carbon nanotubes film, it is necessary to have metal electrodes on the film for current path. A resistance at the contact lowers the electrical efficiencies of the devices. Therefore, it is important to measure and characterize the contact resistance and lower it for better efficiencies. The device demonstrated in this study using classical technique for metal contacts provides relatively reliable contact resistance measurements for carbon nanotubes film applications.

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Liu, Yuan Chao, Li Zhi Wu, and Jing Hao Ren. "Experimental Analysis of the Long Carbon Nanotubes Formation from Controllable Flame." Advanced Materials Research 1048 (October 2014): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1048.383.

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Flame method is a new and simple method which may has the possibility of large-scale mass production for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes. It needs not the vacuum environment and carbon nanotubes can be captured at the normal atmospheric pressure. Synthesis of carbon nanotubes from the controllable flame is a new method. It can effectively avoid the defect of the traditional flame method. Experimental apparatus is mainly including controllable flame burner with its ancillary equipment, measuring instrument and catalyst preparation system, etc. The process of formation and growth for carbon nanotube is very complicated on account of the complexity of combustion and chemical reaction. It can be supposed that the formation and growth of carbon nanotubes from the controllable flame involves two steps in general.

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Han, Catherine Y., Zhi-Li Xiao, H. Hau Wang, Xiao-Min Lin, Susana Trasobares, and Russell E. Cook. "Facile Synthesis of Highly Aligned Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes from Polymer Precursors." Journal of Nanomaterials 2009 (2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/562376.

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We report a facile one-step approach which involves no flammable gas, no catalyst, and no in situ polymerization for the preparation of well-aligned carbon nanotube array. A polymer precursor is placed on top of an anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane containing regular nanopore arrays, and slow heating under Ar flow allows the molten polymer to wet the template through adhesive force. The polymer spread into the nanopores of the template to form polymer nanotubes. Upon carbonization the resulting multi-walled carbon nanotubes duplicate the nanopores morphology precisely. The process is demonstrated for 230, 50, and 20 nm pore membranes. The synthesized carbon nanotubes are characterized with scanning/transmission electron microscopies, Raman spectroscopy, and resistive measurements. Convenient functionalization of the nanotubes with this method is demonstrated through premixing CoPt nanoparticles in the polymer precursors.

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Li, Phoebe, Christopher L. Stender, Emilie Ringe, Laurence D. Marks, and Teri W. Odom. "Synthesis of TaS2 Nanotubes From Ta2O5 Nanotube Templates." Small 6, no. 10 (May 19, 2010): 1096–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201000226.

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KUMAR, RAJESH, RAM MANOHAR YADAV, KALPANA AWASTHI, R. S. TIWARI, and O. N. SRIVASTAVA. "EFFECT OF NITROGEN VARIATION ON THE SYNTHESIS OF VERTICALLY ALIGNED BAMBOO-SHAPED C–N NANOTUBES USING SUNFLOWER OIL." International Journal of Nanoscience 10, no. 04n05 (August 2011): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x11008502.

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To examine the role of NH3 on bundles of aligned bamboo-shaped carbon–nitrogen (C–N) nanotube were synthesized the pyrolysis of ferrocene (Fe(C5H5)2) and sunflower oil mixtures with NH3 being the source of nitrogen. The concentration of NH3 was varying in volume (vol). Optimized temperature and concentration of ferrocene were 825°C and 10 mg/ml, respectively. With the increase of nitrogen concentration the bundles are breaking in nearly equal parts. With nitrogen doping, the nanotubes have a bamboo-like structure and reveal degraded crystallinity of graphitic sheets. Nitrogen plays key role in generating equal compartments inside the carbon nanotube. The nanotubes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy that reveal the vertically aligned and hollow structural features of the nanotubes. FTIR shows the incorporation of N atom inside carbon framework and Raman spectrum indicates the enhancement of the defects inside C–N nanotube due to the N atom in C–N nanotube.

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Wiak, Sławomir, Anna Firych-Nowacka, Krzysztof Smółka, Łukasz Pietrzak, Zbigniew Kołaciński, and Łukasz Szymański. "Induction heating process of ferromagnetic filled carbon nanotubes based on 3-D model." Open Physics 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2017): 1061–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2017-0134.

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AbstractSince their discovery by Iijima in 1991 [1], carbon nanotubes have sparked unwavering interest among researchers all over the world. This is due to the unique properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Carbon nanotubes have excellent mechanical and electrical properties with high chemical and thermal stability. In addition, carbon nanotubes have a very large surface area and are hollow inside. This gives a very broad spectrum of nanotube applications, such as in combination with polymers as polymer composites in the automotive, aerospace or textile industries. At present, many methods of nanotube synthesis are known [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. It is also possible to use carbon nanotubes in biomedical applications [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14], including the destruction of cancer cells using iron-filled carbon nanotubes in the hyperthermia process. Computer modelling results of Fe-CNTs induction heating process are presented in the paper. As an object used for computer model creation, Fe-CNTs were synthesized by the authors using CCVD technique.

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Fang, Chunxia, Shengyi Zhang, Pengfei Zuo, Wei Wei, Baokang Jin, Jieying Wu, and Yupeng Tian. "Nanotube–nanotube transformation synthesis and electrochemistry of crystalline CuAgSe nanotubes." Journal of Crystal Growth 311, no. 8 (April 2009): 2345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2009.02.003.

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Mittal, J. "Synthesis of Co Filled Carbon Nanotubes by In Situ Reduction of CoCl2 Filled Nanotubes by NaBH4." ISRN Materials Science 2013 (July 14, 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/732974.

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An alternative process of filling the multiwall nanotubes (MWCNTs) with cobalt metal was developed. Empty core of nanotubes was first filled with CoCl2 by stirring with CoCl2 and alcohol at room temperature for six hours. CoCl2 filling inside MWCNTs was then converted into Co after treating with NaBH4 at room temperature. High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) studies showed the filling of the CoCl2 and Co inside the nanotubes before and after the treatment. EDX studies show the nonexistence of chlorine after the reduction with NaBH4. Amount of filling was also reduced after the treatment. Paper describes the possible mechanism of filling CoCl2 inside nanotube and its reduction by NaBH4.

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Suzuki, Yoshikazu, and Susumu Yoshikawa. "Synthesis and Thermal Analyses of TiO2-Derived Nanotubes Prepared by the Hydrothermal Method." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 4 (April 2004): 982–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0128.

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TiO2-derived nanotubes were prepared by hydrothermal treatment of TiO2 powder in NaOH aqueous solution. High-temperature x-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) andthermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) demonstrated the formation of TiO2 (B) phase (a metastable polymorph of titanium dioxide) from the nanotubes under heating at ∼800 °C, which indicates the as-prepared nanotubes should be composed of layered titanate, most probably as H2Ti3O7·nH2O (n < 3). Dehydration behavior and phase transformation confirmed by the HT-XRD study have suggested reliable reaction path and have well-solved the contradictions on the nanotube-formation mechanism among previous studies.

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Thai, Tien Thuy, Quyen Van Le, Tuyen Van Au, Nhi Hai Ha, Hung Huu Khanh Nguyen, and Xuan Thi Kieu Huynh. "Synthesis of TiO2 nanotubes by electrochemical anodization method for photocatalytic application." Science and Technology Development Journal 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2013): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v16i2.1435.

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Self–organized TiO2 nanotube arrays were synthesized by anodization of Ti foil in ethylene glycol electrolyte containing water and NH4F. The photocatalytic activities of fabricated samples were evaluated by the degradation of methylene blue under UV A irradiation. Various factors such as electrolyte composition, voltage, anodization time, annealing time were also investigated in order to find out the conditions for synthesis of TiO2 nanotube arrays which show the highest photocatalytic activity. The as–synthesized TiO2 nanotubes were highly ordered, with the inner diameter of 6–130nm and the length of 2–3μm. The nanotubes presented a good adhesion with the Ti foil. The photocatalytic efficiency of the best sample (2x2cm area) reached 69% in the photo-degradation of 100ml of 5.10–6M methylene blue after 3 hours under UV A irradiation.

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LAO, J. Y., J. G. WEN, D. Z. WANG, and Z. F. REN. "SYNTHESIS OF AMORPHOUS SiOx NANOSTRUCTURES." International Journal of Nanoscience 01, no. 02 (April 2002): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x02000127.

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Various amorphous SiO x nanotube structures nucleated by GeOx nanoparticles were synthesized by thermal evaporation method. The presence of Ge does not only nucleate the growth of the SiO x nanomaterials, but also dopes them. The nanostructure morphology is affected by the substrate temperature, source temperature and GeO x vapor density through their effect on the size and lifetime of the nucleation center. In general, low substrate temperature promotes the formation of the nanotube bundle structure with 2–3% atomic ratio of Ge doping, and high temperature produces Ge-free much less bundled nanotubes.

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Zhang, Fen, Shou Gang Chen, Yan Sheng Yin, Chao Rui Xue, and Chan Lin. "Hydrothermal Synthesis of BaTiO₃ Nanotubes on Ti Substrates." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.617.

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A novel, low-temperature two-step synthesis method for producing BaTiO3 thin films patterned in the form of nanotubes on Ti substrates is reported. Firstly, the Ti substrate is anodized to produce a surface layer of amorphous TiO2 nanotube arrays. Secondly, the anodized substrate is subjected to hydrothermal treatment in aqueous Ba(OH)2, where the nanotube arrays serve as templates for their hydrothermal conversion to single-crystal BaTiO3 thin film. This opens the possibility of tailoring the nanotube arrays and their combinations in the hydrothermal bath, to produce ordered, patterned thin film structures of various Ti containing ceramics.

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Bahrami, Afarin, Z. A. Talib, W. Mahmood Mat Yunus, Kasra Behzad, and Nayereh Soltani. "Synthesis and Physical Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes Coated by Conducting Polypyrrole." Advanced Materials Research 364 (October 2011): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.364.50.

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This study describes the preparation of polypyrrole multiwall carbon nanotube (PPy/MWNT) composites by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization. Various ratios of functionalized MWNTs are dispersed in the water, and PPy are then synthesized via in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization on the surface of the carbon nanotubes. The morphology of the resulting complex nanotubes (MWNT-PPY) was characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The conductivity of each composite showed a maximum in the temperature scale of 120 – 160 °C and then decreased dramatically with the increase of temperature. The resultant PPy/MWNT nanotubes enhanced electrical conductivity and thermal stability of nanocomposite compared to PPy which was strongly influenced by the feed ratio of pyrrole to MWNTs.

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Le, Thang Van. "Production single-walled carbon nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition from mechanism to patterned growth for electro devices." Science and Technology Development Journal 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2013): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v16i1.1420.

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The ability to controllably obtain ordered carbon nanotube architectures is important to fundamental characterizations and potential applications of electrical devices. Controlled synthesis involving chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been an effective strategy to order singlewalled nanotubes (SWNTs) on patterned catalyst. In this paper, Single-walled carbon nanotubes are synthesized by chemical vapor deposition of methane at controlled locations on a silicon substrate. This synthetic approach has allowed individual SWNT wires to be grown from controlled surface sites by catalyst patterning and has led to interconnecting SWNT electrical devices. The combined synthesis and microfabrication technique presented here allows a large number of ohmically contacted nanotube devices with controllable length to be placed on a single substrate.

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Li, Z. G., L. Liang, P. J. Fagan, and M. van Kavelaar. "The Three-Dimensional shape of carbon nanotubes by High Resolution Electron Microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 754–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010014960x.

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Following the discovery of a large scale synthesis of fullerenes, the existence of the related carbon nanotubes was suggested by high resolution electron microscopy (HREM). Larger scale syntheses of these nanotube-rich materials has now been reported and has sparked interest worldwide. Because the HREM technique essentially observes the projection of a three dimensional object onto a two-dimensional plane, the three dimensional shape of the object is usually not apparent in typical HREM images. However, as we report here, by rotating along the axis of single carbon nanotube, and recording the images in succession by HREM, the non-cylindrical nature of these tubes is revealed, especially near the sealed ends of the nanotubes. In addition, from electon diffraction and X-ray diffraction, we find the spacing between the planes to be 3.398(8) Å on average. This is in contrast to earlier reports which suggested an interlayer distance of 3.35 Å, similar to the graphite interplanar spacing.

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Chitranshi, Megha, Anuptha Pujari, Vianessa Ng, Daniel Chen, Devika Chauhan, Ronald Hudepohl, Motahareh Saleminik, et al. "Carbon Nanotube Sheet-Synthesis and Applications." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10102023.

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Decades of extensive research have matured the development of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Still, the properties of macroscale assemblages, such as sheets of carbon nanotubes, are not good enough to satisfy many applications. This paper gives an overview of different approaches to synthesize CNTs and then focuses on the floating catalyst method to form CNT sheets. A method is also described in this paper to modify the properties of macroscale carbon nanotube sheets produced by the floating catalyst method. The CNT sheet is modified to form a carbon nanotube hybrid (CNTH) sheet by incorporating metal, ceramic, or other types of nanoparticles into the high-temperature synthesis process to improve and customize the properties of the traditional nanotube sheet. This paper also discusses manufacturing obstacles and the possible commercial applications of the CNT sheet and CNTH sheet. Manufacturing problems include the difficulty of injecting dry nanoparticles uniformly, increasing the output of the process to reduce cost, and safely handling the hydrogen gas generated in the process. Applications for CNT sheet include air and water filtering, energy storage applications, and compositing CNTH sheets to produce apparel with anti-microbial properties to protect the population from infectious diseases. The paper also provides an outlook towards large scale commercialization of CNT material.

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Inoue, Masashi, Kouta Asai, Yoshiyuki Nagayasu, Koji Takane, and Eriko Yagasaki. "Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes by the Catalytic Decomposition of Methane." Advances in Science and Technology 48 (October 2006): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.48.67.

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The influence of morphology of the support particles upon the nickel-catalyzed decomposition of methane into carbon nanotubes and hydrogen was explored using a thermogravimetric apparatus. High carbon nanotube yield was attained by the Ni catalysts supported on the glycothermally synthesized ZrO2 and Er3Ga5O12 particles, which had spherical shapes. Quite high carbon yield was also obtained by the Ni catalyst supported on spherical Al2O3 particles (Nanophase Tech. Corp.). It was concluded that the most important factor governing the carbon yield is the morphology of the catalyst support, which contributes to the internal pressure of carbon nanotubes thus determining their chemical potentials.

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Pi, Zhenbang, Tian Tian, Xike Tian, Chao Yang, Suxin Zhang, and Jianhua Zheng. "A Template-Based Electrochemical Method for the Synthesis of High Dense Nickel Nanotube Arrays." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.127.

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High dense Ni nanotube arrays have been successfully fabricated using electrochemical method with the assistance of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template from NiSO4 aqueous solution without any additive. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) results indicate that the pores of AAO template are high uniform and all the pores are filled with Ni nanotubes. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) results demonstrate that the diameter of Ni nanotubes is about 65 nm. The electron diffraction (ED) pattern results show that the Ni nanotubes are polycrystalline. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern shows that the electrodeposited nickel is hexagonal crystal structure.

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Oh, Han Jun, Jong Ho Lee, Seung Hyun Lee, and Choong Soo Chi. "Synthesis of Eu-Doped TiO₂ Nanotubes Using Electrochemical Oxidation." Key Engineering Materials 543 (March 2013): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.543.188.

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To improve the photocatalytic properties of titania photocatalyst by incorporated Eu element during electrochemical oxidation, Eu-doped titanium oxide nanotube was synthesized by anodic process in an ethylene glycol electrolyte with Eu (NO3)3 as an additive. The crystalline structure and surface characteristics of Eu-doped titania nanotube were investigated. The XPS results indicate the migration of the europium element into the titania nanotube layer from mixture electrolyte during electrochemical oxidation. The Eu-doped titania nanotubes show much higher activity of dye degradation.

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Dresselhaus, M. S., and H. Dai. "Carbon Nanotubes: Continued Innovations and Challenges." MRS Bulletin 29, no. 4 (April 2004): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2004.74.

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AbstractThis article outlines the content of the April 2004 issue of MRS Bulletin on Advances in Carbon Nanotubes. Essentially, carbon nanotubes are self-assembling nanostructures constructed of sheets of hexagonal-shaped carbon atoms rolled up into cylinders. Carbon nanotubes have attracted a great deal of attention as model systems for nanoscience and for potential applications. The special interest in carbon nanotubes stems from their unique structure and properties: their very small size (down to ∼0.42 nm in diameter); the possibility for carbon nanotubes to be metallic or semiconducting, depending on their geometrical structure; their exceptional properties of ballistic transport; their extremely high thermal conductivity and high optical polarizability; and the possibilities of high structural perfection. Research in the carbon nanotube field has now advanced to the stage where a good understanding of the structure and many of the basic properties are in place, together with much appreciation of their interrelation. On the other hand, major gaps in basic knowledge remain, with the major obstacles confronting the carbon nanotube field being the lack of a detailed understanding of the nanotube growth mechanism and control of the synthesis process to produce nanotubes with a desired diameter and chirality. The brief review of the carbon nanotube field by leading experts in this issue comes at an opportune time. Many exciting results on the structural, electronic, optical, and transport properties of these tiny well-ordered structures have already been achieved, and the research is well enough developed to assess present progress and identify new research directions waiting to be explored.

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Gutnik, I. V., T. P. Dyachkova, A. V. Rukhov, E. A. Burakova, E. N. Tugolukov, S. Yu Alekseev, B. B. Kodirov, and G. A. Titova. "Polyaniline/Carbon Nanotubes Composites: Kinetic Laws of Synthesis, Morphology and Properties." Advanced Materials & Technologies, no. 4 (2018): 054–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/amt.2018.04.pp.054-068.

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Hayashi, Ya, Ya Masaki, and R. Yamada. "Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Dusty Glow-Discharge Plasma." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 59, no. 4 (April 2014): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe59.04.0411.

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Shiratori, Tatsuya, Ichiro Yamane, Shoto Nodo, Ryo Ota, Takashi Yanase, Taro Nagahama, Yasunori Yamamoto, and Toshihiro Shimada. "Synthesis of Boron Nitride Nanotubes Using Plasma-Assisted CVD Catalyzed by Cu Nanoparticles and Oxygen." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030651.

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We found that oxidized Cu nanoparticles can catalyze the growth of boron nitride nanotubes from borazine via plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition. The Raman spectra suggest that the formation of thin-walled nanotubes show a radial breathing mode vibration. The presence of oxygen in the plasma environment was necessary for the growth of the nanotubes, and a part of the nanotubes had a core shell structure with a cupper species inside it. In atomic resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) images, Cu2O was found at the interface between the Cu-core and turbostratic BN-shell. The growth mechanism seemed different from that of carbon nanotube core-shell structures. Therefore, we pointed out the important role of the dynamic morphological change in the Cu2O-Cu system.

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Bavykin, Dmitry V., Barbara A. Cressey, and Frank C. Walsh. "Low-Temperature Synthesis of Titanate Nanotubes in Aqueous KOH." Australian Journal of Chemistry 60, no. 2 (2007): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch06359.

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Although hydrothermal alkaline treatment of TiO2 in a concentrated, aqueous solution of KOH usually results in the formation of solid fibrous titanates, analysis of the temperature dependence of Ti(iv) concentration in KOH solution and comparison of these data with that for NaOH solution suggests that, at low temperatures, the treatment of TiO2 with KOH may result in formation of titanate nanotubes. This result was confirmed by 12 days treatment of TiO2 in 10 mol dm–3 KOH at 56°C, resulting in the formation of nanotubular titanates with similar morphology to those produced in a shorter time at higher temperatures using NaOH. The mechanism of nanotube formation and the necessary conditions of nanotube phase formation are considered.

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Scott, Lawrence T. "Methods for the chemical synthesis of carbon nanotubes: an approach based on hemispherical polyarene templates." Pure and Applied Chemistry 89, no. 6 (June 27, 2017): 809–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-1222.

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AbstractHemispherical polyarenes represent attractive templates from which carbon nanotubes of the same diameter and rim structure (chirality) might be grown by repetitive annulation reactions. The resulting single-index (n,m) nanotubes would have one end open and the other end capped by the original template. Efforts in the author’s laboratory to synthesize (5,5) and (6,6) nanotube end-caps are described. Nitroethylene is shown to serve well as a “masked acetylene” for the conversion of polyarene bay regions into new unsubstituted benzene rings by a Diels-Alder cycloaddition/aromatization process. Benzyne reacts similarly, both in solution and in the gas phase. These annulation reactions are proposed as methods for elongating large-diameter templates that have bay regions on their rims into structurally uniform, single-walled carbon nanotubes. Unfortunately, the bay regions on the strongly curved rim of the small-diameter (5,5) nanotube end-cap 3 resist Diels-Alder cycloadditions with both nitroethylene and benzyne. Pentabenzocorannulene (14) is proposed as a promising candidate for surface-catalyzed cyclodehydrogenation to a surface-bound hemispherical polyarene that could serve as a template for synthesis of pure (5,5) carbon nanotubes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nanotubes – Synthesis'

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