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1
Liu, Jinjin, and Xiangheng Niu. "Rational Design of Nanozymes Enables Advanced Biochemical Sensing." Chemosensors 10, no. 10 (September 23, 2022): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10100386.
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In comparison with bioenzymes, nanozymes exhibit excellent robustness against extreme conditions, a low production cost, and easy-to-adjust properties, as well as potential versatility. These superiorities have attracted abundant interest in the last 15 years, to develop various nanozymes for applications including analytical sensing, environmental engineering, and biomedicine. In particular, for analytical sensing, a lot of nanozyme-involved principles and methods have been explored and applied to clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, food safety detection, and forensic analysis. Moreover, rational exploitation and use of nanozyme materials promote the performance of analytical methods. To highlight the latest progress in this attractive field, recent design concepts of nanozymes for advanced biochemical sensing are summarized. The development of single-atom nanozymes, self-cascade nanozymes, structurally biomimetic nanozymes, molecularly imprinted nanozymes, nanozymes breaking the pH limit, and multifunctional nanozymes is discussed in detail, to enhance detection sensitivity and selectivity, as well as expand application scenarios. Finally, some challenges and trends related to nanozyme-based sensors are reported, to satisfy the increasing needs of biochemical analysis with nanozymes.
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Wang, Xin, Yuancong Xu, Nan Cheng, Xinxian Wang, Kunlun Huang, and Yunbo Luo. "Recent Advances in Nucleic Acid Modulation for Functional Nanozyme." Catalysts 11, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11050638.
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Nanozymes have the potential to replace natural enzymes, so they are widely used in energy conversion technologies such as biosensors and signal transduction (converting biological signals of a target into optical, electrical, or metabolic signals). The participation of nucleic acids leads nanozymes to produce richer interface effects and gives energy conversion events more attractive characteristics, creating what are called “functional nanozymes”. Since different nanozymes have different internal structures and external morphological characteristics, functional modulation needs to be compatible with these properties, and attention needs to be paid to the influence of nucleic acids on nanozyme activity. In this review, “functional nanozymes” are divided into three categories, (nanozyme precursor ion)/ (nucleic acid) self-assembly, nanozyme-nucleic acid irreversible binding, and nanozyme-nucleic acid reversible binding, and the effects of nucleic acids on modulation principles are summarized. Then, the latest developments of nucleic acid-modulated nanozymes are reviewed in terms of their use in energy conversion technology, and their conversion mechanisms are critically discussed. Finally, we outline the advantages and limitations of “functional nanozymes” and discuss the future development prospects and challenges in this field.
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Li, Dan, Ling Xia, and Gongke Li. "Recent Progress on the Applications of Nanozyme in Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering." Chemosensors 10, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10110462.
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Nanozymes are nanomaterial with natural enzyme-like activity and can catalyze specific reactions for analyte identification and detection. Compared to natural enzymes, they have several benefits, including being steady, low-cost, easy to prepare and store. Based on the promising development of nanozymes in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), this paper reviews the classification of different types of nanozymes in SERS, including metal-based nanozyme, carbon-based nanozyme, metal-organic framework (MOF)/covalent organic framework (COF)-based nanozyme, and semiconductor-based nanozyme, followed by a detailed overview of their SERS applications in disease diagnosis, food safety, and environmental safety. Finally, this paper discusses the practical shortcomings of nanozymes in SERS applications and makes some suggestions for further research.
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Luo, Yaying, Haiming Luo, Sijia Zou, Jing Jiang, Demin Duan, Lei Chen, and Lizeng Gao. "An In Situ Study on Nanozyme Performance to Optimize Nanozyme-Strip for Aβ Detection." Sensors 23, no. 7 (March 24, 2023): 3414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073414.
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The nanozyme-strip is a novel POCT technology which is different from the conventional colloidal gold strip. It primarily utilizes the catalytic activity of nanozyme to achieve a high-sensitivity detection of target by amplifying the detection signal. However, previous research has chiefly focused on optimizing nanozyme-strip from the perspective of increasing nanozyme activity, little is known about other physicochemical factors. In this work, three sizes of Fe3O4 nanozyme and three sizes of CoFe2O4 nanozyme were used to investigate the key factors of nanozyme-strip for optimizing and improving its detection performance. We found that three sizes of Fe3O4 nanozyme all gather at the bottom of the nitrocellulose (NC) membrane, and three sizes of CoFe2O4 nanozyme migrate smoothly on the NC membrane, respectively. After color development, the surface of NC membranes distributed with CoFe2O4 peroxidase nanozymes had significant color change. Experimental results show that CoFe2O4 nanozymes had better dispersity than Fe3O4 nanozymes in an aqueous solution. We observed that CoFe2O4 nanozymes with smaller particle size migrated to the middle of the NC membrane with a higher number of particles. According to the results above, 55 ± 6 nm CoFe2O4 nanozyme was selected to prepare the nanozyme probe and achieved a highly sensitive detection of Aβ42Os on the nanozyme-strip. These results suggest that nanozyme should be comprehensively evaluated in its dispersity, the migration on NC membrane, and the peroxidase-like activity to determine whether it can be applied to nanozyme-strip.
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Kurup, Chitra Padmakumari, and Minhaz Uddin Ahmed. "Nanozymes towards Personalized Diagnostics: A Recent Progress in Biosensing." Biosensors 13, no. 4 (April 5, 2023): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13040461.
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This review highlights the recent advancements in the field of nanozymes and their applications in the development of point-of-care biosensors. The use of nanozymes as enzyme-mimicking components in biosensing systems has led to improved performance and miniaturization of these sensors. The unique properties of nanozymes, such as high stability, robustness, and surface tunability, make them an attractive alternative to traditional enzymes in biosensing applications. Researchers have explored a wide range of nanomaterials, including metals, metal oxides, and metal–organic frameworks, for the development of nanozyme-based biosensors. Different sensing strategies, such as colorimetric, fluorescent, electrochemical and SERS, have been implemented using nanozymes as signal-producing components. Despite the numerous advantages, there are also challenges associated with nanozyme-based biosensors, including stability and specificity, which need to be addressed for their wider applications. The future of nanozyme-based biosensors looks promising, with the potential to bring a paradigm shift in biomolecular sensing. The development of highly specific, multi-enzyme mimicking nanozymes could lead to the creation of highly sensitive and low-biofouling biosensors. Integration of nanozymes into point-of-care diagnostics promises to revolutionize healthcare by improving patient outcomes and reducing costs while enhancing the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic tools.
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Zhu, Weisheng, Luyao Wang, Qisi Li, Lizhi Jiao, Xiaokan Yu, Xiangfan Gao, Hao Qiu, Zhijun Zhang, and Wei Bing. "Will the Bacteria Survive in the CeO2 Nanozyme-H2O2 System?" Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 19, 2021): 3747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123747.
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As one of the nanostructures with enzyme-like activity, nanozymes have recently attracted extensive attention for their biomedical applications, especially for bacterial disinfection treatment. Nanozymes with high peroxidase activity are considered to be excellent candidates for building bacterial disinfection systems (nanozyme-H2O2), in which the nanozyme will promote the generation of ROS to kill bacteria based on the decomposition of H2O2. According to this criterion, a cerium oxide nanoparticle (Nanoceria, CeO2, a classical nanozyme with high peroxidase activity)-based nanozyme-H2O2 system would be very efficient for bacterial disinfection. However, CeO2 is a nanozyme with multiple enzyme-like activities. In addition to high peroxidase activity, CeO2 nanozymes also possess high superoxide dismutase activity and antioxidant activity, which can act as a ROS scavenger. Considering the fact that CeO2 nanozymes have both the activity to promote ROS production and the opposite activity for ROS scavenging, it is worth exploring which activity will play the dominating role in the CeO2-H2O2 system, as well as whether it will protect bacteria or produce an antibacterial effect. In this work, we focused on this discussion to unveil the role of CeO2 in the CeO2-H2O2 system, so that it can provide valuable knowledge for the design of a nanozyme-H2O2-based antibacterial system.
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Stasyuk, Nataliya, Oleh Smutok, Olha Demkiv, Tetiana Prokopiv, Galina Gayda, Marina Nisnevitch, and Mykhailo Gonchar. "Synthesis, Catalytic Properties and Application in Biosensorics of Nanozymes and Electronanocatalysts: A Review." Sensors 20, no. 16 (August 12, 2020): 4509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164509.
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The current review is devoted to nanozymes, i.e., nanostructured artificial enzymes which mimic the catalytic properties of natural enzymes. Use of the term “nanozyme” in the literature as indicating an enzyme is not always justified. For example, it is used inappropriately for nanomaterials bound with electrodes that possess catalytic activity only when applying an electric potential. If the enzyme-like activity of such a material is not proven in solution (without applying the potential), such a catalyst should be named an “electronanocatalyst”, not a nanozyme. This paper presents a review of the classification of the nanozymes, their advantages vs. natural enzymes, and potential practical applications. Special attention is paid to nanozyme synthesis methods (hydrothermal and solvothermal, chemical reduction, sol-gel method, co-precipitation, polymerization/polycondensation, electrochemical deposition). The catalytic performance of nanozymes is characterized, a critical point of view on catalytic parameters of nanozymes described in scientific papers is presented and typical mistakes are analyzed. The central part of the review relates to characterization of nanozymes which mimic natural enzymes with analytical importance (“nanoperoxidase”, “nanooxidases”, “nanolaccase”) and their use in the construction of electro-chemical (bio)sensors (“nanosensors”).
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Wang, Lijun, Hong Zhou, Haixia Hu, Qin Wang, and Xianggui Chen. "Regulation Mechanism of ssDNA Aptamer in Nanozymes and Application of Nanozyme-Based Aptasensors in Food Safety." Foods 11, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11040544.
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Food safety issues are a worldwide concern. Pathogens, toxins, pesticides, veterinary drugs, heavy metals, and illegal additives are frequently reported to contaminate food and pose a serious threat to human health. Conventional detection methods have difficulties fulfilling the requirements for food development in a modern society. Therefore, novel rapid detection methods are urgently needed for on-site and rapid screening of massive food samples. Due to the extraordinary properties of nanozymes and aptamers, biosensors composed of both of them provide considerable advantages in analytical performances, including sensitivity, specificity, repeatability, and accuracy. They are considered a promising complementary detection method on top of conventional ones for the rapid and accurate detection of food contaminants. In recent years, we have witnessed a flourishing of analytical strategies based on aptamers and nanozymes for the detection of food contaminants, especially novel detection models based on the regulation by single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) of nanozyme activity. However, the applications of nanozyme-based aptasensors in food safety are seldom reviewed. Thus, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive review on nanozyme-based aptasensors in food safety, which are arranged according to the different interaction modes of ssDNA and nanozymes: aptasensors based on nanozyme activity either inhibited or enhanced by ssDNA, nanozymes as signal tags, and other methods. Before introducing the nanozyme-based aptasensors, the regulation by ssDNA of nanozyme activity via diverse factors is discussed systematically for precisely tailoring nanozyme activity in biosensors. Furthermore, current challenges are emphasized, and future perspectives are discussed.
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WANG, Erkang. "(Keynote, Digital Presentation) A Study of Nanozyme-Based Biosensor." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 53 (July 7, 2022): 2193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01532193mtgabs.
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Nanozymes have attracted significant research interest over the world due to their simple preparation, storage, as well as the low-cost compared with natural enzymes. We started to study nanozymes over 10 years ago [1-8]. A few examples of novel nanozymes from our laboratory are shown: 1, NiPd hNPs exhibited triple-enzyme mimetic activities (oxidase-like, peroxidase-like and catalase-like activities). 2, Fe3O4 NPs on 3D porous graphene exhibited enhanced nanozyme activity and used for glucose determination. 3, GOx@ZIF-8(NiPd) nanoflower exhibiting tandem catalysis has been firstly proposed. Recently, a new nanozyme based on a bionic zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) has the active center similar to hCAII, showing hCA as well as esterase and acetylcholinesterase-like activities. A new class of single-atom nanozymes, as FeN5 SA/CNF, with atomically dispersed enzyme-like active sites in nanomaterials has been discovered. The defined single-atom nanozymes provide a new perspective to the catalytic mechanism and rational design of nanozymes and exhibit great potential to become the next-generation nanozymes. References H. Wei, E. K. Wang, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, 42, 6060-6093. H. Wei, E. K. Wang, Anal. Chem., 2008, 80, 2250-2254. Q. Wang, X. Zhang, L. Huang, Z. Zhang, S. J. Dong, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2017, 56, 16082. S. L. Rong, Y. C. Huang, J. W. Liu, E. K. Wang, H. Wei, Prog. Biochem. Biophys. 2018, 45, 129-147. Q. Wang, H. Wei, Z. Zhang, E. K. Wang, S. J. Dong, Trends Anal. Chem., 2018, 105, 218-224. WW. Wu, L. Huang, EK. Wang, SJ. Dong, Chem. Sci. 2020 11, 9741-9756. J. X. Chen, L. Huang, Q. Q. Wang, W. W. Wu, H. Zhang, Y. X. Fang, S. J. Dong, Nanoscale, 2019, 11, 5960-5966. L. Huang, J. X. Chen, L. F. Gan, J. Wang, S. J. Dong , Sci. Adv. 2019, 5, eaav5490. Acknowledgment This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and The Ministry of Science and Technology of China All coworkers in this laboratory are appreciated for their effort in this area Key words Nanozymes, NiPd NPs, GOx@ZIF-8(NiPd) nanoflower, ZIF-8, acetylcholinesterase-like nanozyme , single-atom nanozyme- FeN5 SA/CNF
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Khramtsov, Pavel, Maria Kropaneva, Maria Bochkova, Valeria Timganova, Dmitriy Kiselkov, Svetlana Zamorina, and Mikhail Rayev. "Synthesis and Application of Albumin Nanoparticles Loaded with Prussian Blue Nanozymes." Colloids and Interfaces 6, no. 2 (May 8, 2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids6020029.
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Prussian blue nanozymes exhibit peroxidase-like catalytic activity and are therefore considered a stable and inexpensive alternative to natural peroxidases in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this work, we propose a robust method of Prussian blue nanozyme functionalization, which relies on the entrapment of nanozymes into albumin nanoparticles. The principle of the method is the addition of ethanol to a solution that contains albumin and nanozymes. At a high ethanol concentration solubility of albumin decreases, resulting in the formation of albumin nanoparticles loaded with nanozymes. The hydrodynamic diameter of nanoparticles was between 120 and 230 nm and depended on the nanozyme-to-BSA ratio. Encapsulation efficiency of nanozymes reached 96–99% and up to 190 μg of nanozymes were loaded per 1 mg of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were stable at pH 5.5–7.5 and upon long-term storage in deionized water. Excellent reproducibility of the synthesis procedure was confirmed by the preparation of three individual batches of Prussian-blue-loaded BSA nanoparticles with almost identical properties. Nanoparticles were functionalized with monoclonal antibodies using glutaraldehyde cross-linking. The resulting conjugates were applied as labels in an ELISA-like assay of tumor marker prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The lower limit of detection was below 1 ng/mL, which enables measurement of PSA in the range of clinically relevant concentrations.
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Huang, Liang, Jinxing Chen, Linfeng Gan, Jin Wang, and Shaojun Dong. "Single-atom nanozymes." Science Advances 5, no. 5 (May 2019): eaav5490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav5490.
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Conventional nanozyme technologies face formidable challenges of intricate size-, composition-, and facet-dependent catalysis and inherently low active site density. We discovered a new class of single-atom nanozymes with atomically dispersed enzyme-like active sites in nanomaterials, which significantly enhanced catalytic performance, and uncovered the underlying mechanism. With oxidase catalysis as a model reaction, experimental studies and theoretical calculations revealed that single-atom nanozymes with carbon nanoframe–confined FeN5 active centers (FeN5 SA/CNF) catalytically behaved like the axial ligand–coordinated heme of cytochrome P450. The definite active moieties and crucial synergistic effects endow FeN5 SA/CNF with a clear electron push-effect mechanism, as well as the highest oxidase-like activity among other nanozymes (the rate constant is 70 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C) and versatile antibacterial applications. These suggest that the single-atom nanozymes have great potential to become the next-generation nanozymes.
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Hou, Li, Gaoyan Jiang, Ying Sun, Xuanhan Zhang, Juanjuan Huang, Shendong Liu, Tianran Lin, Fanggui Ye, and Shulin Zhao. "Progress and Trend on the Regulation Methods for Nanozyme Activity and Its Application." Catalysts 9, no. 12 (December 12, 2019): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9121057.
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Natural enzymes, such as biocatalysts, are widely used in biosensors, medicine and health, the environmental field, and other fields. However, it is easy for natural enzymes to lose catalytic activity due to their intrinsic shortcomings including a high purification cost, insufficient stability, and difficulties of recycling, which limit their practical applications. The unexpected discovery of the Fe3O4 nanozyme in 2007 has given rise to tremendous efforts for developing natural enzyme substitutes. Nanozymes, which are nanomaterials with enzyme-mimetic catalytic activity, can serve as ideal candidates for artificial mimic enzymes. Nanozymes possess superiorities due to their low cost, high stability, and easy preparation. Although great progress has been made in the development of nanozymes, the catalytic efficiency of existing nanozymes is relatively low compared with natural enzymes. It is still a challenging task to develop nanozymes with a precise regulation of catalytic activity. This review summarizes the classification and various strategies for modulating the activity as well as research progress in the different application fields of nanozymes. Typical examples of the recent research process of nanozymes will be presented and critically discussed.
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Shin, Ho Yun, Tae Jung Park, and Moon Il Kim. "Recent Research Trends and Future Prospects in Nanozymes." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/756278.
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Recently, nanomaterial-based enzyme mimetics (nanozymes) have attracted enormous interest. They exhibit unique advantages such as excellent robustness, stability, and low-cost production with easy scale-up, which are critically needed as an alternative to natural enzymes. These nanozymes exhibit natural enzyme-like activity and have been applied to various kinds of detection and treatment methods for biomolecules such as DNA, proteins, cells, and small molecules including glucose. To highlight progress in the field of nanozymes, this review discusses recent nanozyme-based research results and their applications for the development of novel biosensor, immunoassay, cancer diagnostics, therapeutics, and environmental engineering technologies. Current challenges and future prospects of nanozymes for widespread use in biotechnology are also discussed.
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Yan, Boyu, Ying Yang, Yinyun Xie, Jinzhao Li, and Kun Li. "Fe Doping Enhances the Peroxidase-Like Activity of CuO for Ascorbic Acid Sensing." Chemistry 5, no. 2 (May 23, 2023): 1302–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5020088.
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Although significant advances have been witnessed in the application of nanozymes in recent years, exploring new strategies to enhance the enzyme-like activity of nanozymes is of urgent importance. Herein, we investigate the feasibility of accelerating the peroxidase-like reaction rate of CuO nanostructures through Fe doping. The coprecipitation method was used to synthesize Fe-doped CuO (Fe-CuO) nanozymes, and the results indicate that the diversified valence of Fe benefits the redox reaction driven by CuO-based nanozymes. With the improved peroxidase-like activity, the Fe-CuO nanozyme enables the significant chromogenic oxidation reaction of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), facilitating the construction of a visual sensing platform for the sensitive and selective determination of ascorbic acid. Under optimal conditions, the absorbance at 652 nm decreases linearly with the concentration of ascorbic acid in the range of 5–50 μM, with a limit of detection as low as 4.66 μM. This work exemplifies the activity enhancement for peroxidase-mimicking nanozymes with a metal-doping strategy and provides a broad prospect for the design of more high-performance nanozymes for biosensing applications.
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Zha, Junqi, Wugao Wu, Peng Xie, Honghua Han, Zheng Fang, Yantao Chen, and Zhongfan Jia. "Polymeric Nanocapsule Enhances the Peroxidase-like Activity of Fe3O4 Nanozyme for Removing Organic Dyes." Catalysts 12, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12060614.
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Peroxidase-like nanozymes are nanoscale materials that can closely mimic the activity of natural peroxidase for a range of oxidation reactions. Surface coating with polymer nanogels has been considered to prevent the aggregation of nanozymes. For a long time, the understanding of polymer coating has been largely limited to its stabilization effect on the nanozyme in aqueous media, while little is known about how polymer coating plays a role in interaction with substrates and primary oxidants to dictate the catalytic process. This work reported a facile sequential modification of Fe3O4 nanoparticles to polyacrylamide coated nanozymes, and as low as 112 mg/L samples with only 5 mg/L Fe3O4 could nearly quantitatively (99%) remove a library of organic dyes with either H2O2 or Na2S2O8 as primary oxidants. The catalytic results and molecular simulation provide both experimental and computational evidence that the hydrogen bonding interaction between the reactant and nanozymes is key for the high local concentration hence catalytic efficiency. We envision that this work, for the first time, provides some insights into the role of polymer coating in enhancing the catalytic activity of nanozyme apart from the well-known water dispersity effect.
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Liyanage, Piyumi Dinusha, Pabudi Weerathunge, Mandeep Singh, Vipul Bansal, and Rajesh Ramanathan. "L-Cysteine as an Irreversible Inhibitor of the Peroxidase-Mimic Catalytic Activity of 2-Dimensional Ni-Based Nanozymes." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051285.
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The ability to modulate the catalytic activity of inorganic nanozymes is of high interest. In particular, understanding the interactions of inhibitor molecules with nanozymes can bring them one step closer to the natural enzymes and has thus started to attract intense interest. To date, a few reversible inhibitors of the nanozyme activity have been reported. However, there are no reports of irreversible inhibitor molecules that can permanently inhibit the activity of nanozymes. In the current work, we show the ability of L-cysteine to act as an irreversible inhibitor to permanently block the nanozyme activity of 2-dimensional (2D) NiO nanosheets. Determination of the steady state kinetic parameters allowed us to obtain mechanistic insights into the catalytic inhibition process. Further, based on the irreversible catalytic inhibition capability of L-cysteine, we demonstrate a highly specific sensor for the detection of this biologically important molecule.
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Ma, Tianyi, Kunlun Huang, and Nan Cheng. "Recent Advances in Nanozyme-Mediated Strategies for Pathogen Detection and Control." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 17 (August 28, 2023): 13342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713342.
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Pathogen detection and control have long presented formidable challenges in the domains of medicine and public health. This review paper underscores the potential of nanozymes as emerging bio-mimetic enzymes that hold promise in effectively tackling these challenges. The key features and advantages of nanozymes are introduced, encompassing their comparable catalytic activity to natural enzymes, enhanced stability and reliability, cost effectiveness, and straightforward preparation methods. Subsequently, the paper delves into the detailed utilization of nanozymes for pathogen detection. This includes their application as biosensors, facilitating rapid and sensitive identification of diverse pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and plasmodium. Furthermore, the paper explores strategies employing nanozymes for pathogen control, such as the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), HOBr/Cl regulation, and clearance of extracellular DNA to impede pathogen growth and transmission. The review underscores the vast potential of nanozymes in pathogen detection and control through numerous specific examples and case studies. The authors highlight the efficiency, rapidity, and specificity of pathogen detection achieved with nanozymes, employing various strategies. They also demonstrate the feasibility of nanozymes in hindering pathogen growth and transmission. These innovative approaches employing nanozymes are projected to provide novel options for early disease diagnoses, treatment, and prevention. Through a comprehensive discourse on the characteristics and advantages of nanozymes, as well as diverse application approaches, this paper serves as a crucial reference and guide for further research and development in nanozyme technology. The expectation is that such advancements will significantly contribute to enhancing disease control measures and improving public health outcomes.
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Chi, Lili, Yuetong Zhang, Yusheng Hua, Qiqi Xu, Mingzhu Lv, Huan Wang, Jiani Xie, Shengtao Yang, and Yuan Yong. "Fe-Based Single-Atom Nanozyme with Superior Peroxidase-Mimicking Activity for Enhanced Ultrasensitive Biosensing." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 6126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19533.
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Nanomaterials with intrinsic enzyme-mimicking characteristics, refered to as nanozymes, have become a hot research topic owing to their unique advantages of comparative low cost, high stability and large-scale preparation. Among them, Single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes), as novel nanozymes with abundant atomically dispersed active sites, have caused specific attention in the development of nanozymes for their remarkable catalytic activities, maximum atomic utilization and excellent selectivity, the homogeneous catalytic sites and clear catalytic mechanisms. Herein, a novel single-atom nanozyme based on Fe(III)-doped polydiaminopyridine nanofusiforms (Fe-PDAP SAzyme) was successfully proposed via facile oxidation polymerization strategy. With well-defined coordination structure and abundant Fe-Nx active sites similar to natural metalloproteases, the Fe-PDAP SAzyme exhibits superior peroxidase-like activity by efficiently decomposing H2O2 for hydroxyl radical (.OH) species formation. Based on their superior peroxidase-like activity, colorimetric biosensing of H2O2 and glucose in vitro was performed by using a typical 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine through a multienzyme biocatalytic cascade platform, exhibiting the superior specificity and sensitivity. This work not only provides a novel promising SAzyme-based biosensor but also paves an avenue for evaluating enzyme activity and broadens the application of other nanozyme-based biosensors in the fields of biomedical diagnosis.
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Zhu, Hengjia, Peng Liu, Lizhang Xu, Xin Li, Panwang Hu, Bangxiang Liu, Jianming Pan, Fu Yang, and Xiangheng Niu. "Nanozyme-Participated Biosensing of Pesticides and Cholinesterases: A Critical Review." Biosensors 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11100382.
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To improve the output and quality of agricultural products, pesticides are globally utilized as an efficient tool to protect crops from insects. However, given that most pesticides used are difficult to decompose, they inevitably remain in agricultural products and are further enriched into food chains and ecosystems, posing great threats to human health and the environment. Thus, developing efficient methods and tools to monitor pesticide residues and related biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase and butylcholinesterase) became quite significant. With the advantages of excellent stability, tailorable catalytic performance, low cost, and easy mass production, nanomaterials with enzyme-like properties (nanozymes) are extensively utilized in fields ranging from biomedicine to environmental remediation. Especially, with the catalytic nature to offer amplified signals for highly sensitive detection, nanozymes were finding potential applications in the sensing of various analytes, including pesticides and their biomarkers. To highlight the progress in this field, here the sensing principles of pesticides and cholinesterases based on nanozyme catalysis are definitively summarized, and emerging detection methods and technologies with the participation of nanozymes are critically discussed. Importantly, typical examples are introduced to reveal the promising use of nanozymes. Also, some challenges in the field and future trends are proposed, with the hope of inspiring more efforts to advance nanozyme-involved sensors for pesticides and cholinesterases.
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Xie, Jiaying, Yiliang Jin, Kelong Fan, and Xiyun Yan. "The prototypes of nanozyme-based nanorobots." Biophysics Reports 6, no. 6 (November 20, 2020): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41048-020-00125-8.
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AbstractArtificial nanorobot is a type of robots designed for executing complex tasks at nanoscale. The nanorobot system is typically consisted of four systems, including logic control, driving, sensing and functioning. Considering the subtle structure and complex functionality of nanorobot, the manufacture of nanorobots requires designable, controllable and multi-functional nanomaterials. Here, we propose that nanozyme is a promising candidate for fabricating nanorobots due to its unique properties, including flexible designs, controllable enzyme-like activities, and nano-sized physicochemical characters. Nanozymes may participate in one system or even combine several systems of nanorobots. In this review, we summarize the advances on nanozyme-based systems for fabricating nanorobots, and prospect the future directions of nanozyme for constructing nanorobots. We hope that the unique properties of nanozymes will provide novel ideas for designing and fabricating nanorobotics.
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Wu, Yingfen, Diane C. Darland, and Julia Xiaojun Zhao. "Nanozymes—Hitting the Biosensing “Target”." Sensors 21, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 5201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155201.
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Nanozymes are a class of artificial enzymes that have dimensions in the nanometer range and can be composed of simple metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, metal nanoclusters, dots (both quantum and carbon), nanotubes, nanowires, or multiple metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). They exhibit excellent catalytic activities with low cost, high operational robustness, and a stable shelf-life. More importantly, they are amenable to modifications that can change their surface structures and increase the range of their applications. There are three main classes of nanozymes including the peroxidase-like, the oxidase-like, and the antioxidant nanozymes. Each of these classes catalyzes a specific group of reactions. With the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, the variety of applications for nanozymes in diverse fields has expanded dramatically, with the most popular applications in biosensing. Nanozyme-based novel biosensors have been designed to detect ions, small molecules, nucleic acids, proteins, and cancer cells. The current review focuses on the catalytic mechanism of nanozymes, their application in biosensing, and the identification of future directions for the field.
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Yu, Yijun, Sheng Zhao, Deao Gu, Bijun Zhu, Hanxiao Liu, Wenlei Wu, Jiangjiexing Wu, Hui Wei, and Leiying Miao. "Cerium oxide nanozyme attenuates periodontal bone destruction by inhibiting the ROS–NFκB pathway." Nanoscale 14, no. 7 (2022): 2628–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nr06043k.
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Huang, Shihui, Shuqi Jiang, Hong Liu, Jiali Cai, Gengjia Chen, Junyao Xu, Dan Kai, Pengli Bai, Ruiping Zhou, and Zhiyong Wang. "Facile Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanozymes for Synergistically Colorimetric and Magnetic Resonance Detection Strategy." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 17, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 582–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2021.3049.
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Iron oxide nanomaterials with mimic enzymes activity have been paid more attention in the clinical diagnosis field. The modified surface molecules would influence the catalytic activity of nanozyme, which is worth studying. Furthermore, the traditional detection strategy is based on colorimetric change of substrates, however, the optical signal is easy to be interfered in complex biological applications. In our research, an efficient and facile preparation strategy was developed to obtain functional artificial nanozymes. Herein, three kinds of surfactants, including citrate acid, poly(ethylene glycol) bis (carboxymethyl) ether and tannic acid have been applied to modify these nanomaterials that showed uniform size, high soluble dispersity and stability. Furthermore, these nanozymes exhibited different peroxidase-like activity to catalyze the hydrogen peroxide and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine. More importantly, magnetic relaxation effect of iron oxide nanozymes was found to be changed during the catalytic reaction. In addition, the relationship between the magnetic signal of nanozymes and the substrate concentration showed a good linear dependence. Combined with the natural enzymes, the magnetic detection of iron oxide nanozymes also exhibited excellent substrate specificity. On these bases, a dual-function specific assay was constructed and further used for glucose detection. In conclusion, this study demonstrated an efficient iron oxide nanozymes preparation method and constructed a new synergistically colorimetric-magnetic diagnosis strategy.
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Wu, Weiwei, Liang Huang, Erkang Wang, and Shaojun Dong. "Atomic engineering of single-atom nanozymes for enzyme-like catalysis." Chemical Science 11, no. 36 (2020): 9741–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc03522j.
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Tong, Liu, Lina Wu, Enben Su, Yan Li, and Ning Gu. "Recent Advances in the Application of Nanozymes in Amperometric Sensors: A Review." Chemosensors 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2023): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11040233.
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Amperometric sensors evaluate current changes that occur as a result of redox reactions under constant applied potential. These changes in current intensity are stoichiometrically related to the concentration of analytes. Owing to their unique features, such as fast reaction velocity, high specificity, abundant existence in nature, and feasibility to be immobilized, enzymes are widely used by researchers to improve the performance of amperometric sensors. Unfortunately, natural enzymes have intrinsic disadvantages due to their protein structures. To overcome these proteinic drawbacks, scientists have developed nanozymes, which are nanomaterials with enzymatic properties. As the result of significant advances in materiology and analytical science, great progress has been achieved in the development of nanozyme-based amperometric sensors with outstanding performance. To highlight achievements made in recent years, we first summarize the development directions of nanozyme-based amperometric sensors. Then, H2O2 sensors, glucose sensors, sensors combining natural enzymes with nanozymes, and sensors targeting untraditional specific targets will be introduced in detail. Finally, the current challenges regarding the nanozymes utilized in amperometric sensors are discussed and future research directions in this area are suggested.
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Wang, Zhiyi, Ziyuan Li, Zhaoli Sun, Shuren Wang, Zeeshan Ali, Sihao Zhu, Sha Liu, et al. "Visualization nanozyme based on tumor microenvironment “unlocking” for intensive combination therapy of breast cancer." Science Advances 6, no. 48 (November 2020): eabc8733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc8733.
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Nanozymes as artificial enzymes that mimicked natural enzyme–like activities have received great attention in cancer therapy. However, it remains a great challenge to design nanozymes that precisely exert its activity in tumor without producing off-target toxicity to surrounding normal tissues. Here, we report a synergetic enhancement strategy through the combination between nanozyme and tumor vascular normalization to destruct tumors, which was based on tumor microenvironment (TME) “unlocking.” This nanozyme that we developed not only has photothermal properties but also can produce reactive oxygen species efficiently under the stimulation of TME. Moreover, this nanozyme also showed remarkable imaging performance in fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared region and magnetic resonance imaging for visualization tracing in vivo. The process of combination therapy showed remarkable therapeutic effect for breast cancer. This study provides a therapeutic strategy by the cooperation between multifunctional nanozyme and tumor vascular normalization for intensive combination therapy of breast cancer.
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Shen, Bowen, Molan Qing, Liying Zhu, Yuxian Wang, and Ling Jiang. "Dual-Enzyme Cascade Composed of Chitosan Coated FeS2 Nanozyme and Glucose Oxidase for Sensitive Glucose Detection." Molecules 28, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031357.
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Immobilizing enzymes with nanozymes to catalyze cascade reactions overcomes many of the shortcomings of biological enzymes in industrial manufacturing. In the study, glucose oxidases were covalently bound to FeS2 nanozymes as immobilization carriers while chitosan encapsulation increased the activity and stability of the immobilized enzymes. The immobilized enzymes exhibited a 10% greater increase in catalytic efficiency than the free enzymes while also being more stable and catalytically active in environments with an alkaline pH of 9.0 and a high temperature of 100 °C. Additionally, the FeS2 nanozyme-driven double-enzyme cascade reaction showed high glucose selectivity, even in the presence of lactose, dopamine, and uric acid, with a limit of detection (LOD) (S/N = 3) as low as 1.9 × 10−6 M. This research demonstrates that nanozymes may be employed as ideal carriers for biological enzymes and that the nanozymes can catalyze cascade reactions together with natural enzymes, offering new insights into interactions between natural and synthetic biosystems.
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Liu, Yuxiang. "The Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide by MOF-Based Nanoparticles with Micro Morphology Analysis by Transmission Electron Microscope." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2083, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2083/2/022015.
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Abstract MOF materials are new types of nanozymes with catalytic activities. Herein, a nanozyme with peroxidase-like activities was synthesized and took on a cube-like morphology. Besides, the best environment and the detection limit of the nanozyme for hydrogen peroxide were also achieved through experiments.
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Niu, Xiangheng, Bangxiang Liu, Panwang Hu, Hengjia Zhu, and Mengzhu Wang. "Nanozymes with Multiple Activities: Prospects in Analytical Sensing." Biosensors 12, no. 4 (April 16, 2022): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12040251.
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Given the superiorities in catalytic stability, production cost and performance tunability over natural bio-enzymes, artificial nanomaterials featuring enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes) have drawn extensive attention from the academic community in the past decade. With these merits, they are intensively tested for sensing, biomedicine and environmental engineering. Especially in the analytical sensing field, enzyme mimics have found wide use for biochemical detection, environmental monitoring and food analysis. More fascinatingly, rational design enables one fabrication of enzyme-like materials with versatile activities, which show great promise for further advancement of the nanozyme-involved biochemical sensing field. To understand the progress in such an exciting field, here we offer a review of nanozymes with multiple catalytic activities and their analytical application prospects. The main types of enzyme-mimetic activities are first introduced, followed by a summary of current strategies that can be employed to design multi-activity nanozymes. In particular, typical materials with at least two enzyme-like activities are reviewed. Finally, opportunities for multi-activity nanozymes applied in the sensing field are discussed, and potential challenges are also presented, to better guide the development of analytical methods and sensors using nanozymes with different catalytic features.
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Zhong, Yihong, Xiao Tang, Juan Li, Qingchun Lan, Lingfeng Min, Chuanli Ren, Xiaoya Hu, Rebeca M. Torrente-Rodríguez, Wei Gao, and Zhanjun Yang. "A nanozyme tag enabled chemiluminescence imaging immunoassay for multiplexed cytokine monitoring." Chemical Communications 54, no. 98 (2018): 13813–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc07779g.
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We propose a new concept of a chemiluminescence imaging nanozyme immunoassay (CINIA), in which nanozymes are exploited as catalytic tags for simultaneous and high-throughput multiplex detection of cytokines.
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Ge, Haoran, and Hailong Zhang. "Fungus-Based MnO/Porous Carbon Nanohybrid as Efficient Laccase Mimic for Oxygen Reduction Catalysis and Hydroquinone Detection." Nanomaterials 12, no. 9 (May 8, 2022): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12091596.
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Developing efficient laccase-mimicking nanozymes via a facile and sustainable strategy is intriguing in environmental sensing and fuel cells. In our work, a MnO/porous carbon (MnO/PC) nanohybrid based on fungus was synthesized via a facile carbonization route. The nanohybrid was found to possess excellent laccase-mimicking activity using 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) as the substrate. Compared with the natural laccase and reported nanozymes, the MnO/PC nanozyme had much lower Km value. Furthermore, the electrochemical results show that the MnO/PC nanozyme had high electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) when it was modified on the electrode. The hybrid nanozyme could catalyze the four-electron ORR, similar to natural laccase. Moreover, hydroquinone (HQ) induced the reduction of oxABTS and caused the green color to fade, which provided colorimetric detection of HQ. A desirable linear relationship (0–50 μM) and detection limit (0.5 μM) were obtained. Our work opens a simple and sustainable avenue to develop a carbon–metal hybrid nanozyme in environment and energy applications.
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Lei, Yu, Bin He, Shujun Huang, Xinyan Chen, and Jian Sun. "Facile Fabrication of 1-Methylimidazole/Cu Nanozyme with Enhanced Laccase Activity for Fast Degradation and Sensitive Detection of Phenol Compounds." Molecules 27, no. 15 (July 23, 2022): 4712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154712.
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Facile construction of functional nanomaterials with laccase-like activity is important in sustainable chemistry since laccase is featured as an efficient and promising catalyst especially for phenolic degradation but still has the challenges of high cost, low activity, poor stability and unsatisfied recyclability. In this paper, we report a simple method to synthesize nanozymes with enhanced laccase-like activity by the self-assembly of copper ions with various imidazole derivatives. In the case of 1-methylimidazole as the ligand, the as-synthesized nanozyme (denoted as Cu-MIM) has the highest yield and best activity among the nanozymes prepared. Compared to laccase, the Km of Cu-MIM nanozyme to phenol is much lower, and the vmax is 6.8 times higher. In addition, Cu-MIM maintains excellent stability in a variety of harsh environments, such as high pH, high temperature, high salt concentration, organic solvents and long-term storage. Based on the Cu-MIM nanozyme, we established a method for quantitatively detecting phenol concentration through a smartphone, which is believed to have important applications in environmental protection, pollutant detection and other fields.
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Lang, Yihan, Biao Zhang, Danfeng Cai, Wanjun Tu, Jingyi Zhang, Xuping Shentu, Zihong Ye, and Xiaoping Yu. "Determination Methods of the Risk Factors in Food Based on Nanozymes: A Review." Biosensors 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13010069.
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Food safety issues caused by foodborne pathogens, chemical pollutants, and heavy metals have aroused widespread concern because they are closely related to human health. Nanozyme-based biosensors have excellent characteristics such as high sensitivity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness and have been used to detect the risk factors in foods. In this work, the common detection methods for pathogenic microorganisms, toxins, heavy metals, pesticide residues, veterinary drugs, and illegal additives are firstly reviewed. Then, the principles and applications of immunosensors based on various nanozymes are reviewed and explained. Applying nanozymes to the detection of pathogenic bacteria holds great potential for real-time evaluation and detection protocols for food risk factors.
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Li, Zhaoshen, Xiaochun Deng, Xiaoping Hong, and Shengfa Zhao. "Nanozyme Based on Dispersion of Hemin by Graphene Quantum Dots for Colorimetric Detection of Glutathione." Molecules 27, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 6779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206779.
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Compared with natural enzymes, nanozymes have the advantages of good catalytic performance, high stability, low cost, and can be used under extreme conditions. Preparation of highly active nanozymes through simple methods and their application in bioanalysis is highly desirable. In this work, a nanozyme based on dispersion of hemin by graphene quantum dot (GQD) is demonstrated, which enables colorimetric detection of glutathione (GSH). GQD was prepared by a one-step hydrothermal synthesis method. Hemin, the catalytic center of heme protein but with low solubility and easy aggregation that limits its catalytic activity, can be dispersed with GQD by simple sonication. The as-prepared Hemin/GQD nanocomplex had excellent peroxidase-like activity and can be applied as a nanozyme. In comparison with natural horseradish peroxidase (HRP), Hemin/GQD nanozyme exhibited a clearly reduced Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) when tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was used as the substrate. With H2O2 being the substrate, Hemin/GQD nanozyme exhibited a higher maximum reaction rate (Vmax) than HRP. The mechanisms underlying the nanozyme activity were investigated through a free radical trapping experiment. A colorimetric platform capable of sensitive detection of GSH was developed as the proof-of-concept demonstration. The linear detection range was from 1 μM to 50 μM with a low limit of detection of 200 nM (S/N = 3). Determination of GSH in serum samples was also achieved.
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Songca, Sandile Phinda. "Applications of Nanozymology in the Detection and Identification of Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 4638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094638.
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Nanozymes are synthetic nanoparticulate materials that mimic the biological activities of enzymes by virtue of their surface chemistry. Enzymes catalyze biological reactions with a very high degree of specificity. Examples include the horseradish peroxidase, lactate, glucose, and cholesterol oxidases. For this reason, many industrial uses of enzymes outside their natural environments have been developed. Similar to enzymes, many industrial applications of nanozymes have been developed and used. Unlike the enzymes, however, nanozymes are cost-effectively prepared, purified, stored, and reproducibly and repeatedly used for long periods of time. The detection and identification of pathogens is among some of the reported applications of nanozymes. Three of the methodologic milestones in the evolution of pathogen detection and identification include the incubation and growth, immunoassays and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategies. Although advances in the history of pathogen detection and identification have given rise to novel methods and devices, these are still short of the response speed, accuracy and cost required for point-of-care use. Debuting recently, nanozymology offers significant improvements in the six methodological indicators that are proposed as being key in this review, including simplicity, sensitivity, speed of response, cost, reliability, and durability of the immunoassays and PCR strategies. This review will focus on the applications of nanozymes in the detection and identification of pathogens in samples obtained from foods, natural, and clinical sources. It will highlight the impact of nanozymes in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent and PCR strategies by discussing the mechanistic improvements and the role of the design and architecture of the nanozyme nanoconjugates. Because of their contribution to world health burden, the three most important pathogens that will be considered include viruses, bacteria and fungi. Although not quite seen as pathogens, the review will also consider the detection of cancer cells and helminth parasites. The review leaves very little doubt that nanozymology has introduced remarkable advances in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and PCR strategies for detecting these five classes of pathogens. However, a gap still exists in the application of nanozymes to detect and identify fungal pathogens directly, although indirect strategies in which nanozymes are used have been reported. From a mechanistic point of view, the nanozyme technology transfer to laboratory research methods in PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay studies, and the point-of-care devices such as electronic biosensors and lateral flow detection strips, that is currently taking place, is most likely to give rise to no small revolution in each of the six methodological indicators for pathogen detection and identification. While the evidence of widespread research reports, clinical trials and point-of-care device patents support this view, the gaps that still exist point to a need for more basic research studies to be conducted on the applications of nanozymology in pathogen detection and identification. The multidisciplinary nature of the research on the application of nanozymes in the detection and identification of pathogens requires chemists and physicists for the design, fabrication, and characterization of nanozymes; microbiologists for the design, testing and analysis of the methodologies, and clinicians or clinical researchers for the evaluation of the methodologies and devices in the clinic. Many reports have also implicated required skills in mathematical modelling, and electronic engineering. While the review will conclude with a synopsis of the impact of nanozymology on the detection and identification of viruses, bacteria, fungi, cancer cells, and helminths, it will also point out opportunities that exist in basic research as well as opportunities for innovation aimed at novel laboratory methodologies and devices. In this regard there is no doubt that there are numerous unexplored research areas in the application of nanozymes for the detection of pathogens. For example, most research on the applications of nanozymes for the detection and identification of fungi is so far limited only to the detection of mycotoxins and other chemical compounds associated with fungal infection. Therefore, there is scope for exploration of the application of nanozymes in the direct detection of fungi in foods, especially in the agricultural production thereof. Many fungal species found in seeds severely compromise their use by inactivating the germination thereof. Fungi also produce mycotoxins that can severely compromise the health of humans if consumed.
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Li, Yutong, Xinhui Gu, Jiayin Zhao, and Fengna Xi. "Fabrication of a Ratiometric Fluorescence Sensor Based on Carbon Dots as Both Luminophores and Nanozymes for the Sensitive Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide." Molecules 27, no. 21 (October 30, 2022): 7379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217379.
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The construction of novel fluorescent nanozymes is highly desirable for providing new strategies for nanozyme-based sensing systems. Herein, a novel ratiometric fluorescence sensing platform was constructed based on carbon dots (CDs) as both luminophores and nanozymes, which could realize the sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). CDs with peroxidase-mimicking activity were prepared with a one-step hydrothermal method using L-histidine as an inexpensive precursor. CDs had bright blue fluorescence. Due to the pseudo-peroxidase activity, CDs catalyzed the oxidation of o-phenylenediamine (OPD) with H2O2 to generate 2,3-diaminophenolazine (DAP). The fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between CDs and DAP resulted in a decrease in the fluorescence of CDs and an increase in the fluorescence of DAP, leading to a ratiometric fluorescence system. The free radical trapping experiment was used to investigate the reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) in the catalytic process of CD nanozymes. The enzymatic parameters of CD nanozymes, including the Michaelis constant (Km) and the maximum initial reaction velocities (Vmax), were investigated. A good affinity for both OPD and H2O2 substrates was proven. Based on the FRET between CDs and OPD, a ratiometric fluorescence analysis of H2O2 was achieved and results ranged from 1 to 20 μM and 20 to 200 μM with a low limit of detection (LOD, 0.42 μM). The detection of H2O2 in milk was also achieved.
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Qingzhi, Wu, Sijia Zou, Qian Wang, Lei Chen, Xiyun Yan, and Lizeng Gao. "Catalytic defense against fungal pathogens using nanozymes." Nanotechnology Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2021-0084.
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Abstract Fungal infections are still a major challenge for clinics, resulting from the resistance of drug-resistant fungi and the toxicity of antifungal drugs. Defense against fungal invasions via enzymatic catalysis has been found in nature. The use of nanozymes, as artificial enzyme mimics, may be a promising strategy to induce fungal death due to their advantages such as tunable catalytic activity, high stability, low cost, and easy preparation. Here, the importance of natural enzymes in the defense against fungi is outlined. The progress in antifungal performance and potential application of nanozymes and the related antifungal mechanisms are also summarized. Finally, the perspective and challenges in this field for future study, pointing out that nanozyme-based catalytic therapy represents a promising alternative strategy for antifungal treatment, are highlighted.
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Le, Phan Gia, and Moon Il Kim. "Research Progress and Prospects of Nanozyme-Based Glucose Biofuel Cells." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 2116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11082116.
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The appearance and evolution of biofuel cells can be categorized into three groups: microbial biofuel cells (MBFCs), enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs), and enzyme-like nanomaterial (nanozyme)-based biofuel cells (NBFCs). MBFCs can produce electricity from waste; however, they have significantly low power output as well as difficulty in controlling electron transfer and microbial growth. EBFCs are more productive in generating electricity with the assistance of natural enzymes, but their vulnerability under diverse environmental conditions has critically hindered practical applications. In contrast, because of the intrinsic advantages of nanozymes, such as high stability and robustness even in harsh conditions, low synthesis cost through facile scale-up, and tunable catalytic activity, NBFCs have attracted attention, particularly for developing wearable and implantable devices to generate electricity from glucose in the physiological fluids of plants, animals, and humans. In this review, recent studies on NBFCs, including the synthetic strategies and catalytic activities of metal and metal oxide-based nanozymes, the mechanism of electricity generation from glucose, and representative studies are reviewed and discussed. Current challenges and prospects for the utilization of nanozymes in glucose biofuel cells are also discussed.
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Song, Jingfang, Jian He, Lin Yang, Weiguo Wang, Qinqin Bai, Wei Feng, and Ranhui Li. "Enhanced Peroxidase-Like and Antibacterial Activity of Ir-CoatedPd-Pt Nanodendrites as Nanozyme." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2023 (February 15, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1689455.
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To inhibit the growth of bacteria, the DA-PPI nanozyme with enhanced peroxidase-like activity was synthesized. The DA-PPI nanozyme was obtained by depositing high-affinity element iridium (Ir) on the surface of Pd-Pt dendritic structures. The morphology and composition of DA-PPI nanozyme were characterized using SEM, TEM, and XPS. The kinetic results showed that the DA-PPI nanozyme possessed a higher peroxidase-like activity than that of Pd-Pt dendritic structures. The PL, ESR, and DFT were employed to explain the high peroxidase activity. As a proof of concept, the DA-PPI nanozyme could effectively inhibit E. coli (G−) and S. aureus (G+) due to its high peroxidase-like activity. The study provides a new idea for the design of high active nanozymes and their application in the field of antibacterial.
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Tripathi, Anuja, Kenneth D. Harris, and Anastasia L. Elias. "High surface area nitrogen-functionalized Ni nanozymes for efficient peroxidase-like catalytic activity." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): e0257777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257777.
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Nitrogen-functionalization is an effective means of improving the catalytic performances of nanozymes. In the present work, plasma-assisted nitrogen modification of nanocolumnar Ni GLAD films was performed using an ammonia plasma, resulting in an improvement in the peroxidase-like catalytic performance of the porous, nanostructured Ni films. The plasma-treated nanozymes were characterized by TEM, SEM, XRD, and XPS, revealing a nitrogen-rich surface composition. Increased surface wettability was observed after ammonia plasma treatment, and the resulting nitrogen-functionalized Ni GLAD films presented dramatically enhanced peroxidase-like catalytic activity. The optimal time for plasma treatment was determined to be 120 s; when used to catalyze the oxidation of the colorimetric substrate TMB in the presence of H2O2, Ni films subjected to 120 s of plasma treatment yielded a much higher maximum reaction velocity (3.7⊆10−8 M/s vs. 2.3⊆10−8 M/s) and lower Michaelis-Menten coefficient (0.17 mM vs. 0.23 mM) than pristine Ni films with the same morphology. Additionally, we demonstrate the application of the nanozyme in a gravity-driven, continuous catalytic reaction device. Such a controllable plasma treatment strategy may open a new door toward surface-functionalized nanozymes with improved catalytic performance and potential applications in flow-driven point-of-care devices.
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Carvalho, Sandhra M., Alexandra A. P. Mansur, Izabela B. da Silveira, Thaisa F. S. Pires, Henrique F. V. Victória, Klaus Krambrock, M. Fátima Leite, and Herman S. Mansur. "Nanozymes with Peroxidase-like Activity for Ferroptosis-Driven Biocatalytic Nanotherapeutics of Glioblastoma Cancer: 2D and 3D Spheroids Models." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 6 (June 10, 2023): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15061702.
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Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer in adults. Despite the remarkable advancements in recent years in the realm of cancer diagnosis and therapy, regrettably, GBM remains the most lethal form of brain cancer. In this view, the fascinating area of nanotechnology has emerged as an innovative strategy for developing novel nanomaterials for cancer nanomedicine, such as artificial enzymes, termed nanozymes, with intrinsic enzyme-like activities. Therefore, this study reports for the first time the design, synthesis, and extensive characterization of innovative colloidal nanostructures made of cobalt-doped iron oxide nanoparticles chemically stabilized by a carboxymethylcellulose capping ligand (i.e., Co-MION), creating a peroxidase-like (POD) nanozyme for biocatalytically killing GBM cancer cells. These nanoconjugates were produced using a strictly green aqueous process under mild conditions to create non-toxic bioengineered nanotherapeutics against GBM cells. The nanozyme (Co-MION) showed a magnetite inorganic crystalline core with a uniform spherical morphology (diameter, 2R = 6–7 nm) stabilized by the CMC biopolymer, producing a hydrodynamic diameter (HD) of 41–52 nm and a negatively charged surface (ZP~−50 mV). Thus, we created supramolecular water-dispersible colloidal nanostructures composed of an inorganic core (Cox-MION) and a surrounding biopolymer shell (CMC). The nanozymes confirmed the cytotoxicity evaluated by an MTT bioassay using a 2D culture in vitro of U87 brain cancer cells, which was concentration-dependent and boosted by increasing the cobalt-doping content in the nanosystems. Additionally, the results confirmed that the lethality of U87 brain cancer cells was predominantly caused by the production of toxic cell-damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) by the peroxidase-like activity displayed by nanozymes. Thus, the nanozymes induced apoptosis (i.e., programmed cell death) and ferroptosis (i.e., lipid peroxidation) pathways by intracellular biocatalytic enzyme-like activity. More importantly, based on the 3D spheroids model, these nanozymes inhibited tumor growth and remarkably reduced the malignant tumor volume after the nanotherapeutic treatment (ΔV~40%). The kinetics of the anticancer activity of these novel nanotherapeutic agents decreased with the time of incubation of the GBM 3D models, indicating a similar trend commonly observed in tumor microenvironments (TMEs). Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the 2D in vitro model overestimated the relative efficiency of the anticancer agents (i.e., nanozymes and the DOX drug) compared to the 3D spheroid models. These findings are notable as they evidenced that the 3D spheroid model resembles more precisely the TME of “real” brain cancer tumors in patients than 2D cell cultures. Thus, based on our groundwork, 3D tumor spheroid models might be able to offer transitional systems between conventional 2D cell cultures and complex biological in vivo models for evaluating anticancer agents more precisely. These nanotherapeutics offer a wide avenue of opportunities to develop innovative nanomedicines for fighting against cancerous tumors and reducing the frequency of severe side effects in conventionally applied chemotherapy-based treatments.
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Zandieh, Mohamad, and Juewen Liu. "Surface Science of Nanozymes and Defining a Nanozyme Unit." Langmuir 38, no. 12 (March 15, 2022): 3617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00070.
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Wang, Miaomiao, Ping Zhu, Shuge Liu, Yating Chen, Dongxin Liang, Yage Liu, Wei Chen, Liping Du, and Chunsheng Wu. "Application of Nanozymes in Environmental Monitoring, Management, and Protection." Biosensors 13, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13030314.
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Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like activity, possessing the unique properties of nanomaterials and natural enzyme-like catalytic functions. Nanozymes are catalytically active, stable, tunable, recyclable, and versatile. Therefore, increasing attention has been paid in the fields of environmental science and life sciences. In this review, we focused on the most recent applications of nanozymes for environmental monitoring, environmental management, and environmental protection. We firstly introduce the tuning catalytic activity of nanozymes according to some crucial factors such as size and shape, composition and doping, and surface coating. Then, the application of nanozymes in environmental fields are introduced in detail. Nanozymes can not only be used to detect inorganic ions, molecules, organics, and foodborne pathogenic bacteria but are also involved in the degradation of phenolic compounds, dyes, and antibiotics. The capability of nanozymes was also reported for assisting air purification, constructing biofuel cells, and application in marine antibacterial fouling removal. Finally, the current challenges and future trends of nanozymes toward environmental fields are proposed and discussed.
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Pu, Fang, Jinsong Ren, and Xiaogang Qu. "Recent advances in the construction of nanozyme-based logic gates." Biophysics Reports 6, no. 6 (November 21, 2020): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41048-020-00124-9.
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AbstractNanozymes, nanomaterials with enzyme-like activity, have been considered as promising alternatives of natural enzymes. Molecular logic gates, which can simulate the function of the basic unit of an electronic computer, perform Boolean logic operation in response to chemical, biological, or optical signals. Recently, the combination of nanozymes and logic gates enabled bioinformation processing in a logically controllable way. In the review, recent progress in the construction of nanozyme-based logic gates integrated with their utility in sensing is introduced. Furthermore, the issues and challenges in the construction processes are discussed. It is expected the review will facilitate a comprehensive understanding of nanozyme-based logic systems.
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Wang, Haojue, Zichen Cui, Xuan Wang, Shui Sun, Dongsheng Zhang, and Chuanyun Fu. "Therapeutic Applications of Nanozymes in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases." BioMed Research International 2021 (August 11, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9980127.
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Since the discovery of horseradish peroxidase-like activity of magnetite nanoparticles in 2007, many researchers have investigated different types of nanoparticles that show enzyme-like activities, namely, nanozymes. Nanozymes possess high efficiency, stability, and low production costs compared to natural enzymes. Thus, nanozymes have already been widely studied in various domains including medical science, food industry, chemical engineering, and agriculture. This review presents the utilization of nanozymes in medicine and focuses particularly on their therapeutic applications in chronic inflammatory diseases because of their antioxidant-like activity. Furthermore, the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases with nanozymes of different materials was introduced emphatically.
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Lewandowska, Hanna, Karolina Wójciuk, and Urszula Karczmarczyk. "Metal Nanozymes: New Horizons in Cellular Homeostasis Regulation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 28, 2021): 9019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199019.
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Nanomaterials with enzyme-like activity (nanozymes) have found applications in various fields of medicine, industry, and environmental protection. This review discusses the use of nanozymes in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. We also review the latest biomedical applications of nanozymes related to their use in cellular redox status modification and detection. We present how nanozymes enable biomedical advances and demonstrate basic design strategies to improve diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy in various diseases. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future directions for developing nanozymes for applications in the regulation of the redox-dependent cellular processes and detection in the cellular redox state changes.
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Wong, Elicia L. S., Khuong Q. Vuong, and Edith Chow. "Nanozymes for Environmental Pollutant Monitoring and Remediation." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020408.
Full textAbstract:
Nanozymes are advanced nanomaterials which mimic natural enzymes by exhibiting enzyme-like properties. As nanozymes offer better structural stability over their respective natural enzymes, they are ideal candidates for real-time and/or remote environmental pollutant monitoring and remediation. In this review, we classify nanozymes into four types depending on their enzyme-mimicking behaviour (active metal centre mimic, functional mimic, nanocomposite or 3D structural mimic) and offer mechanistic insights into the nature of their catalytic activity. Following this, we discuss the current environmental translation of nanozymes into a powerful sensing or remediation tool through inventive nano-architectural design of nanozymes and their transduction methodologies. Here, we focus on recent developments in nanozymes for the detection of heavy metal ions, pesticides and other organic pollutants, emphasising optical methods and a few electrochemical techniques. Strategies to remediate persistent organic pollutants such as pesticides, phenols, antibiotics and textile dyes are included. We conclude with a discussion on the practical deployment of these nanozymes in terms of their effectiveness, reusability, real-time in-field application, commercial production and regulatory considerations.
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Wong, Elicia L. S., Khuong Q. Vuong, and Edith Chow. "Nanozymes for Environmental Pollutant Monitoring and Remediation." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020408.
Full textAbstract:
Nanozymes are advanced nanomaterials which mimic natural enzymes by exhibiting enzyme-like properties. As nanozymes offer better structural stability over their respective natural enzymes, they are ideal candidates for real-time and/or remote environmental pollutant monitoring and remediation. In this review, we classify nanozymes into four types depending on their enzyme-mimicking behaviour (active metal centre mimic, functional mimic, nanocomposite or 3D structural mimic) and offer mechanistic insights into the nature of their catalytic activity. Following this, we discuss the current environmental translation of nanozymes into a powerful sensing or remediation tool through inventive nano-architectural design of nanozymes and their transduction methodologies. Here, we focus on recent developments in nanozymes for the detection of heavy metal ions, pesticides and other organic pollutants, emphasising optical methods and a few electrochemical techniques. Strategies to remediate persistent organic pollutants such as pesticides, phenols, antibiotics and textile dyes are included. We conclude with a discussion on the practical deployment of these nanozymes in terms of their effectiveness, reusability, real-time in-field application, commercial production and regulatory considerations.
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Thao, Nguyen Thi My, Hoang Dang Khoa Do, Nguyen Nhat Nam, Nguyen Khoi Song Tran, Thach Thi Dan, and Kieu The Loan Trinh. "Antioxidant Nanozymes: Mechanisms, Activity Manipulation, and Applications." Micromachines 14, no. 5 (May 9, 2023): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14051017.
Full textAbstract:
Antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase play important roles in the inhibition of oxidative-damage-related pathological diseases. However, natural antioxidant enzymes face some limitations, including low stability, high cost, and less flexibility. Recently, antioxidant nanozymes have emerged as promising materials to replace natural antioxidant enzymes for their stability, cost savings, and flexible design. The present review firstly discusses the mechanisms of antioxidant nanozymes, focusing on catalase-, superoxide dismutase-, and glutathione peroxidase-like activities. Then, we summarize the main strategies for the manipulation of antioxidant nanozymes based on their size, morphology, composition, surface modification, and modification with a metal-organic framework. Furthermore, the applications of antioxidant nanozymes in medicine and healthcare are also discussed as potential biological applications. In brief, this review provides useful information for the further development of antioxidant nanozymes, offering opportunities to improve current limitations and expand the application of antioxidant nanozymes.
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Sindhu, Rakesh K., Agnieszka Najda, Prabhjot Kaur, Muddaser Shah, Harmanpreet Singh, Parneet Kaur, Simona Cavalu, Monika Jaroszuk-Sierocińska, and Md Habibur Rahman. "Potentiality of Nanoenzymes for Cancer Treatment and Other Diseases: Current Status and Future Challenges." Materials 14, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 5965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14205965.
Full textAbstract:
Studies from past years have observed various enzymes that are artificial, which are issued to mimic naturally occurring enzymes based on their function and structure. The nanozymes possess nanomaterials that resemble natural enzymes and are considered an innovative class. This innovative class has achieved a brilliant response from various developments and researchers owing to this unique property. In this regard, numerous nanomaterials are inspected as natural enzyme mimics for multiple types of applications, such as imaging, water treatment, therapeutics, and sensing. Nanozymes have nanomaterial properties occurring with an inheritance that provides a single substitute and multiple platforms. Nanozymes can be controlled remotely via stimuli including heat, light, magnetic field, and ultrasound. Collectively, these all can be used to increase the therapeutic as well as diagnostic efficacies. These nanozymes have major biomedical applications including cancer therapy and diagnosis, medical diagnostics, and bio sensing. We summarized and emphasized the latest progress of nanozymes, including their biomedical mechanisms and applications involving synergistic and remote control nanozymes. Finally, we cover the challenges and limitations of further improving therapeutic applications and provide a future direction for using engineered nanozymes with enhanced biomedical and diagnostic applications.