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1
Mario, Michael. "Chandler, On The Napoleonic Wars." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 21, no. 1 (April 1, 1996): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.21.1.35-36.
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Perhaps the greatest ambition of a professional historian is to become so associated with a subject that he or she is instantly recognized as the "leading" authority. Many distinguished scholars are readily known by their work in a certain field-G.R. Elton on the Reformation and C.V. Wedgewood on the English Civil War, to name but two. Similarly, when one thinks of Napoleon, one immediately associates the name David Chandler with him. Chandler is easily identified by his mammoth and weighty tome, The Campaigns of Napoleon, certainly the most exhaustive and lengthy study of the erstwhile French Emperor.
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Charles Esdaile. "Recent Writing on Napoleon and His Wars." Journal of Military History 73, no. 1 (2008): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.0.0155.
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SIMMS, BRENDAN. "BRITAIN AND NAPOLEON." Historical Journal 41, no. 3 (September 1998): 885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x98008048.
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The French Revolutionary wars, 1787–1802. By T. C. W. Blanning. London: Longman, 1996. Pp. xvii+286. ISBN 0-340-56911-5. £15.99.The wars of Napoleon. By Charles J. Esdaile. London: Longman, 1995. Pp. xii+417. ISBN 0-582-05955-0. £14.99.The Younger Pitt: the consuming struggle. By John Ehrman. London: Constable, 1996. Pp. xv+911. ISBN 0-09-475540-x. £35.British victory in Egypt, 1801: the end of Napoleon's conquest. By Piers Mackesy. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. Pp. xii+282. ISBN 0-415-04064-7. £45.Britain and the defeat of Napoleon, 1807–1815. By Rory Muir. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996. Pp. xiv+466. ISBN 0-300-06443-8. £29.95.Traditional historians of war and foreign policy in Britain have often been accused – sometimes justly – of all manner of sins, among them Anglo- and Eurocentricity. There is no trace, however, of insularity in the five new publications by John Ehrman, Rory Muir, Piers Mackesy, Charles Esdaile, and T. C. W. Blanning on the struggle with Napoleon. The global sweep of that conflict, to quote Rory Muir's Britain and the defeat of Napoleon, forces the historian to address an ‘interlocking mosaic of problems’ (p. xii), spanning the Baltic to the Cape of Good Hope, and the Indian subcontinent to the Caribbean.
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Mc Danel de García, Mary Anne. "The Napoleon mystique and British poets." Revista Científica General José María Córdova 17, no. 26 (April 1, 2019): 359–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21830/19006586.382.
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This reflection on the influence of Napoleon and the consequences of the wars on the major British poets of the Romantic era is meant to illustrate how the reactions of both nobility and commoners are recorded in literature and media. The dual perception of Napoleon as both hero and tyrant and the atrocious suffering of those at home and bloody battles are manifest in the works of the major poets, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelly, and especially George Gordon, Lord Byron. Even today, Napoleon transcends precise definition and he has inspired some of the greatest poets in British literature
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DALY, GAVIN. "BRITISH SOLDIERS AND THE LEGEND OF NAPOLEON." Historical Journal 61, no. 1 (February 27, 2017): 131–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x16000479.
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ABSTRACTInvestigating the letters, diaries, and memoirs of British officers and enlisted men from the Napoleonic Wars, this article explores the hitherto neglected subject of British soldiers’ perceptions of Napoleon. Soldiers often formed mixed and ambivalent views on Napoleon. At one level, this corresponds with a range of attitudes within Britain, highlighting the important connections between soldiers and domestic culture. Yet these views also reveal what soldiers as a distinct cohort prioritized about Napoleon, and how these perceptions evolved over time. They also reveal tensions and divisions within the army itself, and shed light on British soldiers and patriotism. And finally, they add to our understanding of soldiers’ writing practices, especially their cultural context and the differences between wartime writing and memoirs. A diverse and shifting set of cultural frameworks and lived experiences shaped soldiers’ writings on Napoleon – from the Black Legend and Napoleonic Legend, to the Enlightenment and Romanticism; and from Spain and its battlefields to Restoration Paris and post-Waterloo Britain. Tracing the evolution of British soldiers’ perceptions of Napoleon from the outbreak of the Peninsular War in 1808 to the mid-nineteenth century reveals a growing admiration of Napoleon and the increasing hold of the Napoleonic Legend.
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Pardo de Santayana, José. "Los intérpretes de Napoleón: guerra total y batalla decisiva." Araucaria, no. 44 (2020): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/araucaria.2020.i44.18.
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Class, James N. "The Religious Language of Russian Poets in 1812." Russian History 41, no. 1 (2014): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04101003.
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Russian poets during the reign of Alexander I widely employed images and stories from Old Testament Scriptures to describe the ongoing wars with Napoleon, especially regarding the invasion of 1812. Their ideas are collected in a body of patriotic literature, which has received little attention for its literary merits but provides insight into the contemporary climate of opinion and the ways in which Russians responded to the French Revolution and Napoleon. Across Europe, other writers and intellectuals exhibited millenarian tendencies, seeking a renewed world with the old order swept away. While Russian writers exhibited similar concerns with finding a way to regenerate the decadent European world, they did so by appealing to their own experience as expiation for Europe’s sins. This study argues that the Napoleonic Wars catalyzed the development of Romantic Nationalism and the development of a messianic national myth, which arose primarily in Moscow after its destruction in 1812.
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Harmon, Clifford D., and Jonathan North. "The Napoleon Options: Alternate Decisions of the Napoleonic Wars." Journal of Military History 64, no. 4 (October 2000): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2677279.
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Esdaile, Charles J. "De-Constructing the French Wars: Napoleon as Anti-Strategist." Journal of Strategic Studies 31, no. 4 (July 2008): 515–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402390802088416.
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Rowe, Michael. "Revisiting Prussia’s Wars Against Napoleon: History, Culture and Memory." German History 34, no. 4 (August 20, 2016): 685–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghw065.
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Rapport, Mike. "Revisiting Prussia’s Wars against Napoleon: history, culture and memory." Social History 42, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2017.1290354.
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DALY, GAVIN. "NAPOLEON AND THE ‘CITY OF SMUGGLERS’, 1810–1814." Historical Journal 50, no. 2 (May 9, 2007): 333–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x07006097.
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In the final years of the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon allowed English smugglers entry into the French ports of Dunkirk and Gravelines, encouraging them to run contraband back and forth across the Channel. Gravelines catered for up to 300 English smugglers, housed in a specially constructed compound known as the ‘city of smugglers’. Napoleon used the smugglers in the war against Britain. The smugglers arrived on the French coast with escaped French prisoners of war, gold guineas, and English newspapers; and returned to England laden with French textiles, brandy, and gin. Smuggling remains a neglected historical subject, and this episode in particular – the relationship between English smugglers and the Napoleonic state between 1810 and 1814 – has attracted little scholarly interest. Yet it provides a rich historical source, illuminating not only the history of Anglo-French Channel smuggling during the early nineteenth century, but offering insights into the economic, social, and maritime history of the Napoleonic Wars.
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Liu, Lanqing. "The Multifaceted Interpretation of the Napoleon Image in European Literature." Communications in Humanities Research 25, no. 1 (January 3, 2024): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/25/20231907.
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The developmental process of the Napoleonic Wars and their impact across different countries and levels find expression in popular literary creations, particularly highlighting the influence of the Napoleonic Wars on literary production. Novels, serving as keen observers of life and meticulous recorders of history, embed their narratives within a macro-historical context, employing highly flexible and multidimensional narrative tones. In doing so, these novels illuminate historical events and characters, allowing them to radiate the brilliance of their lives once again. This paper takes "The Red and the Black" and "War and Peace" as case studies, using the events and impact of the Napoleonic Wars as examples to discuss the multifaceted interpretations of the same historical events in different European literary works.
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Podosokorsky, Nikolay N. "The Religious Element of the Myth of Napoleon in the Novel Crime and Punishment: The Image of “Napoleon-Prophet” and the Mystic Sects of Russian Schismatics, Worshippers of Napoleon." Dostoevsky and World Culture. Philological journal, no. 2 (2022): 89–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2619-0311-2022-2-89-143.
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The article is dedicated to the presence of the Napoleonic myth in Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment (1866) through its religious aspect, namely the historical and cultural mergence of Napoleon and Mohammed and the worship of Napoleon among the mystic sects of Russian schismatics in the first half of the 19th century. The formation of a lasting perception of Napoleon Bonaparte as the new “prophet”, “Mohammed of the West” — which can be found in Stendhal, Alexandre Dumas, Honoré de Balzac, and others — is here traced, as well as the way Napoleon used religion and art for political aims during the Egyptian expedition and after. Particular attention is dedicated to Voltaire’s play Mahomet (1741) and its influence on Napoleon (and possibly on Dostoevsky) through theatre performances. Rodion Raskolnikov’s Napoleonic theory is explained through an immersion in the history of the wars between Russia and France and of the Russian sectarian movement, where in 1920s-1940s could be found more than one sect worshipping Napoleon. According to the reports of secret police agents, they tacitly gathered in Moscow and worshipped a bust of Napoleon the Emperor, believing that he was not dead but alive, and would soon appear to “command the righteous regiments to restore the shattered order”. Dostoevsky could use this original mystical phenomenon in his novel. It is no coincidence that one of the doubles-substitutes for the main character in Crime and Punishment is the schismatic Mikolka, who was born in the Ryazan province, where Raskolnikov’s mother and sister lived.
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Ellis, G. "The Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1792-1815." English Historical Review CXXV, no. 512 (January 19, 2010): 200–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cep366.
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Belyaev, V. V. "Russia and Napoleon in Gogol’s «Dead souls»." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philology. Journalism 9, no. 4 (2009): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2009-9-4-65-70.
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The fact that «Dead Souls» belongs to an ancient and medieval epic poem genre about wars and wanderings (including in the other world) is the author’s initial position. Both Chichikov’s adventures and the war theme in its various aspects are immanent parts of the text. Chichikov is the bearer of the foreign, non-Russian frame of mind which interferes with Russian reality, and thus the parallels between Chichikov and Napoleon can be drawn all throughout the poem’s text.
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Scheichl, Sigurd Paul. "„Sind Könige je zusammen gekommen, So hat man immer nur Unheil vernommen“. Politische Gedichte über den Wiener Kongress." Austriaca 79, no. 1 (2014): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/austr.2014.5031.
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“Every time kings assembled, Misfortune happened.” Political poems on the Congress of Vienna If the wars against Napoleon can be considered as the acme of political and patriotic poetry and the Vormärz on the other hand gave birth to mostly democratically inspired poems, the Congress of Vienna seems to have induced only a few “poetic” reactions, which remain quite vague
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Gallaher, John G. "The Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1792-1815 (review)." Journal of Military History 71, no. 2 (2007): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2007.0115.
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Lindemann, Mary. "Karen Hagemann. Revisiting Prussia’s Wars against Napoleon: History, Culture and Memory." American Historical Review 122, no. 2 (March 30, 2017): 596–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/122.2.596.
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Prakke, Lucas. "On the rise and Decline of the Monarchical Principle: Constitutional Vicissitudes in Spain and Germany." European Constitutional Law Review 6, no. 2 (June 2010): 268–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019610200068.
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Nation-state formation – Holy Roman Empire – Dissolution and realignment – Spain, fragmented – Reconquista – Charles V – Wars of succession – Centralisation under house of Bourbon – Napoleon – Spanish war of independence – History of the Cortes – Constitution of Cádiz – Weakness of Spanish Constitutionalism – German Confederation – Monarchical principle in Vienna Final Act – Old and new ideas of sovereignty – Metternich and fear of revolution – March revolution – Bismarckian empire as constitutional monarchy – Degeneration of the Reich – Exit the Kings – Enter Juan Carlos
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Egoryshev, Vladislav N. "THE HISTORY OF THE EMERGENCE OF LOOTING AND ITS SPREAD IN NAPOLEONIC ARMY." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 3 (215) (September 30, 2022): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2022-3-54-59.
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Theoretical interpretation of the notion “lootingˮ is examined, the history of its origin and further spreading of this pernicious phenomenon in the ranks of Napoleon I Bonaparte's Grand Army is analyzed. Looting is among the most condemned types of war crimes committed during armed clashes between states. Paradoxically, for all the negativity of the phenomenon, looting has been around as long as the history of war itself. Throughout its history, looting has had a negative effect on all opposing sides in war - an army where looting reigns, is prone to a massive decline in discipline and is unable to fight with maximum efficiency. During the military campaigns of the early nineteenth century, law and morality often lost their significance and could not act as a deterrent to the unlawful behavior of those involved in military conflict. The era of the Napoleonic Wars is an unvarnished demonstration of human nature during bloody military campaigns. Despite the fact that Napoleon's soldiers and officers strove to observe motives of honor and dignity, Napoleon's rapid style of war inevitably led to starvation in the ranks of the Grand Army, and as a consequence, there were many disasters and, above all, looting. The importance of the problem of the spread of looting in the ranks of Napoleon I's army is reflected not only in the studies of scholars, but also in the memoirs of contemporaries of the events in question.
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Minsky, Amir. "Revisiting Prussia's Wars against Napoleon: History, Culture and Memory by Karen Hagemann." German Studies Review 40, no. 3 (2017): 638–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gsr.2017.0132.
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Puzanov, Vladimir. "Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich and the Russian army after the Decembrist uprising." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 10-3 (October 1, 2020): 38–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi62.
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The article is devoted to the personality of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, who served in the Russian army from the age of 16, commanded the guard in the wars with France, and formed the Polish army. The victory over Napoleon and the Decembrist uprising led to new trends in the development of the Russian army. The military elite of the Empire sought to rely on simple, uneducated officers in the army. Konstantin Pavlovich noted that he preferred to command completely uneducated officers, rather than “ostensibly educated rioters”.
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Krichevtsev, Mikhail Vladimirovich. "Garnisaires in France during the Napoleonic Wars: regulation of repressive measures for maintaining conscription." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 12 (December 2021): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.12.37210.
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The Institution of garnisaires was intended for providing lodging to bystanders in the homes of residents in order to comply with the requirements of the government. In France of the early XIX century, it was implemented as a repressive measure to ensure conscription of the recalcitrant. The article describes the legal regulation of the institution of garnisaires in conducting conscription in France of the period of the Consulship and the First Empire. The object of this research is the Institution of garnisaires in the early XIX century; while the changes in legal regulation of this institution throughout the ruling of the First Consul and Emperor Napoleon I. The article employs the normative legal acts of the early XIX century: imperial decrees, governmental acts, executive orders and instructions of the officials of the central and local administration; as well as contextual analysis of legal acts, comparative-historical, and chronological methods. Taking into account that the topic of legal regulation of the institution of garnisaires is poorly covered, the article comprehensively analyzes the content of the fundamental legal acts, determines the peculiarities of stern measures applied for maintaining conscription at different stages of the reign of Napoleon I. The conclusion is made that the legal regulation of the institution of garnisaires during the indicated period has evolved from the first attempts to establish the practice of lodgment as repression, initially not implying specific restrictions, to introduction of more balanced and detailed regulation of the institution with a range of restrictive measures. The formation of legal framework of the institution was completed by 1807–1808 with issuing of the decrees of the Emperor and instructions of the Director General of Military Conscription Jean-Girard Lacuée.
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Viatkina, Daria S. "THE ERA OF THE NAPOLEON WARS IN BRITISH LITERATURE OF THE XIX CENTURY." Voprosy vseobshchei istorii, no. 24 (2021): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26170/2413-872x_2021_24_16.
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Vrankić, Petar. "The Political, Ecclesiastical and National Unrest in Herzegovina and Neighbouring Bosnia during the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars (1789-1814)." Hercegovina. Serija 3: časopis za kulturno i povijesno nasljeđe, no. 8 (September 22, 2022): 107–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47960/2712-1844.2022.8.107.
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The author presents the complexity of the unrest in Herzegovina, neighbouring Bosnia and in other border regions (Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Croatia and Serbia) at the turn of the nineteenth century, starting with the major tenets of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, the subsequent unrest and its consequences in all of Europe. In this part of Europe, which was practically unknown to the average European of the time, direct and indirect consequences of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars and their attendant phenomena spread rapidly throughout Europe, the Ottoman and Russian Empires. As the French Revolution was losing its attraction for civil circles at the beginning of the nineteenth century, a military and organisational genius, Napoleon Bonaparte, emerged in its wake, becoming the worthiest bearer and disseminator of the legacy of the French Revolution, French civilisation and its imperial hegemony that inundated 108 Europe and attempted to abolish its old state, political, social and religious order (l'ancien régime).1 The perception of the spirit and nature of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars in these countries will be shown as very complex and more antagonistic than acceptable. Keywords: French Revolution; Napoleonic Wars; Ottoman Empire; Dalmatia, Dubrovnik; Boka; Herzegovina; Bosnia; Nikola Ferić; Petar I. Petrović; Dadić family; Rizvanbegović family
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Rothfeld, Anne. "RETURNING LOOTED EUROPEAN LIBRARY COLLECTIONS: AN HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE OFFENBACH ARCHIVAL DEPOT, 1945–1948." RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rbm.6.1.238.
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In 1944, Pierce Butler wrote, “ever since libraries have existed, war has been one of the chief agencies of [their] annihilation.”2 The looting and destruction of cultural treasures during wartime is an established fact throughout Western history, including Greek and Roman times as well as during the Crusades, when empires stripped defeated nations of their cultural heritage. During the Napoleonic Wars in the early nineteenth century, Napoleon had an army of art commissioners who were ordered to locate and seize valuable cultural property, including whole libraries, for transfer to France. But the systematic Nazi confiscation of European cultural treasures in . . .
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Howard, M. R. "In Larrey's Shadow: Transport of British Sick and Wounded in the Napoleonic Wars." Scottish Medical Journal 39, no. 1 (February 1994): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693309403900109.
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Dominique Jean Larrey's introduction of a ‘flying ambulance’ into Napoleons army was a great advance in military surgery. British arrangements for the transport of wounded and sick during the Napoleonic wars fell far short of Larrey's humanitarian vision. The efforts of eminent doctors such as Sir James McGrigor to create a formal ambulance service were frustrated by the army establishment. As a result the sick were often abandoned or carried in local bullock carts. Only sixty years after Waterloo did Britain finally follow Larrey's example and form afield organisation including a trained ambulance corps.
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Brun, Jean-François. "Les états-majors des armées napoléoniennes." Revue Historique des Armées 241, no. 4 (2005): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rharm.2005.5763.
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The staff officers of the armies of Napoleon ; During the course of the Napoleonic wars the French army benefited from superbly well organised military staffs at all levels, to support the command. At the top of the organisational pyramid stood the Imperial General Staff. This consisted of three bodies : the ‘Imperial Household’, the ‘Emperor’s General Staff’, and the ‘War Administration’. The military staffs of subordinate formations (army corps and divisions ) were divided into three in exactly the same manner. Whatever level one examines in the Napoleonic French army, the staffs all shared the common characteristic of providing the commanding general with the means to plan and direct the movement of his formation’s constituent units. It was this that made possible in that era the material and technical ‘way of war’ that Napoleon pursued. Within each of the military staffs there were specialists, adjutant-majors and their assistants, who ran the offices that generally dealt with non-tactical business, whilst the other officers (including the aides-de-camp to the generals and Napoleon’s personal adjutant officers) took care of observation missions and troop inspections, and acted as courriers -roles that did not require specialist training.
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Rothenberg, Gunther E. "The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, no. 4 (1988): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204824.
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Ispanov, K. A. "The Grand Duchy of Berg in the Napoleonic Wars in the field diary of Lieutenant Zimmermann." Гуманитарные и юридические исследования 10, no. 3 (2023): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37493/2409-1030.2023.3.2.
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Introduction. After becoming emperor of France in 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte had to solve an extremely difficult geopolitical situation: the old European monarchies were in no hurry to recognize the legitimacy of the newly-made emperor’s power, so France had to act not only by force of arms, but also by demonstrating the effectiveness of the new order by creating model states located in Germany and becoming a showcase. One of these model states was the Grand Duchy of Berg, formed on the territory of the former duchies of Cleves and Berg in 1806. Napoleon sends his officials to the young duchy, actively carries out reforms for the development of the economy, the social sphere, as well as reforms of the army. Materials and methods. Newly formed military contingents recruited on the territory of the states were to take part in the conflicts of the first quarter of the XIX century, and the Grand Duchy of Berg was no exception. Analysis. The article considers the reflection of the participation of the Berg infantry in the Napoleonic Wars from 1807 to 1814 on the pages of the field diary of sergeant and then lieutenant of the 1st Infantry Regiment of the Grand Duchy of Berg P. Zimmermann. Attention is focused on the perception of Spaniards and Russians by German soldiers, on the image of the war as a whole based on the diary mentioned above. The images drawn by Zimmermann are ambivalent at first: he pays tribute to the courage, perseverance and patriotism of the Guerilliers, complains about cruelty and excesses, condemns looting by soldiers of allied units. Result. The tragic fate of the Berg contingent in Russia leads the author of the diary to speculate about good and evil, about combat brotherhood, about the senselessness of losses, the brutality of the Cossacks, the ingratitude of German civil officials. But the leitmotif of the whole narrative is the glorification of the honor of Berg’s soldiers and officers, who did not lose their dignity in the most dangerous and difficult situations.
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Aaslestad, Katherine. "Remembering and Forgetting: The Local and the Nation in Hamburg's Commemorations of the Wars of Liberation." Central European History 38, no. 3 (September 2005): 384–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156916105775563634.
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Thecommemoration and remembrance of war in modern Germany has played a potent political role in both undermining and legitimizing diverse German states, and war stories have been particularly salient to the formation of German national identity in the century that experienced two world wars and the Cold War. The public commemoration of war and war heroes designed to legitimize a German state, however, dates at least to the nineteenth century, when the Wars of Liberation, fought against Napoleon between 1813 and 1815, provided the newKaiserreichwith opportunities to foster specific visions of the past that highlighted national unity and dynastic loyalty. As recent studies have demonstrated, building national unity in a new state created from former independent polities required a patient process of reconciling the region to the nation. A careful examination of nineteenth-century commemorations illustrates that they actually advanced national allegiance as well as affirmed regional solidarity. Public commemorations of the Wars of Liberation in the former republican north German city-state of Hamburg reveals both growing appeals to national unity and a celebration of traditional civic culture and authority. By the end of the nineteenth century, these public festivities enabled Hamburg's growing population to practice national and local politics simultaneously.
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Planert, Ute. "From Collaboration to Resistance: Politics, Experience, and Memory of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Southern Germany." Central European History 39, no. 4 (December 2006): 676–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906000227.
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Travelers strolling through Stuttgart's Old Town who pause before Württemberg's royal residence can hardly fail to notice the Victory Column. Thirty meters high, it towers over the square and proclaims Crown Prince Wilhelm's victories against the armies of Napoleon in 1814. Erected in 1841, the Victory Column marked the Silver Jubilee of Wilhelm's reign, by that time a much-loved regent. Eight years earlier, at the twentieth anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig, the Bavarian king Ludwig I dedicated a memorial to the dead of the Russian Campaign. Evidently cast from the metal of French cannons, the massive obelisk dominates a crossroads in Munich—roads named after victorious battles fought during the Wars of Liberation. With their military campaigns engraved in stone, the two monarchies, Württemberg and Bavaria, demonstrated their zealous opposition to the French Emperor.
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Aaslestad, Katherine, and Karen Hagemann. "1806 and Its Aftermath: Revisiting the Period of the Napoleonic Wars in German Central European Historiography." Central European History 39, no. 4 (December 2006): 547–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906000185.
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If the French faced the 200th anniversary of the Napoleonic Empire with some trepidation about how to commemorate the infamous Corsican, the British celebrated the Battle of Trafalgar as an enduring national victory. A grand exhibit in the National Maritime Museum in London, “Nelson and Napoleon,” observed this event in 2005. In contemporary Germany, however, the commemoration of 1806 has occurred mainly among small circles of specialists and remained largely absent from popular historical consciousness. In recent times, besides the exhibition on the Holy Roman Empire in the German Historical Museum in Berlin, only small local exhibits and substantial articles in magazines like Die Zeit and Der Spiegel recall 1806. Past momentous occasions such as 1848, 1914–1919, 1933–1945, and 1949 clearly overshadow in contemporary historical memory the tumultuous decades that surrounded the Napoleonic Wars. This tendency to overlook and underestimate the significance of the early nineteenth century also remains evident among scholars who work on later periods of German history. In the shadow of World Wars and the Holocaust, the period of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars between 1792 and 1815 seems distant to the contemporary audience. But why do historians also tend to disregard the importance of this era of warfare and domestic, social, and economic transformation—a period so rich in complexity—and its enduring consequences for nineteenth- and twentieth-century Europe?
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Barnert, Arno. "Die Weimarer Militärbibliothek 1630 bis 1930 – klassische Ordnungsvorstellungen vom Krieg." Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift 73, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgzs-2014-0001.
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Abstract During the World Wars, almost all German military libraries were destroyed or suffered heavy losses. One of the rare collections to have survived in its original form is the Weimar military library at the Duchess Anna Amalia Library. It was established about 1630 with books seized by Duke Bernard of Saxe-Weimar in the Thirty Years’ War. After 1787, when Duke Carl August of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach took command of a Prussian regiment, the collection grew rapidly. Originally a department of the main library, it was separated from it in 1804. During the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, the Weimar military library became a space of universal knowledge: apart from books, it also contained maps, globes, manuscripts and models of fortifications, holding about 15,000 items altogether. After Prussia’s defeat by Napoleon, Weimar was a social and literary centre for the military reformers of 1807-1813 who used and influenced the library. Since 1824, the collection has been kept in the library’s medieval tower. The shelving system goes back to ideas of Carl August and Johann Wolfgang Goethe. The collection is not limited to military literature, but is encyclopaedic in nature.
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GILKS, DAVID. "ATTITUDES TO THE DISPLACEMENT OF CULTURAL PROPERTY IN THE WARS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON." Historical Journal 56, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 113–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x12000453.
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ABSTRACTThe French state expropriated an enormous quantity of cultural property from across Europe during the Wars of the Revolution and Napoleon, but much was returned in 1815 after the fall of the Empire. This article examines contemporary attitudes to the displacement of works of art, antiquities, scientific specimens, and rare books. The seizures were controversial: since they occurred at a time when plundering the vanquished was already considered questionable behaviour, they attracted opposition and needed to be justified. The article identifies the resulting repertoire of attitudes, arguing that this repertoire evolved with changing circumstances and was more varied than hitherto maintained. By situating this repertoire in a larger historical context, the article also reassesses the extent to which attitudes were derivative and innovative. It contends that the disputation as a whole did not amount to a decisive rupture in the treatment of foreign cultural property during wartime, but that it was nevertheless remarkable in two respects: concepts from hitherto unrelated subjects were applied to considerations about cultural property; and the perceived conditions under which cultural property could be legitimately transferred were revised.
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McCaffray, Susan P. "What Should Russia Be? Patriotism and Political Economy in the Thought of N. S. Mordvinov." Slavic Review 59, no. 3 (2008): 572–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2697346.
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A key moment in the evolution of modern European states was the halfcentury or so that straddles the year 1800. Confronted by commercial and colonial expansion across the seas and the steppes, as well as by the fiscal consequences of two long world wars (1756-63 and 1792-1815), monarchy and ministers increasingly viewed the state as a great engine for mobilizing “economic” resources. This period marks the culmination of what Paul Kennedy calls the European “financial revolution,” which was generated primarily by war. “If the difference between the financial burdens of the age of Philip II and that of Napoleon was one of degree, it still was remarkable enough,” Kennedy observes. The stresses of generating income in such quantities changed individual states as well as the international economy.
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Morzheedov, Vladislav Gennad'evich. "Economic aspects of the Anglo-French confrontation during the Napoleonic Wars." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 6 (June 2023): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2023.6.38281.
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The article deals with the problem of economic confrontation between France and Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. The subject of the study is the nature and conditions of the Anglo-French confrontation through the prism of economic processes. The object of the study are those measures and actions that were taken by France and Britain in order to establish their own economic superiority, special attention is paid to the Continental Blockade introduced by Napoleon I Bonaparte. The purpose of the study is to analyze the causes and consequences of Anglo-French rivalry, as well as the peculiarities of the development of national economies in wartime conditions. The article discusses the measures that have been taken to overcome the crisis phenomena by the governments of France and Britain in connection with the conduct of a policy of mutual blockade. The special role of the naval force and the smuggling trade is noted. The author uses chronological, historical-comparative and historical-system research methods in his work. The results of the study may be of interest to specialists in economic or military history, as well as in the theory and history of international relations. There are still conflicting assessments of the effectiveness and consequences of the economic measures taken by the French and British governments to establish their own hegemony on the European continent. The novelty of the study consists in a comprehensive examination of the nature of the economic confrontation between the two European "superpowers" in the early XIX century. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the instrument of economic blockade, the policy of sanctions and counter-sanctions, as well as trade wars remain one of the most important elements of the military-political confrontation of various modern states.
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Hagemann, Karen. "Reconstructing `Front' and `Home': Gendered Experiences and Memories of the German Wars against Napoleon — A Case Study." War in History 16, no. 1 (January 2009): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344508097616.
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Sterkhov, Dmitry. "“Ruin and Death Suddenly Came to Our Homes”." Church History and Religious Culture 98, no. 2 (July 12, 2018): 244–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712428-09802005.
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Abstract The article concentrates on a collection of sermons delivered by the Prussian preacher Ludwig Borowski during Prussia’s wars against Napoleon (1806–1816). The author makes an attempt to retrace the evolution of the concept of war devised by Borowski in his sermons. After Prussia’s defeat in the war of 1806 Ludwig Borowski interpreted the war as God’s punishment on the Prussian people. God is represented in Borowski’s sermons as a wise father who wants to get his children to behave. The further evolution of the concept can be seen in 1813 when Prussia reopened hostilities against France. In the sermons of 1813–1816 the war will be conceptualized by Borowski as a means of salvation, a holy crusade for liberty and independence. Borowski never preaches national hatred. The aim of the war is peace that is considered to be a gift from heaven to humanity.
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Сулемина, О. В. "AMBIVALENCE OF THE HEROE’S IMAGE IN A.S. PUSHKIN’S WORKS." Актуальные вопросы современной филологии и журналистики, no. 2(53) (July 8, 2024): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/2587-9510.2024.53.2.011.
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В русской классической литературе, особенно в поэзии, образ Героя занимает значимое место. Это обусловлено историческими реалиями (многочисленные войны), но также связано с интересом авторов к выдающимся личностям, меняющим ход истории и бросающим вызов самой Судьбе. Уделял внимание этому образу и А.С. Пушкин. В данной статье мы рассмотрим несколько героических фигур в лирике и поэмах (Наполеон, Карагеоргий, Петр I). Интерес поэта к личности Наполеона не вызывает сомнения. Анализ показывает, что образ Наполеона в «лицейской» лирике трактуется в соответствии с литературной и культурной традицией, мифологизируется и несет ужас. Однако в дальнейшем творчестве Наполеон воспринимается не так однозначно. Ему становятся присущи черты обыкновенного человека, такие как любовь к сыну. Так, мы наблюдаем углубление восприятия героического поэтом. Похож на Наполеона и Карагеоргий, воин, наделенный ужасными качествами, но любящий свою дочь. Отдельное место в пушкинском творчестве занимает образ Петра I, которому тоже свойственна героизация. Если говорить о поэме «Медный всадник», Петр Iпредстает как победитель природы и покоритель стихии, творец. Его же воплощение в памятнике отражает государственность и хранит историю, оказываясь для обыкновенного человека фигурой пугающей. Таким образом, в работе показана неоднозначность и противоречивость восприятия Героя в пушкинской художественной реальности. In Russian classical literature, especially in poetry, the image of the Hero occupies a significant place. This is due to historical realities (numerous wars), but also due to the interest of the authors in outstanding personalities who change the course of history and challenge Fate itself. A.S. Pushkin also paid attention to this image. In this article we will look at several heroic figures in lyrics and poems (Napoleon, Karageorgy, Peter I). The poet's interest in Napoleon's personality is beyond doubt. The analysis shows that the image of Napoleon in the "lyceum" lyrics is interpreted in accordance with literary and cultural tradition, mythologized and carries horror. However, in his further work, Napoleon is not perceived so unambiguously. He becomes characterized by the traits of an ordinary person, such as love for his son. Thus, we observe a deepening of the poet's perception of the heroic. Karageorgy also looks like Napoleon, a warrior endowed with terrible qualities, but loving his daughter.A separate place in Pushkin's work is occupied by the image of Peter I, which is also characterized by heroization. If we talk about the poem "The Bronze Horseman", Peter the Great appears as the conqueror of nature and the conqueror of the elements, the creator. His embodiment in the monument reflects statehood and preserves history, turning out to be a frightening figure for an ordinary person.Thus, the work shows the ambiguity and inconsistency of the perception of the Hero in Pushkin's artistic reality.
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Marihandono, Djoko. "When and Why Java was Deliberated from the Slavery?" Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration 1, no. 1 (July 23, 2017): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v1i1.1372.
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Java islands as one of the colonies on the European nations in Asia, had several changes since the Dutch Government liquidated the operation. This condition was caused by the change of the political constellation in Europe since the end of this century. As we knew that since 1795 till 1813, the Netherland was dominated by the French. From the year 1795, in January, the Bataafsche Republic was established in Netherland, supported by French after the governor (Staathouder) escaped by leaving his country to London. The result of this fact, the changes were happened in all provinces in Netherland and in almost of its colonies, included in Java. The form of the government was changed because of the implementation of the French Revolutionary ideas. How to overlook the colonies were different compared by the VOC era. In VOC era, East India had been looked as the economical point of view. In the other hand, in Bataafsche Republic era, it had been considered as the integrated territory of French. So, there was a different management of both. During the VOC era, East India was placed under the Ministry of trade and colony regions. Then, in the Bataafsche Republic era, it was located under the Ministry of Maritime Army and the Colonies.The status of this colony was totally changed. The consequence of this change, there were a reformation of the social, politic and economic. The influences of the liberation idea, the main idea of French Revolution, was applied in almost all the regulations of its colony regions. Human rights guaranteed the rights not only as individual but also as a member of society. The Governor General deliberated all slaves in Java and others several islands to be trained as the soldiers.From the French point of view, Java would be set as centre of the French strategy in the effort to reoccupy India as before. According to Napoleon Bonaparte, India had natural resources more than the riches of all European kingdoms. So, the position of Java island geographically was very important because of his location was directly in front of India Ocean, and the military troupes could directly attack India. Java which was very rich of the natural resources as wood as the basic materials of ship industry, potassium nitrate, as the materials of ammunition and the Javanese who had the very special endurance were considered by the Emperor as a very ideal island. The Javanese could compete the Sepoy soldiers, the Indian indigenous soldiers formed by the British. So, Napoleon Bonaparte considered that the Javanese would be prepared to realize the Napoleonic strategy. Java had to be saved from the British attack.
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Sterkhov, Dmitry. "The Protestant Church and Military Mobilisation in Prussia during the Wars of Liberation in 1813." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 5 (2022): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640019933-4.
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The author analyses the political sermons preached and published by Evangelical pastors during the War of Liberation against Napoleonic France in 1813. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the contribution made by Evangelical clergy to the modernisation of the Prussian military system at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The study is a case study as it analyses the interaction between religion and politics taking the Kingdom of Prussia as a specific example. An analysis of the sources shows that the idea of mass mobilisation in Prussia was disseminated by means of religious reasoning, with preaching being the key tool of military propaganda. Drawing on biblical quotations, Prussian pastors presented the campaign against Napoleon as just, fair, and holy, as it was being waged in the name of God for the sake of all mankind. German national and patriotic values were also declared sacred and worth dying for, although preachers clearly emphasised local religious and dynastic Prussian patriotism. Through sermons, Prussian pastors encouraged the willingness of the population to make material and immaterial sacrifices to save the Prussian/German Fatherland as well as all mankind from Napoleonic tyranny. Thus, the mass mobilisation in Prussia in 1813 went hand in hand with an increase in religiosity. The author concludes that both religion and the church could make a significant contribution to the modernisation of European states and societies in the early nineteenth century.
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Gusriandari, Wahyu, Ayu Pertiwi, and Guntur Eko Saputro. "Impact of the French Revolution and the Napoleon Wars on Industry Mobility, The Military and The Economy in England Country." Journal of Social Work and Science Education 4, no. 2 (July 11, 2023): 510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52690/jswse.v4i2.399.
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The subject matter occurred at the start of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars which caused various problems such as poverty caused by damage to the industry through various continental blockades which triggered an increase in prices resulting in an economic crisis and had an impact on increasing government spending on war costs. The purpose of this study is to find out how the impact of the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars on the industrial, military, and economic mobility of the British state which focuses on the struggle for power aimed at conquering it. Thus, researchers use quantitative methods that use literature studies by collecting various data and information which are then processed to produce precise and accurate conclusions according to the facts that have occurred or will occur. This war has a long-term impact that builds inhibits the development of the world economy. The results of the war research have destroyed economic resources, agriculture and factories were all abandoned due to the war which resulted in people not having enough money to buy basic necessities and having to defend themselves. The strategy of the UK was to continue to borrow heavily for its war expenditure at relatively low rates. However, Britain's tax rate did not change much as long as it earned a peacetime surplus that offset the wartime deficit and paid off the mounting war debt.
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Colson, Bruno. "Waterloo." International Bibliography of Military History 34, no. 2 (December 5, 2014): 149–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22115757-03402003.
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Of all military campaigns throughout the course of history, Waterloo is surely the most studied. After an initial period during which the protagonists, and Napoleon in particular, made strenuous efforts to defend their conduct, a more scientific approach to the events emerged between 1871 and 1918, although it was hampered by a context of rising nationalism. After something of a lull resulting from the World Wars, new studies appeared, marked by attempts to balance out the differing national viewpoints, to re-evaluate the traditional narratives, and above all by a new approach to the realities of the battle based on accounts of personal experience. Cultural historians subsequently introduced new themes, amid a desire to return to first-hand sources. All this has the potential to give rise to a comprehensive history of the campaign, integrating archives from all camps. For currently, despite the plethora of published material on Waterloo, no such definitive study exists.
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Shulpyakov, G. Y. "Muravyov’s resurrection K. N. Batyushkov as a literary critic (<i>‘A letter to I. M. M<uravyov>-A<postol> on Mr. Muravyov’s writings…’</i>)." Voprosy literatury, no. 3 (June 14, 2023): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2023-3-93-106.
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The article is concerned with the story of K. Batyushkov’s analysis of the prose penned by the 18th-c. writer M. Muravyov. This study of Batyushkov’s critical review of Muravyov’s legacy, written and published in the journal Syn Otechestva in 1814, discusses not only Batyushkov’s literary preferences and writing technique, but also his social-political and moral-philosophical reasons to reacquaint the public with the ideas of his literary predecessor. The article details the social-political tendencies of the early 19th c., the effect that the outcome of the Napoleonic wars had on Batyushkov’s generation, and the general sentiment among his contemporaries (Batyushkov himself fought against Napoleon). According to Shulpyakov, the moral questions posed by Batyushkov (man’s attitude to nature, European culture, the Enlightenment and its ideology, etc.) had been anticipated and promoted by his friend and mentor M. Muravyov. However, Batyushkov’s interpretation is influenced by the new era with its disillusionment, discoveries, and semantic atmosphere.
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Рагозин, Г. С. "Austrian Conservative Reflections on Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars During the Vormärz Era (the Case of Works by Joseph Von Hormayr, 1817-1828)." Диалог со временем, no. 83(83) (July 31, 2023): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2023.83.83.004.
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Статья обращается к осмыслению Революционных и Наполеоновских войн в консервативном лагере державы Габсбургов на примере сочинений Йозефа фон Хормайра 1817–1828 гг. Автор проанализировал формирование и развитие консервативного взгляда на события 1792–1815 гг., а также их интеграцию в официальный исторический дискурс державы Габсбургов. В 1817–1828 гг. сместились акценты в образах общего прошлого для частей державы Габсбургов, а также Австрии и Германии. После разгрома Наполеона приоритет однозначно отдавался сюжетам об «австрийской свободе» и «семье народов» под властью Габсбургов во время войн. Однако «германская сопричастность» сохранила свои позиции как элемент обоснования права Австрии на лидерство в Германии и Европе. The paper deals with conceptualization of Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars in conservative political thought of the Habsburg empire basing on the works by Joseph von Hormayr published between 1817 and 1828. The author analyzed the evolution of conservative discourse on the events between 1792 and 1815, and its integration into official Habsburg historical discourse. During the years between 1817 and 1828 the “common past” image for all lands of the Habsburg empire, Austria and Germany faced the change of emphasis. After the fall of Napoleon, the official historiography and Hormayr prioritized the narratives on the role of “Austrian freedom” and “the family of peoples under the Habsburg rule” during the wars. Nonetheless the “German mutuality” discourse did not disappear, and preserved its positions as a means of justifying the Austrian leadership in Germany and Europe.
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Knobler, Adam. "Holy Wars, Empires, and the Portability of the Past: The Modern Uses of Medieval Crusades." Comparative Studies in Society and History 48, no. 2 (March 8, 2006): 293–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417506000120.
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On 12 June 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte took control of the islands of Malta. The Knights Hospitaller surrendered with little fight, and the independently recognized polity of the Knights of St. John, the last bastion of the medieval chivalric orders, fell. Founded in the Middle Ages as a military order created both to carry the sword against Islam and provide shelter and medical care for pilgrims to the Holy Land, the Knights had by the end of the eighteenth century become an anachronism. The Ottoman Empire, the last of the great Muslim powers of the Mediterranean, had long been considered little more than a pawn in larger political struggles on the Continent. The practical application of crusading as church policy had long fallen out of favor. As a military force, the Order was no longer of any consequence. The Grand Council that directed the Order consisted for the most part of Maltese or Italian nobles of little formal training in the strategy and tactics of “modern” warfare. Historians of the late eighteenth century had come to the conclusion that the crusades of the Middle Ages were little more than the fanatical hate mongering of an unenlightened time. As Edward Gibbon wrote: “The principle of the crusades was a savage fanaticism; and the most important effects were analogous to the cause…. The belief of the Catholics was corrupted by new legends…. The active spirit of the Latins preyed on the vitals of their reason and religion…. The lives and labours of millions, which were buried in the East, would have been more profitably employed in the improvement of their native country….”
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Sterkhov, Dmitry. "Military and Patriotic Mobilisation in Prussia During the Liberations Wars of 1813–1815." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 5 (2023): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640028069-3.
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The author focuses on the first mass mobilisation in Prussia carried out by the Prussian government during the Liberation Wars of 1813–1815. He aims to answer the question of how successful this mobilisation was and whether the Prussian political elite managed to obtain the popular support for the war against Napoleonic France. Methodologically, the study is based on the theory of modernisation, according to which, during the Napoleonic Wars, universal conscription was introduced in the countries of Europe and modern mass warfare emerged. The introduction deals with the general causes prompting the government of the Prussian King Frederick William III to introduce the universal conscription in Prussia in the spring of 1813. The author pays attention is paid to the military reforms conducted by Gerhard von Scharnhorst, Hermann von Boyen and other reformers. He focuses on legislative acts of March and April 1813 which laid the foundation for the mass mobilisation in Prussia, namely. royal decrees abolishing all exemptions from the military service and establishing voluntary detachments or the Prussian National Militia (Landwehr and Landsturm). The author also analyses the social and provincial origin of those who were mobilised in the Prussian army. In the second part of the article, he considers the organisation of the patriotic propaganda which was indispensable for the mass mobilisation. To this end, he examines official governmental proclamations, newspaper articles, pamphlets, leaflets, brochures, political lyrics, and sermons. He emphasises that not only men were supposed to be mobilised for the needs of war but women as well. He concludes that the first mass mobilisation in Prussia in 1813–1815 turned out to be highly successful and effective. The Prussian government managed to mobilise large groups of people within a very short period of time. The universal conscription became law in 1814, and the pantheon of national heroes who died for the freedom of the Fatherland was created. The massive public support for the war against Napoleon significantly contributed to Prussia's rapid rise to the leading power among all German states.
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Krotov, Artem A. "Philosopher in the Service of the Thermidorian Republic and Emperor: to the Political Biography of Maine de Biran." History of Philosophy 26, no. 1 (2021): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2074-5869-2021-26-1-13-24.
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The article analyzes the peculiarities of the political philosophy of the ancestor of French spiritualism based on documents published at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries. The specificity of his worldview in the early period of philosophical activity is considered, as well as the reasons that prompted him to turn to politics after the Thermidorian coup. Negative attitude towards the Jacobeans, regrets about the fall of the monarchy are very characteristic of his views during this period. He meets the Thermidorian republic and then the empire with hopes for close peace, social stability, based on strict observance of laws. At first, he praises Napoleon as a genius who “pacifies and comforts”. But then comes disappointment, a continuous sequence of wars leads him to condemn the Napoleonic policy as part of the “commission of five” of legislative corps in December 1813. The philosopher meets the restoration as an event consistent with the plans of Providence. Undoubtedly, the appeal to religious philosophy was largely motivated by Biran's political experience.