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Journal articles on the topic 'Napoleon'
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1
Cooper, Levi. "NAPOLEONIC FREEDOM OF WORSHIP IN LAW AND ART." Journal of Law and Religion 34, no. 1 (April 2019): 3–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlr.2019.15.
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ABSTRACTNapoleon's most famous innovation in his legendary military career was the use of the daunting Grande Armée with an emphasis on speed, maneuverability, and maintaining the offensive. Yet Napoleon understood that while skirmishes were won or lost on the battlefield, the real war lay in public perception. To that end, Napoleon used art and cultural treasures as part of his arsenal in order to create the perception of victory, regardless of the outcome of any particular campaign. Examining contemporary French artistic representations of Napoleon granting freedom of worship to religious groups, this article analyzes artwork as a tool for fashioning and communicating legal narrative. Popular visual arts are mined for meaning, painting a portrait of the legal and cultural setting of these creative works. The partisan artwork demonstrates how Napoleon's artists depicted freedom of worship as the freedom—granted to all faiths—to worship Napoleon. It is noted that Jews feature disproportionately in the Empire period's depictions of freedom of worship. This is surprising, as the Jewish community was numerically insignificant and hardly influential in Napoleon's realm. This article argues that in addition to broadcasting religious tolerance, Napoleonic artwork used Jews and symbols like Moses and tablets of law to fashion a narrative of law that foregrounded the legal legitimacy of Napoleon's rule: Napoleon's regime is legally just; the enlightened ruler affords rights and liberties to all his subjects; divine Napoleon is the new lawgiver.
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Mogilevskiy, N. A. "«Unclear Enemy»: Why the Guerrilla War in France in 1814 Failed." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(44) (October 28, 2015): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-5-44-7-13.
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Abstract: Author of the article analyzes the reasons of the fail of Napoleon’s attempts to set the guerrilla war in France during the campaign of 1814. While the forces of anti-Napoleonic coalition were standing near the border of France, Napoleon did his best to recruit his new army. But the human resources of France were exhausted, and that’s why Napoleon decided to set the guerrillia. But all his proclamations and even his orders were disobeyed - French people were too tired of incessant war, and Napoleon again decided to gain his goals on the battlefield. Besides author shows great efforts of Russian headquarters to avoid the guerrilla war. Alexander I and his allies in theirs proclamations declared that they were fighting only with Napoleon, but not with the French nation. That tactic gave a brilliant result and helped to avoid the patriotic uplift in France in 1814. In this propagandistic war Napoleon was defeated and that cost him his throne. The reasons of Napoleon’s fail, firstly, was the unclear image of the enemy. French emperor didn’t manage to unite French nation against the rival. On the contrary the French Emperor, his enemies managed (in their proclamations and personal conversations) to persuade the French people, that the allies had one enemy - the Emperor Napoleon, not the French nation, and the ultimate goal of war - to set peace on the European continent. That was exactly how the allies did set the disunity between Napoleon and his people. Ultimately, the combination of these factors was the reason that a guerrilla war never broke out in France.
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Heitzman, Matthew. "“He Resembled the Great Emperor”." Nineteenth-Century Literature 74, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 199–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2019.74.2.199.
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Matthew Heitzman, “‘He Resembled the Great Emperor’: Charlotte Brontë, Villette, and the Rise of Napoleon III” (pp. 199–223) This essay offers a local historical context for Charlotte Brontë’s Villette (1853), reading it in relation to the rise of Napoleon III as Emperor of France. Napoleon III completed his ascendancy just as Brontë was completing her novel. His rise prompted a mixture of anxiety and optimism in the English press, as English political commentators were uncertain if this new Napoleon’s reign would mark a return to the Anglo-French nationalist strife of the first Napoleonic period or if his rule would mark a détente and productive path forward for Anglo-French relations. I argue that this ambiguity is coded into Brontë’s characterization of Monsieur Paul Emanuel, and that we can read Monsieur Paul’s romance with Lucy Snowe as a political allegory—Brontë’s attempt to decipher what Napoleon III’s rapid rise meant for Anglo-French relations. I suggest in this essay that Brontë’s interest in the contemporary Anglo-French political context was a product of her fascination with Napoleon Bonaparte, specifically his rivalry with the Duke of Wellington, and that understanding her interest in the first Napoleonic period can help us to decipher why her depiction of Anglo-French nationalist interaction in Villette is totally at odds with her other novels, where French nationalism is typically a trait that needs to be effaced.
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Eekhout, Marianne. "De keizer en de adelaar : Materiële cultuur uit de tijd van Napoleon in Dordrecht, 1810-1813." Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis 133, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 477–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgesch2020.3.004.eekh.
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Abstract The emperor and the eagle. Material culture from Napoleon’s reign in Dordrecht, 1810-1813During Napoleon Bonaparte’s reign as king and emperor of the Netherlands (1810-1813) the Napoleonic eagle had a prominent place in Dutch society. Coats of arms were changed and civic symbols were altered to fit the new regime. But what happened to these symbols when Napoleon’s occupation was over? Were they destroyed, as in France, or was there a different way of looking at Napoleonic symbolism? On a national level the Netherlands attempted to forget the period 1810-1813. As this article argues, events were remembered very differently at a local level. As the case study of Dordrecht proves, objects related to the visit of Napoleon to the city in 1811, and to his reign in general, remained in circulation there. Private stories connected to 1811 secured a place for a seemingly negative episode in the history of Dordrecht. Moreover, the visit created feelings of civic and military pride in the same way that independence did in 1813.
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Yuliardani, Novita, Mashadi Mashadi, and Sri Gemawati. "Pengembangan Teorema Napoleon pada Segienam." Journal of Medives : Journal of Mathematics Education IKIP Veteran Semarang 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31331/medives.v2i1.527.
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Pada umumnya teorema Napoleon diberlakukan pada segitiga. Dalam tulisan ini dibahas teorema Napoleon pada segienam, yaitu segienam yang memiliki tiga pasang sisi sejajar dan sama panjang dengan kasus segienam beraturan yang dibangun mengarah ke luar. Pembuktian pada teorema Napoleon ini dengan menggunakan konsep kesebangunan dan konsep trigonometri.
Kata kunci: Teorema Napoleon, konsep kekongruenan, trigonometri.
ABSTRACT
Napoleon’s Theorem generally applies in triangle. This paper applied Napoleon’s Theorem in hexagons that have three pairs of parallel sides in same length and regular hexagons that are built outward. Provided proofs use the congruence and trigonometric concepts.
Keywords: Napoleon’s Theorem, congruency concept, trigonometry.
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Welch, Cheryl B. "Reflections on Melvin Richter’s Tocqueville and the Two Napoleons." Tocqueville Review 42, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.42.2.29.
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This essay explores the significance of Napoleon for contemporary history and public affairs by reflecting on the career of Melvin Richter (1921-2020) and his forthcoming Tocqueville and the Two Napoleons. Richter maintains that Tocqueville’s ever-deepening analysis of the Napoleonic model, a new and sinister form of the administrative state, achieved dystopian dimensions in his thought and serves as an important thread by which we can re-assess Tocqueville’s entire oeuvre and political career. The article argues that Tocqueville’s historical method, which takes center stage in Richter’s reconstruction of the way in which Tocqueville submits Napoleon to the discipline of history, continues to inspire, even as contemporary concerns shift away from the dangers of the administrative state. It also speculates that the mythical Napoleon who transcended time, a figure inevitably neglected in “Tocquevillian” histories but made compelling by a generation of romantic writers, is newly relevant in a world of mysterious affective attachments to populist leaders and the waves of expressive violence in which such attachments are enmeshed.
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Battesti, Michèle. "Les aléas de la stratégie de Napoléon sur mer." Revue Historique des Armées 241, no. 4 (2005): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rharm.2005.5764.
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The risks of Napoleon's maritime strategy ; Evaluating Napoleon’s relations with his navy and his maritiume strategy is like trying to shine light into a black hole. Only the defeats have gone down into history - Aboukir, Trafalgar - the underside, as it were, of the glories of the Napoleonic era. Yet in exile on St. Helena Napoleon, with some justification, declared himself satisfied with his record at sea. This article seeks to explain this apparent paradox. On assuming power, Napoleon inherited a French navy crippled by six years of war and blockade. He got to grips with making improvements quite effectively, but realised that he would need ten years of peace to fashion a fleet capable of challenging Britain’s Royal Navy with any prospect of suc¬ cess. The ending of the Peace of Amiens (1803) left France virtually disarmed at sea, certainly compared with the protection afforded Britain by its insular position and the ‘wooden walls’ of her fleet. To escape this strategic impasse, Napoleon decided to attempt an invasion of Britain. He based his plan on the assembly of a large fleet of shallow-draught barges to project the Grand Army, 150,000 soldiers, across the Channel. But the plan became delayed. And the more time passed, the greater the complications that emerged, and the clearer became the need for an accompanying sea-going fleet. In 1805 Napoleon attempted a large-scale manoeuvre aimed at concentrating the squadrons of the French fleet in the rear of the British - in the West Indies - before bringing them unexpectedly and suddenly back into Channel waters to cover the passage of the Grand Army to England. The plan failed, but it resulted in the Battle of Trafalgar, which ought never to have taken place. Napoleon, who at first sought to deny the scale of that defeat, did not give up on the French navy. On the contrary, he had it rebuilt once again and raised to the level of the fleet in 1789. He hoped that Britain would lower its guard, to enable him at some point to deliver her a mortal blow. Thus, contrary to what is often argued, Napoleon did understand the mysteries of naval strategy. He realised that a full-scale naval recovery could not be achieved in wartime, whilst Britain retained its mastery of the waves. Yet, and to his credit, he persevered.
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DALY, GAVIN. "BRITISH SOLDIERS AND THE LEGEND OF NAPOLEON." Historical Journal 61, no. 1 (February 27, 2017): 131–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x16000479.
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ABSTRACTInvestigating the letters, diaries, and memoirs of British officers and enlisted men from the Napoleonic Wars, this article explores the hitherto neglected subject of British soldiers’ perceptions of Napoleon. Soldiers often formed mixed and ambivalent views on Napoleon. At one level, this corresponds with a range of attitudes within Britain, highlighting the important connections between soldiers and domestic culture. Yet these views also reveal what soldiers as a distinct cohort prioritized about Napoleon, and how these perceptions evolved over time. They also reveal tensions and divisions within the army itself, and shed light on British soldiers and patriotism. And finally, they add to our understanding of soldiers’ writing practices, especially their cultural context and the differences between wartime writing and memoirs. A diverse and shifting set of cultural frameworks and lived experiences shaped soldiers’ writings on Napoleon – from the Black Legend and Napoleonic Legend, to the Enlightenment and Romanticism; and from Spain and its battlefields to Restoration Paris and post-Waterloo Britain. Tracing the evolution of British soldiers’ perceptions of Napoleon from the outbreak of the Peninsular War in 1808 to the mid-nineteenth century reveals a growing admiration of Napoleon and the increasing hold of the Napoleonic Legend.
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Gutman, Sanford. "Broers, Europe Under Napolean, 1799-1815." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 25, no. 1 (April 1, 2000): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.25.1.43-44.
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Do we need yet another book on Napoleon? Michael Broers answers, not exactly. According to Broers, what we need, and indeed what he has given us, is a sophisticated historical analysis of the impact of Napoleonic rule on conquered Europe from the point of view of the ruled. So, if you are looking for a book primarily on Napoleon the man and ruler, or one on France under Napoleon, you will need to look elsewhere.
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Brun, Jean-François. "Les états-majors des armées napoléoniennes." Revue Historique des Armées 241, no. 4 (2005): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rharm.2005.5763.
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The staff officers of the armies of Napoleon ; During the course of the Napoleonic wars the French army benefited from superbly well organised military staffs at all levels, to support the command. At the top of the organisational pyramid stood the Imperial General Staff. This consisted of three bodies : the ‘Imperial Household’, the ‘Emperor’s General Staff’, and the ‘War Administration’. The military staffs of subordinate formations (army corps and divisions ) were divided into three in exactly the same manner. Whatever level one examines in the Napoleonic French army, the staffs all shared the common characteristic of providing the commanding general with the means to plan and direct the movement of his formation’s constituent units. It was this that made possible in that era the material and technical ‘way of war’ that Napoleon pursued. Within each of the military staffs there were specialists, adjutant-majors and their assistants, who ran the offices that generally dealt with non-tactical business, whilst the other officers (including the aides-de-camp to the generals and Napoleon’s personal adjutant officers) took care of observation missions and troop inspections, and acted as courriers -roles that did not require specialist training.
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Podosokorsky, Nikolay N. "The Religious Element of the Myth of Napoleon in the Novel Crime and Punishment: The Image of “Napoleon-Prophet” and the Mystic Sects of Russian Schismatics, Worshippers of Napoleon." Dostoevsky and World Culture. Philological journal, no. 2 (2022): 89–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2619-0311-2022-2-89-143.
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The article is dedicated to the presence of the Napoleonic myth in Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment (1866) through its religious aspect, namely the historical and cultural mergence of Napoleon and Mohammed and the worship of Napoleon among the mystic sects of Russian schismatics in the first half of the 19th century. The formation of a lasting perception of Napoleon Bonaparte as the new “prophet”, “Mohammed of the West” — which can be found in Stendhal, Alexandre Dumas, Honoré de Balzac, and others — is here traced, as well as the way Napoleon used religion and art for political aims during the Egyptian expedition and after. Particular attention is dedicated to Voltaire’s play Mahomet (1741) and its influence on Napoleon (and possibly on Dostoevsky) through theatre performances. Rodion Raskolnikov’s Napoleonic theory is explained through an immersion in the history of the wars between Russia and France and of the Russian sectarian movement, where in 1920s-1940s could be found more than one sect worshipping Napoleon. According to the reports of secret police agents, they tacitly gathered in Moscow and worshipped a bust of Napoleon the Emperor, believing that he was not dead but alive, and would soon appear to “command the righteous regiments to restore the shattered order”. Dostoevsky could use this original mystical phenomenon in his novel. It is no coincidence that one of the doubles-substitutes for the main character in Crime and Punishment is the schismatic Mikolka, who was born in the Ryazan province, where Raskolnikov’s mother and sister lived.
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Bell, David A. "Tocqueville, Napoleon, and History-Writing in a Democratic Age." Tocqueville Review 42, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.42.2.43.
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In Democracy in America, Tocqueville posited a contrast between the way history is written in “aristocratic” and “democratic” ages. In the former, historians tend to assign great weight to the actions of individuals; in the latter, they privilege great impersonal forces that act upon the mass. The essay examines Tocqueville’s views of Napoleon Bonaparte in light of these reflections. It concludes that despite his occasional vulnerability to the lure of Napoleonic grandeur, and despite his own desire, as an aristocrat writing in a democratic age, to effect a synthesis of the two modes of historical writing, in the end he fundamentally viewed Napoleon’s actions as determined by the forces of democratic equality and revolution.
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Combe, David A. "Civil Law Collections on Microfiche." International Journal of Legal Information 21, no. 1 (1993): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500027475.
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The tomb of Napoleon inspires awe and reverence from its very nature: directly under the dome lies the red marble exterior sarcophagus of the Emperor. Along the circular gallery in the crypt are ten bas-reliefs in white marble illustrating the glories of Napoleon's reign. One of these honors the Code Napoléon. The supporting legal literature is shown in the form of books bearing these headings: Droit Romain, Institutes de Justinien, Pothier's Obligations, Domat, and the Customs of Paris, Orléans and Normandy. The only quotation to be found on the walls of the crypt is attributed to the Memoirs of Las Cases: “ Justice égale et intelligible pour tous.”
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Vol’skii, Aleksei L. "Through the prism of aesthetics. Napoleonic myth in the works of Goethe and Nietzsche." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature 20, no. 3 (2023): 446–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.303.
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The reception of Napoleon in Germany was carried out under the sign of an aesthetic myth. The aesthetic myth is understood as a set of theories, concepts and texts of culture based on the idea of transforming the world through artistic creativity. Starting with romanticism, the aesthetic myth determines the specifics of the German discourse of culture. Under the sign of the aesthetic myth in Germany, the image of the French emperor is also comprehended. J.W.Goethe sees in Napoleon the embodiment of genius, the secret of which he is trying to unravel. Goethe sees in Napoleon a demonic personality, “the quintessence of humanity”, a genius, a natural phenomenon. Another aesthetic category through which the image of Napoleon is comprehended is the sublime. According to Goethe, the loftiness of Napoleon manifests itself not only during his political rise, but also during his fall. Another aesthetic category through which the image of Napoleon is comprehended is the sublime. The greatness of Napoleon is manifested, according to Goethe, not only in his military and political triumph, but in his tragic fall. Nietzsche sees in Napoleon the historical anticipation of the coming superman. The political activity of Napoleon is comprehended as an analogue and continuation of German art, the reincarnation of the ancient German spirit that overcomes the modern German decadence. In contrast to Bismarck’s nationalist empire, Napoleon’s all-European empire was founded on the principles of cosmopolitanism, which, in Nietzsche’s view, corresponds to the universalist nature of the German spirit.
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Ana Jemi, Billy Jenawi, Ferizone,. "Peran Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Kepulauan Anambas dalam Perlindungan Ikan Napoleon (Studi di Desa Air Sena Kecamatan Siantan Tengah)." Dialektika Publik : Jurnal Administrasi Negara Universitas Putera Batam 4, no. 1 (August 29, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33884/dialektikapublik.v4i1.1360.
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Napoleon fish is one of the types of fish that have a high economic value. Kepulauan Anambas is one of the regions in Indonesia which has a population of Napoleon fish the most. To protect the fish from extinction Government was published a decision of the Minister of Marine and Fisheries the number 37 Year 2013 regarding the determination of the Status of the protection of Napoleon. To view the roles carried out by the Department of Marine and Fisheries Kepulauan Anambas used theory of the role from Siagian with the indicator stabilizer, innovators, modernisator, pioneer and implementors. Type of research is qualitative with descriptive analysis techniques. The results of this research show that the role of the Department of Marine and Fisheries was keep order fishers in the protection of Napoleon fish by making policies to maintain fisherman economic stability and fishermen by creating joint ventures. Role as innovator, Department of marine and Fisheries have made special location fish protection Napoleon and applied cultivation grouper so not just farmed fish of Napoleon. As modernisator the Marine and Fisheries Agency has not used a technology that could help in the Napoleon fish farming but the Office of maritime and Fishery will make Napoloen fish as one of the tourist attractions. His role as a pioneer, Marine and Fisheries Agency has delivered fishing aspirations and also increase public awareness through socialization. As executor, Department of marine and Fisheries surveillance has been instrumental in the capture and exportation
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Maynard, Jacquelyn. "Napoleon's Waterloo Wasn't Mathematics." Mathematics Teacher 82, no. 8 (November 1989): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.82.8.0648.
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When students think of Napoleon Bonaparte, they probably think of a famous military leader who met his defeat at Waterloo, or maybe they remember the portraits of the general with his hand in his jacket. But it's almost certain that students don't think of Napoleon in connection with mathematics. This article will acquaint you with Napoleon's interest and involvement in mathematics and education.
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Mahdavi, Shireen. "IRADJ AMINI, Napoleon and Persia: Franco–Persian Relations under the First Empire, trans. Azizeh Azodi (Richmond, Surrey, England: Curzon Press, 1999). Pp. 245. $34.95 cloth." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 4 (November 2000): 550–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800002798.
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Napoleon, like many other great conquerors before him, not only dreamed of invading India; he also dreamed of striking a blow against England, France's eternal enemy. Persia was the key to that dream, as it lay en route. Napoleon needed a country nearby in which to build up his troops and a port from which his navy could operate. Therefore, the establishment of friendly relations with Persia was an essential part of Napoleon's strategy. This book is an account of Napoleon's efforts at creating diplomatic relations with Persia and a dream that ended in dust and ashes.
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Podosokorsky, Nikolay N. "“Napoleonic” Petersburg and its Reflection in Dostoevsky’s Novel Crime and Punishment." Dostoevsky and World Culture. Philological journal, no. 4 (2022): 71–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2619-0311-2022-4-71-135.
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The article is devoted to a specific socio-cultural phenomenon, called by the author “Napoleonic” Petersburg, and its reflection in Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment (1866). In the late 1830s — 1860s the Napoleonic myth manifested itself in several aspects of the cultural life of the capital of the Russian Empire: the names of public institutions, restaurant menus, apartment decorations, museum rarities, monuments, street shows, theatrical productions, literary works, psychological imitation of Napoleon, etc. The article presents an attempt to reconstruct how the “Napoleonic” Petersburg was formed and looked like during the time when Fyodor Dostoevsky, who dedicated several works to the life of people in Petersburg, fascinated by Napoleon (“Mr. Prokharchin,” White Nights, Notes from the Underground, etc.), lived and worked in it, before the creation of Crime and Punishment. The author’s research focuses on the novel Crime and Punishment and Rodion Raskolnikov, trying to become a new Napoleon and talking about the transformation of St. Petersburg and the greatness of historical figures as “living monuments” on which there is “not a body, but bronze.” It is shown how the realities of St. Petersburg (the Egyptian Bridge, the Alexander Column, the Kazan Cathedral, etc.) relate to the Napoleonic myth and are indirectly reflected in the text of Dostoevsky’s novel.
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Glenn, Paul F. "Nietzsche's Napoleon: The Higher Man as Political Actor." Review of Politics 63, no. 1 (2001): 129–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500030540.
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Nietzsche's concept of the higher man is often seen as vague. The article adds concreteness to the concept by studying an example of a higher man, Napoleon. Napoleon embodied power and spiritual health, and was therefore an admirable person. By looking at Nietzsche's description of Napoleon as an artist, we also gain insight into the higher man as a political actor: he uses the public arena as the medium on which he practices his art. In doing so, he presents himself as a exemplar of humanity, inspiring others to seek their own path to excellence. By studying this, we gain important insight into Nietzsche's political teaching. But Nietzsche's account of Napoleon is not one-sided: he also describes Napoleon's corruption. The fall of a higher man is both a warning of the dangers of the political realm, and a reminder that sickness and health are closely connected. Even the mightiest individual is fragile.
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Koncewicz, Marcelina. "Władza pod piórem… Zmiany w przedstawianiu postaci Napoleona w polskiej poezji z okresu Księstwa Warszawskiego." Dyskretny urok władzy. Idealiści, kolaboranci, oportuniści 19, no. 2 (October 28, 2022): 310–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23531991kk.22.023.16257.
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Artykuł podejmuje temat kreowania postaci Napoleona w polskiej poezji z okresu Księstwa Warszawskiego. Przedstawia, jak zmieniało się postrzeganie jego władzy w zależności od sytuacji politycznej. Ukazuje wpływ kultury i religii na kreowanie postaci władcy. Poeci tacy jak Wincenty Turski, Franciszek Wężyk i Józef Skorkowski skupiają się na zasługach wojskowych Napoleona. Posługują się metaforami i innymi środkami stylistycznymi związanymi ze sferą mitologii sakralnej oraz greckiej i rzymskiej. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz i Kajetan Koźmian w swoich wierszach opisują obrazy śmierci i klęski maszerujących niszczycielskich oddziałów. W pracy omówiono przykłady utworów odnoszących się do wydarzeń historycznych takich jak zawarcie pokoju w Tylży czy klęska kampanii moskiewskiej. Pokazano, jak zmieniały się nastroje społeczne i stosunek do władzy. Artykuł skupia się przede wszystkim na analizie języka poetyckiego i powiązań z różnymi dziedzinami kultury. Porównuje portret władcy odnoszącego sukcesy z obrazem tego, który ponosi porażkę. Writing Power… Changes in the Presentation of Napoleon in Polish Poetry from the Period of the Duchy of Warsaw The aim of the article is to present the creation process of Napoleon’s figure in Polish poetry from the period of the Duchy of Warsaw. It presents how the perception of his power changed depending on the political situation. The article also points out the influence of culture and religion on creating the figure of a ruler. Examples of poetry relating to historical events such as the treaties of Tilsit or the defeat during the Moscow campaign show how the social mood and attitude to power have changed. The analysis of the poetic language and connections with various areas of culture were crucial for creating the figure of Napoleon as a ruler. Poets like Wincenty Turski, Franciszek Wężyk and Józef Skorkowski focus on the military merit of Napoleon. They use metaphors and other stylistic devices related to the sphere of the sacred and to the Greek and Roman mythology. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz and Kajetan Koźmian in their poems describe images of death and defeat of marching devastated troops. All in all, in Polish poetry from the period of the Duchy of Warsaw we can compare the portrait of a successful ruler with that of a failing one.
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SIMMS, BRENDAN. "BRITAIN AND NAPOLEON." Historical Journal 41, no. 3 (September 1998): 885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x98008048.
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The French Revolutionary wars, 1787–1802. By T. C. W. Blanning. London: Longman, 1996. Pp. xvii+286. ISBN 0-340-56911-5. £15.99.The wars of Napoleon. By Charles J. Esdaile. London: Longman, 1995. Pp. xii+417. ISBN 0-582-05955-0. £14.99.The Younger Pitt: the consuming struggle. By John Ehrman. London: Constable, 1996. Pp. xv+911. ISBN 0-09-475540-x. £35.British victory in Egypt, 1801: the end of Napoleon's conquest. By Piers Mackesy. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. Pp. xii+282. ISBN 0-415-04064-7. £45.Britain and the defeat of Napoleon, 1807–1815. By Rory Muir. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996. Pp. xiv+466. ISBN 0-300-06443-8. £29.95.Traditional historians of war and foreign policy in Britain have often been accused – sometimes justly – of all manner of sins, among them Anglo- and Eurocentricity. There is no trace, however, of insularity in the five new publications by John Ehrman, Rory Muir, Piers Mackesy, Charles Esdaile, and T. C. W. Blanning on the struggle with Napoleon. The global sweep of that conflict, to quote Rory Muir's Britain and the defeat of Napoleon, forces the historian to address an ‘interlocking mosaic of problems’ (p. xii), spanning the Baltic to the Cape of Good Hope, and the Indian subcontinent to the Caribbean.
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DALY, GAVIN. "NAPOLEON AND THE ‘CITY OF SMUGGLERS’, 1810–1814." Historical Journal 50, no. 2 (May 9, 2007): 333–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x07006097.
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In the final years of the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon allowed English smugglers entry into the French ports of Dunkirk and Gravelines, encouraging them to run contraband back and forth across the Channel. Gravelines catered for up to 300 English smugglers, housed in a specially constructed compound known as the ‘city of smugglers’. Napoleon used the smugglers in the war against Britain. The smugglers arrived on the French coast with escaped French prisoners of war, gold guineas, and English newspapers; and returned to England laden with French textiles, brandy, and gin. Smuggling remains a neglected historical subject, and this episode in particular – the relationship between English smugglers and the Napoleonic state between 1810 and 1814 – has attracted little scholarly interest. Yet it provides a rich historical source, illuminating not only the history of Anglo-French Channel smuggling during the early nineteenth century, but offering insights into the economic, social, and maritime history of the Napoleonic Wars.
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DWYER, PHILIP G. "NAPOLEON AND THE FOUNDATION OF THE EMPIRE." Historical Journal 53, no. 2 (April 27, 2010): 339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x1000004x.
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ABSTRACTHistorians generally discount the advent of the First French Empire as the result of Napoleon's personal ambition. Napoleon, however, could not have brought about the transition from republic to empire without wide support, not only among the political and military elite, but also among the French people. This article re-examines the reasons why, a little more than ten years after the execution of Louis XVI, moderate-conservative elements in the political elite opted for a monarchical-style political system, and why it was so widely accepted by ordinary people across France. It does so by examining the arguments in favour of empire in three ‘sites of ideas’: the neo-monarchists in Napoleon's entourage; the political elite, preoccupied with many of the same concerns that had plagued France since 1789; and the wider political nation, which expressed a manifest adhesion to Napoleon as emperor that was marked by an affective bond. The push to empire, it is argued, was an expression of a dominant set of political beliefs and values. Napoleon, on the other hand, only reluctantly came to accept the notion of heredity.
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Wan Husin, W. N., W. M. I. Wan Rasyid, and W. K. Mujani. "The Military Leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte in the Battle of Austerlitz from the Perspective of Just War Theory." International Journal of Social Science Research 11, no. 1 (March 7, 2023): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v11i1.20928.
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The objective of the study is to analyze the moral aspects of Napoleon Bonaparte’s military leadership in the Battle of Austerlitz based on Just War Theory. Napoleon’s outstanding leadership is acknowledged by scholars, and this battle is lauded as one of Napoleon’s notable successes in the expansion of France’s empire in Europe. This research has applied a historical and textual analysis approaches by focusing on Just War Theory in analyzing Napoleon’s military leadership. This philosophical theory scrutinizes the aspects of morality in a war based upon three main principles. Based on historical and textual analysis approaches, the findings reveal Napoleon’s military leadership in this battle adjudged to be unethical, as one aspect of Just War Theory guidelines was exploited. The study has an impact on leadership style and political behavior as a determinant factor of the success among the army leaders, such as Napoleon Bonaparte. This study also discusses on or touch about strategic thinking of the warfare. This paper is a valuable source of information regarding current research on the historical approach in analyzing Napoleon’s military leadership based on Just War Theory.
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Szadkowski, Kamil. "Napoleon – wojenne refleksje ze Świętej Heleny według relacji Emmanuela hrabiego de Las Cases." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica, no. 105 (December 30, 2019): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6050.105.04.
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Celem artykułu jest przyjrzenie się ostatniemu etapowi życia Napoleona – pobytowi, wygnaniu na Wyspie Świętej Heleny. Szczególnie istotne są zapiski dotyczące prowadzonych przez Napoleona wojen i ich ocena z perspektywy czasu, a także miejsca i pozycji, w jakich się znalazł. W wyjątkowy sposób chciałem przyjrzeć się Memoriałowi ze Świętej Heleny Emmanuela hrabiego de Las Cases, który różni się od innych pamiętników napisanych przez tzw. ewangelistów ze Świętej Heleny, łączy bowiem charakter pamiętnika z dziennikiem. Był on też ogromnym sukcesem wydawniczym w dziewiętnastowiecznej Europie. Czytając go, mamy wrażenie, że przemawia sam Napoleon, a przez to zastanawiamy się jakby bezpośrednio nad refleksjami pokonanego i upokorzonego monarchy wygnanego na środek Oceanu Atlantyckiego przez rząd brytyjski, który jednak próbuje przekazać swoje przesłanie na kontynent europejski, kreując swój obraz. W zestawieniu z licznymi źródłami rysuje się niezwykle interesujący obraz postrzegania wojny – jej celów, skutków i przyczyn przez jedną z najwybitniejszych postaci w dziejach świata, jaką niewątpliwie był Napoleon.
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Clinton, Michael. "Blaufarb, Napolean - Symbol For An Age - A Brief History With Documents." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 34, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.34.1.46-47.
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Like other titles in the Bedford Series in History and Culture, this one focusing on Napoleon and his age is of high quality, accessible to students at different levels, and useful in a variety of contexts. Rafe Blaufarb packages an excellent and rich set of primary source documents supported by an introduction that underscores Napoleon's dynamic and complex relationship with the political and ideological currents of the period. While Blaufarb sketches the meaning of Napoleon 's impact in necessarily concise but nevertheless substantial terms, he still manages to suggest those areas where historians have and continue to debate, illustrating the vital element of historiographical controversy so crucial to an appreciation of Napoleon as historical subject. The volume provides other pedagogical opportunities along the way, making it a valued resource for instructors in and out of the classroom.
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Podosokorsky, Nikolay N. "Napoleon-Sun in Dostoevsky’s Novel Crime and Punishment." Dostoevsky and World Culture. Philological journal, no. 2 (22) (2023): 57–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2619-0311-2023-2-57-105.
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The article is dedicated to the historical and cultural fusion of the Napoleonic and solar myth and its reflection in Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment. The plea of investigator Porfiry Petrovich to Rodion Raskolnikov during their third conversation “to become the sun” affects not only the Christian, as many researchers have already noticed, but also the Napoleonic side of the personality of the hero, who is trying to become the new Petersburg’s legislator of humanity. Special attention is paid to the evolution of the concept of “the Sun of Austerlitz,” which is usually understood as the highest triumph of Napoleon during his entire military career, and the centennial tradition of identifying great rulers with the Sun (Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Louis XIV, Napoleon, etc.). The formation of the solar cult of Napoleon during the First Empire in France and the role of the sun in the novel Crime and Punishment are considered in detail. It is explained why Raskolnikov, whose name Rodion refers to the island of Rhodes, dedicated to Helios, the god of the sun, mentions a variety of battles and campaigns involving his idol (the Siege of Toulon, the Egyptian campaign, the crossing of the Alps, the War of 1812, Waterloo, etc.) but completely ignores the Battle of Austerlitz, and why the sun the hero comes across is almost always setting. In addition, the article traces the connection between Napoleon and Apollo in the European culture of the first half of the 19th century and in Dostoevsky’s work.
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Hebdon, Brontë. "Embroidered Hierarchies: French Civil Uniforms and the décret du 29 messidor in Napoleonic Paris and Milan." Costume 57, no. 2 (September 2023): 173–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cost.2023.0263.
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In the days following Napoleon Bonaparte's nomination as Emperor of the French in May 1804, two decrees were introduced to French society: the décret du 24 messidor an XII and the décret du 29 messidor an XII. The first organized the French court into a hierarchy of privilege, placing Napoleon and his closest friends and advisors at the top of a complex pyramid of social capital. The second decree reoriented the court away from the sartorial egalitarianism of the French Revolution by legislating court costumes of varying colours and embroidery designs to correspond with each newly created governmental and courtly rank. Many histories of this period connect Napoleon's court costumes to his desire to strengthen the French silk industry, but less is understood about how Napoleon used these court costumes at his courts outside of France as organizational and imperialistic tools of social control. This article will consider how the décret du 24 messidor and the décret du 29 messidor were implemented in Paris and in the Kingdom of Italy in Milan in 1805, revealing that even as Napoleon's government attempted to structure French courtly society through codes of sartorial display, personal expression for men was still possible, especially through embroidery.
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Zaharchuk, О. "FOREIGN POLICY AND DIPLOMACY OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE IN THE WORKS OF MODERN UKRAINIAN HISTORIANS." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 128 (2016): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2016.128.1.05.
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Opinions of the modern national researchers towards the foreign policy and diplomacy of Napoleon Bonaparte are analized. In Soviet times, the authors of dissertations and monographs about Napoleon's epoch were mainly Russian historians. Moden Ukrainian territories as an object of foreign policy and diplomacy of French Emperor was not considered important and priority though professional level of Ukrainian Soviet researchers allows them to do serious exploration within the designated problem. Since the independence of Ukraine a new phase of development of domestic Napoleon studies has began. Using new methodological approach made it possible to gradually move away from ideological stereotypes, typical for Soviet historiography.Expansion of sources has allowed Ukrainian scientists to explore new directions of Napoleon foreign policy.Involvement material Austrian, French, Polish and other European archives, provided an opportunity to rethink the known facts and reach a new level of research on this issue. However, some authors despite the achievements of modern national historiography, continue to adhere to outdated or frankly mythological beliefs.
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Delmas, Jean. "Quelques aspects de la supériorité de Napoléon Bonaparte, chef de guerre, entre 1796 et 1806." Revue Historique des Armées 241, no. 4 (2005): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rharm.2005.5759.
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Some aspects of Napoleon Bonaparte's superiority as a war leader between 1796-1806 ; What distinguished Napoleon Bonaparte was his capacity to assimilate the strategic heritage of Guibert. He was a master of grand tactics and he excelled in the handling of large formations in manoeuvres that aimed to finish up with the concentration of .French forces and the pursuit of the defeated enemy. Jena illustrates his success best in this regard. This mastery of the oppositional notions of dispersal and concentration is the key element in explaining Napoleon’s superiority as a war leader during the ten years from 1796 to 1806. All the same, this exceptional talent did have at its disposition a major advantage : a superb tool for waging war. The technical heritage of the French Bourbon army was one of undeniable quality. It was from this basis that Napoleon fashioned the redoubtable instrument of war that was able to carry out his manoeuvres.
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Sultana, Zakia. "Napoleon Bonaparte: His Successes and Failures." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 6, no. 2 (June 10, 2017): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i2.p189-197.
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Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), also known as Napoleon I, was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. Born on the island of Corsica, Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution (1789-1799). After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d’état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804. Shrewd, ambitious and a skilled military strategist, Napoleon successfully waged war against various coalitions of European nations and expanded his empire. However, after a disastrous French invasion of Russia in 1812, Napoleon abdicated the throne two years later and was exiled to the island of Elba. In 1815, he briefly returned to power in his Hundred Days campaign. After a crushing defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, he abdicated once again and was exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena, where he died at 51.Napoleon was responsible for spreading the values of the French Revolution to other countries, especially in legal reform and the abolition of serfdom. After the fall of Napoleon, not only was the Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable, for his support for independence and opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies. The social structure of France changed little under the First Empire. It remained roughly what the Revolution had made it: a great mass of peasants comprising three-fourths of the population—about half of them works owners of their farms or sharecroppers and the other half with too little land for their own subsistence and hiring themselves out as laborers. Industry, stimulated by the war and the blockade of English goods, made remarkable progress in northern and eastern France, whence exports could be sent to central Europe; but it declined in the south and west because of the closing of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. The great migrations from rural areas toward industry in the towns began only after 1815. The nobility would probably have declined more swiftly if Napoleon had not restored it, but it could never recover its former privileges. Finally we can say that many of the territories occupied by Napoleon during his Empire began to feel a new sense of nationalism.
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Kipnis, B. G. "Napoleon's Texts: Hidden Meanings." Язык и текст 9, no. 4 (2022): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2022090408.
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<p>The article focuses on an aspect of Napoleon Bonaparte's work that receives less attention: Napoleon the publicist. It explores the emperor's memoirs written while he was on the island of Saint Helena. The author, analysing the outcast's texts, tries to make sense of them and to give the reader an insight into the deep meaning of Bonaparte's writings. The object of the study is both the text itself and its structure. The author offers his own interpretation of the message and address of Napoleon's memoirs and, for the first time, explores the emperor's work from the same perspective.</p>
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Strasik, Amanda. "The Art of Imperial Maternity: Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, Empress Marie-Louise, and The King of Rome Sleeping." Eighteenth-Century Life 46, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00982601-9955351.
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In 1811, Pierre-Paul Prud'hon painted an allegorical portrait of the infant Napoleon II for Empress Marie-Louise, Napoleon's second wife and the child's mother, that was exhibited publicly at the Paris Salon the following year. Prud'hon's painting is distinctive because it lacks conventional imperial attributes that characterized Napoleonic imagery at the time. On one level, the portrait can be understood according to Christian iconography or as an allegory of the new French order according to ancient Roman mythology. I argue, however, that Prud'hon subscribed to early nineteenth-century Romantic ideals, freely interpreting traditional artistic conventions to show the unity between childhood innocence, women, and nature. This pictorial approach appealed to Marie-Louise, who faced an increasingly unfavorable reputation in the wake of Napoleon's 1809 divorce and mounting public suspicion of the emperor's character. The empress utilized Prud'hon's romanticized image of her son to cast herself as the ideal Napoleonic woman and mother, thereby demonstrating her inherent virtue, reassuring the public of the empire's stability, and legitimizing her place at court on her own terms. Importantly, Prud'hon centralizes Marie-Louise's position as the heir's protector to imply her imperial significance—a dynamic role for the consort in this painting that has remained unexplored until now.
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Piskunova, Elena. "Establishment of the University System in France During the Reign of Napoleon I: Goals and the Results." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (June 2020): 8–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.2.1.
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Introduction. In the Napoleonic era, political power set itself two tasks: to continue the traditions of the revolution in the formation of a new system of people and to make these changes correlate with the requirements of the new political system associated with the formation of the Empire. Historians have not paid enough attention to Napoleon’s educational policy and the relation of these events to his political goals. Analysis. The Great French Bourgeois Revolution completely destroyed the old educational system. All universities and academies were closed. Secondary and primary schools sought to eliminate the influence of the Church. The revolutionary government proclaimed an equal right for all citizens to receive education, and the goal of education was to form a new personality in the spirit of the Republican morality. The main problems were the lack of a unified structure and the lack of teaching staff. Only during the reign of Napoleon a coherent and effective system of education was created, which included the interrelated stages of primary, secondary and higher education, the top of which was the University. All educational institutions in France were subject to it. The goal of the University was not only to train teachers, but also to establish a new imperial ideology based on the idea of national unity. Though the creation of the educational system was certainly successful for Napoleon, his main function, according to the Emperor, was ideological education, and he could not implement it. Results. The Imperial University remained ideologically independent from the political system of the Empire, since a significant part of the teaching staff held liberal views and was in hidden opposition to the Napoleonic regime. However, the structure of education created in this era lasted until the end of the 19th century, which indicates its success in terms of organizational principles and practical implementation.
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Ellis, G. "Napoleon." English Historical Review 117, no. 471 (April 1, 2002): 484–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/117.471.484.
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Thacker, Jack W. "Napoleon." History: Reviews of New Books 26, no. 2 (January 1998): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1998.10528055.
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Connelly, Owen, and R. S. Alexander. "Napoleon." Journal of Military History 66, no. 2 (April 2002): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3093085.
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Gordon, Philip, and Paul Johnson. "Napoleon." Foreign Affairs 81, no. 5 (2002): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20033313.
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Lee, Yong Jae. "Napoleon." Western History Review 156 (March 30, 2023): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46259/whr.156.11.
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Egoryshev, Vladislav N. "THE HISTORY OF THE EMERGENCE OF LOOTING AND ITS SPREAD IN NAPOLEONIC ARMY." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 3 (215) (September 30, 2022): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2022-3-54-59.
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Theoretical interpretation of the notion “lootingˮ is examined, the history of its origin and further spreading of this pernicious phenomenon in the ranks of Napoleon I Bonaparte's Grand Army is analyzed. Looting is among the most condemned types of war crimes committed during armed clashes between states. Paradoxically, for all the negativity of the phenomenon, looting has been around as long as the history of war itself. Throughout its history, looting has had a negative effect on all opposing sides in war - an army where looting reigns, is prone to a massive decline in discipline and is unable to fight with maximum efficiency. During the military campaigns of the early nineteenth century, law and morality often lost their significance and could not act as a deterrent to the unlawful behavior of those involved in military conflict. The era of the Napoleonic Wars is an unvarnished demonstration of human nature during bloody military campaigns. Despite the fact that Napoleon's soldiers and officers strove to observe motives of honor and dignity, Napoleon's rapid style of war inevitably led to starvation in the ranks of the Grand Army, and as a consequence, there were many disasters and, above all, looting. The importance of the problem of the spread of looting in the ranks of Napoleon I's army is reflected not only in the studies of scholars, but also in the memoirs of contemporaries of the events in question.
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Артюх, Г. Ю., Е. А. Чиглинцев, and Д. В. Шмелёв. "Antiquity and its heritage in intellectual and political self-identification by the prisoner of island of Saint Helena." Диалог со временем, no. 78(78) (April 24, 2022): 214–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.78.78.014.
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В статье исследуется проблема личностного отношения Наполеона Бонапарта к античности. В центре внимания авторов находятся различные аспекты восприятия античности в имперскую эпоху, создававшие социальный и культурный фон. Применительно к Наполеону авторы обращаются ко времени пребывания его на острове Святой Елены. Основным источником являются мемуары графа Лас-Каза, а также личные записи Наполеона. Из них следует, что на острове Наполеон не раз обращается к античности, к её наследию, которое во многом повлияло на его мировоззрение, став для него своего рода ориентиром, источником знаний и опыта. Рассуждения о древней государственности, политических и военных деятелях античности, оценки и анализ исторических событий позволяют определить специфику отношения Наполеона к античной истории. Обращение к античности позволяет Наполеону и в изоляции остаться одним из выдающихся интеллектуалов своего времени. The article examined the problem of the personal attitude of Napoleon Bonaparte to antiquity. The authors focus on various aspects of the perception of antiquity in the imperial epoch, creating a social and cultural background. In relation to Napoleon, the authors turn to the time of his stay on the island of St. Helena. The main source is the memoirs of Count Las Cases, as well as personal records of Napoleon. It follows from them that on the island Napoleon more than once turns to antiquity, to its heritage, which in many respects influenced his worldview, becoming for him a kind of landmark, a source of knowledge and experience. Discussions about ancient statehood, political and military figures of antiquity, assessment and analysis of historical events allow us to determine the specifics of Napoleon's attitude to ancient history. The authors of the article conclude that Napoleon, being far from the centers of civilization, remains one of the outstanding intellectuals of his time.
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Osman Jabak, Dr Omar. "George Orwell's Animal Farm: An Outcry Against False Revolutionary Leaders." English Literature and Language Review, no. 510 (October 1, 2019): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ellr.510.173.179.
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The present research study attempted to provide an interpretation of George Orwell’s Animal Farm as an outcry against false revolutionary leaders who go back on their promises and turn into dehumanized dictators even worse than the dictators against whom they and their fellow revolutionaries rebelled. To achieve that objective, the researcher read the novella critically within its socio-political context and traced the transformation of the leading character, Napoleon, who stands for such revolutionary leaders. The data of the current research were all extracted from Orwell’s Animal Farm. The researcher used content analysis to analyze the selected data and developed an analytical comparison through which he closely examined Napoleon’s character before and after the revolution. The findings of the study revealed that Napoleon was an opportunistic revolutionary who used the revolution to an evil end. Napoleon’s dramatic transformation from a noble revolutionary into a ruthless, corrupt ruler proved that Orwell’s novella can be read as an attack on false revolutionary leaders who become dehumanized despots, far worse than the dictators whom they aspired to replace with democratic leaders.
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Scharf, Claus. "The Power of the Weak Opponent: The Diplomacy of Alexander I in Tilsit." Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography 12, no. 1 (September 23, 2019): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102388-01201008.
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Not only in Soviet patriotic historiography the conduct of war and the foreign policy of Alexander i were regarded as heroic only from the battle of Borodino onward. The earlier years of the Napoleonic Era and the retreat of Russian armies during the summer of 1812 appeared in a negative light. Revisionist research in Russia and abroad offers another interpretation. When the French army in 1807 after some victorious battles reached the Russian border Alexander maintained a much better bargaining position in talks with Napoleon than disappointed critics among the Russian elite recognized. The emperor of the French was not prepared to continue the war on Russian soil and did not make territorial demands on Russia. Napoleon wanted not only an armistice and peace, but also an alliance with Russia against Britain. Thus Alexander, using the power of the weak opponent, succeeded in winning time. Russia was able not only to maintain her strategic goals against the Ottoman Empire in the Rumanian principalities and in the Black Sea, but also to defend the political existence of Prussia as a possible Russian ally in a future coalition with Austria against Napoleon, which meant a sacrifice of Polish interests by Russia.
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Syam, Amran Ronny, Mujiyanto Mujiyanto, and Masayu Rahmia Anwar Putri. "DUGAAN DAERAH PEMIJAHAN IKAN NAPOLEON (Cheilinus undulatus, RUPPELL, 1835) DI SEKITAR PERAIRAN KEPULAUAN ANAMBAS." Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia 22, no. 3 (January 16, 2017): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jppi.22.3.2016.147-160.
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Kelimpahan ikan Napoleon di alam sangat rendah, namun larvanya muncul setiap tahun di sekitar perairan Kepulauan Anambas. Saat ini ikan Napoleon yang berukuran satu kilogram masih banyak ditemukan dari hasil pemeliharaan dalam Keramba Jaring Tancap dan Karamba Jaring Apung. Kajian terhadap keberadaan larva/juvenil ikan Napoleon dan lokasi pemijahan di alam merupakan salah satu indikator dalam upaya mempertahankan keberlanjutan hidup populasi ikan napoleon. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menduga daerah pemijahan ikan Napoleon di alam berdasarkan ukuran larva/juvenil ikan Napoleon yang tertangkap di alam dan pola arus di sekitar perairan tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah Sensus visual (UVC), enumerasi hasil tangkapan benih dan penentuan pola arus laut di sekitar daerah penangkapan benih. Daerah pemijahan ikan Napoleon belum diketahui pasti. Berdasarkan pola arus laut dan keberadaan larva ikan Napoleon yang berukuran 0,5 inci, dapat diduga pemijahan ikan Napoleon di alam berlangsung tidak jauh dari lokasi ditemukannya larva tersebut, yaitu 1. Tanjung Datuk, 2.Pulau Tembuk, 3. Tanjung Ikan, 4.Teluk Nipah, 5.Teluk Pau, dan 6. Tanjung Sing. Populasi ikan Napoleon dewasa di perairan sekitar Kabupaten Anambas tergolong rendah, namun kemunculan benih ikan Napoleon dapat terjadi setiap tahun terutama pada Oktober/Nopember atau Januari dan Februari. The adult of Napoleon wrasse fish abundance in nature is very low, but the larvae can be found almost at year-round in the Anambas waters. Currently, napoleon wrasse of one kilogram weight is still found in the fixed net cage and floating net cage. Study on the larva/juvenile existence and spawning site in nature is one of the keys indicators to maintain the sustainability of fish population. The methods used were the visual census (UVC), enumerating the seed catch and identify the pattern of ocean currents around the seed collection area. Spawning area of Napoleon wrasse fish could not exactly be determined yet. Based on the pattern of ocean currents and the smallest size of fish larvae that were found, the spawning site of Napoleon wrasse fish in the wild was estimated to be in around the occurrence location of Napoleon wrasse larvae, namely 1. Tanjung Datuk, 2. Tembuk Island, 3 Tanjung Ikan, 4. Teluk Nipah, 5.Teluk Pau, and 6.Tanjung Sing. The population of adult Napoleon fish in the waters around Anambas was relatively low, but the emergence of Napoleon wrasse larvae can occurs annually, especially in October- November or January-February.
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Humphreys, D. G., T. F. Townley-Smith, D. Leisle, B. McCallum, D. Gaudet, J. Gilbert, and J. Menzies. "Napoleon Amber durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps10024.
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Napoleon is an amber durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) that meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Amber Durum wheat class. Napoleon was evaluated in the Durum Cooperative Test in 1996, 1997 and 1998 as DT484. Overall, Napoleon had significantly higher grain yield than all checks except AC Avonlea, and Napoleon had higher grain yields in the Black soil zone compared with the Brown soil zone. Napoleon had maturity similar to AC Morse and AC Avonlea, but was 1 d earlier maturing than Kyle and 2 d later maturing than Hercules. Napoleon was similar to AC Avonlea in height, but was significantly taller than AC Morse, and significantly shorter than Kyle and Hercules. Napoleon had lower lodging scores than Hercules and Kyle, but had higher lodging scores than AC Avonlea and AC Morse. Napoleon is resistant to leaf rust, stem rust, and common bunt, and moderately susceptible to loose smut, leaf spot and Fusarium head blight. Napoleon is the first low cadmium durum cultivar registered in Canada.
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Firdaus, Maulana, and Rani Hafsaridewi. "Nilai Ekonomi Pemanfaatan Ikan Napoleon (Cheilinus Undulatus) Di Kabupaten Natuna, Provinsi Kepulauan Riau." Buletin Ilmiah Marina Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 7, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/marina.v7i1.4589.
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Ikan Napoleon (Cheilinus undulatus) merupakan salah satu jenis ikan yang dilindungi karena populasinya yang terancam. Salah satu wilayah di Indonesia yang memiliki potensi ikan Napoleon adalah Kabupaten Natuna, Provinsi Kepulauan Riau. Eksploitasi ikan Napoleon di perairan tersebut tidak dapat dilakukan secara leluasa mengingat ada beberapa kebijakan pemerintah yang mengatur tentang tata cara pemanfaatan ikan ini. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai bentuk pemanfaatan ikan Napoleon di Kabupaten Natuna, Provinsi Kepulauan Riau. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan ikan Napoleon di Kabupaten Natuna dilakukan melalui usaha penangkapan dan budidaya (pembesaran). Usaha pemanfaatan ikan Napoleon merupakan mata pencaharian utama masyarakat, karena harga jualnya yang tinggi. Kebijakan pemerintah terkait pemanfaatan ikan Napoleon adalah mengatur tentang tata cara penangkapan, ukuran yang diperbolehkan ditangkap dan pelarangan ekspor. Implementasi kebijakan ini harus mempertimbangkan dampak sosial ekonomi terhadap masyarakat, mengingat bahwa ada sebagian masyarakat yang menjadikan usaha penangkapan dan budidaya ikan Napoleon menjadi sumber ekonomi.
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Drafta, Sergiu, Mihai Burlibașa, Viorel Perieanu, Raluca Costea, Oana Eftene, Nicoleta Măru, Andreea Angela Ștețiu, et al. "Dentistry during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte) – Part I." Romanian Medical Journal 68, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rmj.2021.4.28.
Full textAbstract:
No other man in history has influenced his era as decisively as Napoleon Bonaparte did. His life was that of an exceptionally gifted man, who knew how to make the most of all the opportunities offered by history. In this paper, we will approach the problem of dentistry, during the period when France was managed by the exceptional statesman, Napoleon Bonaparte, presenting in the second part of this material, the biographies of some personalities of French dentistry from that period.
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Bilate, Danilo. "Le cas Napoléon." Nietzsche-Studien 50, no. 1 (September 8, 2021): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nietzstu-2021-500108.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Napoleon Bonaparte is a veritable “case” for Nietzsche: he does not reduce Napoleon to a single image, but he rather builds up an ambiguous image of Napoleon for years without trying to define a final result. This ongoing construction is due to Nietzsche’s deep admiration for Napoleon that, however great it may be, does not avoid a certain distancing. Defined as the synthesis of Unmensch and Ubermensch, Nietzsche regards Napoleon as an extraordinary human being because of his immorality when he exercised power. It is precisely this extraordinary nature that makes Napoleon a model for understanding the concept of the Ubermensch.
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Bilate, Danilo. "Le cas Napoléon." Nietzsche-Studien 50, no. 1 (August 18, 2021): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nietzstu-2021-0006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Napoleon Bonaparte is a veritable “case” for Nietzsche: he does not reduce Napoleon to a single image, but he rather builds up an ambiguous image of Napoleon for years without trying to define a final result. This ongoing construction is due to Nietzsche’s deep admiration for Napoleon that, however great it may be, does not avoid a certain distancing. Defined as the synthesis of Unmensch and Übermensch, Nietzsche regards Napoleon as an extraordinary human being because of his immorality when he exercised power. It is precisely this extraordinary nature that makes Napoleon a model for understanding the concept of the Übermensch.
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Dmitrieva, Olga O. "«THE RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN OF 1812» IN FRENCH HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE XIX CENTURY." Historical Search 2, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2021-2-1-47-53.
Full textAbstract:
The Patriotic War of 1812 occupies a special place in the historical memory of Russia. Сoncurrently, in France, the events of this historical period also left an indelible imprint in the memory of the French society. Based on a historiographical review of the historical works written by French historians (Frédéric François Guillaume de Vaudoncourt, R.J. Durdan, E. Labaume, Gaspard Gourgaud, Philippe-Paul de Ségur, L. de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, G. Chambray, A. Jomini and J. Pelet-Clozeau) the author analyzes the development of French historiography devoted to the personality of Napoleon Bonaparte and the historical period of 1812 taken as a whole. It should be noted that Bonaparte’s invasion into the territory of the Russian Empire entered the Russian historiographical tradition as the «Patriotic War of 1812», while in France these events became known in history as the «Napoleon’s Russian Drive» or «Napoleon’s Russian Campaign». The author analyzes the influence of Bonaparte’s personality on the historical consciousness of the European and the Russian society of the XIX century, when the so-called «Napoleonic myth» was very popular, which idealized the personality of this person. Foreign historiography of the war of 1812 differs in that researchers considered the military campaign in Russia in the context of the Napoleonic era as a whole, as a result of which there were either separate studies on the war with Russia, or general works about the period of Bonaparte’s military campaigns.