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Krzymkowski, Marek. "KONCEPCJA USTANOWIENIA RADY STANU (W ZWIąZKU Z PROJEKTEM RZECZNIKA PRAW OBYWATELSKICH JANUSZA KOCHANOWSKIEGO)." Zeszyty Prawnicze 13, no. 4 (December 11, 2016): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2013.13.4.10.
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A PROPOSAL TO ESTABLISH A COUNCIL OF STATE IN POLAND Summary In 2006 Janusz Kochanowski, Poland’s Civil Rights Spokesman, put forward a proposal for the establishment of a council of state. The idea itself is not new, and goes back to the Napoleonic Conseil d’État. A council of state operated on Polish territories in the 19th century, when the country was partitioned and under foreign rule, during the brief spell under the Duchy of Warsaw controlled by Napoleonic France (1807-1815), and subsequently in the so-called Kingdom of Poland under Russian rule (1815-1831, 1833-1845, 1861-1867). Nowadays councils of state operate in France, Holland, Italy, and Belgium. Their primary tasks are judicial and consultative, as a supreme administrative court. Kochanowski’s proposal envisaged a council of state empowered to issue its opinion on prospective legislation at the draft bill stage. It was to have a president and a membership of 15 counsellors elected by Sejm for a 9-year term of office. Only candidates with the required juridical and/or academic qualifications would be eligible to stand for this office.
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Broers, Michael. "Revolution as Vendetta: Napoleonic Piedmont 1801–1814 II." Historical Journal 33, no. 4 (December 1990): 787–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00013765.
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The virus of violent, personal vendetta had poisoned the blood of elite society in Piedmont by the time the country was formally annexed to France in April 1802. The turbulent events of the period 1794–1801 had inflamed and then politicized a society ‘whose customs steadfastly retained something of the unruly and fiercesome’, as Sauli d'Igliano, the son of a petty count from Ceva, chose to describe it when writing of his childhood in the mid-1790s. The revolutionary process unleashed and, finally, entrenched that penchant for violence among ‘men of the second order’ that Giuseppe Baretti had informed the whole of Europe of a generation earlier in his widely read An account of the manners and customs of Italy: ‘they are withal so punctilious and so ready to draw the sword, that more duels are fought in Piedmont than in the rest of Italy taken together’. The venom of revolution mingled with the poison of personal vendettas and brought their ferocity to the centre of political life. It was a virus the French would strive to stamp out, but one that would malinger in the subalpine body politic throughout their own rule and long after they had gone. As late as 1813, a substantial landowner of Bene, in southern Piedmont complained of his patriot maire's ‘despotisme et ses actes arbitraires…sans nombre’.
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CROOK, MALCOLM, and JOHN DUNNE. "THE FIRST EUROPEAN ELECTIONS? VOTING AND IMPERIAL STATE-BUILDING UNDER NAPOLEON, 1802–1813." Historical Journal 57, no. 3 (August 14, 2014): 661–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x1400020x.
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ABSTRACTThis article establishes the significance of elections held in the annexed departments of the Napoleonic Empire from 1802 to 1813. It thus represents an original, and perhaps surprising, contribution to recent debate on the nature of Napoleonic imperialism, in which attention has shifted from core to periphery, and away from purely military matters. The electoral process under this authoritarian regime has been alternately neglected or derided, especially where the newly created departments of the Low Countries and parts of Germany and Italy are concerned. However, extensive archival research demonstrates that it was taken extremely seriously by both regime and voters, especially outside metropolitan France. These ‘First European Elections', as they may be dubbed, took place in regular fashion right across the Empire and are studied here on a transnational basis, which also involves the metropolitan departments. Though open to all adult males at the primary level, they were not exercises in democracy, but they did create some rare political space which local people were not slow to exploit for their own purposes. Above all, they served as a means of integrating ‘new Frenchmen’, particularly members of indigenous elites, into the Napoleonic system.
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Sultana, Zakia. "Napoleon Bonaparte: His Successes and Failures." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 6, no. 2 (June 10, 2017): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i2.p189-197.
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Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), also known as Napoleon I, was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. Born on the island of Corsica, Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution (1789-1799). After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d’état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804. Shrewd, ambitious and a skilled military strategist, Napoleon successfully waged war against various coalitions of European nations and expanded his empire. However, after a disastrous French invasion of Russia in 1812, Napoleon abdicated the throne two years later and was exiled to the island of Elba. In 1815, he briefly returned to power in his Hundred Days campaign. After a crushing defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, he abdicated once again and was exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena, where he died at 51.Napoleon was responsible for spreading the values of the French Revolution to other countries, especially in legal reform and the abolition of serfdom. After the fall of Napoleon, not only was the Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable, for his support for independence and opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies. The social structure of France changed little under the First Empire. It remained roughly what the Revolution had made it: a great mass of peasants comprising three-fourths of the population—about half of them works owners of their farms or sharecroppers and the other half with too little land for their own subsistence and hiring themselves out as laborers. Industry, stimulated by the war and the blockade of English goods, made remarkable progress in northern and eastern France, whence exports could be sent to central Europe; but it declined in the south and west because of the closing of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. The great migrations from rural areas toward industry in the towns began only after 1815. The nobility would probably have declined more swiftly if Napoleon had not restored it, but it could never recover its former privileges. Finally we can say that many of the territories occupied by Napoleon during his Empire began to feel a new sense of nationalism.
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Maciąg, Kazimierz. "W kręgu problematyki pamiętników z podróży po Europie Franciszka Salezego Gawrońskiego." UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 15, no. 2 (2020): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/johass.2020.2.2.
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Franciszek Salezy Gawroński (1787–1871), a soldier in the Napoleonic army and a participant in the November Uprising, is the author of an extensive diary covering the period from his childhood to 1869, some of which was published in 1916, most of which remains in the original manuscripts. In the first half of the nineteenth century Gawroński was also an important figure in Polish political and cultural life in Krakow. He was a member of many societies, and was also elected to the Senate of the Republic of Cracow. Among his friends and acquaintances there were representatives of great aristocratic families. He witnessed important historical events, including the Spring of Nations. The article presents his unpublished diary from his travels around Europe in the years 1839–1841. During this period the diarist visited Italy, Switzerland, German countries, Belgium, France and England and Austria. During his journey, Franciszek Gawroński met with many of his colleagues – soldiers, politicians, writers. Among other things, he visited the site of the Battle of Waterloo, and in Paris he attended the second funeral of Emperor Napoleon. His interlocutors include Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, Adam Mickiewicz and Jan Skrzynecki. Researchers highly value this diary as a source of information. This work contains important information on the life of the Polish emigration community in France and England, and has hardly been used in academic research so far. The article contains information on the biography of Franciszek Salezy Gawroński, a general characteristic of his autobiographical work, and presents several excerpts from the diary with commentary.
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Ignatchenko, I. V. "France in the Vienna System of International Relations (the First Half of The 19th Century)." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(45) (December 28, 2015): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-6-45-9-14.
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Abstract: The Vienna system of international relations established at the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815, was a real challenge for the French political elite during all subsequent decades. France was a defeated party and was thus morally humiliated. The objective for all French governments after 1815 was to improve the position of France in this new system of international relations, including due to the destabilization and breaking of the Vienna system. In the years of the Restoration in France (1814-1830) a major foreign policy action of the government of Louis XVIII was the intervention in Spain in 1823, which refers to the Spanish revolution of 1820-1823. The French government, reflecting the interests of the European reaction, had hoped to raise these military prestige of France, and consequently to raise the question of the revision of the treatises of Vienna of 1815. Despite the success of the intervention, she has not brought the big political dividends in France. After the July revolution 1830 in France, the foreign policy of France intensified. Leading French politicians defined quite clearly exclusive spheres of influence of France, and in 1832 the French troops invaded Central Italy, capturing the city of Ancona. In 1840, during the second Oriental crisis, the French government has opposed themselves to the rest of Europe for the first time since the Napoleonic wars. Ultimately, the strategic position of France in the middle East was weakened. But the exacerbation of international conflict contributed to the strengthening of the French army and Navy. Further successes of the French diplomacy will be linked to the period of the Second Empire in France, in particular, with the Crimean war, that raised has raised status of France, and the decision of the Italian question in the second half of the 60-ies of the XIX century.
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Biagi, Paolo, Elisabetta Starnini, and Carlo Beltrame. "THE MERCURIO GUNFLINTS: A TECHNO-TYPOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ASSESSMENT." Antiquaries Journal 96 (July 13, 2016): 363–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581516000214.
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The discovery of the wreck of the brig Mercurio, which sank in 1812 in the waters of the north Adriatic, is of major significance for the study of Italic Kingdom vessels from the Napoleonic era. The underwater excavations carried out in 2004–11 led to the recovery of many small finds, among which are several gunflints of different size and shape. The Mercurio gunflints were produced mainly from blades using a technique in use in Britain and France, but also in the workshops of the Lessini Hills around Ceredo (Verona province, northern Italy). We suggest that the flint employed for their manufacture probably came from Monte Baldo, in the Trentino, or perhaps from the River Tagliamento, in Friuli. We can exclude the possibility that the specimens recovered from the shipwreck were made from French flint because of the typically north Italian manufacturing technique and the character of the grey Treveti-derived flint. Given the complexity of the period during which the Grado (or Pirano) battle took place, the study of even such small items can contribute to a better interpretation of the dramatic events that characterised the beginning of the nineteenth century in that part of the Mediterranean.
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WALKDEN, GORDON. "PROMOTING ART, MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE IN ONE—THE SOCIETY'S ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BRITISH MARBLE INDUSTRY." Earth Sciences History 37, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-37.2.363.
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Amongst its promotions at the start of the nineteenth century, the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce included calls for British marbles. The calls were repeated annually for two decades but what initiated them was more than just an altruistic desire to promote indigenous sources of statuary and decorative stone. Supplies of both, especially statuary marble, greatly relied upon imports from France and Italy. At the time of the first calls these were jeopardised by the revolutionary and Napoleonic upheavals and other sources of stone became necessary, but the Society never cited political pressures as a driver behind their calls for British marbles. The term ‘marble’ was to be interpreted widely, and the response brought limestones, serpentines, granites and true marbles from across the British nations including much from southern Ireland. Two Gold Medals were awarded, one for a spectacular revelation of Devonshire marbles, and one for sheer guts and determination shown in bringing to market a fine marble from a remote part of Scotland. Within a decade of the Society's initiative there was a substantial renaissance in the use of decorative stone in Britain and much came from new indigenous sources. Although a good British white statuary marble never emerged, some spectacular coloured and textured British decorative stones became widely available and well used. Art, manufactures and commerce were the direct beneficiaries, but it is unlikely that the Society's initiative alone was responsible for this ‘marble renaissance’ of the mid-nineteenth Century.
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Bussotti, Michela. "Du dictionnaire chinois-latin de Basilio Brollo aux lexiques pour le marché: deux siècles d’édition du chinois en Italie et en France." T’oung Pao 101, no. 4-5 (December 7, 2015): 363–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10145p04.
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By their very nature, multilingual dictionaries and lexicons are an emblem of cultural transfers. When printing widely different types of writing is necessary, they may also be precious witnesses of technical transfers and innovations in publishing and printing practice. Successfully publishing a major dictionary requires the conjunction of institutional or governmental will and adequate economic resources. This article provides an overview of the various versions of Basilio Brollo’s Dictionarium Sinico-Latinum, which served as a blueprint for several publishing projects, most of them abortive, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It introduces the various printing techniques used in these attempts, and discusses the mixed results of the editorial programs pursued in Europe, particularly in Italy and France. The Napoleonic period is significant not just because a Dictionnaire chinois, français et latin was published in Paris in 1813, but also because of the work carried out at the Collegio dei Cinese during the “French Decade” (1806–1815) in Naples. The article introduces several protagonists—both scholars concerned with publishing and teaching Chinese and publishers pursuing commercial interests—along the way. Par leur contenu même les dictionnaires et lexiques plurilingues sont emblématiques des transferts culturels. La nécessité d’imprimer des écritures très différentes en fait parfois de précieux témoins des transferts techniques et des innovations dans les pratiques d’édition et d’impression. Concernant les dictionnaires les plus importants, l’aboutissement d’une publication nécessite la concomitance d’une volonté institutionnelle ou étatique et de moyens économiques adéquats. Cet article donne un aperçu des différentes versions du Dictionarium Sinico-Latinum de Basilio Brollo, qui fut à la base de plusieurs projets d’édition, la plupart inaboutis, aux xviiie et xixe siècles. Il évoque les différentes techniques d’impression utilisées dans ces tentatives, ainsi que les résultats très inégaux des programmes éditoriaux menés en Europe, notamment en Italie et en France. La période napoléonienne est significative non seulement en raison de la parution à Paris en 1813 du Dictionnaire chinois, français et latin, mais aussi à cause des travaux entrepris au Collegio dei Cinesi pendant la “décennie française” à Naples (1806–1815). Plusieurs protagonistes — savants soucieux de l’édition et de l’enseignement du chinois, éditeurs mus par des motivations commerciales — sont évoqués en cours de route.
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Sasso, Eleonora. "‘[T]his world is now thy pilgrimage’: William Michael Rossetti's Cognitive Maps of France and Italy." Victoriographies 8, no. 1 (March 2018): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2018.0296.
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This paper takes as its starting point the conceptual metaphor ‘life is a journey’ as defined by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) in order to advance a new reading of William Michael Rossetti's Democratic Sonnets (1907). These political verses may be defined as cognitive-semantic poems, which attest to the centrality of travel in the creation of literary and artistic meaning. Rossetti's Democratic Sonnets is not only a political manifesto against tyranny and oppression, promoting the struggle for liberalism and democracy as embodied by historical figures such as Napoleon, Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi; but it also reproduces Rossetti's real and imagined journeys throughout Europe in the late nineteenth century. This essay examines these references in light of the issues they raise, especially the poet as a traveller and the journey metaphor in poetry. But its central purpose is to re-read Democratic Sonnets as a cognitive map of Rossetti's mental picture of France and Italy. A cognitive map, first theorised by Edward Tolman in the 1940s, is a very personal representation of the environment that we all experience, serving to navigate unfamiliar territory, give direction, and recall information. In terms of cognitive linguistics, Rossetti is a figure whose path is determined by French and Italian landmarks (Paris, the island of St. Helena, the Alps, the Venice Lagoon, Mount Vesuvius, and so forth), which function as reference points for orientation and are tied to the historical events of the Italian Risorgimento. Through his sonnets, Rossetti attempts to build into his work the kind of poetic revolution and sense of history which may only be achieved through encounters with other cultures.
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CARTER, NICK. "HUDSON, MALMESBURY AND CAVOUR: BRITISH DIPLOMACY AND THE ITALIAN QUESTION, FEBRUARY 1858 TO JUNE 1859." Historical Journal 40, no. 2 (June 1997): 389–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x97007218.
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This article examines the attitude and policy of Lord Malmesbury in regard to the growing Italian crisis of 1858–9. Making use of previously unavailable archival material (in particular the private papers of Malmesbury himself) it seeks to present a much fuller picture of tory Italian policy than has, until now, been possible. Although it is recognized that Malmesbury's Italian policy was based upon a sincere desire for peace, this does not explain why Malmesbury chose to hold Cavour personally responsible for the Italian crisis and directed his peace efforts not at Paris but at Turin and Vienna. This had much to do with Malmesbury's close personal links with the French emperor, Louis Napoleon. In addition, this article challenges the traditional view of Sir James Hudson as ‘more Italian than the Italians’. Hudson was not prepared to support Cavour in a course of action which promised only to deprive Piedmont of her constitutional freedoms and deliver Italy into the hands of France.
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Roider, Karl A. "The Habsburg Foreign Ministry and Political Reform, 1801–1805." Central European History 22, no. 2 (June 1989): 160–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900011481.
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On 6 December 1800, a courier galloped through the gates of Vienna, rushed to the Hofburg, the winter palace of the Habsburgs, and presented to Emperor Francis II a bitter message from Archduke John, the emperor's brother and commander of the Austrian armed forces in Germany. The message read that three days earlier the archduke's troops had engaged the French army under Jean Moreau at Hohenlinden, had suffered serious losses, and were falling back to Salzburg with the officers struggling to maintain order in the ranks while they did so. The news was a crushing blow to Francis. In 1799 the Austrians had begun the War of the Second Coalition with high hopes of reversing the years of defeat at the hands of Revolutionary France. Russia and Britain had agreed to cooperate closely with Austria; France seemed weaker than ever domestically; and Napoleon Bonaparte, who had caused Vienna such grief in 1797, was far away in Egypt trying to inflict damage upon the British Empire. But these hopes turned to ashes. Russia abandoned the Coalition after its army suffered serious losses in Switzerland—indeed, in their wake the Russian ruler, Tsar Paul, had thundered so vehemently against what he saw as Austrian treachery that he had broken relations with Vienna—; Britain had been able to provide much needed funds but not more-needed soldiers; and Bonaparte had returned to work his magic on both the French army and the French people. The result was Hohenlinden, Austrian defeat, and in February 1800 the Treaty of Lunéville that ceded to France primary influence in Germany and Italy.
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Golianek, Ryszard. "Politics, music and cosmopolitism: the operatic output of Joseph Poniatowski (1816–1873) in its social and political contexts." Studia Musicologica 52, no. 1-4 (March 1, 2011): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/smus.52.2011.1-4.11.
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Joseph (Giuseppe or Józef) Poniatowski (1816–1873), Polish prince, singer, opera composer and politician, spent all his life abroad: firstly in Italy, then in France and, finally, in England. His artistic output comprises twelve operas composed between 1839 and 1872; nine of them to Italian and three to French texts. Being an amateur composer, he notwithstanding succeeded in staging his operas in many operatic theatres of renown, including La Scala, Covent Garden, Teatro San Carlo, Teatro La Fenice and the Paris Opéra. The paper presents the composer’s output in the social and political contexts of his times. Prince Poniatowski started his international career as a plenipotentiary minister of Tuscany in Paris, London and Brussels; then he settled down in Paris and became a French citizen and even a French senator. He enjoyed the close friendship of Napoleon III with whom he went into exile to England after the Sedan defeat. In all of his three domiciles he presented his operas to the audiences. However, as shown by the press reviews, their reception changed from appreciation to indifference, which was caused by the different political and social backgrounds in the particular countries.
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Crosland, Maurice. "A Science Empire in Napoleonic France." History of Science 44, no. 1 (March 2006): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/007327530604400102.
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Rudi, Fabrizio. "L’UNIFICATION ITALIENNE ET LA PRINCIPAUTÉ DE SERBIE (1859-1862) D’après des documents inédits ИТАЛИЈАНСКО УЈЕДИЊЕЊЕ И КНЕЖЕВИНА СРБИЈA (1859-1862) ИЗ НЕОБЈАВЉЕНИХ ДОКУМЕНАТА." Историјски часопис, no. 69/2020 (December 30, 2020): 303–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34298/ic2069303r.
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Cet article propose une nouvelle description des relations diplomatiques entre le Royaume de Sardaigne – le Royaume d’Italie depuis 1861 – et la principauté de Serbie pendant une période de l’histoire européenne particulièrement délicate en ce qui concerne l’équilibre des Puissances dans l’Europe centrale et danubienne, au temps où la diplomatie de la France de Napoléon III dominait l’Europe. La première partie du travail, qui traite de l’action des consuls sardes à Belgrade de l’armistice de Villafranca jusqu’à la mort du prince Miloš Obrenović, qui est retourné sur le trône après la destitution du prince Aleksandar Karađorđević, s’appuie sur l’historiographie la plus récente consacrée à la matière, en particulier italienne et serbe, sans oublier les ouvrages de référence plus anciens mais toujours pertinents. La seconde partie analyse les documents diplomatiques italiens édités permettant de constater l’existence d’un projet d’insurrection générale contre les Habsbourg dans toute la Hongrie, insurrection dont les créateurs étaient Lajos Kossuth et le général Klapka. Cette insurrection devait impliquer aussi l’action des Principautés Danubiennes, de la Principauté de Serbie, gouvernée par le Prince Michel (Mihailo) Obrenović III, ainsi que du nouveau-né Royaume d’Italie. L’article est accompagné de la transcription, la plus fidèle possible, d’un couple de documents inédits trouvés dans les Archives Centrales de l’État de Rome, qui fournissent de nouveaux détails très intéressants et utiles à propos de ce projet et de sa réalisation. This paper proposes a new description of the diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Sardinia – Kingdom of Italy since 1861 – and the Principality of Serbia during a particularly delicate period of European history regarding the balances of forces in Central and Danubian Europe, at a time in which the diplomacy of Napoleon III’s France dominated Europe. The first part of the work, which deals with the action of the Sardinian consuls in Belgrade from the armistice of Villafranca until the death of the Prince Miloš Obrenović, who returned to the throne after the deposition of the Prince Aleksandar Karađorđević, is structured taking in consideration the most recent historiography (especially Italian and Serbian) devoted to the subject, without forgetting the older but still relevant reference works. The second part follows the contents of the edited Italian diplomatic documents that reveal the existence of a plan of a general uprising against the Habsburgs in the entire Hungary, whose creators were Kossuth and the general Klapka. This insurrection should to involve the action of the Danubian Principalities, Principality of Serbia, ruled by the Prince Michel (Mihailo) Obrenović III, and of the new Kingdom of Italy. Finally, this analysis is followed by a authentic transcription of a few of unpublished documents found in the Central State Archive in Rome, which provide new, remarkably interesting, and useful details about this project and its realization.
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Grab, Alexander. "Secondary schools in Napoleonic Italy (1802–14)." Journal of Modern Italian Studies 20, no. 4 (August 8, 2015): 527–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1354571x.2015.1066150.
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Grab, Alexander. "Smallpox vaccination in napoleonic Italy (1800-1814)." Napoleonica La Revue 30, no. 3 (2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/napo.030.0038.
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O’Rourke, Stephanie. "The sediments of history in Napoleonic France." Word & Image 37, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666286.2020.1866797.
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Grab, Alexander. "The napoleonic state and public health policies: smallpox vaccination in napoleonic Italy (1800-1814)." SOCIETÀ E STORIA, no. 145 (January 2015): 487–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ss2014-145003.
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Dainotto, R. M. "With Plato in Italy: The Value of Literary Fiction in Napoleonic Italy." Modern Language Quarterly 72, no. 3 (January 1, 2011): 399–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00267929-1275181.
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Grab, Alexander. "The politics of finance in Napoleonic Italy (1802‐1814)." Journal of Modern Italian Studies 3, no. 2 (June 1998): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545719808454972.
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Grab, Alexander. "State Power, Brigandage and Rural Resistance in Napoleonic Italy." European History Quarterly 25, no. 1 (January 1995): 39–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026569149502500102.
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Palacios Cerezales, Diego. "Petitioning for empire in Napoleonic Europe." Journal of Modern European History 18, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894419894476.
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Petitions, loyal addresses, plebiscites, and other displays of popular consent accompanied most episodes of the revolutionary and Napoleonic expansion of France between 1789 and 1814. Petitioning had been adapted and transformed in France during the revolution, through which it became associated to popular sovereignty. Historians have often studied popular mobilisation through the prism of the conquest of rights, thereby pitting subordinate groups against entrenched ruling classes. This article surveys a different development, as French revolutionary administrators and generals, and Napoleon himself, adapted and reconfigured petitioning as a top-down tool for territorial expansion and empire-building, using it to invoke the supposed popular acquiescence to their reconfiguration of the political map of Europe. French propaganda portrayed these initiatives within the same interpretative framework that discussed the value of other, more autonomous, petitions. This work will thus analyse the paradox of top-down-controlled mobilisations that, at the same time, reinforced the symbolic pre-eminence of popular consent and participation.
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Fagnani, Martino Lorenzo. "Agricultural Science in Napoleonic Universities." Nuncius 34, no. 3 (December 10, 2019): 575–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03403003.
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Abstract The article studies agricultural science teaching and research in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. In particular, it considers the three national universities of Pavia, Bologna and Padua, highlighting both the points in common and the differences between them. It analyses both unpublished documentation and monographs, dissertations, scientific journals circulating at the time. The article is introduced by an analysis of the Napoleonic legislation for the strengthening of agricultural science as an institutional knowledge. The study related to the University of Pavia comes next. It isolates the topics of cultivation of cereals and grain conservation techniques in order to analyse the educational and scientific activity and its contribution to the national debate. This is followed by an analysis of the professorships in Bologna and Padua, considering similarities and differences with Pavia in matter of topics.
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Morzheedov, Vladislav Gennad'evich. "The models of German political space in France’s foreign policy of the XIX century." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 6 (June 2021): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.6.35989.
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The subject of this research is the relations between Napoleonic France and German states in the early XIX century. The object of this research is the various models of the development of German political space during the Napoleonic Wars. Analysis is conducted on the role of France in transformations that influences the Holy Roman Empire, as well as in the process of creating Confederation of the Rhine. Under the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte, France pursues active foreign policy, competing for hegemony in Europe. The article considers positive and negative consequences of transformations that took place in the German political space, the importance of political modernization for the Confederation of the Rhine member-states, as well as the corresponding territorial and institutional changes. The novelty of this work lies in the original approach towards the problem. An attempt is made to reconsider the known events of the early XIX century from the perspective of evolution of the models of German political space. The research employs chronological, historical-comparative, and historical-systematic methods. It is claimed that without analyzing the impact of foreign policy of Napoleonic France upon the German states, it is impossible to fully understand the trends of further development of Germany, goals and ways of reaching national unity, and peculiarities of Franco-German relations in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The main conclusion lies in recognition of the contradictory nature of transformations that took place in the German states, assessment of the ambiguous role of Napoleonic France in the German integration process, and importance of studying this topic for outlining further historical path of development of the German states towards political unity.
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Tozzi, Christopher. "Jews, Soldiering, and Citizenship in Revolutionary and Napoleonic France." Journal of Modern History 86, no. 2 (June 2014): 233–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/675484.
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Forrest, A. "Propaganda and the Legitimation of Power in Napoleonic France." French History 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 426–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/18.4.426.
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Postnikova, Alena Aleksandrovna. "Napoleonic Era in the Political Discourse of Modern France." Pedagogical Education in Russia, no. 4 (2016): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26170/po16-04-12.
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Postnikova, Alena A. "NAPOLEONIC ERA IN MODERN FRANCE: EDUCATIONAL AND MULTIMEDIA SPACES." Voprosy vseobshchei istorii, no. 23 (2020): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26170/vvi20-01-31.
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Papagna, Elena. "La nobiltÀ nel Mezzogiorno d'Italia durante il Decennio francese." SOCIETÀ E STORIA, no. 123 (June 2009): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ss2009-123003.
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- In the first part of the essay the author examines the law on nobility enacted in southern Italy under French domination by linking it to measures taken by the Bourbon government in the second half of the Eighteenth Century. Two stages have been identified in Napoleonic legislation: the first deprives the ancient nobility of the Kingdom of its legal privileges maintaining only an honorary distinction; the second establishes a new nobility, intended to confer symbolic and material rewards on those who distinguished themselves in the service of the State and the Dynasty. An advisory board – the Consiglio de' majoraschi – was created and charged with carrying out the bureaucratic procedures provided for the establishment of entails. These were an essential requirement for the titles conferred upon the new nobles to become hereditary. In the second part the author performs a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the new nobility, involving the timing and social distribution of the new titles. Te relations between old and new Neapolitan aristocracy nobles are also investigated. The case of Southern Italy is set in the broader context of Napoleonic Europe, and the similarities and differences between the new nobilities of the French Empire and of the Kingdom of Italy are duly underlined.Keywords: Napoleonic Era; Southern Italy; Nobility; legislation on nobilityParole chiave: etÀ napoleonica; Mezzogiorno d'Italia; nobiltÀ; legislazione nobiliare
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ENGLUND, STEVEN. "MONSTRE SACRÉ:THE QUESTION OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM AND THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE." Historical Journal 51, no. 1 (March 2008): 215–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x07006656.
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ABSTRACTThis review considers, first, current work on the Napoleonic Empire dealing with Switzerland, the three parts of ‘Germany’ (the Rhineland, the ‘Third Germany’, Prussia), Spain, and the so-called ‘national’ question(s) in these countries and regions. It next focuses on recent work on the three parts of ‘Italy’ (the Kingdom of Italy, the départements réunis, and the Kingdom of Naples). But the main body of the review concentrates on the work of Michael Broers: not only his new and remarkable conceptualization of the Empire as containing ‘inner’, ‘outer’, and ‘intermediate’ zones, but also his creative if controversial application of post-modern colonial theory to an analysis of the French in Italy. The review suggests that Broers, for all his brilliance and mastery, has perhaps pressed his arguments and conclusion beyond his evidence base. The latter, while extensive, is too limited to just French perceptions of Italians before 1815, and does not extensively consider Italian reactions to the French presence; nor does it provide significant evidence to buttress Broers's far-reaching conclusions about nineteenth- and twentieth-century Italy.
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Casta, Aurélien, and Daniel Levy. "Private Higher Education: Even France, Even For-Profit." International Higher Education, no. 85 (March 14, 2016): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2016.85.9249.
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The dramatic growth of private higher education (PHE) in France, including a significant for-profit component, clashes with traditional notions of an omnipotent state ruling over higher education. But in fact the post-Napoleonic state has generally been accepting of the private educational sector, which has evolved from a religious to a markedly commercial orientation.
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CAIANI, AMBROGIO A. "COLLABORATORS, COLLABORATION, AND THE PROBLEMS OF EMPIRE IN NAPOLEONIC ITALY, THE OPPIZZONI AFFAIR, 1805–1807." Historical Journal 60, no. 2 (July 15, 2016): 385–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x16000248.
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ABSTRACTThe recent bicentennial commemorations of the Napoleonic empire have witnessed a proliferation of new studies. Scholars now possess much more sophisticated conceptual tools than in past decades with which to gauge the problems faced by French imperial administrators throughout Europe. Well-trodden concepts, like centre/periphery or collaboration/resistance, have been reinvigorated by more sophisticated understandings of how rulers and ruled interacted in the early nineteenth century. This article argues that, while much progress has been made in understanding problems of ‘resistance’, there is more to be said about the other side of the same coin, namely: ‘collaboration’. Using the micro/local history of a scandal in Napoleonic Bologna, this article wishes to reaffirm that collaboration was an active agent that shaped, and often shook, the French imperial project. The biggest problem remained that, despite ‘good intentions’, collaborators sometimes simply did not collaborate with each other. After all, imperial clients were determined to benefit from the experience of empire. The centre was often submerged by local petty squabbles. This article will use a specific micro-history in Bologna to highlight the extent to which Napoleonic empire builders had to thread a fine line between the impracticalities of direct control and the dangers of ‘going native’.
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Daston, L. "Science and Polity in France: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Years." Common Knowledge 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 144–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0961754x-2006-039.
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Arnold, Eric A. "Science and Polity in France: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Years." History: Reviews of New Books 33, no. 2 (January 2005): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2005.10526508.
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Hicks, Peter. "The Militarisation of society in Georgian Britain and Napoleonic France." Napoleonica La Revue 1, no. 1 (2008): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/napo.081.0006.
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Gauchet, Thomas, and Christine Haynes. "Restoring Credit in Post-Napoleonic France: Settling French War Claims." War in History 27, no. 3 (February 25, 2019): 433–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344518796007.
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This article examines a forgotten episode in the Napoleonic Wars: the Restoration government’s liquidation of claims from the Allied invasions of 1814 and 1815. While paying requisitions and reparations to the Allied powers, the new regime reimbursed its own subjects for debts – in taxes, requisitions, and damages – incurred by the previous regime. This indemnification was central to the monarchy’s strategy to restore its political and economic credit. Tracing the goals and mechanisms of this indemnification, the article argues that, though it succeeded in re-establishing the state’s financial credit, it exacerbated divisions between royalists and revolutionaries, thereby undermining its political stability.
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Kingston, R. "Inside Napoleonic France: State and Society in Rouen, 1800-1815." French History 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/17.2.216.
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Vergil, Hasan, and Erdem Ozgur. "American growth and Napoleonic Wars." Panoeconomicus 60, no. 5 (2013): 649–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1305649v.
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Four years after the French Revolution, in 1793 a series of wars among France and other major powers of Europe began and they lasted until 1815. There is disagreement among economic historians about the effects of these wars on the trend of US economic growth. This paper aims to answer the following question. Did America as a neutral nation take advantage of economic possibilities caused by Europe at war through trade? To put it differently, this paper questions whether there was an export-led growth due to the war. To answer this question, we re-examined the export-led growth hypothesis for the period 1790-1860 using the ARDL methodology. Based on this methodology, a cointegrated relationship is found among the variables of real GDP, labor, exports and exchange rates. The results suggest that the economic growth of the US was not export-driven. In addition, parallel to the results of unit root tests with structural breaks, the coefficient of the dummy variable was statistically significant in the long run, implying that the war did have a significant effect on the economic growth trend of the US.
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Yang, Fuyin. "“Passatempi musicali” by GuillaumeLouis Cottrau as the way Neapolitan song actualization in 19th century music." Aspects of Historical Musicology 19, no. 19 (February 7, 2020): 268–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-19.15.
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Background. In 19th century European music has been enriched by national phenomena, such as Polish mazurka, Austrian waltz, Hungarian czardas, which went into the academic genres system, expanded the boundaries of its intonational fund and audience perceptions. The Neapolitan song participated in this process. It was a real discovery for music lovers in different countries. Canzone Napoletana conquered the music salons area in France, from where it spread in all the Europe, and was reflected in the work of many composers. This genre phenomenon is not fully unraveled, probably due to the distortion of the ingrained ideas about it. This theme is mainly reflected in the publications of Italian experts in the second half of the 20 century D. Carpitella, E. De Martino, R. De Simone, and in the 21 century R. Di Mauro (2013). Interest in this genre intensified in the musical science of China also. This is due to the extraordinary melody of Neapolitan songs, which is consonant with Chinese samples. Chinese singers increasingly include the popular canzone Napoletana in their repertoire. In the musical science of China, this topic has been developed since the last decades of the 20th century in the studies of Song Jing (1985), Wu Shikai (1997), Pei Yisi (2011), Liu Shanshan (2007), Fang Yahong (2011), Chang Jinge (2018). However, many scientific works are of the same type, which is caused by the lack of direct access to the study of musical, poetic, bibliographic material. In the same time, the 19th century deserves attention as a period of the rapid spread of Neapolitan folk songs in the musical art of Europe. The outstanding role in these processes belongs to the representatives of the creative dynasty – Teodoro Cottrau (1827–1879), the author of the famous “Santa Lucia”, and his father Guillaume-Louis Cottrau (1797–1847). Given the current lack of knowledge on this topic, as the research goal of this article, we consider it necessary to get acquainted with the creative figure of G.-L. Cottrau, which contributed to the spread of Neapolitan folk songs in the European music of the 19th century. For the first time in the musical science of Ukraine and China, the collection of Neapolitan songs “Passatempi musicali” / “Musical entertainments” is used as an object of research compiled by G.-L. Cottrau, as well as selected fragments of operatic works by G. Paisiello and D. Cimarosa. In this work, the historicalcomparative and biographical research methods are used, as well as generally accepted models of musicological and performing analysis of music. Results. When studying the Canzone Napoletana, the research problem lies in the difficulties of reconstructing song samples of the 16th–19th centuries. It is necessary to restore their exact chronology, authorship, conduct a comparative analysis of numerous editions, and comprehend the processes of historical evolution. This situation is known to most ethnological scholars, who are actually engaged in musical archeology and bring back almost lost samples of the past from oblivion. Thanks to the processes of national self-determination that swept Italy in the second half of the 20th century, a decisive breakthrough was made in ethnomusicology in the study of the musical and poetic heritage of the Neapolitan region. This is a strong help for any researcher dealing with this topic. The composer and music publisher Guillaume-Louis Cottrau belonged to a famous surname in France. Hisfather served Joachim-Napoléon Murat, Napoleon Bonaparte’s son-in-law. As a child, he ended up in Italy, in Naples, forever falling in love with this land and its culture. Subsequently, Guillaume-Louis adopted Neapolitan citizenship. Being engaged in the affairs of the music publishing house and composing, Guillaume-Louis made up and published in 1824 a collection of Neapolitan songs “Passatempi musicali” / “Musical entertainments”. This includes 104 Canzone Napoletana. Afterwards, the number of songs in different issues was increasing slightly (up to 113), the authorship of some fragments was clarifying, but the main block of tunes remained unchanged. This collection gained immense popularity in the music salons of France. It has been reprinted several times. According to R. di Mauro (2013), about sixty of the 104 songs in the first edition were written by G.-L. Cottrau, the rest are the result of processing of folk originals or songs by other authors. The essence of the undertaken arrangement consisted not only in recording musical and poetic texts (often in several versions), not only in creating a piano accompaniment part in the style of salon music-making. The composer personally collected these cantos and lyrics to them, communicating with servants, peasants, merchants, artisans, direct bearers of the oral musical tradition from different parts of the Neapolitan region. It includes old peasant songs, epic ballads, fragments from operas by G. Paisiello, D. Cimarosa, and other composers of the 18th century, which became truly people’s. This article compares the composer and folk versions of the Serenade of Pulcinella by Paisiello and Cimarosa, which were included in the first edition of the collection under the folk guise. Conclusions. The publication of the Neapolitan songs collection “Passatempi musicali” by G.-L. Cottrau played the role of actualizing this song genre in the musical space of the Romantic era. Its popularization outside Italy, repeated reprints made it possible to “legalize” the song South Italian folklore in the European musical space.
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Lecce, Giampaolo, and Laura Ogliari. "Institutional Transplant and Cultural Proximity: Evidence from Nineteenth-Century Prussia." Journal of Economic History 79, no. 4 (October 9, 2019): 1060–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050719000366.
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This article presents evidence that cultural proximity between the exporting and the receiving countries positively affects the adoption of new institutions and the resulting long-term economic outcomes. We obtain this result by combining new information on pre-Napoleonic principalities with county-level census data from nineteenth-century Prussia. We exploit a quasi-natural experiment generated by radical Napoleonic institutional reforms and the deeply rooted cultural heterogeneity across Prussian counties. We show that institutional reforms in counties that are culturally more similar to France, in terms of religious affiliation, generate better long-term economic performance.
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Postnikova, A. "Napoleonic Era in the Historical Memory of Modern France: Anniversary as a Means of Commemorations." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/61/54.
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Jubilees as “rituals” of memory, reviving stable historical symbols in the consciousness of society, are endowed with the ability to bring the past closer to modern times, giving humanity a sense of stability in the present. In modern Europe, the problem of preserving images of the past has acquired a new sound in connection with migration processes, transforming the perception of jubilees of memorable dates in historical politics and in public consciousness. This process is most clearly observed in relation to the transformation of images of the Napoleonic era in French society. Two hundred years later, the symbols of the First Empire, becoming an integral part of the national consciousness and living memory of the French, gained relevance during the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the battles of Napoleon. The memory of the battles of the Napoleonic era in modern France passed from a “ceremonial” memory (battle as national pride) to a “metaphorical” (battle as a distant past that has no political connection with modern Europe). The “French jubilees” of the Napoleonic era demonstrated that interpreting the past can become an effective tool for implementing an integration project at the level of historical policy, but not the basis for European collective memory. Obviously, the general European installation on the victim memory leads to a completely reverse process — an aggravation of the sense of national identity.
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Forrest, A. "Napoleonic Friendship: Military Fraternity, Intimacy and Sexuality in Nineteenth-century France." French History 25, no. 3 (July 29, 2011): 386–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/crr048.
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Müller, Frank Lorenz. "Making Sense of Constitutional Monarchism in Post-Napoleonic France and Germany." Parliaments, Estates and Representation 34, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02606755.2014.888624.
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Geoffroy-Schwinden, Rebecca Dowd. "Music as Feminine Capital in Napoleonic France: Nancy Macdonald’s Musical Upbringing." Music and Letters 100, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 302–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ml/gcz047.
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Abstract This microhistory situates the musical activities of Nancy Macdonald, a French student at Madame Campan’s National Institute for Young Women and Napoleon Bonaparte’s school for daughters of Legion of Honour Recipients, in broader discourses about women and music in Napoleonic France. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s theories of capital, it eschews a simplistic assessment of music as either constraining or liberating young women, by arguing instead that performance operated as a kind of ‘feminine capital’, accrued and then circulated to achieve tangible socio-economic ends. A feminine-capital framework exposes the paradoxes inherent in female music-making and reveals how values about music were enculturated from girlhood to womanhood in France. This approach contributes to recent scholarship that challenges the rigid binaries previously defining women’s musical labour during the Classical era and inserts France into historiographies of women’s musical practices in the early nineteenth century.
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Adams, S. "Sevres Porcelain and the Articulation of Imperial Identity in Napoleonic France." Journal of Design History 20, no. 3 (September 22, 2007): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jdh/epm024.
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Counter, Andrew J. "Napoleonic Friendship: Military Fraternity, Intimacy & Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century France." Modern & Contemporary France 20, no. 1 (February 2012): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09639489.2011.640110.
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Jones, P. M. "Review: Inside Napoleonic France: State and Society in Rouen, 1800-1815." French Studies 57, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/57.1.91-a.
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Gillispie, Charles C. "Science and politics, with special reference to revolutionary and Napoleonic France." History and Technology 4, no. 1-4 (October 1987): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341518708581698.
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Quinlan, Sean. "Heredity, reproduction, and perfectibility in revolutionary and Napoleonic France, 1789–1815." Endeavour 34, no. 4 (December 2010): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2010.09.003.
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